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using sterile saline solution as a negative contrast medium in conjunction with traditional transvaginal ultrasound . you can image the uterine cavity and evaluate the tubal patency.
it is advantageous over hysteroscopy that it can scan the uterus, ovaries and pelvis at the same time imaging the uterine cavity.
Abdominal or transvaginal sonography can identify myomas and thickened endometrium but is unable to differentiate between the potential etiologies of thickened endometrium,, polyps, submucous myomas, and homogenously thickened endometrium. In combination with endometrial biopsy, it can identify anatomic problems and abnormal pathologic findings.
At transvaginal ultrasonography , the finding of a thickened central endometrial complex, with or without cystic changes, is often
nonspecific.
polyp
catheter
polyp
CYST
POLYP
broad-based, hypoechoic,
sonohysterography can accurately depict the percentage of the fibroid that projects into the endometrial cavity
A B
+
+
Endometrial cancer
Endometrial cancer is typically a diffuse process, but early cases can appear as a polypoid mass
sonohysterography, allows identification of intracavitary lesions and focal or diffuse endometrial abnormalities and helps determine whether an abnormality is endometrial or subendometrial.
At transvaginal US, when the endometrium cannot be accurately measured or when there is a nonspecific thickened central endometrial complex, sonohysterography can provide additional information and can be used to direct the patient to a visually guided hysteroscopic
Transvaginal ultrasound and transvaginal sonohysterogram are both more accurate in diagnosing the location of fibroids than hysteroscopy [A].
low-tech
Well tolerable Effective
low-cost
no radiation exposure
Adverse Events
Discomfort Cramping( minor ) 33.3% Laughhead&stones Pain (menstrual like )
(sever pain ) 11.5% Cecinilli et al
Effectiveness
To compare the effectiveness of an Investigatory procedure assessing the endometrium. Hysteroscopy with biopsy is regarded as the "gold standard"
Effectiveness
In 10 studies where sonohysterographic findings were compared with surgical findings and histological assessment (hysteroscopy +biopsy OR hysterectomy ) it was found that SIS has high Sensitivity and specificity for evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding.
Author
Year
Sensitivity %
Specificity %
Bonilla-Musoles
1992 1993 1993 1995 1996 1997 1997 1998 1998 2000
Syrop Parsons
Widrich
96 100 100
97
100 94 100 100 100
96
96 100 99
Wolman
Keltz Bernard
Schwarzler Williams
Dijkhuizen
76
91 85 85
87
100 100
Effectiveness It benefits clinical decision making, as up to 40% of patients will avoid diagnostic hysteroscopy.
How it works
How it works
only preparation necessary was for the patient to empty the bladder.
A speculum, is used to expose the cervix, which was then cleansed with an iodine swab
A catheter, is important to be flushed with sterile saline solution before being inserted to prevent the introduction of echogenic air bubbles.
The catheter can be inserted through the side of a standard speculum, rather than down the channel, for easier removal of the speculum.
Advancement of the catheter was aided by grasping the end of the catheter 2 to 3 cm from the tip with a ring forceps and gently feeding it through the cervical os to position the tip beyond the endocervical canal. The speculum was then carefully removed while the catheter was left in place.
the covered transvaginal probe was inserted into the vagina, and continuous scanning in the Sagittal and coronal or transverse planes was performed during instillation of sterile saline solution. only 25 mL are actually needed to distend the cavity adequately
Cervical leakage is common, and it is helpful to have two 20-mL syringes of saline solution available for the procedure.
The most common indication for SIS is abnormal bleeding in pre- and postmenopausal patients.
Steps should be taken to avoid uterine lavage propelling cancer cells into the peritoneal cavity. using low pressure infusion by avoiding the use of balloons in women at risk for cancer.
The studies show that the use of SIS will benefit clinical decision making, with up to 40% of patients avoiding diagnostic hysteroscopy. Hysteroscopy is a more invasive procedure, and is associated with significant financial cost, as well as physical discomfort.
TVS and SHG offer a cost-effective alternative to diagnostic hysteroscopy in the evaluation of patients aged 40 years or older with abnormal uterine bleeding. The authors concluded that their study suggests that SIS is a more sensitive test than diagnostic hysteroscopy for evaluating abnormal uterine bleeding.
Saidi M H, Sadler R K, Theis V D, Akright B D, Farhart S A, Villanueva G R. Comparison of sonography, sonohysterography, and hysteroscopy for evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 1997;16(9):587-591.
Sonohysterography was in general the most accurate test. Its diagnostic accuracy was markedly superior for polypoid lesions and EH, with total agreement with the gold standard. In diagnosis of intrauterine adhesions, SHG had limited accuracy, similar to that obtained by HSG, with a high false-positive diagnosis rate.
Saline infusion sonohysterography is more accurate in diagnosing submucous fibroids and endometrial polyps in the patients of abnormal uterine bleeding than is TVS. TVS should be included in the standard protocol for the management of AUB. Saline infusion sonohysterography should be reserved for those patients who have centrally located fibroids as they may be submucous.
Conventional transvaginal pelvic sonography does not appear to be a screening procedure of sufficient diagnostic value in the symptomatic patient with abnormal vaginal bleeding. In patients presenting with the chief complaint of abnormal vaginal bleeding, diagnostic evaluation with a saline hysterosonogram may be warranted despite normal findings on a transvaginal pelvic sonogram.
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