Necessary yet Insufficient (Tamil) / தேவையானது இன்னும் போதாது

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Email: wmcsrilanka@womenandmedia.org
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ISBN 978-624-5868-00-1
iii
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1 Drude Dahlerup, Professor of Political Science and International Advisor

Temporary Special Measures, Including Gender Quotas - types, usage, and effects
2 Lépinard and Rubio-Marín, 2018:450, quoted in Dahlerup, 2020
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3 See Local Authorities Elections (Amendment) ACT, No 1 of 2016

4 See (Local Authorities Elections (Amendment) Act No. 16 of 2017)
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rYif toq;f mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhy;> mNjNeuj;jpy; mNjNtisapy;> xJf;fPl;il ehk; ghJfhf;f
2/3 vd;w Mz;fspd; ‘mjpf gpujpepjpj;Jtk;’ Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; [dehafk; gyg;gLj;jg;gl;L
ghJfhf;fg;gLk; epiyiaj; njhlu mDkjpf;fpwJ. tYg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,d;Dk; gue;j r%f khw;wk;
xJf;fPl;bd; tbtk; Fwpj;j tpthjk; ,g;NghJ rhj;jpakhd murpay; khw;wj;Jld; ifNfhu;f;f
Fiwe;jgl;r gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpypUe;J rkepiy my;yJ Ntz;Lk;. ghypd rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; mbg;gil
50:50 gpujpepjpj;Jtk; rkj;Jtk; my;yJ rkepiyiaf; fl;likg;G fhuzq;fs;> nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahu;
nfhz;L tUfpwJ. ghypd rkj;Jtkpd;ik kw;Wk; Jiwapy; njhopyhsu; ghypay; gpuptpd; fUj;J kw;Wk;
ghFghL Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; eptu;j;jp nra;Ak; ajhu;j;jk; cl;gl> mu;j;jKs;sjhf khw;Wtjw;F
rkfhy cUthf;fk; “xt;nthU ghypdj;jpYk; 40 (,d> kj> tu;f;fk; kw;Wk; rhjp ghFghL kw;Wk;
rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; FiwahJ” my;yJ “Fiwe;jgl;rk; 30 Mzhjpf;f fl;likg;Gfs; cl;gl) ftdpf;fg;gl
rjtPjk; kw;Wk; xt;nthU ghypdj;jpYk; mjpfgl;rk; 70 Ntz;Lk;.
vii
,f;fw;if
,e;j Muha;r;rp Ma;T ngz;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpy; kw;Wk; murpay; mwpT Nghd;w gy;NtW epiyikfs;
msT mjpfupg;G Nehf;fp efUk; NghJ> murpay; ngz;fs; murpay;thjpfspd; murpay; tho;f;ifapy;
nra;Ak; njhopypy; ngz;fs; Mz;fSld; rkkhfg; Kd;NdWk; jpwid vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wd vd;gij
gq;Nfw;f KbAk; vd;gjdhy;> ngz;fspd; xJf;fPl;bd; Ma;T Muha;fpwJ. ngz; murpay;thjpfs; jq;fs;
Mjhaq;fs; gyg;gLj;jg;gLtJk;> cs;@upy; ,yf;if mila Kaw;rpf;Fk;NghJ ,Uf;Fk;
cs;s ngz; murpay;thjpfSld; gzpahw;WtJk; fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Vw;ghLfSf;F vt;tstpw;F
kpf Kf;fpak;. ,e;epiy njhlu;e;jjhy;> mjpfupj;j ,zq;Ffpwhu;fs; my;yJ rthy; tpLfpwhu;fs;
fzprkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; [dehaf kw;Wk; vd;gijAk; ,J Muha;fpwJ. gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa murpay; fyhrhuj;ij midtUf;Fk; rkkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
Nehf;fp efu;fpNthk;. midtiuAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
,yq;ifapy; murpaypy; ngz;fs; Fwpj;j gue;j vd;w [dehaf newpKiwia cWjpg;gLj;j
mstpyhd mwpthu;e;j Muha;r;rp ePz;lfhykhfg; ,J xU Kf;fpakhd re;ju;g;gkhFk;. Mzhjpf;f
ngz;fs; murpaypy; Eiotjw;Fk; gpujpepjpj;Jt fl;Lg;ghl;bd; filrp kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapy; murpay;
murpaypy; jq;fs; ,Ug;igj; jf;fitj;Jf; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghL nfhz;ld
nfhs;tjw;Fk; ngz;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fis khwhj Nfhl;ilfspy; xd;iwj; jhf;Fk; ngz;fspd;
ntFthf milahsk; fz;Ls;sJ. 2018 cs;@ gazj;jpy; ,J ,d;wpaikahjJ.
uhl;rpj; Nju;jy;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
,t;tha;T kw;Wk; 1991 ngz;fs; cs;@u; murpaypy;
EiotJ> Ntl;ghsu;fisg; ngWjy;> Nju;jy;fspy;
Nghl;bapLtJ> njhFjpfis nty;tJ> $Ljy;
epakdk; ngWtJ Nghd;w rthy;fis topelj;jpa
ngz; murpay;thjpfspd; gue;j mDgtj;ij> Nkyjpf
egH gl;bay; kw;Wk; jw;Nghija cWg;gpdHfshf
cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspy; gzpahw;Wtjid
Muha;fpwJ.
vt;thwhapDk;> murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd;
jd;ik Fwpj;j gue;j rkfhy murpay;
nrhw;nghoptpd; gpd;dzpapy; Nghl;bapl;l ngz;
murpay;thjpfspd; gpd;dzpf;F ,t;tha;T murpay;
fl;rpfspd; nraw;ghL> murpay; fl;rpfshy;
epfo;j;jg;gLk; Nju;jy; nrad;Kiw> Nju;jy; kw;Wk;
Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLjypd; jd;ik Nghd;w fl;lha
Ez;zwpTfis toq;FfpwJ. FKjpdp rhKnty;
gFg;gha;tpd; ,g;gue;j fl;likg;gpw;Fs;> FLk;gg; ij 2021
gpd;dzp> fl;rpf;Fs;shd epiy> nghUshjhu jpwd;
8
viii ,yq;ifapy; gue;Jgl;l murpaw; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;fhd ngz;fspd; Nfhl;lh
cs;slf;fk;
cs;slf;fk;........................................................................ viii
cUf;fspd; epuy;................................................................. ix
ml;ltizfspd; epuy;......................................................... x
mwpKfk;............................................................................ 11
#oikT............................................................................ 12
Kiwapay;......................................................................... 15
fhz;Gfs;........................................................................... 16
murpaw; fl;rpAk; ngz; gpujpepjpAk;........................................ 17
$u;ik Vw;gLj;Jk; mwpT...................................................... 20
ngz; murpay;thjpfSk; mjpfhu %yq;fSk;......................... 23
epjp tsq;fs;....................................................................... 24
fyhrhu tsq;fs;................................................................. 25
r%f tiyg; gpd;dy;fisr; nrd;wiljy;................................ 27
ngz;fsJ Nju;jw; NfhUiff;fhd MjuT............................... 29
ngz; murpay;thjpfs; jkJ vjpu;fhy murpaYf;Fj;
jilahf ,Ug;gjhff; fUJgitfs; vit?............................ 32
epjpapd;ik.......................................................................... 32
vjpu;f;fl;rpfsplkpUe;jjhd rthy;; .......................................... 33
td;Kiw murpaw; fyhrhuk;.................................................. 34
nrhe;jf; fl;rpf;Fs;shd rthy;fs;.......................................... 35
nrhe;jr; r%fj;jpw;Fs;shd rthy;fs;..................................... 36
ngz;fspd; murpaypy; Mz;fspd; tfpgq;F............................ 36
murpay; mgpyhi\fs;........................................................ 37
gapw;rp Clhfg; ngz;fisg; gyg;gLj;Jjy;.............................. 38
cs;@u; kl;l ngz; murpay;thjpfSk; mtu;fsJ
Nju;jy; murpay; kPjhd ghHit Nehf;FfSk;........................... 38
KbTiu............................................................................. 41
crhj;Jiz....................................................................... 44
,yq;ifapy; gue;Jgl;l murpaw; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;fhd ngz;fspd; Nfhl;lh 9
ix
cUf;fspd; epuy;
cU 01: ngz;fspd; murpay; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhd ngupa jilfs;.................... 34
x 10 ,yq;ifapy; gue;Jgl;l murpaw; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;fhd ngz;fspd; Nfhl;lh
ml;ltizfspd; epuy;
ml;ltiz 1: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd;; gpufhuk; murpay; mDgt Mz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if..................... 18
ml;ltiz 2: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; gpufhuk; fl;rp mDgt Mz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if......................... 19
ml;ltiz 3: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; gpufhuk; cs;@uhl;rp mikg;Gfis MSk; rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa mwpT 20
ml;ltiz 4: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; gpufhuk; murpayikg;Gg; gw;wpa mwpT........................ ............... 21
ml;ltiz 5: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; gpufhuk; fl;rpf; fUj;jpay; njhlu;gpyhd mwpT............................. 22
ml;ltiz 6: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; gpufhuk; ehl;bd; tuyhW gw;wpa mwpT....................................... 22
ml;ltiz 7: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; gpufhuk; cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jy; kPjhd nrytpdq;fs;.................. .. 25
ml;ltiz 8: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf murpaypy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; .................................... 26
ml;ltiz 9: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf ghlrhiyf; fhyj;jpy; Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy;.............................. 27
ml;ltiz 10: Ntl;ghsu; tifapy; #o cs;s epfo;Tfspy; Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy;............................... 28
ml;ltiz 11: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf rq;f tho;tpy; Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy; ....................................... 28
ml;ltiz 12: Ntl;ghhsu; tifg;ghl;by; MjuT %yq;fs;........................................................... 31
ml;ltiz 13: Ntl;ghsu; vd;w tif uPjpapy; murpaypy; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhd jil........................... .. 35
ml;ltiz 14: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; gpufhuk; murpay; mgpyhi\fs;............................................. 37
ml;ltiz 15: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf gapw;rp kl;lk;................................................................... 38
ml;ltiz 16: Nju;jy; murpay; njhlh;ghd ghu;it Nehf;Ffs;..................................................... 30
ml;ltiz 17: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; uPjpahfj; Nju;jy; murpaypd; ghu;it Nehf;Ffs;.......................... 40

mwpKfk;
rl;l rigapy; ngz;fspd;; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij ,yq;ifapd; Nju;jy; tuyhw;wpy; Kjw; jlitahf
mjpfupg;gjw;fhd Nghuhl;lkhdJ ePz;ljhfTk; cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jy;fSf;fhf xU fyg;Gj;
rpukkhdnjhd;whfTk; cs;sJ. murpaypy; ngz;fspd; Nju;jy; Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;jJ. ,j;Nju;jy;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mjpfupg;gjhdJ gy tUlq;fshf kWrPuikg;Gfshdit ,yq;ifapy; Kjw;wlitahfg;
If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp kw;Wk; ,yq;if Rje;jpuf;fl;rp ngz; Ntl;ghsu;fSf;fhd xU Nfhl;lh Kiwikia
Nghd;w ,uz;L gpujhd fl;rpfspdJk; xU nghJthd cs;slf;fp ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; tpisthf vy;yhj;
Nju;jy; thf;FWjpahf cs;sJ. vt;thwhapDk; vy;yh Nju;jw; gpupTfspd; 10 tPjj;jpw;Fg; Nghl;bapLtjw;fhd
murpaw; fl;rpfSk; nghJthfj; Nju;jy; Kbe;jJk; re;ju;g;gk; ngz;fSf;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJld;>
,t;tplaj;jpy; ,Ue;J gpd; ,wq;fpr; nry;fpd;wd. vkJ cs;@uhl;rpr; rigfSf;F mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l
r%fj;jpy; cs;s Mzhjpf;ff; fl;likg;GfSk;> Nju;jy;fspd; gy; cWg;gpdu; tpfpjhrhu Kiwikapd;
tpNrlkhf murpaw; fl;rpf; fl;likg;Gfspy; cs;s fPo; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 25 tPjkhd ngz;fs; vy;yh
Mz;fspd; Mjpf;fKk;> nghJthf murpaypy; cs;@uhl;rp rigfSf;Fk; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
ngz;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wifia mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;> vd;w thrfj;Jld; tpUg;gj;njupT epuypy; 50 tPjk;
Fwpg;ghf rl;lthf;f mikg;Gfspy; ngz;fspd; ngz;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Nfhl;lhf;fspd;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; rthyhf cs;sd. njhopw;ghL rl;lthf;f rigfspy; ngz;fspd;
murpay; tho;tpy; ngz;fs; EioAk;nghOJ mtu;fs; gpujpepjpjpj;Jtk;> nghJtpy; murpaw;nwhlu;gpy;
vjpu;nfhs;Sk; fl;likg;gpyhd ghjfj; jd;ikfis tpthjq;fis kPz;Lk; mjpfupj;J ,Ue;jJ. ,f;Nfhl;lh
ntw;wpnfhs;Sk; Kfkhfg; ngz;fs; epWtdq;fs; Kiw cz;ikapy; ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij
vy;yh rl;lthf;f mikg;GfspYk; ngz;fSf;fhd Kd;Ndw;Wkh? cs;@uhl;rp rigfSf;F ,f;Nfhl;lh
xU Nfhl;lh Kiw Nghd;w rhjfkhd Vw;ghLfisg; Kiw %yk; EioAk; ngz; cWg;gpdu;fs;
gupe;Jiuj;J tUfpd;wd. ngz;fspd; mf;fiwfisAk; mtu;fspd;
2015 ij khjk; ey;yhl;rp vd;w gjhijapd; Fuy;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jthu;fsh?
fPo; mjpfhuj;jpw;F te;j ey;yhl;rp murhq;fkhdJ mj;Jld; gpujpepjpj;Jt murpaYf;Fs; ghy;epiyg;
ghu;it Nehf;iff; nfhz;L tUthu;fsh?
my;yJ murpaypy; jkJ fl;rpj; jiyikapd;
Gjpa Nfhl;lh KiwahdJ CJFoy;fshf mtu;fs; ,Ug;ghu;fsh? vd;gdNt
murpaypw; ngz;fspd; ru;r;irf;Fupa tplaq;fshff; fhzg;gl;ld. cs;@
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpy; xU uhl;rp rigapduhf ,g;Gjpa ngz; cWg;gpdu;fs;
mjpfupg;gpw;F ,l;Lr; nraw;gLk;nghOJ nrhe;;jf; fl;rpf;Fs;shfTk;
nry;Ykh> Gjpjhfj; nghJthf Mz; murpay;thjpfsplkpUe;J mtu;fs;
njupT nra;agl;l ngz; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fs; vd;d?
cWg;gpdu;fs; rigfSf;F ,r;#oiktpNy ,g;Gjpa Nfhl;lh KiwahdJ
cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk; ngz;fspd; murpaw; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpy; mjpfupg;ig
Vw;gLj;Jk; mNjNtisapy;> ,f;Nfhl;lh
vd;d rthy;fis
KiwahdJ murpaypy; nray;tpisTld; ngz;fs;
vjpu;nfhs;thu;fs;? ,J
gq;Fgw;Wtij cz;ikapy; ,ayr; nra;Akh?
xU ePz;lfhyj;jpw;F
rigfSf;F cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk; njupT
epiyNgwhdjhf ,Uf;ff;
nra;ag;gl;l ,g;ngz; cWg;gpdu;fSf;F vd;d
$bajh? vd ,t;tha;T rthy;fs; ,Uf;Fk;? ,itfs; ePz;lfhyg; Nghf;fpYk;
gupNrhjpf;fpwJ. njhlu;e;Jk; epiyNgwhdjhf ,Uf;Fkh? ,jidg;
gupNrhjpg;gjw;fhfNt ,r;#oiktpy; ,t;tha;thdJ
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
12 ,yq;ifapy; gue;Jgl;l murpaw; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;fhd ngz;fspd; Nfhl;lh
#oikT
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F 17 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; ,lk;ngw;w tho;T> tho;thjhuk; gw;wpa jPu;khdq;fs; vLf;fg;gLk;
KjyhtJ Nju;jypy; muRg; Nguitf;F ,U ngz;fs; nfhs;if> vLg;Gr; #o;epiyfspy; ,Ue;J mtu;fs;
njupthfpdu;. xUtu; NeubahfTk; kw;iwatu; ngUksT jtw tplg;gLfpwhu;fs;. mtu;fspd;
,ilj;Nju;jiyj; njhlu;e;Jk; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;. #oyhdJ mtu;fspd; cau; fy;tp mwpT tPjk;> cau;
mjd; %yk; 1931 vd;w Muk;g fhyj;jpNyNa rl;l fy;tpapy; fzprkhd mjpfupg;G> cau;gjtp> njhopw;;
rigapd;; Ie;J tPjkhd Mrdq;fisg; ngz;fshy; Jiwfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; mjpfupg;G Nghd;w
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. mtu;fspd; Vida r%f kw;Wk; njhopy;thz;ik
vt;thwhapDk; gpur;rpid vd;dntdpy; fle;j VO uPjpahd rhjpg;Gfis murpaw; #oikT gpujpgypf;fj;
jrhg;jq;fshff; fpl;lj;jl;l ,Nj vz;zpf;ifapy; jtWfpwJ> ,t;tifapy; murpaypy; fzprkhd
ehk; njhlu;e;J ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; Vida gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mjpfupg;gJ njhlu;gpyhd
njd;dhrpa ehLfSk; ngz;fspd; Nfhl;lhTld; nfhs;if thjkhdJ mz;kpj;j fhyq;fspy;
,g;Gs;sp tpguj;jpy; kpfTk; Kd;Nd tpQ;rp epw;fpwhu;fs; mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. mz;ikapy; ngz;fs; Nfhl;lh
vd;gjhk; (tpf;fpukrpq;f kw;Wk; nfhbfhu 2012). mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk; tiuf;Fk; cs;@u; kl;lj;jpy;
,yq;ifr; rdj;njhifapd; miuthrpia ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;JtkhdJ FiwthdjhfNt
tplr; rpwpJ mjpfkhNdhuhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. gpd;tUk; ml;ltizahdJ
ntspehl;Lg; gz tuTfis cUthf;Fk; ehl;bd; 1966 – 2011 fhyg;gFjpapd;nghOJ cs;@uhl;rp
mjp cr;r %d;W nghUshjhuj; Jiwfspd; gpujhd epWtdq;fspy; ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd;
gq;fspg;ghsu;fshf ,Ue;jnghOjpYk;> mtu;fspd; gLghjhs kl;lq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ
ml;ltiz A: 1966 ,ypUe;J cs;@uhl;rpfspy; ngz;fspd;

Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;. khefurig> efurig> gpuNjr rigfspYs;s
gyg;gLj;Jtjpyhd cWg;gpdu;fspd; E}w;W tPjkhFk;
mjd; gq;fspg;Gfs;
,Ue;jnghOjpYk; jPu;khdk; kh.e.r. e.r. gp.r. nkhj;jk;
vLf;Fk; mikg;Gfspy; 1966 1.1 *1.9 **
ngz;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wifia
1970 2.9 *1.4 **
mjpfupg;gjw;F tpfpjhrhug;
1979 2.8 2.3 **
gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwik
1982 1.3 1.7 **
mNefkhf vijAk;
1991 2.9 2.5 1.6 1.7
nra;Jtpltpy;iy vd;Nw
1997 3.4 2.6 1.7 1.9
Nju;jw; Gs;sptpguq;fs;
2006 3.0 3.4 1.6 1.8
njuptpf;fpd;wd.
2008-2011 2.63 2.47 1.93 2.06
%yk ;: nfhbfhu 2012> gf ;. 10-11
*1966 kw;Wk; 1970 ,y; efurigfspd; fPohd Gs;sptpguq;fs; ,e;Neuj;jpy; ,Ue;jjhd efu
kw;Wk; gl;bd rigfisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. **Nju;jy;fs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy
Rje;jpuk; ngw;wjpypUe;J ehl;;bNy murpay; ,lk;ngw;w rfpg;Gj;jd;ikahd xU Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

gq;Fgw;WifahdJ fzprkhdsT mjpfupj;Js;sJ. tpisthf> ,jidr; rPuhf;Fk; xU toptifahf 2017
murpaw; fl;rp Kiwikapd; tpupthf;fk; kw;Wk; ,y; vy;yh cs;@uhl;rp rigfspYk; ngz;fSf;fhd
[dehaf epWtdq;fspd; mfypg;Gld; ehl;bd; 25 tPjf; Nfhl;lh Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
%iy KLf;Ffspy; thOk; gpuirfs; vy;NyhUk; murpaw; fsj;ijr; rkj;Jtkhf miltjpy; ,Ue;J>
Nju;jy;fspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F top rikf;fg;gl;lJ. mtu;fisj; jLf;Fk; fl;likg;Gr; rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs;
tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwikapd; cs;s #oiktpy; Kiwrhu; rkj;Jtk; my;yJ
mwpKfj;jpypUe;J> thf;fpd; gyhgydhdJ re;ju;g;gq;fspy; rkj;Jtk;> ngz;fSf;fhd ePjpia
NkYk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;jJ. mjd; tpisthf cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; Nghjhikahf ,Ug;gjhy;
tupirg;gLj;jypy; kpfTk; jho;e;j kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j ,tu;fspd; rkj;Jtj;ij epWTtjw;fhd xU Vw;ghlhf
rhjpf;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; rpWghd;ik rdr%fq;fspy; ,J cs;sJ. tpNrlkhf (NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lthwhf)
,Ue;jhd jdpegu;fs; Kd;G ,Ue;jij tpl mjpfkhf> thf;Ffisg; ngWtjw;Fg; ngz;fSf;Ff; Fiwe;j
ehl;bd; rl;lthf;f rigfSf;Fj; njupT nra;ag;glf; ,aYik cs;sjhf mtu;fs; fUJtjdhy;>
$bNahuha; ,Ue;jdu;. tpUg;G thf;F vdg;gLk; ngz;fSf;fhd epakdq;fisf; nfhLg;gjw;Ff;
(xt;nthU thf;fshUk; xNu fl;rp / $l;Lf;Fs;shd
%tUf;F thf;fspf;fyhk;) tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt
Kiwikapy; ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jy;fspy; fyhrhu Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fisg;
uPjpapy; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fspy; ,Ue;jhd gyg;gLj;Jtjpyhd mjd;
Ntl;ghsu;fSf;Fr; rhu;ghdjhf ,J ,Ue;jJ. (gPup]; gq;fspg;Gfs; ,Ue;jnghOjpYk;
2018) vt;thwhapDk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l FOf;fis jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; mikg;Gfspy;
gyg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,jd; gq;fspg;G ,Ue;jnghOjpYk; ngz;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wifia
Nju;jw; Gs;sptpguq;fs; njuptpg;gjd; gpufhuk;; mjpfupg;gjw;F tpfpjhrhug;
tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw (PR) MdJ gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwik
rl;lthf;f rigfspy; ngz;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wifia mNefkhf vijAk;
mjpfupg;gjw;F mNefkhf vJTk; nra;atpy;iy nra;Jtpltpy;iy vd;Nw Nju;jw;
vd;Nw njuptpf;fpwJ.
Gs;sptpguq;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wd.
,jd; tpisthfj; jw;Nghija rl;lthf;f
mikg;Gfshdit Mz;fspdhNyNa gpujhdkhf
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J ngz;fspd; fl;rp Ml;rpfs; tpUg;gkw;W ,Uf;Fk; #oiktpy;>
tpNrlkhd gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;gpy; ngUksT ,uz;L tPjkhf ,Ue;JtUk; tuyhw;Wr; ruhrupf;F
ftdpahJ ,Uf;fr; nra;fpwJ. ngz;fspd; tpNrlkhd mg;ghy;> cs;@uhl;rp rigfspy; ngz;fspd;
gpur;rpidfspy; my;yJ Mz;fis tplg; ngz;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpy; mjpfupg;igf; fl;lhakhd
ghjpf;Fk; Nghf;Filaitfspy; ngUkstpy; Nfhl;lh Kiw cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. (nfhbfhu
ftdpf;fhjpUf;Fk; epiyia tpistpf;fpwJ. 2012). Wthz;lh kw;Wk; rpy ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f
mtu;fs; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhYk; ngz;fs; ehLfshdit Nju;jy;fspy; Nghl;bapLtjd; Clhf
gpujpepjpfs; mNefkhf mYtyff; flikfis murpaYf;Fs; mjpf ngz;fs; Eiotjw;Fj; J}
epiwNtw;Wtjw;F Nkyjpfkhf> Kiwikf;F vjpuhfg; z;Ltjhy;> mbg;gilapy; ngz;fspd; fzprkhdsT
Nghuhl Ntz;bas;sJ. ngz; murpay;thjpiag; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mjpfupg;gij Nehf;fpa xU
nghWj;jtiuapy; jpUg;jpahd nrayhw;Wifia gbf;fy;yhf mtu;fspd; Nfhl;lh Kiwiag;
Mw;WtJ vd;gJ kpfTk; rthy; kpf;fjhfNt cs;sJ gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cjhuzj;ij ,e;ehLfs;
(GNwhb 2009). ,f;fhuzpfshdit ,yq;if toq;Ffpd;wd. (Shvedova IDEAS 2005; Palmieri and
murhq;fj;jpd; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; ngz;fspd; Jabre 2005).
gpujpepjpj;JtkhdJ kpfTk; Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; Gjpjhf mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l
,Uf;Fk;gbahd xU epiyikf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; Nfhl;lh KiwikAk; $l> Nfhl;lhthdJ xU cr;rgl;r
nra;Js;sJ. 1990fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J vy;iyahfg; ghHf;fg;gLtij mDkjpf;fhkYk;>
murrigapy; mjpfupj;j ,Uf;ifapd; Clhff; murpaypy; FLk;g ,izg;Gfs; ,y;yhjtu;fs;

fl;rpapd; mjpfhuj;ij tp];jupf;Fk; xU topahfg; ,f;fsj;jpw;Fs; Eiotjpy; kpfTk; rpukj;ij
gad;gLj;jg;gLtij mDkjpf;fhj tifapYk;> vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. (Basu 2003). ,jw;Fk; xU ,dg;
xj;j jpirapy; topelj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; (Al-Jraibi gupkhzk; cs;sJ. nfhbfhu (2012) fhl;LtJNghy;;
2000). 2008 – 2011 fhyg;gFjpapd;nghOJ jkpo; kw;Wk;
vt;thwhapDk; Nfhl;lh Kiwik Clhf cs;@ K];ypk; Mjpf;fg; gFjpfspy; Nju;jy;fisj; njhlu;e;J
uhl;rp rigfSf;F tUk; re;ju;g;gj;ijg; ngw;Wf; tpfpjhrhuk; khwpAs;s NghjpYk;> rpq;fsg; ngz;fs;
nfhs;gtu;fspd; mf;fiwfspdhy; ,g;gpur;rpidapy; ,yq;ifapd; cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhu rigfspy; jkJ
xU Nkyjpf rpf;fYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. rpWghd;ik vjpupizfisf; fhl;bYk; kpfTk; tpQ;rp
tuyhw;W uPjpahf ,yq;ifAk; mj;Jld; mjpfkhfj; tpLfpd;wdu;.
njd;dhrpahTk; ntspehl;Lf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; cs;@uhl;rpfspy; ftdk; nrYj;JtjhdJ>
nfhz;l ,sk; tajpy; mjpfhu epiyf;F ngz;fspd;; rpy FOf;fshdit ,ul;il
te;jikapdhy;; r%fkakhf;fiyAk; ngw;Wf; Xuq;fl;lg;gLjy; vd;w ,g;gpur;rpidf;Fs; gzpahw;w
nfhz;l Nky;tu;f;ff; FLk;gq;fspy; ,Ue;J Ntz;ba xU topia vq;fSf;F toq;ff;$Lk;.
ngz;fs; cau; murpaYf;F tUk; Nghf;Fs;sJ. ,e;jpa mDgtk; fhl;LtJNghy; cs;@u; murpay;
murpaw;wiytu;fs; vd;w tifapy; mtu;fsJ muq;fpw;Fs; ngz;fspd; Eioit ,ayr; nra;tjpy;
ek;gfj; jd;ikahdJ mtu;fsJ jdpg;gl;l xg;gPl;lstpy; vt;tifapYkhd Kd; KjyPLfs;
NgWfisf; fhl;bYk; FLk;gg; gpd;Gyj;JlNdNa mjpfk; nraw;gLtjpy;iy. rdr%f nraw;ghLfs;
mjpfkhf cs;sJ. njd;dhrpahtpy; gpuGj;Jt kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;G tiyg;gpd;dy;fs; Clhf
kpFjpfs; ,d;Dk; nraw;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk; xU rdr%fj;jpd; Clhd> mjpf <LghNl mjpfk;
#oiktpy;> ,t;tplakhdJ ngz;fSf;F khj;jpuNk nrayhw;WfpwJ. (Basu 2003). NkYk; cs;@u;
cupajhf ,y;yhjNghjpYk; (Fleschenberg 2008) kf;fs;> Njrpaj;ijf; fhl;bYk; ngz;fSf;F
,t;tpthjj;jpd; xU rpwpa gFjp vd;dntdpy; cz;ikahdjhfTk; czu;TG+u;tkhdjhfTk;> mjp
neUf;fkhf ,Ug;gjhy;> (Evertzen 2001), cs;@u;
kl;lj; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; vz;zj;jpy;> mtu;fs;
mjpfk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;gtu;fshf ,Ug;gjw;F
rhj;jpak; cs;sJ.
,t;ajhu;j;jq;fspd; xspapy; cs;@uhl;rp
kl;lj;jpy; ngz;fSf;fhd Nfhl;lh Kiwikia
Nfhl;lh Clhf te;j ngz;
mwpKfk; nra;tij Nehf;fpa efu;thdJ rupahd
murpay;thjpfSld; njhlu;e;J ghijapyhd xU gbepiyahf tuNtw;fg;gly;
<LgLtjhdJ Nfhl;lhtpd; Ntz;Lk;. vt;thwhapDk; mjpf Ntiyfis ,dpNa
<l;lq;fis gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,t;twpf;if tpsf;fkspf;f
gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;j Kaw;rpg;gJ Nghd;W Nfhl;lh Kiw Clhf te;j
fzprkhd gpujpepjpj;jtj;ij ngz; murpay;thjpfSld; njhlu;r;rpahf Ntiy
nra;tjhdJ> Nfhl;lhtpdhy; fpilj;j <l;lq;fis
Nehf;fp efUtjw;Fk;
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mjpfupj;j epahakhd
Kf;fpakhdJ
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij Nehf;fpg; gbg;gbahf efu;tjw;Fk;
Kf;fpakhdJ
Kiwapay;
,t;tha;thdJ xU fyg;G Ma;T Kiwiag; ngz; murpay;thjpfspd; gue;Jgl;l mDgtj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sJld;> ,J tlf;F> fpof;F> guPl;rpg;gjw;Fk;> mj;Jld; Nghl;bapLk;nghOJ
tlNky;> kj;jpa> Cth kw;Wk; njw;fpy; cs;s ,t;turpay;thjpfs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; tpNrbj;j
MW khfhzq;fspYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,uz;L gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; rthy;fs; epakd epuYf;Fs;
Kiwikfspd; fPNoAk;> kw;Wk; fs miktplq;fspd; cl;gLjy; my;yJ njupT nra;ag;gl;ljpypUe;J
CNlAk; vLf;fg;gl;l khjpupfspy;> epakdq;fisg; mtu;fsJ flikfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; vd;gtw;wpy;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; ntw;wpaile;Njhu;> ,Uf;iffisg; mtu;fSf;Fs;s tpNrbj;j gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; ntw;wpaile;Njhu;> epakdq;fisg; rthy;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; Nkyjpf xU
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; ntw;wpailahj> Ntl;ghsu;fis fUj;jha;T gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
cl;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; ftdk; vLf;fg;gl;lJ. xU Nkw;nrhd;d khfhzq;fspd; 13 khtl;lq;fspy;
khfhzj;jpw;Fs;Sk; xU jdpj;j khtl;lk; njupT nkhj;jkhf 750 Neu;fhzy;fs; elhj;jg;gl;ld.
nra;ag;gl;L xt;nthU khfhzj;jpw;Fk; 10- vz;zpf;if uPjpahd khjpupfspd; khtl;l kw;Wk; ,d
15 ju uPjpahd Neu;fhzy;fs; (jdpegu; kw;Wk; uPjpahd gFg;Gfs; fPNo cs;s ml;ltizfspy;
FO ,uz;bw;Fk;) elhj;jg;gl;ld. ju uPjpahd fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
fs miktplj;ijj; njupT nra;Ak; Kf;fpa miuthrp fl;likf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fisg;
msTNfhyhf> mt;tplj;ijr; nrd;wilaf;$ba gad;gLj;jp gapw;wg;gl;l Ma;thsu;
jd;ik ,Ue;jJld;> mjd; epkpj;jkhfg; ngz;fs; FOnthd;wpdhy; Neu;fhzy;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld.
Clff; $l;likg;ghdJ jdJ gq;fhsu; epWtdq;fs;> ,t;tha;tpy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l vz;zpf;if uPjpahd
kpfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; nrd;wilaf;$ba ,lq;fis juTfs; SPSSiag; gad;gLj;jpg; gFg;gha;T
mjw;fhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. murpaYf;Fs; nra;ag;gl;lJld;> mNjNtisapy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l
Eioe;jjpypUe;J nghJ kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l fsq;fspy;> ju uPjpahd tpguzq;fs;> vz;zpf;if uPjpahd
gjpyspg;gtu;fspd; tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; gFg;gha;Tfisf; Fiw epug;Gr; nra;tjw;Fk;
gjpT nra;tjw;F ,e;Neu;fhzy;fs; ehb epd;wd. gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld
khtl;lk; % ,dk; %
FUehfy; 20.1 rpq;fsk; 59.6
gJis 20.0 jkpo; 37.2
fhyp 19.9 K];ypk; 3.2
Ky;iyj;jPT 8.0 mbg;gil 750
jpUNfhzkiy 6.5
aho;g;ghzk; 1.2
fpspnehr;rp 4.1
Etnuypah 11.3
fz;b 2.5
Nffhiy 0.1
khj;jis 2.9
mk;ghiu 3.1
kl;lf;fsg;G 0.1
mbg;gil 750
fhz;Gfs;
,t;tha;tpd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfshdit 2018 khrp $bNahuha; cs;sdu;: 1) Nju;jypy; njhFjpfspy;

cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jy;fspy; gq;Fgw;wpa ngz; Nghl;bapl;L ntd;Nwhu;. 2) Nju;jy;fspy; njhFjpfspy;
murpay;thjpfspd; gpd;Gyq;fSf;Fs; Mu;tkhfg; Nghl;bapl;Lj; Njhy;tpaile;Njhu; 3) epuypy;
ghuhl;lg;gl Ntz;ba cs;Szu;Tfis tUtjpy; ntw;wpaile;Njhu; 4) epuY}lhf tUtjpy;
toq;Ffpd;wd. juTfis khj;jpuk; Ngr tpLtjw;Fg; ntw;wpailahNjhu; (epuypy; ,Ue;jhYk; mtu;fspd;
gjpyhf ,t;twpf;ifapNy murpaw; gpujpepjpfspd; fl;rpf;fhd Fiwe;j thf;Ffspd; epkpj;jkhfj;
tfpgq;Ffs;> fl;rpfspd; njhopw;ghL> Nju;jy;fs; jkJ cupa LGAfSf;Fs; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl
kw;Wk; fl;rpfspd; Nju;jy; eltbf;ifg; gzpfs; Kbahjtu;fs;.5 ,t;tha;tpd; gpujhd ce;Jif
njhlu;gpyhd gue;Jgl;l eilKiw murpaw; vd;dntdpy; xt;nthU tifahd Nghl;bahsupd;
fye;Jiuahly;fSf;Fj; juTfisg; Ngr tpLtjw;F juTf; Fwpg;Gfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjpy; mtu;fsJ
Kaw;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,g;gFg;gha;tpd; ,g;gue;Jgl;l gpd;Gyf; fhuzpfSld; njhlu;GgLj;jpg; ngz;
fl;likg;Gf;Fs; ,t;tha;thdJ FLk;gg; gpd;Gyk;> murpay;thjpfspd; ,e;ehd;F tiffisAk;
fl;rpf;Fs;shd me;j];J> nghUshjhu ,aYik> gupNrhjpg;gjhFk;. ngz; murpay;thjpfs; mtu;fspd;
murpay; mwpT Nghd;w gy;NtWgl;l epiyikfs;> ,yf;if milAk; Kaw;rpapd;nghOJ fhzg;gLk;
mtu;fsJ murpaw; Jiwapd; Vzpapy; Nky; Nehf;fpr; fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Vw;ghLfSld;> ve;j
nry;tjw;Fg; ngz; murpay;thjpfspy; vt;thW mstpw;F ,zq;fpnahOfpr; nry;fpwhu;fs; my;yJ
jhf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ vd;gijAk; ,t;tha;T rthy; tpLfpwhHfs; vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpy;
Muha;fpwJ. ,t;tha;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ngz; ,t;tilahsk; fhZif Kf;fpakhdJ.
murpay;thjpfs; ehd;F tiffshf tifg;gLj;jf;
,t;tha;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ngz;

murpay;thjpfs; ehd;F tifahf
tifg;gLj;jf;$bNahuha;
cs;sdu;.:
1) Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;ltu;fs;
2) Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;Lj;
Njhw;wtu;fs;
3) epuypd; Clhf tUtjpy;
ntw;wpaile;jtu;fs;
4)epuypd; Clhf tUtjpy;
ntw;wpailahjtu;fs;.
5 Nkyjpf Ml;fspd; epuy;fspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; vj;njhFjpapYk; Nghl;bapLtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;glhjpUe;jnghOjpYk;

Nju;jy; khtl;lk; G+uhfTKs;s mtu;fsJ fl;rpapd; gpurhu epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpy; mtu;fs; gq;Fgw;w Ntz;bapUe;jJ. njhFjp kl;lj;jpy;
Nghl;bapLgtu;fNs gpurhuj;jpw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;w njhFjp uPjpahd xOq;F Kiwf;F khwhdjhf ,J ,Ue;jJ..
murpaw; fl;rpAk; ngz; gpujpepjpAk;
rl;lthf;f rigapy; xU ,lj;ijg; gpbg;gjw;fhfg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mjpfupg;gjpy; cs;s rthy;fs;

Nghl;bapLtjw;Fj; jdpeguhdtu; xU murpaw; njhlu;gpyhd vf;fye;JiuahlYk; ,yq;ifapy;
fl;rpapd; Clhf tUtJ mtrpakhdjy;y. murpay; fl;rpfspd; jw;Nghija jd;ik kw;Wk;
1931 ,ypUe;J gyu; RahjPd Ntl;ghsu;fshfg; njhopw;ghL njhlu;gpy; ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;s
Nghl;bap;l;Ls;sdu;. vt;thwhapDk; 1970fspypUe;J Ntz;Lk;.
murpaw; fl;rpfspd; Mjhuq;fspd; mfypg;gpd; ,j;jdpg;ghq;fpy; ,f;fUj;jha;tpd; fz;Lgpbg;G
gpd;Gyj;jpYk;> RahjPd Ntl;ghsu;fshfj; fshdit> fle;j mDgtq;fNsh my;yJ murpay;
Nju;jy;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhf nty;tJ fzprkhdsT mwptpd; vLj;Jf;fhl;LifNah NjHjy; njhFjpapNyh
tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. (Woodward 1975; Peiris my;yJ khtl;l kl;lj;jpNyh epakdq;fisj; jf;f
2014). MfNt> ,Wjpahd epytuj;jpd; gpufhuk; itj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; xU Kf;fpa jPu;khdpg;G rf;jpahf
Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L nty;y tpUk;Ggtu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy vdf; ,f;fUj;jha;T
Kf;fpa murpaw; fl;rpapd; Clhf tuNtz;bAs;sJ. tpsf;FfpwJ. ml;ltiz 1,y; fhl;lg;gl;lthwhfg;
tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt KiwikahdJ fl;rp Nghl;bapl;L ntd;w ngz;fspilNa> murpay;
epiyapidAk; mjd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; mDgtj;jpd; NtWgl;l vz;zpf;ifahd
jdpg;gl;l murpay;thjpfs; my;yJ gpujpepjpfSf;F Mz;Lfs; mDgtj;ij cila ngz; murpay;
vjpuhf NkYk; gyg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. Mu;tKs;s ngz; thjpfs; cs;sdu;. gpupTfspy; Nghl;bapl;Lj;
murpay;thjpfs;> Ntl;ghsu; epiyiag; ngWtjw;Fk; Njhw;wtu;fspilNa 42 tPjkhdtu;fs; murpaypy; 10
mijj; njhlu;e;J fpilf;Fk; ntw;wpf;Fk; fl;rp Mz;Lf;F Nkyhd mDgtk; cilatu;fshfTk;
epWtdq;fsplj;jpYk; mjd; Njrpa kw;Wk; cs;@u;j; Vidatu;fs; mjw;Ff; Fiwthdtu;fshfTk;
jiytu;fsplj;jpYk; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;bajhf cs;sdu;. ,Nj ghzpahdJ 2018 cs;@uhl;rp
cs;sJ. ,t;tifapy; murpaypy; ngz;fspd; Nju;jy;fspy;; jkJ cupa fl;rp epuy;fspy; Nghl;bapl;l
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; cs;@ ngz; murpay;thjpfspilNaAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
uhl;rp mikg;Gfspy; ngz;fSf;fhd 25 tPjkhd ,g;Gs;sp tpguq;fshdit jdpegu;fspd; murpay;
Nfhl;lh xd;W mz;ikapy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l mDgtq;fs; khj;jpuk; Nju;jy;fspy; mtu;fs; rpwe;j
epiyapYk; fl;rpfs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhditahf Kiwapy; ,Ug;gjw;fhd mtu;fsJ ,aYikapy;
khwpAs;sd. ,g;gpd;Gyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; mjpf jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vdf; $WfpwJ.
Rthurpakhd Kiwapy; ,g;Nghf;fhdJ Mz;
murpay;thjpfspilNaAk; njspthfj; njupfpwJ
(gPup]; 2014). tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt
Kiwahy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l jPtpu cl;fl;rpg;
Nghl;bahdJ: vt;thW kuG uPjpahd cs;@u; kl;l
ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij
murpaw; jiyikj;Jtj;ij> cilaf;$baJk;>
mjpfupg;gjw;fhd rthy;fs; kpfTk; Nghl;bj;jd;ikAilaJkhd epiyf;F
kPjhd vf;fye;JiuahlYk; epiykhw;wpAs;sJld;> xg;gPl;lstpy; murpaYf;Fg;
,yq;ifapy; murpay; fl;rpfspd; Gjpajhd xU jdpegUf;F cs;@uhl;rp murpay;
jw;Nghija jd;ik kw;Wk; gpujpepjpahtjw;fhd mjpfupj;j rhj;jpaj;jpd;
njhopw;ghL Fwpj;Jf; ftdj;jpy; epiyiaAk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ vd (gPup]; 2014)
vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpsf;Ffpwhu;. ,t;tha;tpd; fUj;jha;T KbTfshdit
,k;khjpupahd epfo;thdJ ngz; murpay;thjpfs;
,ilNaAk; epyTtij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
ml;ltiz 1: Ntl;ghsu; tifg;ghL uPjpahf murpay; mDgtj;jpd; Mz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

Nghl;bapl;L Nghl;bapl;Lj; epuypy; ,Ue;J epuypy; ,Ue;J
ntd;wJ Njhw;wJ ntd;wJ Njhw;wJ
1 - 5 Mz;Lfs; 29.0 43.3 27.9 42.6

6 - 10 Mz;Lfs; 16.6 14.6 23.0 15.6
11 - 20 Mz;Lfs; 24.8 22.3 20.6 16.8
20 Mz;LfSf;F Nky; 29.7 19.7 28.5 25.0
145 157 165 244
cs;sdu;. fUj;jha;Tf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; gpufhuk;

fl;rpapy; xd;W njhlf;fk; Ie;J tUl mDgtq;fis
tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt khj;jpuk; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; Nghl;bapl;L ntd;w
ngz;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; (62%) murpaypy;
Kiwapd; fPo; murpaYf;F
,we;j fhyj;jpNyh jw;fhyj;jpNyh murpaypy; <LgLk;
xg;gPl;lstpy; Gjpajhd xUtu; FLk;g cWg;gpdiuf; nfhz;buhNjhuha; cs;sdu;
cs;@u;g; gpujpepjpahtjw;fhd vdf; fhl;LfpwJ. 2018 khrp cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jypy;
rhj;jpak; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l ngz;fs; Nfhl;lhthdJ
jkJ cupa fl;rpf;Fg; Gjpajhd ngz;fspd;
njhFjp xd;wpid murpaYf;Fs; ftu;e;Js;sij
,J fhl;LfpwJ. jkJ fl;rpfshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l
epuypd; Clhfj; jkJ cs;@uhl;rp rigfSf;Fs;
,t;thwhf Eioe;j ngz; murpay;thjpfspilNaAk;
fUj;jha;tpd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; gpufhuk;> ,Nj ghzpahdJ mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ.
murpaypyhd mDgtk; khj;jpuky;yhJ fl;rpapy;
mtu;fs; ,Ue;j fhyKk; mtu;fsJ njupT
nra;ag;gLk; jd;ikapy; vt;tpjkhd gykhd
njhlHigAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vdf; fhl;baJ.
,j;jdpr;rpwg;ghdJ SLFP kw;Wk; SLPP vd;gtw;wpy;
,Ue;J Nghl;bapl;l ngz;fspilNa ,Ue;J> njspthfj; ePz;l murpay; tuyhW kw;Wk;
njupaf;$bajhf cs;sJ. ,t;tha;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpa fl;rpahdJ Ntiyapy;yhj
ngUk;ghd;ikahd ngz; murpay;thjpfs;> 2018 khrp ngz;fs; murpaw;; Jiwf;Fs;
cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jYf;fhf mtu;fs; Nghl;bapl;l
my;yJ epuypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;l fl;rpf;Fs;shf 1 – 5
EiotJ murpaypy; ngz;fspd;
tUl mDgtq;fis khj;jpuk; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. gpujpepj;Jtj;ij mjpfupg;gJ
(ml;ltiz 02 ,idg; ghu;f;f) gq;Fgw;Wdu;fs; njhlu;ghd xU rhjfkhd
vOkhwhfj; njupT nra;ag;glhjjhy; cz;ikapy;
mNjNtisapy; ghjfkhd
,J xU nghJkag;gLj;jg;glf;$ba $w;W my;y.
vt;thwhapDk; ,t;thwhd ghzp fhzg;gLtjhdJ tpUj;jpahf ,Uf;ff;$baJ.
tpNrl ftdj;ij Ntz;b epw;fpwJ. Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp
ngw;wtu;fspilNa miuthrpf;Fk; Nkyhdtu;fs;
fl;rpapNy xd;W Kjy; Ie;J tUl mDgtq;fis
khj;jpuk; nfhz;Nlhuha; cs;sdu;. ,t;thW Rthurpak;
kpf;f Kiwapy; epuy; me;j];J Clhf cs;@
uhl;rpr; rigfSf;F Eioaf; $batu;fshf ,Ue;j
Fwpj;j njhFjpapdUk; xd;W njhlf;fk; Ie;J
tUl mDgtq;fis khj;jpuNk nfhz;Ls;Nshuha
ml;ltiz 2: Ntl;ghsu; tifg;ghl;by; fl;rpapy; cs;s mDgt Mz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

1 - 5 Mz;Lfs; 55.2 47.8 53.3 56.1

6 - 10 Mz;Lfs; 9.0 15.3 17.6 11.5
11 - 20 Mz;Lfs; 15.9 19.7 9.7 14.3
20 Mz;LfSf;F Nky; 20.0 17.2 19.4 18.0
145 157 165 244
murpaypYk; fl;rp NtiyapYk; ePz;l tuyhw;iwf;

nfhz;buhj ngz;fs; murpaw;Wiwf;Fs;
EioAk; cz;ikahdJ> murpaypy; ngz;fspd;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mjpfupg;gJ njhlu;gpy; rhjfkhd
mj;Jld; ghjfkhd tpUj;jpahf ,uz;L tifapYk;
ghu;f;ff; $baJ. 2018 cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jypy;
murpaw; fl;rpfs; 25 tPjj; Njitg;ghl;ilj; jpUg;jp
nra;tjw;fhfNtDk; rpy Mrdq;fSf;Fg; ngz;fis
epakpf;ff; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,t;Ts;@u;f;; fl;rp
ngz; murpay;thjpfspd;
mikg;ghsu;fs; nrhy;tjd; gpufhuk; ,j;Njitahd
vz;zpf;ifiag; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf mtu;fs; mwpTf;Fk; mtu;fs; njupaf;$ba
ntw;wpfukhd ngz;fSf;fhf miye;J Njl jd;ikf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. murpaypYk;> fl;rp NtiyapYk;
Fiwe;j mDgtj;ijf; nfhz;l gy ngz;fs; rhjfkhd njhlu;gpid rpy
Vd; ,j;Nju;jypd; %yk; cs;@uhl;rp rigfspy; fUj;jha;Tf; fhz;Gfs;
Eioaf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij ,J XusT
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd.
tpsf;FfpwJ. ngz; murpay;thjpfSf;fhd jpBu;
kjpg;ghdJ Mz; fl;rp cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fj; jkJ
nrhe;jj; Nju;tpy; jkJ tho;f;ifj; JiziaNah>
cwtpdiuNah my;yJ mtu;fSf;F neUf;fkhd
ahiuANkh Ntl;ghsu;fshf mwpKfk;; nra;J mjd;
%yk; fl;rp tupirf;Fs;Sk; jkJ epiyapidg;
gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ.6
murpay; mDgtk; kw;Wk; fl;rp tuyhW Fiwthf
cs;s ngz;fs; murpaw;Wiwf;Fs; EioAk; epiy
Fwpj;J tUk; mjpf neUf;fb Ntz;bajpy;iy.
Vnddpy; cs;;@u; kl;l Mz; murpay;thjpfspd;
tplaj;jpy; ,J ngupa NtWghlhf ,Uf;fkhl;lhJ
vd;gjhFk;.
6 gJis kw;Wk; FUehfiyapy; elj;jg;gl;l vkJ Neu;fhzy;fs; kw;Wk; FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; ,t;Tz;ik ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mwpT xU $u;ikia toq;FfpwJ

Nju;jy; murpaypYs;s Mz;fSld;;
Nghl;bapLk;nghOJ ngz;fs; gpd;dhNyNa
,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. Nju;jy; td;Kiw> Coy;> fyhrhu
newpfs; Nghd;w fhuzpfshd ,yq;ifj;
Nju;jy; murpaypy; nraw;gLk; Fzhk;rq;fshtd
murpaw;Wiwapy; ,wq;f tpUk;Gk; ngz;fspd;
tpUg;Gf;F vjpuhfNt cs;sJ. xU FOf;
mtu;fs; nfhs;iffs;
fye;Jiuahlypd;nghOJ> ,t;Ts;@u; kl;l rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; murpayikg;G
Mu;tKs;s ngz; murpay;thjpfsplk;> Mz;fs; tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; mwptpid
Mjpf;fKs;s cs;@u; kl;lf; fl;rp epWtdj;jpy;> ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;fshapd; mtu;fsJ
mtu;fspd; gpurd;dj;ijf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Ltjha; Mz; rfghbfspdhy; ftdj;ijg;
,Uf;ff;$baJ vJ vd mtu;fs; epidf;fpwhu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAnkd
vd vOj;jhsH Nfl;lhu;. cs;@u; kl;lf; fl;rp
nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; njuptpj;jdu;.
epWtdj;Jldhd jkJ jdpg;gl;l mDgtq;fisg;
gfpu;e;J nfhz;l rpy ngz; murpaw; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;>
jhk; nfhs;iffs;> rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; murpayikg;G
tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; jkJ mwpit ntspf;fhl;bdhy;
Mz; rfghbfspilNa tpNrl Kiwapy; ftdj;ij
<u;f;ff; $bajhf ,Ug;gjhf mtu;fs; njuptpj;jhu;fs;.
cs;@u; kl;l ngz; murpay;thjpfspd;
murpay; mwpTf;Fk;> mtu;fsJ njupT vg;gbAs;sJ) gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; i) cs;@
nra;ag;glf;$ba jd;ikf;Fk;> ,ilapyhd uhl;rpia MSk; rl;lq;fs; ii) murpayikg;G iii)
cwTKiwiag; gupNrhjpg;gjw;F Ma;tpy; xU jhk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; fl;rpapd; fUj;jpay; iv)
Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Ma;thdJ mtu;fsJ ehl;bd; tuyhW ngz; murpay;thjpfspd; mwpTf;Fk;
jw;rhu;Gila mwpitf; Fwpj;J tprhupj;jJ. mtu;fsJ njupT nra;ag;gLk; jd;ikf;Fk;
(mtu;fSf;F ,Ug;gjhf mtu;fs; epidf;Fk; mwpT ,ilapNy xU rhjfkhd cwT ,Ug;gijf;
fUj;jha;tpd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; ntspg;gLj;jpd.
ngz; murpay;thjpfspd; mwpTf;Fk; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp ngw;w mNefu;> Nghl;bapl;Lj;
mtu;fs; njupaf;$ba jd;ikf;Fk; Njhw;wtu;fisf; fhl;bYk; cs;@uhl;rpia MSk;
,ilapy; xU rhjfkhd njhlu;gpid rl;lq;fs; njhlu;gpy; jhk; mwpTilatu;fshf
rpy fUj;jha;Tf; fhz;Gfs; ,Ug;gjhf ek;Gfpd;wdu;. nghJtpy; epuypy; ,Ue;J
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd Nghl;bapl;ltu;fs; cs;@uhl;rp rl;lq;fs; njhlu;gpy;
jhk; Nghjpa mwpTilatu;fs; vd ek;Gtjpy;iy.
ml;ltiz 3: Ntl;ghsu; tifg;ghl;by; cs;@uhl;rp mikg;Gfis MSk; rl;lq;fs; Fwpj;j
rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa mwpT Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

ntw;wp ngwy; Njhy;tp ngwy; ntw;wp ngwy; Njhy;tp ngwy;
ey;y mwpitf; nfhz;bUj;jy; 23.4 9.6 12.7 11.9
XusT mwpitf; nfhz;bUj;jy; 62.1 68.2 70.3 66.4
rpwpjsT mwpitf; nfhz;bUj;jy; 14.5 19.1 16.4 17.2
mJ Fwpj;J mwpitNa 0.0 3.2 0.6 4.5
nfhz;buhJ ,Uj;jy;
murpayikg;Gj; njhlu;ghd mtu;fsJ cz;ikahd mwptpd; jhf;fj;ij ca;j;Jzu;tJ

mwpT njhlu;gpYk; ,NjghzpNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. rpukkhdjhFk;. vt;thwhapDk; FUehfy;> gJis
Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp ngw;wtu;fspy; cau;e;j Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ngz; murpay;thjpfSld;
tPjj;jpdu; mJ njhlu;ghd mtu;fspd; mwpthNyNa elhj;jg;gl;l fye;Jiuahly;fspd;nghOJ
ntw;wp ngw;wjhf mwpf;ifapl;ldu;. (21.4%). xU murpay; njhlu;gpy; mwpTilNahuhf cupik
xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; Nju;jypy; Njhy;tpaile;j Fiwe;j Nfhupa mg;ngz;fs; mbf;fb murpay; njhlu;gpy;
E}w;W tPjkhd ngz;fs; jhk; murpay; mikg;ig tpopg;Gzu;TilNahuha; ,Ug;gijf; fhl;baJld;>
ruskhff; fw;wjhff; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. VidNahiu tpl epr;rakhf cau; mwpTilNahuha;
jkJ fl;rpf; fUj;jpay; njhlu;gpy; kpfTk; ,Ue;jjhf vOj;jhsu; rhl;rpak; $Wfpwhu;. ,J
mwpTilatu;fshfNth my;yJ XusT vjidf; fhl;LfpwJ vd;why;> murpay; mDgtk;>
mwpTilatu;fshfNth ,Ug;gjhff; $wpa mwpT jtpu;e;j Vida fhuzpfSk; Nju;jypy;
gjpyspg;gtupd; vy;yh ehd;F tifapdUk;> cupa ntw;wp ngWtjw;F xU Ntl;ghsupd; jifikapy;
<l;ba E}w;WtPjq;fspy; ngUk; NtWghLfisf; fUtpfshf ,Uf;f KbAk;. MfNt> mtu;fsJ
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ehl;bd; tuyhW gw;wpa mwpitAk; murpaw; ghjpg;igAk; mjpfupg;gjw;fhd
mtu;fspd; mwpT> mj;Jld; cupa fl;rpfspd; tuyhW vk;Kaw;rpAk; ngz; murpay;thjpfisf; FLk;g
gw;wpa mtu;fspd; mwpT vd;gtw;wpd; njhlu;gpYk; Ml;rp murpay; Kiwf;Fs; jg;gpg;gpiog;gjw;F
,NjghzpNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. vt;thwhapDk; khj;jpukpd;wp rpwe;j murpay;thjpfshf khWtjw;Fk;
,t;nty;yh rkaq;fspYk; mwptpd; cau;e;j E} tYT+l;Lk;. mt;thwhd gapw;rpahdJ Nfhl;lh
w;W tPjj;ijg; gjpT nra;jtu;fNs Nghl;bapl;L Kiwapd; mwpKfj;jpd; epkpj;jkhfg; ngz;fs;
ntw;wp ngw;wtu;fshf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJ mDgtpf;Fk; fzprkhd murpay; ntw;wpapid
mOj;jpAiuf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. epiyNgwhdjhf Mf;fr; nra;tJ Fwpj;Jg;
Ntl;ghsupd; mwpT njhlu;ghf ,Jtiuf;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;. NkYk; mt;thwhd mwpT
,t;thW fye;Jiuahlg;gl;litfs; cz;ikapy; mbg;gilapyhd gapw;rpahdJ kf;fisg;
mtu;fsJ mwpT gw;wpa mtu;fspd; kjpg;gPNl gpujpgypf;Fk; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;F Nkyjpfkhfg;
MFk;. MfNt njupT nra;ag;glf;$ba jd;ik ngz;fspd; fzprkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mjpfupf;fr;
njhlu;gpy;> murpay; njhlu;gpy; mtu;fsJ nra;tjw;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;.
ml;ltiz 4: Ntl;ghsj;Jt tifapd; gpufhuk; murpayikg;Gj; njhlu;ghd mwpT
murpayikg;Gj; Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

njhlu;ghd mwpT
ruskhf ,jidf; fw;Wf; 21.4 8.3 9.7 7.8

nfhz;lJ
Xustpw;F ,jidf; fw;Wf; 43.4 43.3 45.5 43.9
nfhz;lJ
mijf; fw;ftpy;iy Mdhy; 22.1 37.6 29.1 36.1
rpy gpupTfs; Fwpj;J rpy
vz;zq;fs; cs;sd
,ijg; gw;wp vt;twpTk; 12.4 10.2 15.2 11.5
,y;iy
njupahJ 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8
ml;ltiz 05: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpapy; fl;rp fUj;jpay; njhlu;gpyhd mwpT
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

Nghl;bapl;L Nghl;bapl;Lj; epuypy; ,Ue;J epuypypUe;J
ntd;Nwhu; Njhw;Nwhu; ntd;Nwhu; Njhw;Nwhu;
kpf mwpTs;Nshu; 40.7 18.6 20.6 20.7
XusT mwpTs;Nshu; 48.3 68.6 68.5 67.8
rpwpjsT mwpTs;Nshu; 10.3 12.2 10.3 10.7
mwpT vJTk; ,y;yhNjhu; 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8
ml;ltiz 06: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf ehl;bd; tuyhW gw;wpa mwpT
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

Nghl;bapl;L Nghl;bapl;Lj; epuypy; ,Ue;J epuypypUe;J
kpf mwpTs;Nshu; 33.8 17.8 15.2 16.9
XusT mwpTs;Nshu; 53.8 70.7 69.7 69.4
rpwpjsT mwpTs;Nshu; 11.7 10.8 15.2 12.0
mwpT vJTk; ,y;yhNjhu; 0.7 0.6 0.0 1.7
ngz; murpay;thjpfspd;
mwpTf;Fk; mtu;fs; njupaf;$ba
jd;ikf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU
rhjfkhd njhlu;gpid rpy
fUj;jha;Tf; fhz;Gfs;
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd.
ngz; murpay;thjpfSk; mjpfhu %yq;fSk;

murpay; vd;gJ mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;>
njhlu;e;J itj;jpUj;jy; mjidj; jhq;fp
itj;jpUj;jy; vd;gJ gw;wpajhFk;. vd;d kl;lj;jpy;>
ve;j muq;fpy; murpay; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
vd;gijg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; khf;fpatyp $wpaJNghy>
rupahd topapNyh my;yJ jtwhd topapNyh
mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L mijj; njhlu;e;J
itj;jpUg;gijNa ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd;
mu;j;jk; xUtu; NtW vt;tplaj;jpy; murpay;thjpfs;
(murpay;thjp) Vidatu;fspd; jPu;khdj;jpy; Nfhl;lh Kiwapd; epkpj;jkhf
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jf;$ba ,aYikiaf; ngz;fshy; mDgtpf;fg;gLk;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,yq;ifapd; fpuhk
Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; murpaw; fl;rpia xd;Wjpul;ly;
fzprkhd murpay; ntw;wpia
Ma;Tfshdit vt;thW cs;@u; kl;lj; jdpegu;fs; epiyNgwhf;Ftij Nehf;fp
maypy; my;yJ fpuhkj;jpy; nry;thf;F kpf;f mt;thwhd gapw;rpfs;
nraw;ghl;lhsu;fshf Nkw;fpsk;gpdhu;fs; vd;gijf;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;
fhl;LfpwJ (Jiggins 1979; Hettige 1984; Spencer 1990;
Jayanntha 1992; Peiris 2018).
,tu;fs; vy;NyhUk; mr;nry;thf;if
cUthf;Ftjpy; fhuzpfshf ,Ue;j fpuhkj;jpw;F
cs;Sk;> ntspAkhf xU jdpegu; nfhz;bUe;j>
fpilahd kw;Wk; epiyf;Fj;jhd njhlu;Gfs;> fyhrhu
mikg;Gf;;Fs;shf mDgtpj;j me;j];J> nghUshjhu
,aYik vd;gtw;iw> mr;nry;thf;if cUthf;Ftjpy;
fhuzpfshf ,Ue;jitfshf> ,tu;fs; midtUk; Mdhy; ,f;fhuzpfs; Gjpa cj;Njtfj;ijg; ngw>
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhu;fs;. gpuhd;rpa r%ftpayhsu; mNjNtisapy; Vida %yq;fs; Fiwe;jgl;r
Pierre Bourdieu posits ,d; Ntiyapy; xUtupd; tfpgq;if Mw;w te;Js;sd vdf; $w KbAk;.
murpaw; gyj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; nghUshjhuk;> vt;thwhapDk; ,t;tjpfhu %yq;fs; (KjyPLfs;)
fyhrhuk;> r%f KjyPL vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ Vida tbtq;fSf;F khw;wf;$badthf cs;sd.
vd;fpwhu; (Bourdieu 1977). ,;f;fhyq;fspNy cjhuzj;jpw;F kf;fs; jkJ epjp ,aYikiaf;
,yq;if murpaypy; ,k;KjyPLfspd; tbtq;fs; fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s kf;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa
rpy Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,of;f> mNjNtisapy; my;;yJ Njrpaj; jiytu;fSld; gue;Jgl;l r%f
VidNahu; mjpfhuj;jpd; %yq;fshfg; Gjpa J} tiyg;gpd;dy;fisf; fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;tjw;Fg;
z;Ljy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sdu; (gPup]; 2018). gad;gLj;j KbAk;. mjpfhuj;jpd; ,t;nty;yh
cjhuzj;jpw;Fr; Rje;jpuj;jpd; fhyg;gFjpapy; %yq;fisAk; xUq;fpizg;gjhdJ ,Wjpapy; mtu;;
Kf;fpa mjpfhu %yq;fshf ,Ue;j fhuzpfshfpa nfhz;bUf;ff;$ba murpay; mjpfhu kl;lj;ijj;
nghUshjhu ,aYik> fyhrhu me;j];J jPu;khdpf;fpwJ. vt;thwhapDk; ,t;tplaj;jpyhd
vd;gd gbg;gbahf mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpy; murpaw; nraw;ghl;lhsu; jdJ mjpfhu epiyia
tPo;r;rpaile;JNghf> Bourdieu $WtJ Nghy r%fj; Vida Nghl;bahsu;fNshL njhlu;GgLj;Jkplj;J>
njhlu;Gfs;> r%f %yjdk; vd;gd cs;@u; cau; kl;lj;jpy; itj;jpUg;gjw;fhfj; Jbg;ghd
murpaw; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F kpf Kf;fpakhd ngz; murpay;thjpfSf;F ,ijr; rhj;jpakhf;fp
%yq;fshf NknyOe;jd. ,J vt;tifapYk; ntw;wpailar; nra;jJ vJ vdg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf
mjpfhuj;jpd; xU %yk; ,d;ndhU %yj;jhy; khw;wp %yjdj;jpd; %d;W tbtq;fspYk; tpy;iyia
itf;fg;gl;lJ vd;w mu;j;jj;ijf; nfhLf;fhJ. ,t;twpf;if gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
epjp tsq;fs;
ngz;fs; murpaypy; Jbg;ghf tUtjw;Fg; gpujhd mz;zsthf &gh 100,000 nrytopj;Js;sdu;.
jilahf ,Ug;gJ ,t;tplaj;jpd; epjprhu; mk;rkhFk;. jdpg;gl;l Ntl;ghsu;fshy; Nju;jw; gpurhuj;jpy;
Mz;fNshL xg;gpLkpLk;NghJ> %yjdj;jpd; Vida nrytopf;fg;gl;l ruhrupj; njhifiaf; fPNo
tbtq;fs; kw;Wk; epjp vd;gtw;iw mile;J nfhs;tjw;F cs;s ml;ltiz fhl;bdhYk; cz;ikahd
mtu;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk;> mjPj tiuaiwapd; nrytopg;ghdJ ngUkstpy; NtWgLfpwJ. .
epkpj;jkhf ntw;wpfukhd gpurhuj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd
gzj;ijf; fz;Lnfhs;tjpy;> ngz;fs; Fiwepiyapy;
,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Fiwe;j
CjpakhdJ> xg;gPl;lstpy; Fiwe;j nrytplj;jF
tUkhdj;ijj; jUtjhy;> Mz;fis tpl murpaypy; MNzh ngz;Nzh vtuhapDk;
Eiotijg; guprPypg;gjw;F mtu;fSf;;F re;ju;g;gk; cs;@u; Njrpa my;yJ ru;tNjr
Fiwthf cs;sJ. (Brody 2009). Nghjpa epjp kl;lj;jpy; murpaYf;Fs; Eioa
,y;yhj epiyikahdJ njhopw;Jiwj; njupthf tpUk;Gk; vtUk; nghUshjhu>
murpaiyg; guprPypg;gjpy; xU ngupa jilahf
fyhrhu kw;Wk; r%f
cs;sJ vd;gij Kd;ida ghlk; mDgt uPjpahf
KjyPLfspidg; Nghjpa
epWtpAs;sJ. (nfhbfhu 2009). Nju;jw; gpupTfspd;
ngUg;gpg;G mjhtJ rpwpa Nju;jw; njhFjpfshdit fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; mjid
khtl;lj; Nju;jw; gFjpfshfg; ngUg;gpf;fg;gl;ljhdJ> mZFtjidAk; nfhz;bUf;f
rpwpasthd ed;ikiag; ngWk; ngz;fs; njupT Ntz;Lk;
nra;ag;gLtjpy; NkYk; jilNghl;Ls;sJ. Vnddpy;
ngupa epyg;gug;gpy; gpurhuk; nra;tjhdJ> mjPj
%yjdj; Njitia cz;lhf;FtJld;> Fiwe;j
nghUshjhu me;j];J cilNahiug; (ngz;fs;
cl;gl) Nghl;bapy; ,Ue;J js;sptpLfpwJ.
2018 khrpj; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;l ngz; murpaw;
nraw;ghl;lhsu;fsplk; (jpwe;j Nghl;bahfNth
my;yJ epuy; ClhfNth) ,t;tha;thdJ
mtu;fsJ Nju;jw; gpurhuj;jpy; mtu;fs; nrytopj;j
gzk; vt;tsT vdf; Nflfg;gl;;lJ. ,jd;NghJ
ngwg;gl;l fhz;Gfshdit> njupT nra;ag;gLk;
jd;ikahdJ gzk; nrytopg;gjw;fhd mtu;fsJ
,aYikAld; gykhfj; njhlu;G nfhz;bUg;gijj;
njspthff; fhl;LfpwJ. Nghl;bapl;L ntd;wtu;fs;
jhk; Nghl;bapl;Lj; Njhw;wtu;fis tpl mjpfk;
nrytopj;jjhf (ruhrupahf &gh 264, 191) $wpdu;.
vt;thwhapDk; Nghl;bapl;Lj; Njhw;wtu;fs; jhk; &gh
246,666 ruhrupahf nrytopj;jjhf mwpf;ifapl;ldu;.
Rthurpak; kpf;f Kiwapy; fl;rp epuy; Clhfg;
Nghl;bapl;Lj; njupT nra;ag;gl;ltu;fSk; ruhrupahf
&gh 155,160 nrytopj;j mNjNtisapy; fl;rp epuy;
Clhf xU ntw;wpfukw;w Kaw;rpiar; nra;jtu;fSk;
ml;ltiz 07: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf cs;@u;j;

Nju;jy;fs; kPjhd nrytpdq;fs;
njupT nra;af;$ba
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%) ruhrup Nju;jy; nrytpdq;fs; (SLR) jd;ikahdJ gzk;
Nghl;bapl;L ntd;wik 264, 191
nrytopf;ff; $ba
Nghl;bapl;Lj; Njhw;wik ,aYikAld; gykhd
246, 666
epuypypUe;J ntd;wik
njhlu;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
155, 160
epuypypUe;J Njhw;wik
vdf; fhz;Gfs;
97, 739
njspthff; fhl;Lfpd;wd
nkhj;j ruhrup 179178.4
Gjpjhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l cs;@uhl;rp rig Nghl;bapLtjw;fhfj; jdJ fztupd; nrytpdj;jpy;

murpay;thjpfSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fshdit> tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpajhff; $wpapUe;jhu;.
jhk; cz;ikapy; nrytopj;j gzkhdJ> mtu;fs; xU Nfhl;lh Kiwikia
fhl;ba gzj;njhiff;Ff; fpl;lj;jl;l rkkhdJ mwpKfg;gLj;jpapUe;jnghOjpYk;> Ntl;ghsupd;
vd;gij ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F 2018 epjp ,aYikahdJ> ngz;fs; xU ntw;wpfukhd
cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jy;fspy; Nghl;bapl;L ntd;wtUk;> Ntl;ghsuhf tUtjw;F Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ.
cs;@u; murpaypy; xU Jbg;ghd xU FLk;gj;jpypUe;J ,t;tplaj;jpy; ntw;wpaile;j xU murpaw; Jiwapy;
te;jtUkhd (mtuJ je;ijahUk; khkdhUk; Kd;efu;e;J nry;tjw;F tpUg;gKila ngz;fs;
cs;@u; murpay; ,ae;jpuj;jpy; ePz;lfhykhf Nju;jYf;F Kd;gjhfj; jkJ epjp ,aYikfisg;
,ize;jpUe;jJld; mtu; fztu; jw;nghOJ Cth gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehb epw;gu;;. MfNt ,g;ngz;fis
khfhz rigapy; gjtp epiyapy; cs;stuhf Coy;kpf;f Mjuthsu; - jug;ghsu; murpaypy; ,Ue;J
cs;shu;) xU ngz; murpay;thjp Nju;jypy; J}uj;jpy; itg;gJ kpfTk; rpukkhdjhf cs;sJ.
fyhrhu tsq;fs;
rdr%fj;jpw;Fs;shf xUtupd; epiyapid ftu;e;jJld;> mjd; epkpj;jkhf Vidatiu tpl

cau;j;jp itf;Fk; fhuzpfshdit fyhrhu tsq;fs; murpaw; gjtpfisf; nfhz;bUg;gjw;F mtu;fs;
vd miof;fg;glf;$bad. [dehafk; fhzg;gLk; kpFe;j jifik tha;e;jtu;fs; vd;w ghu;it
,yq;if Nghd;w miug; gpuGj;Jt mikg;Gfspy; Nehf;ifr; r%fj;jpw;F Cl;baJ. MfNt> Nju;jy;
,t;tskhdJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,t;tif khjpupNa murpaypd; Muk;g fhyq;fspy;. murpay; fl;rpfs;
gpuGj;Jt r%fj;jpy; Gfo; ngw;w FLk;gq;fspy; cs;@u; kl;lj; jiyikj;Jtj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F
,Ue;J tUgtu;fs;> cupa jkJ miktplq;fspy; mtu;fis mZfpaJld; mtu;fsJ thf;fhsu;
ngUk; mq;fPfupg;igg; ngWtJld;> ,sk; tajpy; mbg;gilia cr;rg;gLj;jpaJ. fyhrhu KjyPlhdJ
,Ue;Nj murpaw;wiytu;fshfj; jhdhfNt rpy jrhg;jq;fSf;F Kd;idaijf; fhl;bYk;>
cUthf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. Nju;jy; murpaypd; Muk;g xg;gPl;lstpy; Kf;fpak; Fiwe;jjhf cs;sNghjpYk;
jrhg;jq;fspy; FUf;fs;> MAs;Ntj itj;jpau;fs;> cs;@u; kl;l Ntl;ghsu;fs; ,d;Dk; jhk; NtWgl;l
Mrpupau;fs;> rpNu~;l murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; fyhrhu tsq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gijg; gl;lq;fs;>
(,d;Dk; rpyu;) fpuhkq;fspy; cau; me;j];ijf; nfsut me;j];Jfs; r%fj;jpy; jkJ %jhijau;fs;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mtu;fsJ mwpTk; jpwDk; mDgtpj;j cau; me;j];Jfspd; vLj;Jf;fhl;Liffs;
nghJkf;fs; kupahijiaAk; ek;gpf;ifiaAk; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf Ntl;ghsu;fis ek;g itg;gjw;fhd
njupT nra;ag;gl;l kw;Wk;

mjpfkhfj; njd;dhrpahTk; ntspehl;Lf; fy;tpiag;
murpaw; Jiwiaj; njhlUtjw;F
ngw;Wf; nfhz;l> ,sk; tajpy; mjpfhu epiyf;F
tpUg;gj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; te;jikapdhy;; r%fkakhf;fiyAk; ngw;Wf;
ngz;fs; Nju;jYf;F Kd;ghfj; nfhz;l> Nky;tu;ff; FLk;gq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngz;fs;
cau; murpaYf;F tUk; Nghf;Fs;sJ.
jkJ epjp ,aYikiag; gyg;gLj;j
Nju;jy;fspy; Nghl;bapLk;nghOJ FLk;gg; gpd;Gyk;
ehb epw;gu;. MfNt> Coyhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ vd;w Nkw;gb mtjhdpg;Gld;
Mjuthsu; jug;gpdiu murpay;py; ,t;tha;tpd; fhz;Gfs; ,iae;J Nghfpd;wJ.
,Ue;J tpyf;fp itg;gJ kpfTk; Nghl;bapl;L ntd;wtu;fs; mjpfkhf murpaw;
gpd;Gykhd FLk;gq;fspy; ,Ue;J te;jtu;fspd;
rpukkhdJ
FOthf ,Uf;fNt KbfpwJ. (murpaypy; fle;j
fhyq;fspYk; jw;nghOJk; rk;ge;jg;gl;bUg;gtu;fs;
- 34.9% jw;nghOJ – 32.4% ,we;j fhyj;jpy;
Kaw;rpia ,d;Dk; Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. – 30.9%). nghJtpy; epuy; %ykhf te;jtu;fs;
ngz; murpay;thjpfspd; tplaj;jpw; $l FLk;gg; Nghl;bapl;ltu;fisf; fhl;bYk; murpaYf;Ff;
gpd;Gyk;> mtu;fsJ FLk;gj;jpdupd; Kd;ida FLk;gj; njhlu;Gfisf; fhl;batu;fshff;
fhy tfpgq;Ffs;> vd;gd Nju;jy; ntw;wpf;Ff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ju uPjpahd fye;Jiuahlypy;
fhuzkhf cs;sJ. Fleschenberg (2008) gq;Fgw;wpa gy ngz; murpay;thjpfs; jkf;F
tpthjpg;gJNghy murpaw; jiytu;fs; vd;w tifapy; murpaypy; jkJ cldbf; FLk;gq;fs; my;yJ jkJ
ngz;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikahdJ mtu;fspd; cwtpdu;fsplk; ,Ue;J murpaYf;F FLk;gj; njhlu;G
jdpg;gl;l NgWfisf; fhl;bYk; FLk;gg; gpd;Gyj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhff; $wpapUf;fpwhu;fs;. Kjyplj;jpNyNa
ngupJk; jq;fpAs;sJ. ,J ngz;fSf;Nf khj;jpuk; fl;rpapd; ftdj;ijg; ngWtjpy; FLk;gg; gpd;Gyk;
cupj;jhdJ my;y vd;w nghOjpYk;> ,g;gpuGj;Jt ,Ue;jij ,J fhl;LfpwJ. ,JNt gpd;G xU ngz;
kpFjpfs; ,d;Dk; njd;dhrpahtpNy nraw;ghl;bNy Nghl;bapLtjw;Nfh my;yJ epuy; %yk; tUtjw;Nfh
cs;sd. tuyhw;W uPjpahf ,yq;ifAk; mj;Jld; ,ayr; nra;fpwJ.
ml;ltiz 08: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf murpaypy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs;
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

Nghl;bapl;L Nghl;bapl;Lj; epuypypUe;J epuypypUe;J
fle;j fhyj;jpYk; jw;nghOJk; 18.1% 10.9% 19.0% 16.2%
murpaypy; <LghL
jw;nghOJ murpaypy; <LghL 6.5% 4.1% 6.3% 5.1%
fle;j fhyj;jpy; murpaypy; 21.7% 21.1% 15.2% 16.2%
<LghL
fle;j fhyj;jpNyh jw;nghONjh 53.6% 63.9% 59.5% 62.4%
murpaypy; <Lghby;iy
138 147 158 234
r%f tiyg; gpd;dy;fisr; nrd;wilfpwJ

Bourdieu’s (1984) vd;gtupd; jpl;lj;jpy; r%f 1992 gPup]; 2018). ,t;thW gy;NtWgl;l tpahghuk;>
KjyPL vd;gJ gu];gu mq;fPfhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; fyhrhuk; kw;Wk; cwTKiwia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L tiyg;gpd;dy;fs; kw;Wk; njhlu;Gfspd; nfhz;l tiyg;gpd;dy;fs; murpaw; fl;rpfshYk;
tbtj;jpYs;s r%f tsq;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ> xU Ntl;ghsu;fshYk; Nju;jy; Neuq;fspd;nghOJ thf;Fr;
r%f tiyg;gpd;dy; vdg;gLtJ nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;> Nrfupg;Gg; nghwpKiwfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd
FOf;fs; my;yJ epWtdq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd vd gPup]; (2014) tpsf;Ffpwhu;. MfNt Njrpa kw;Wk;
cwTfspdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l r%ff; fl;likg;ghFk;. gpuhe;jpa kl;l murpay;thjpfs; khj;jpuky;yhky;
rdr%f tho;tpy; Jbg;ghf <LgLtjhdJ murpaypd; murpay; mgpyhi\ cs;s jdpegu;fSk;
ntw;wpf;Fg; gq;fspg;gJld;> gpd;G thf;FfshfTk; toikahf ,t;tiyg;gpd;dy;fspy; xU Jbg;ghd
thf;Fr; Nrfupf;Fk; nghwpKiwfshfTk; tfpgq;if Mw;Wfpd;wdu;. vt;thwhapDk;
(gpugy;ak; Nghd;w) khw;wg;glf;$ba> Njitahd ,t;tiyg;gpd;dy;fshdit Mz;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F
tiyg;gpd;dy;fisf; fl;bf;nfhs;tij ,ayr; cl;gl;bUg;gJld; ngz;fs; mNefkhf kpfTk;
nra;fpwJ. Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;lijg; Nghd;W ,yq;if gytPdkhdJk; fPo;epiyahdJkhd <Lghl;L
,yf;fpaq;fshdit Nju;jy; mzpjpul;Lifapd; tbtj;ijNa nfhz;bUg;gu;. (rpy vOj;jhSiffs;
tiyg; gpd;dy;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l tfpgq;Ffis Njitg;gLfpwJ).
ed;F Mtzg;gLj;jpAs;sd. ([pf;fpd;]; 1979 [ae;j
rq;fq;fspy; <LgLjy;:
,f;fUj;jha;thdJ Ma;tpy; gq;Fgw;;wpa ngz; vy;yhg; gjpyspg;gtu;fSk;> nghJtho;tpy; mDgtk;
murpay;thjpfspd; jw;Nghija me;j];J> tuyhW> nfhz;ltu;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. vt;thwhapDk;
rq;f uPjpahd tho;T vd;gtw;iwg; gupNrhjpg;gjw;F rq;f mikg;G uPjpahd tho;tpy;> mtu;fsJ <LghL
Kaw;rpj;jJ. fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; gpufhuk; gw;wpf; Nfl;lNghJ tptrhapfs; rq;fk;> kuztPl;Lr;
,g;ngz; murpay;thjpfs; nghJtpy; ghlrhiyg; rq;fk;> eyNdhk;gw; rq;fk;> ngz;fs; rq;fk;
gps;isfs;Nghyj; jhk; Jbg;ghdtu;fshfNt Nghd;w gy;NtWgl;l rq;fq;fspy; gq;Fgw;Wjy;
,Ue;jjhfTk;> jw;nghOJ jkJ cupa #oy;fspy; kw;Wk; gjtpepiyfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; vd;gijg;
Jbg;ghf ,Ug;gjhfTk; $Wfpd;wdu;. vt;thwhapDk; nghWj;jstpy; xg;gPl;lstpy; Fiwe;j E}w;WtPjkhd
jiytpfs; vd;w uPjpapNyh my;yJ gq;Fgw;Wdu;fs; ngz; murpay;thjpfs; mtw;wpy; jhk; capu;g;ghfTk;
vd;w uPjpapNyh ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ tpNrbj;j Jbg;ghfTk; ,Ue;jjhfj; njuptpj;jdu;. .
tpjkhff; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gltpy;iy. vt;thwhapDk;
ml;ltiz 9: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf ghlrhiyf; fhyj;jpy; Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy;
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

kpfTk; Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy; 41.4% 42.7% 32.7% 39.8%
Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy; 56.6% 53.5% 63.6% 56.1%
Jbg;ghf ,Uf;ftpy;iy 2.1% 3.8% 3.6% 4.1%
145 157 165 244
ml;ltiz 10: Ntl;ghsu; tifapy; #o cs;s epfo;Tfspy; Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy;
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy; 36.6% 37.6% 44.8% 47.5%
Jbg;ghf ,Uf;ftpy;iy 4.1% 3.8% 4.2% 4.9%
145 157 165 244
ml;ltiz 11: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf rq;f tho;tpy; Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy;
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy; 35.2% 50.3% 41.8% 41.0%
Jbg;ghf ,Uf;ftpy;iy 52.4% 35.7% 41.8% 42.6%
145 157 165 244
,f;fhz;Gfspy; ,Ue;J tUk; tpgupg;ghdJ nfhLf;Fk;nghOJ mt;thz; murpay;thjpfs;

kpfTk; cs;Szu;thdJ. xU ngz; Ntl;ghsupd; jkJ cwtpdu;fshfNth my;yJ neUf;fkhd
rdr%f <LghlhdJ Nju;jy;fspy; mtu;fs; vt;thW ez;gu;fshfNth ,Ue;j ngz;fSf;Fr; rhu;G
nraw;gLfpwhu;fs; vd;gjpNyh my;yJ epuy; Clhfr; fhl;bajhfTk; mtu;fs; Kiwapl;lhu;fs;. mNj
rl;lthf;f mikg;gpy; xU ,lj;ij mtu;fshy; FOf; fye;Jiuahlypy; ,Ue;j rpy ngz;fs;>
ghJfhf;f Kbfpwjh vd;w cz;ikNah Kf;fpakhdjhf; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; ,g;ngz;fisj; njupT
fhzg;;gLtjpy;iy. ngz; murpay;thjpfSldhd ju nra;ahJ tpl;ljw;F Mz; murpay;thjpfisf;
uPjpahd Neu;fhzy;fs; ,k;Kuz;ghl;by; rpwpJ ntspr;rk; Fw;wk; rhl;l KbahJ vdj; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy;
gha;r;rpAs;sd. FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspd;nghOJ Fuy; vOg;gpdu;. ngz;fspd; nraw;ghLfSk;
rpy ngz;fs; jhk; fpuhk Ntiy kw;Wk; fl;rp rhu;ghfg; nghJtopapy; mtu;fspd; jdpj;j nraw;gLifAk;
gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; Nju;jw; fhyq;fspy; NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy vd ,f;fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wq;fs;
<Lgl;bUe;jjhfTk;> Mdhy; cs;@u; kl;lj;jpw; fl;rp vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ngz;fs;> Mz; Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fk;
tptfhuq;fis vLj;j Mz; murpay;thjpfs; jkJ mjd; Ntz;LNfhs;fSf;Fk; jk;ik rku;g;gpj;jhNy
murpaw; Jiwapy; jhk; Kd;NdWtjw;F cjttpy;iy xopa> ngz; murpaw; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ,t;turpay;
vdTk; Kiwg;ghL nra;jhu;fs;. NkYk; rpy ngz; Vzpapy; Vwpf;nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uf;fhJ.
murpaw; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;> Ntl;ghsUf;F> Kd;dpiy
ngz;fsJ Nju;jw; Nfhupf;iff;fhd MjuT
,t;tha;thdJ ngz; murpay; Ntl;ghsu;fs; Nghl;bapl;L ntd;wtu;fs; ngUkstpw;F mjpfsthd

(mj;Jld; epuy; Clhf tUtjw;F Kaw;rpj;jtu;fSk;) Mjuit (70.3%), ck; mjidj; njhlu;e;J epuy;
jkJ Nju;jw; Nfhupf;iff;fhd Mjuit vk;%yq;;fspy; %yk; ntd;wtu;fs; (53.7%) ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljhf
,Ue;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;gij ,t;tha;T mwpf;ifapl;ldu;. vt;thwhapDk; Nghl;bapl;Lj;
mtjhdpf;fpwJ. midj;Jf; FLk;gj;jpdu;> cwtpdu;fs;> Njhw;wtu;fSk; epuypy; ,Ue;J Njhw;wtu;fSk;>
maytu;fs; Njrpa kw;Wk; cs;@u; kl;lq;fspyhd jhk; jkJ maytu;fsplkpUe;J Mjuitg; ngw;Wf;
fl;rpj;; jiytu;fs;> cs;@u; Nky;tu;f;fj;jpdu; nfhz;ljhfTk; Mdhy; xU msTf;F khj;jpuNk
mg;gFjpapYs;s ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Mz;fsplkpUe;J mJ ,Ue;jhfTk; mwpf;ifapl;Ls;sdu;. cz;ikapy;
vt;thwhd Mjuit mtu;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;fs; cs;@uhl;rp rigf;Fg; Nghl;bapLk; vtUf;Fk;
vd;Wk;> jdpegu;fisAk; FOf;fisAk; xd;W maytu;fsplkpUe;jhd MjuT Kf;fpakhdJ.
jpul;lf;$ba ,aYikahdJ> ,g;ngz; murpay;thjpfs; Vnddpy; mt;thjuthdJ gpurhuj;jpw;F cjTtJ
itj;jpUf;ff;$ba r%f KjyPl;bd; kl;lj;jpd; khj;jpuky;yhky;> thf;FfisAk; toq;FfpwJ. ju
xU ey;y Rl;bf;fhl;bahff; fUjg;glf;$baJ. uPjpahd fye;Jiuahlypy; gq;Fgw;wpa xU njupT
nghJthf ,t;tha;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpa midj;Jg; nra;ag;gl;l ngz; murpay;thjp> gy Mz;L fhy
ngz; murpay;thjpfSk;> jkJ FLk;gj;jpdu; kw;Wk; r%f Nritapd; epkpj;jkhfj; jdJ gFjpapy;
cwtpdu;fsplkpUe;J ngUksTf;Fj; jhk; Mjuitg; cs;s midtUk; jd;id mwpe;jikahYk;> jdJ
ngw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sjhf mwpf;ifapl;Ls;sdu;. rpwpa ghl;ldhUk; murpaypy; <Lgl;bUe;jikahYk; jdJ
E}w;W tPjj;jpdu; jkf;F MjuT fpilf;ftpy;iy vd maytu;fsplkpUe;;J jhd; mjpfsthd Mjuitg;
mwpf;ifapl;Ls;sdu;. mLj;Jg; gjpyspg;gtUk; jdJ ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljhfj; njuptpj;jhs;. MfNt FLk;gg;
gpurhuq;fisj; jkJ FLk;gj;jpdu; jLj;jdu; vdf; gpd;GyKk; ngz; murpay;thjpfspd; nrhe;jr;
$wtpy;iy. ,jpypUe;J Nghl;bapl;Lj; Njhw;wtu;fSk; nraw;ghLk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; maytu;fspd; thf;ifg;
Mff; Fiwe;jJ jhk; FLk;gj;jpdu; kw;Wk; ngWtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpwJ.
cwtpdu;fsplkpUe;J Mjuitg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljhf Mr;rupakw;w tpjj;jpy; Nghl;bapl;L
mwpf;ifapl;Ls;sdu;. ntd;wtu;fs;> jhk; ngUksTf;Ff; fl;rpapd;
maytu;fis mzpjpul;lf;$ba ,aYikahdJ Njrpaj; jiyikj;Jtj;jplkpUe;J jhk; Mjuitg;
Nju;jy; tpisTfspy; xU gykhd jhf;fj;ijf; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljhf mwpf;ifapLfpd;wdu;. ,jw;F
nfhz;Ls;sJ vd ,f;;fhz;Gfs; njspthff; fhl;LfpwJ. kWjiyahfj; Njrpaf;fl;rpj; jiyikj;Jtj;jplkpUe;J
MjuT fpilf;ftpy;iy vd mwpf;ifapl;lhu;fs;;.
ntw;wp ngw;NwhNuhL xg;gpLkplj;Jj; Njhw;Nwhupd;
mtu;fis mzpjpul;Lk; tifg;ghl;by; cs;s E}w;W tPjkhdJ cau;thf
Mw;wyhdJ Nju;jy; tpisTfspy; ,Ue;jJ. gpuhe;jpaf; ;fl;rpj; jiyikj;Jtj;Jld;
xU ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; ghu;f;Fk;nghOJ> ,g;ghzpahdJ epiy epw;gJld;
cz;ik ,d;Dk; cWjpailfpwJ. Nghl;bapl;ljd;
vd fhz;Gfs; njspthff;
ClhfNth my;yJ epuy; ClhfNth jkJ
fhl;Lfpd;wd
cs;@uhl;rpr; rigfSf;F xUthwhf Eioe;J
nfhz;ltu;fs;> cs;@u;g;; ngupatu;fspd; Mjuitg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljhff; $Wfpd;wdu;. mNjNtisapy;
Nghl;bapl;ljpdhNyh my;yJ epuypd; %ykhfNth
cs;@uhl;rpr; rigfSf;F Eiotjpy; jtwpa
Ntl;ghsu;fs;> xg;gPl;lstpy; Fiwe;j E}w;W tPjj;jpdu;>
ngUksTf;Ff; fl;rpj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Mjuitj;
jhk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljhf epidf;fpwhu;fs;. Nfhl;lh
Kiwik ,Ue;jnghOjpYk;> xU ntw;wpfukhd
Ntl;ghsuhf ,Ug;gjw;Fg; ngz;fSf;F cs;@u;
kw;Wk; Njrpa kl;l fl;rpj; jiyikj;Jtj;NjhL xU
gykhd cwTKiw Njitahf cs;sJ vd;gij murpay;thjpfs;> jkJ gFjpfspy; ngz;fis

,J njspthff; fhl;LfpwJ. tpNrlkhff; fl;rp epuy; tpl Mz;fsplkpUe;J mjpf Mjuitg; ngw;Wf;
Clhf Kd;nkhopag;gl;ltu;fs;> fl;rpj; jiyikaplk; nfhz;ljhfj; juTfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. jw;Nghija
epakdq;fSf;F khj;jpuky;yhky; Nju;jy; KbTfs; murpay; epiyikapy; ngz;fs; ntw;wpfukhd
ntspte;jJk; cs;@uhl;rp rigfSf;Fs; Ntl;ghsu;fshf ,Ug;gjw;F mg;gFjpapy; cs;s
Eioaf;$ba Ntl;ghsu;fspd; epuy;fSf;Fj; jkJ ngz;fspd; Mjuitf; fhl;bYk;> Mz;fspd; MjuT
ngau;fis cs;slf;Ftjw;Fk;> fl;rpj; jiyikapy; mjpfk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;w xU MNyhridahf
kpfTk; jq;fpapUf;fpwhu;fs;. ,j;juT uPjpahd ,jid vLj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;. vt;thwhapDk;
fye;Jiuahlypy; gq;Fgw;wpa rpy vz;zpf;ifahd ,t;tplak; njhlu;gpy; NkYk; Ma;Tfs; nra;ag;glhky;
ngz; murpay;thjpfs;> fl;rp epuyhdJ xU Fwpj;j mt;thwhd KbTf;F xUtu; mtrug;glf;$lhJ. rpy
vz;zpf;ifahd ngz;fspd; epuiyf; nfhz;bUg;gJ cs;@u;g; ngz; murpay;thjpfSld; elhj;jg;gl;l
fl;lhakhdjdhy; khj;jpuNk> epuypy; jkJ ngau;fs; fye;JiuahlyhdJ> ,J njhlu;gpy; rpwpJ ntspr;rk;
cs;slf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;> Mdhy; Nju;jy;fs; Kbe;jJk; fhl;LfpwJ. ,j;Nju;jw; je;jpNuhghaq;fs; njhlu;ghf
fl;rpj; jiyikj;Jtk; mjd; neUf;fkhdtu;fisNa xU gjpyspg;gtu; tpsf;fkspf;ifapy;> jhd;
tpUk;gpaJ vdTk; Kiwg;ghL nra;Js;sdu;.. jdJ gFjpapy; cs;s Mz;fisr; Rtnuhl;bfs;
maytu;fs; tplaj;jpy;> Nghl;bapl;Nlh my;yJ xl;Ltjw;Fk;> cl;fpuhkq;fspy; gpurhuk; nra;tjw;Fk;
epuy; ClhfNth cs;@uhl;rp rigfSf;Fr; rpukg;gl;L gad;gLj;jpajhfj; njuptpj;jhu;. vt;thwhapDk;
,ize;Jf; nfhz;l ngz; murpay;thjpfs; ,r;nrad;Kiwia xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;tjpy;
Vidatu;fis tplj; jhk; cs;@u;g; ngupatu;fspd; mtuJ fztu; mtUf;F cjtpajhfTk;> Mz;fis
Mjuitg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljhff; $Wfpwhu;fs;. jkJ xUq;F jpul;Ltjw;F kJghdk;> rpfnul; Nghd;wd
,lq;fspNy> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Mz;fsplkpUe;jhd mtrpakhdJ vdTk;. njuptpj;jhu;. ,t;thwhd
MjuthdJ nghJthf vy;yh tifg;ghl;bdUf;Fk; tplaq;fs; toq;fg;gl;lhnyhopa xU Nju;jw;
xNu khjpupahf ,Ue;jJ. vt;thwhapDk; Rthurpak; gpurhuj;jpw;F vtUk; te;J cjtkhl;lhu;fs; vd;gJ
kpf;f Kiwapy; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wpngw;w ngz; mtuJ fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ.
ml;ltiz 12: Ntl;ghhsu; tifg;ghl;by; MjuT %yq;fs;
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

Nghl;bapl;L Nghl;bapl;Lj; epuypy; ,Ue;J epuy;
ntd;wtu; Njhw;wtu; ntd;wtu; ,Ue;J
FLk;gj;jpdUk; ngupastpw;F 86.8% 83.9% 87.2% 78.2%
cwtpdu;fSk; ngupastpw;F Xust pw ;F 11.1% 14.8% 11.0% 18.1%
Mjut py ;iy .7% .6% 1.2% 2.5%
jLj ;jdu ; 0.0% .6% 0.0% 0.0%
maytu;fs; ngu past pw ;F 70.3% 40.6% 53.7% 42.8%
Xust pw ;F 26.9% 56.1% 41.5% 51.0%
Mjut py ;iy .7% 1.9% 1.8% 4.1%
jLj ;jdu ; 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .4%
Njrpaf; fl;rpj; ngu past pw ;F 54.5% 30.1% 42.6% 19.5%
jiyikj;Jtk; Xust pw ;F 31.0% 50.0% 30.9% 41.5%
Mjut py ;iy 13.1% 17.3% 21.0% 33.2%
jLj ;jdu ; .7% 0.0% 0.0% .8%
gpuhe;jpa fl;rpj; ngu past pw ;F 57.6% 38.7% 54.6% 28.5%
jiyikj;Jtk; Xust pw ;F 36.1% 52.3% 39.3% 55.4%
Mjut py ;iy 3.5% 5.2% 3.1% 13.2%
jLj ;jdu ; 0.0% .6% 1.2% 0.0%
cs;@u;g; ; ngupatu;fs; ngu past pw ;F 42.1% 24.5% 25.9% 18.4%
Xust pw ;F 40.0% 58.1% 55.6% 54.0%
Mjut py ;iy 13.8% 14.2% 14.2% 23.0%
jLj ;jdu ; 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.3%
mg;gFjpapy; cs;s ngz;fs; ngu past pw ;F 56.6% 46.5% 45.4% 36.6%
Xust pw ;F 38.6% 47.7% 49.7% 58.0%
Mjut py ;iy 1.4% 3.9% 1.8% 3.7%
jLj ;jdu ; .7% 0.0% .6% 0.0%
mg;gFjpapy; cs;s Mz;fs; ngu past pw ;F 61.4% 28.4% 41.0% 25.3%
Xust pw ;F 35.2% 65.8% 51.6% 57.7%
Mjut py ;iy 0.0% 1.9% 3.1% 12.4%
jLj ;jdu ; 0.0% 1.3% .6% .4%
,t;tha;thdJ mNefkhf vy;yhg; ngz; murpaw; MfNt Mz; murpay;thjpfspd; tplaj;jpy; Nfhl;lh
nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;fhfTk; Nju;jy; Mjuit xd;W Kiw ,Ue;jnghOjpYk; ngz;fs; ntw;wpfukhd
jpul;Ltjpy; ngz; murpay;thjpfs; nfhz;bUe;j murpay;thjpfshf ,Ug;gjw;F mtu;fs; jkf;Fr;
r%f KjyPl;lhy; Mw;wg;gl;l Kf;fpa tfpgq;ifj; nry;thf;fhf ,Ue;jhYk; $l mtu;fspd; mjpfhu
njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,t;tha;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpa kl;lj;ij ,Wjpapy; jPu;khdpf;Fk; nghUshjhu>
ngz; murpaw; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; jkJ FLk;g fyhrhu> r%f KjyPLfis Kd;Ndw;w Ntz;ba
cWg;gpdu;fs;> cwtpdu;fs;> maytu;fspd; Mjuitf; Njit mtu;fSf;F cs;sJ. ,jid miltjw;Fj;
nfhz;bUe;jjhff; $Wfpwhu;. vt;thwhapDk; xU jkJ Mz; vjpupizahsu;fs; kPJ xU $u;ik
rpyu; khj;jpuNk Njrpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa fl;rpj; tpspk;ig toq;Fk; jkJ nrhe;jj; je;jpNuhghaq;fis
jiyikj;Jtj;jpdJk; cs;@u;g; ngupatu;fspdJk; mtu;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. vt;thwhapDk;
ngUk; Mjuitg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. epuy; ClhfNth mj;je;jpNuhghaq;fs; vg;NghJk; [dehaf
my;yJ Nghl;bapl;ljd; ClhfNth mtu;fs; cs;@ newpKiwfSf;Fs; ,lk;ngWkh vd;gJ rpe;jpf;fg;gl
uhl;rp rigfSf;F Eioaf;$bajhf ,Ue;jdu;. Ntz;ba xU Nfs;tpahFk;.
ngz; murpay;thjpfs; jkJ vjpu;fhy murpaYf;Fj;

jilahf ,Ug;gjhff; fUJgitfs; vit?
epjpapd;ik
,t;tha;tpy; gq;Fgw;Wk; ngz; murpay;thjpfs; %ykhfr; nry;tk; <l;Lk; toptiffisr; rpyu;
nrytopg;gjw;F epjpapy;yhky; ,Ug;gjhdJ jkJ tpUj;jp nra;J nfhz;ldu;.
murpay; topj;Jiwapd; xU ngUk; jilahf gzj;ijg; ngWk; mt;thwhd
,Ug;gjhfr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. ,J Vw;fdNt je;jpNuhghaq;fisg; ngz; murpay;thjpfis tpl
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ. (epjp tsq;fspd; fPo;) vt;thW Mz; murpay;thjpfNs nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs; vd
epjpapd;ikahdJ murpaw; Jiwf;;Fs; Eiotijg; KbTf;F tUtjw;F xg;gPl;Lj; juTfis ,t;tha;T
guprPypg;gjpypUe;J ngz;fisj; jLf;fpwJ. ,yq;if toq;fhJ NghdhYk;> ngz; murpay;thjpfSld;
Nghd;w xU ,izT MjuT [dehafj;jpy; elhj;jg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;fshdit jkJ
thf;Ffis vjpu;ghu;j;J murpay;thjpfs; khj;jpuk; murpaYf;fhf epjp <l;Ltijg; nghWj;jtiuapy;
nghUl;fisf; nfhLg;gJ khj;jpuky;yhky;> ngz;fs; gpd;jq;fpatu;fshf ,Ug;gjhfg; ngz;
thf;fhsu;fSk; nghUl;fisj; jpUk;gg; ngWtjw;fhf murpay;thjpfs; njspthff; $Wfpd;wdu;. jkJ
thf;Ffis mspf;fpwhu;fs; my;yJ thf;FfSf;fhd maw;Gwq;fspy; Ntiyfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F epjp
thf;FWjpfis mspf;fpwhu;fs;. cad;nfhl (2010) xJf;fPLfisr; nra;tjw;F mtu;fs; jkJ gpuhe;jpa
,t;tplak; Fwpj;J tpsf;Fk;nghOJ nrhy;tjhtJ kw;Wk; Njrpa murpay;thjpfis vjpu;ghu;j;J
“murpay; nrad;Kiwapy; Mjuthsu; jug;ghsu; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. cs;sf murpaYk; jdpg;gl;l
cwTfs; fhzg;gLtij mq;fPfupg;gJk;> mitfs; tpUg;Gf; fhl;LifAk; mt;thwhd cjtpia
vt;thW nraw;gLfpwhu;fs; vd;gij eag;gJk;> muR mtu;fSf;Ff; fpilg;gjpypUe;J jLj;JtpLtjhfg;
r%fk; cwTfspd; xU fl;likg;gpy; ,yq;ifapy; gyu; Kiwg;ghL nra;fpd;wdu;. ,jd; tpisthfj;
vt;thW murpay; mjpfhuk; nrayhw;WtJ vdg; jkf;F thf;fspg;gtu;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLg;gJ
Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F Kf;fpakhdJ” gf;fk; (61). MfNt mtu;fSf;Fr; rpukkhdjhf cs;sJ. vt;thwhapDk;
murpay;thjpfs; jkJ jdpg;gl;l nry;tj;ijNah mz;ikapy; gJis khefurigf;Fj; njupthd xU
my;yJ ,iz MjuT toq;Fk; Vida topfisNah
jkJ murpaw; njhopw;Jiwia epiyngwr;
nra;tjw;Ff; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;batu;fshf
cs;sdu;. fle;j fhyj;jpy; murpay;thjpfs; murpaypy; nrytopg;gjw;F
jkJ jdpg;gl;l nry;tj;ij murpaYf;fhfg; epjp ,y;yhikahdJ mtu;fsJ
gad;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; mur tsq;fisj; murpaw; Jiwapy; ngupa jilahf
jhk; milaf;$bajhf ,Ug;gijj; jkJ ,iz
,Uf;fpd;wJ vd ,t;tha;tpy;
MjuT tiyg;gpd;dy;fisg; NgZtjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. (gPup]; 2014) ,yq;ifapy;
gq;Fgw;wpa ngz; murpay;thjpfs;
Nju;jy; murpay; kPjhd E}y;fspd; gpufhuk;> ,jd; Rl;bf;fhl;bdu;
mu;j;jkhdJ murpay;thjpfs; NghjpasT jdpg;gl;l
nrhj;Jfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
Njrpa kl;l murpay;thjpfs; mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
my;yJ nry;tj;ijAila kf;fSld; mtu;fs;
murpaypy; njhlu;e;J ,Ug;gjw;fhfj; Njitahd
njhlu;GfisAk; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mz;fshf
,Ue;jhy; vd;d ngz;fshf ,Ue;jhnyd;d gy
cs;@u; kl;l murpay;thjpfs; mt;thwhd nry;tj;ij
murpaYf;F tu Kd;du; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
Mdhy; mtu;fs; njupT nra;ag;gl;lJk; jkJ
njhlu;GfisAk;> mjpfhuj;ijAk; ifahs;tjd;
ngz; murpay;thjp jkJ fztu; Cth khfhz rigf;Fs;shf Ntiy nra;tjpy; ve;jtpjkhd ghuJ}
murpay;thjpahf ,Ug;gjpdhy; mt;thwhd rpukk; ukhd rthy;fisAk; fhztpy;iy vdTk; Vida
jdf;F ,y;iynadj; njuptpj;jhu;. MfNt> cs;@ gjpyspg;gtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
uhl;rpr; rigfSf;Fj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l ngz; jkJ vjpu;f;fl;rp cWg;gpdu;fspd; Ntiyapd;
murpay;thjpfSf;fhf ntspg;Gw epjpAjtpfs; epkpj;jkhfj; jkJ Nju;jw; njhFjpfspy;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl KbAkhf ,Ue;jhnyhopa ngz; murpay;thjpfs; jhf;fg;glf;$bNahuha;
mtu;fsJ murpay; Jiwapd; vjpu;fhykhdJ czu;fpd;wdu;. ,J Neubahf mtu;fs; epjp
,lUf;Nf nry;Yk;. tsq;fis mile;J nfhs;s ,ayhikahf
,Ug;gJld;> Neubahf njhlu;Ggl;ljhFk;.
kf;fSf;F cjtp toq;Ftjpy; mtu;fs; ,aYik
vjpu;f;fl;rpfsplkpUe;jhd mw;wtu;fshf ,Ug;gpd;> mtu;fspd; Nju;jw;
rthy;: njhFjpfspd; Mjutpidf; ftUtJ mtu;fSf;Fr;
ngz; murpay;thjpfs; tpNrlkhfg; Gjpjhfj; rpukkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf
njupT nra;ag;gl;ltu;fs; vjpu;f; fl;rpfsplkpUe;J Mz; murpay;thjpfNshL xg;gpLkplj;Jg; ngz;
rigf;Fs;shfTk;> mtu;fsJ Nju;jw; njhFjpfSk; murpay;thjpfs; ngUkstpy; jkJ Nju;jw;
rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wu;. fUj;jha;Tf; njhFjpf;fhd tp[aq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy;> Fwpg;ghfr;
fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; gpufhuk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l> rpukj;ij vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. cjhuzj;jpw;Fr; rpy
mj;Jld; Njhw;Wg;Nghd ngz; murpay;thjpfspy; Neuj;jpy;; jkJ Mjuthsu;fspd; kuz tPL my;yJ
Ie;jpnyhU gq;fpdu;; vjpu;f; fl;rpfsplkpUe;jhd kUj;Jt mtru epiy vd;gtw;Wf;Fr; r%fkspj;jy;
rthy;fs; jkJ murpaw; Jiwapy; xU jilahf my;yJ jdpahfj; njhiyJ}uk; gazpj;jy;
,Ug;gjhff; fUJfpd;wdu;. rigapd; Mz; vd;gd mg;NghJs;s Mzhjpf;f xOq;fpy; ngz;;
kag;gLj;jg;gl;l jd;ik> nghJtopapy; ngz; murpay;thjpfSf;F fyhrhu uPjpahf rthy; kpf;fjhf
murpay;thjpfspd; Fuy;fs; kjpg;gpwf;fkhd cs;sJ. mNjNtisapy; Mz; murpay;thjpfs; jkJ
nrhw;fSlDk; mlhtbj;jdkhd cr;rupg;GlDkhd nrhe;jf; fl;rpahf ,Ue;jhNyh my;yJ vjpu;f;fl;rpahf
,Ue;jhNyh vJtpj r%fj; jilfSk; ,d;wpj; jkJ
Nju;jw; njhFjpf;Fs; Clhlf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
Rthurpak; kpf;f Kiwapy; vjpu;f;fl;rpfspdhy;
nfhz;L tug;gLk; rthy;fshdit> Nju;jypy;
rigapd; Mz; kag;gLj;jg;gl;l Nghl;bapLtjd; %yNkh my;yJ epuy; %yNkh
jd;ik> nghJtopapy; ngz; rigf;Fs; Eioaj; jtwpa my;yJ mjpfhuj;jpy;
murpay;thjpfspd; Fuy;fs; ,y;yhkNy jkJ murpaw; Jiwiag; Ngz Ntz;ba
kjpg;gpwf;fkhd nrhw;fSlDk; ngz; murpay;thjpfs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspdhNyNa
mlhtbj;jdkhd cr;rupg;GlDkhd gpujhdkhf czug;gLfpwJ.
Mz;fs; thjpLk; tifapdhy;

ngz; murpay;thjpfspd; Fuy;fs;
mlf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Mz;fs; thjpLk; tifapdhy; ngz;

murpay;thjpfspd; Fuy;fs; mlf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vt;thwhapDk; gy ngz;fs; jhk; mjw;F clNd
gof;fg;gl;L tpLtJld; ,g;nghOJ rigf;Fs;shf
mt;thwhd Mz; rku;g;gzq;fSf;F vt;tpj
mr;rKk; ,d;wp ,Ug;gjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
mNjNtisapy; cz;ikapy; Mz; murpay;thjpfs;
ngz; murpay;thjpfs; ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ ey;y
Kiwapy; ele;Jnfhs;s Muk;gpg;gjhfTk;>
cU 01: ngz;fspd; murpay; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhd ngupa jilfs;
Other
Vidait 2.3
td;Kiwahd
Violent political
murpaw; culture
fyhrhuk; 13.7
r%fj;jpypUe;jhd
Challenges from the society 9.1
rthy;fs;
FLk;gj;jpypUe;jhd
Challenges from my family
rthy;fs; 1.9
Challenges withinvdJ
my own party
nrhe;jf; 11.1
fl;rpf;Fs;shd rthy;fs;
vjpu;f;fl;rpfspypUe;jhd
Challenges from opposition parties 20.9
nrytpdq;fs;
Lack ofmurpaypy; nrytpLtjw;F

finances to spend on politics 40.9
epjpapy;yhik
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
td;Kiw murpaw; fyhrhuk;

ngz;fis murpaypy; ,Ue;J J}u itj;jpUg;gjhf
td;Kiw murpaw; fyhrhuk; vd;gJ ngz;
kpfTk; gutyhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fhuzpfspy;
murpay;thjpfs; jkJ vjpu;fhy murpaYf;Fj;
xd;whff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. (Bardall 2018 Dyer et al
jilahf ,Ug;gjhff; fUJk; %d;whtJ kpfg;
2019). murpaYld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ngz;fspd; cly;
gpugy;akhd fhuzpahf cs;sJ. ve;j murpay;
jhf;fg;gL jd;ikf;F mjpfkhf cl;glf;$baJ.
fl;rpNah my;yJ murpay;thjpNah jhk; jdJ
jdpahfg; gazk; nra;jy;> gpe;jpa ,uTfspy;
murpay; Ntiyf;fhff; fhilau;fisNah my;yJ
gzpahw;Wjy; vd;gtw;iw mtrpakhf;f Ntz;b
Fk;gy;fisNah itj;jpUg;gjhf ntspg;gilahf
epw;Fk; murpaw; nraw;ghLfis Cf;Ftpf;fkhl;lhJ.
cupik Nfhukhl;lhu;fs;. Mdhy; murpay;thjpfs;
ngUk;ghd;ikahd rhjhuz ngz;fSf;Fk; Vd; gy
tpNrlkhfg; ngUk; fl;rpfisr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;
Mz;fSf;Fk; td;KiwahdJ jkf;fhf murpaw;
<LgLk;nghOJ td;Kiwia VtptpLtjw;fhd
Jiwiag; guprPypg;gjpy; jLf;Fk; fhuzp xd;whfr;
,aYikiag; Ngzp tUfpwhu;fs; (gPup]; 2014)
nraw;glf;$baJ”. (nfhbfhu 2009). NkYk;
,t;thwhd td;Kiwfshdit ntWkNd
td;Kiwapd; ghy;epiy tbtq;fspdhy; ngz;fs;
nfhiyfshfNth> jhf;Fjy;fshfNth> #l;Lr;
Fwpg;ghfj; jhf;fg;glf; $batu;fshf ,Ug;gjhy;
rk;gtq;fshfNth> nrhj;Jfspd; vupg;GfshfNth
mtu;fSf;F murpaypy; ,Ug;gJ xU ghupa rthyhf
khj;jpuk; ,lk;ngWtNjhL my;yhky;> gy;NtWgl;l
cs;sJ. Nghl;bapLtjd; %yNkh my;yJ epuy;
El;gkhd tbtq;fspYk; ,lk;ngWfpwJ> Nju;jw;
%ykhfNth cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jy;fSf;Fj; njupT
fw;iffs; kPjhd cs;@u; nrytpdq;fshdit
nra;ag;gl;l ngz;fNs td;Kiw murpaw; fyhrhuk;
,yq;ifapy; Nju;jy; murpaypd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj
Fwpj;J mjpfk; mf;fiw vOg;Ggtu;fshf cs;sdu;
Nju;jy; td;Kiwfs; cs;sJ vd;gijg; gutyhf
vdf; fUj;jha;tpd; fhz;Gfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. (Jiggins 1979; Jupp 1978; Peiris 2014).
(ml;ltiz13).
NkYk; murpaw; nghJ ntspapYs;s td;KiwahdJ
ml;ltiz 13: Ntl;ghsu; vd;w tif uPjpapy; murpaypy; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhd jil
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

ntd;wik Njhw;wy; nty;Yjy; Njhw;wy;
murpaypy; nrytpLtjw;F epjpapy;yhik 47.2% 34.0% 41.5% 41.5%
vjpu;f;fl;rpapy; ,Ue;jhd rthy;fs; 19.0% 26.9% 23.9% 15.3%
jdJ nrhe;jf; fl;rpf;Fs;shd rthy;fs; 2.8% 14.1% 6.3% 17.8%
jdJ FLk;gj;jpypUe;jhd rthy;fs; 0.7% 4.5% 1.3% 1.7%
r%fj;jpypUe;jhd rthy;fs; 12.7% 7.7% 8.8% 8.5%
td;Kiw murpaw; fyhrhuk; 14.1% 11.5% 17.0% 13.6%
Vidait 3.5% 1.3% 1.3% 1.7%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
nrhe;jf; fl;rpf;Fs;shd
rthy;fs; kw;Wk; ftdpahJ tpLjy;> rpWtu; ghJfhg;G> ngz;fs;
cupikfs; Nghd;w ngz;fs; tptfhuq;fs; vdg;
nghJthf ,t;tha;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ngz; ngauplg;gl;litfisf; ifahs;tjw;Fg; gpujhdkhff;
murpay;thjpfSld;> gjpndhU tPjj;jpdu; jq;fsJ fPo;epiyg;gLj;jg;gLk; Nghf;nfhd;W ,Ug;gjhf
murpaw; JiwahdJ jkJ nrhe;jf; fl;rpf;Fs;shfNt Ma;tpd; ju uPjpahd fhz;Gfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
rthYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vdj; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;.7 ,t;tpUj;jpapd; tplak; vd;dntdpy;> ngz;fs;
Nghl;bapl;Lj; Njhy;tpAw;w> mj;Jld; epuypy; tof;Fj; jPu;g;G> tuptpjpg;G> ts xJf;fPL kw;Wk;
,Ue;J Njhy;tpAw;w ngz;fNs jkJ nrhe;jf; Vida MSiff;fhd mbg;gil rk;ge;jg;gl;l
fl;rpf;Fs;shfNt jkJ murpay; vjpu;fhyk; tplaq;fspy; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nrad;Kiwf;F
rthYf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd epidg;gjw;F mtu;fs; fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ngz;fs;
mjpfk; rhj;jpak; cs;Nshuha; cs;sdu;. fl;rpf;F tptfhuk; vdg; ghuk;gupakhfg; guprPypf;fg;gLk;
cs;Nsahd Mzhjpf;ff; fl;likg;ghdJ tplaq;fs; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapy;
ngz; murpay;thjpfisf; fhyhl;gilfshf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLtJ Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
itj;jpUg;gJld;> mtu;fs; xU Kf;fpakhd mNjNtisapy; xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpy; ngz;fs;
murpaw; FLk;gj;ijg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpdhy; Nfhl;lhit mwpKfk; nra;tjd; rhu;ghf Kf;fpakhd
xopa jiyikj;Jt ,aYikfisf; nfhz;l tpthjq;fspy; ,JTk; xd;whf cs;sJ. ,t;thwhd
jdpegu;fshff; fhz;gJ mupjhfNt cs;sJ. tplaq;fspy; ngz;fs; khj;jpuk; jPu;khdq;fis
tpNrlkhf 2018 cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;Lj; vLg;gjw;Fg; gq;Fgw;WtJ vd;W ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
Njhy;tpAw;w ngz;fs; jkJ nrhe;jf; fl;rpf;Fs;shd khwhf mtu;fs; MSifapd; vy;yh tplaq;fs;
rthy;fshdJ jkJ murpay; tho;Tf;Fj; jilahf njhlu;ghdtw;wpYk; jPu;khdk; vLg;gjpy; Jbg;ghd
cs;sjhf czu;fpwhu;fs;. gq;Fgw;Wdu;fshf mtu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
murpaypy; ,wq;Fk; ngz;fs;> ngz;fspd; ,J mtu;fSf;F rk;ge;jg;gLtjw;F xU cupik
tho;thjhu mgptpUj;jp> kzKwpT> tP;l;L td;Kiw ,Ug;gjdhy; khj;jpukd;wp ,t;tplaq;fspYk;
tho;f;if nraw;gLfpwJ vd;gjhFk;.
7 gzkpy;yhjpUj;jy; vd;w Mjpf;f tplak; cs;slq;fyhf NtW gytw;wpilNa ,k;khw;wPl;ilAk;

vLj;Jf;nfhz;l E}w;WtPjj;jpd; cUitAk; ,J Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ vd;gJ ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
nrhe;j r%fj;jpw;Fs;shd rthy;fs;

r%fj;jpdhy; tpLf;fg;gLk; rthy;fs; gw;wpf; gof;fj;ij cUthf;FtJld; murpaYf;Fs; nrd;W
Nfl;fg;gl;lnghOJ ,t;tha;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpa rkhspf;Fk; ngz;fSf;F kpfTk; rthy;kpf;f #oiy
ngz; murpay;thjpfspy; fpl;lj;jl;l xd;gJ ,J cUthf;FfpwJ. “r%fg; gof;fq;fisAk; Mz;
tPjk; khj;jpuNk jkJ murpay; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; jug;G cWg;gpdu;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Njhoik
r%fk; xU jilahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w Nehf;iff; czu;itAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l njspthd
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp Mzhjpf;ff; fl;rp fyhrhuk; MdJ Mz;fSf;F
ngw;w ngz;fNs VidNahiuf; fhl;bYk; ,r;r%fr; kpfTk; ed;ikahdjhf ,Ug;gJld; Nju;jy;fspy;
rthiyg; ngupjhff; fhl;bAs;sdu;; vd;gij ,q;F rkijahfg; Nghl;bapLtjpy; ngz;fSf;Fr;
Fwpg;gpLtJ Kf;fpakhdJ. vt;thwhapDk; Kd;ida rpukj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ngz; Ntl;ghsu;fisg;
Ma;Tfshdit ngz;fs; murpaypy; ,Ue;J nghUj;jkhd murpay;thjpfshf; fUjhJ
tpyfpapUg;gjw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzk; fyhrhu tpLtijj; njhlu;tjd; %yk; ,g;gpur;rpidia
tiuaiwfs; vdr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. (nya;ud; thf;fhsu;fs; xd;W $l;Lfpwhu;fs;” (tpf;fpukrpq;f
kw;Wk; FzNrfu 1998 ypadNf 1999 nya;ud; 2000 kw;Wk; nfhbfhu 2012> gf;. 795) mLj;j gpupT
gpd;Nuh [atu;jd kw;Wk; nfhbfhu 2003 [atu;jd vLj;Jf;fhl;LtJNghy; murpaypy; ntw;wpailAk;
2002). mur jdpahu; ,U gpupTk; ngz;fSf;Fj; ngz;fs; Mz;fs; Vw;fdNt Jbg;ghd murpaypy;
jdpahu; nghJ ntspapy; tfpgq;Ffis <LgLk; FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;NjhuhfNth my;yJ
xJf;FtJk;> mtu;fSf;F murpay; ,y;iynad;w Jiwapy; gykhd njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;NlhuhfNth
fUj;njz;zj;ij cs;sfg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,l;Lr; fhZk; Nghf;Ff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
nrd;Ws;sJ. (jk;gpIah 2003) ,t;nty;iyfis
kPWtjhdJ fyhrhu uPjpahfg; nghUj;jkw;wJ vdTk;>
tPl;bd; ghuk;gupa ,aq;fpaiyf; Fog;GtjhfTk;
ngz;fspd; murpaypy;
mNefkhfg; ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. (nfhbfhu 2009). Mz;fspd; tfpgq;F
m];tj; (1996) kw;Wk; ghnld; (2000) MfpNahupd;
fUj;jhtJ “MSifapy; ngz;fs; Mw;w Kf;fpakhd fhz;Gfs; fhl;LtJNghy> Vw;fdNt
Ntz;ba tfpgq;Ffspd; ghu;it Nehf;Ffshdit murpaypy; Jbg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; FLk;gq;fspy;;
tPL kw;Wk; rdr%fj;jpw;Fs;shf mtu;fs; ,Ue;J tUk; ngz;fs; my;yJ murpaypy;
Mw;Wtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tfpgq;Ffshy; <LgLtjpy; ey;y re;ju;g;gj;Jld; ,Uf;Fk;
myq;fupf;fg;glf;$Lk;” Gnwhb 2009 gf;. 4,y; tho;f;ifj; Jizfis mile;jtu;fs; mtu;fs;
fhl;lg;gl;lthwhfg; Gjpjhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nghl;bapl;lhNyh my;yJ Nfhl;lhtpd; %ykhfNth
Nfhl;lh Kiwapd; fPo; 2018 cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jiy te;jhYk; rup murpaypy; xU rpwe;j re;ju;g;gj;ijg;
Nehf;fpf; ftug;gl;l ngz;fspd; tif Fwpj;J ngwf;$batu;fshf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. ,t;tpU
tprhupg;gjw;F ,f;fhz;Gfs; vk;ik miof;fpd;wd. epiyfspYk; mtjhdpf;fg;glf;$ba tplak;
fyhrhuj;jhy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; kw;nwhU vd;dntdpy;> FLk;gj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; Mz; mtu;fspd;
fl;likg;G tiuaiw vd;dntdpy; ngz;fspd; ngU epfo;r;rp epuYf;Fg; nghUe;jf;$bajhf
,ul;ilr; RikahFk;. ,jpy; nray;tpisTld; epiyikfisf; ifahStjpdhyhFk;. xU
tPl;bYk; ntspapYk; <Lgl Ntz;ba mtsJ rkaj;jpy; ngz; murpay;thjpfSldhd ju
nghWg;Gfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd vjpu;ghu;g;ghdJ uPjpahd fye;Jiuahly;fspy; njuptpf;fg;gl;ljhtJ
murpay; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Neuj;ijAk;> rf;jpiaAk; khfhzrigapy; mjpfhukhd epiyia itj;jpUf;Fk;
vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; ngz;fis kpfTk; kdk; khwr; FLk;gk; MdJ vt;topapYk; cs;@uhl;rpj;
nra;J Nrhu;tilar; nra;fpwJ (Gnwhb 2009). Nju;jypy; epw;f itg;gjw;F tpUk;GfpwJ. Vnddpy;
,q;Nf Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tPl;L vjpu;ghu;g;Gfshdit me;epWtdj;jpy; mtu;fshy; xU mjpfhuj;ijg;
Mz;fSf;Fg; gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$bajhf gpbj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;s KbtjpdhyhFk;.
vLf;fg;glhjjhy; Mz;fs; murpaw; nghJ kw;nwhU rkaj;jpy; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <LgLk; xU
ntspapy; gq;Fgw;whjpUg;gJ Fwpj;J mOj;jk; fztdpd; ngz;zhdts; gpurhuj;jpw;fhf mtuJ
nfhLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J murpaiy Mz;fSf;Nf gzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp murpaYf;Fs; Eioe;jhs;.
cupaJ vd tiutpyf;fzk; nra;Ak; xU ePz;lfhyg; ntspg;gilahfNt ,J nrhy;yg;glhtpl;lhYk;
fztdpd; tu;j;jfj;jpy; fzpg;Gfshtd murpay; ce;J
js;Sifapdhy; ed;ikailAk; fztdpd; tpahghuk; ,ayr; nra;Js;sJ. NtW topapy; mjidg;

njhlu;gpyhd fzpg;Gfs; ,q;Nf nraw;gLfpd;wikf;F ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ Nghff;$ba murpaiy
rhj;jpak; cs;sJ. jdJ je;ijiaAk; fztidAk; mila ,ayr; nra;Js;sJ. MfNt Mz;top
,oe;j KiwNa ,U ngz;fs; mtu;fsJ mjpfhukhdJ murpaYf;Fs; Eioe;J murpaypy;
kuGupikia Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ ntw;wpailf;$ba mNef ngz;fspd; ed;ikia
Qhgfj;ijf; nfsutpg;gjw;fhfTk; murpaYf;Fs; kiwf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJld;> kw;nwhU
Eioe;jdu;. NtnwhU rkaj;jpy; mtu; xU ngz;zpd; ntw;wpf;Ff; fUtpahfTk; ,J cs;sJ.
mikr;rupd; gzpahl;njhFjp cWg;gpduhf Ntiyf;F jpUk;gTk; ,J Kd;itg;gJ vd;dntdpy; cs;@
mku;j;jg;gl;bUf;f mLj;jtu; %d;W jrhg;jq;fshf uhl;rp mjpfhuq;fspy; ,g;ngz;fspd; tpgupg;ghdJ
murpaypy; mtUf;F cjtp nra;J tUfpwhu;. gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mjpfupj;jhYk; mNefkhd
,t;thwhd epiyikfspy; ngz;fspd; rf;jpahdJ rkaq;fspy; mtu;fspd; cs;slf;FifahdJ
guJ}ukhf fPo;epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gij Nkw;gb mtu;fisf; fPo;epiyg;gLj;Jjiyf; fhl;bYk;
cjhuzq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. vt;thwhapDk; Mz;topf; fl;likg;igAk; murpaiyAk;
Mzhjpf;;ff; fl;likg;Gk; je;ijtopf; fl;likg;Gk; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Jiz NghfpwJ..
fzpg;GfSk; mtu;fis murpay; miltij
murpay; mgpyhi\fs;
Nfhl;lhtpd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l <l;lq;fis ngUk;ghd;ikapdu; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; khfhzrigapy;
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf murpaw; Jiwapy; ePz;lfhy Nghl;bapl Mtyha; cs;sdu;. mt;tha;tpy;
Nehf;iff; nfhz;l ngz;fis mjpy; KjypLtJ gq;Fgw;wpa ngz; murpay;thjpfspy; xU fzprkhd
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ngz;fs; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; gq;fpdu; cs;@uhl;rp rigfisNa Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd; mjpfkhd epjpAk; cyfpay; tpNrlkhfj; jkJ fl;rp epuy; Clhf cs;@uhl;rp
tsq;fSk; jw;Nghija my;yJ vjpu;fhyj;jpy; rigf;Fs; Eioaj; jtwpa ngUk;ghd;ikahd
ek;gpf;if cupa ngz; murpay;thjpfisg; gapw;rp ngz; murpay;thjpfs; cs;@uhl;rp rigfspNyNa
mspg;gjpYk; fy;tpA+l;LtjpYk; nrytopf;fg;gLtjhy; jhk; njhlu;e;J ftdk; nrYj;j tpUk;Gtjhff;
murpay; topapy; jkf;nfdg; ghu;it Nehf;Ffisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. vjpu;ghu;j;jJNghy cau; E}
nfhz;ltu;fis ,dk; fhZtjhdJ mtu;fsJ w;WtPjj;ijg; gjpT nra;j epuy; Clhf tUtjw;Fj;
rf;jpfs; tPzbf;fg;glhJ ,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;. jtwpatu;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; murpaypy; ,Ue;J
,f;fUj;jha;tpd; KbTfspd; gpufhuk; 2008 cs;@ tpyf tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. Nghl;bapl;Lj; Njhw;wtu;fSk;
uhl;rpj; Nju;jy;fspy; xU ntw;wpia Vw;fdNt Urp mijNa gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdu;. vt;thwhapDk; nghJtpy;
ghu;j;jtu;fs; mt;thW my;yhjtu;fisf; fhl;bYk; kpff; Fiwe;j E}w;WtPjg; ngz; murpay;thjpfs;
Njrpa my;yJ khfhz murpaypd; mgpyhi~fisr; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; murpaypy; ,Ue;J tpyfr; rpe;jpg;gjhff;
Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F mjpf rhj;jpak; cs;sjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
fhzg;gLfpwJ. epuy; %yk; Nghl;bapl;L ntd;w
ml;ltiz 14: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf murpay; mgpyhi\fs;
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

ntd;wik Njhw;wy; nty;Yjy; Njhw;wy;
xU ehs; ehd; ghuhSkd;wj; 21.1% 19.4% 19.5% 11.9%
Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLNtd;
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; khfhzrigj; Nju;jypy; 41.1% 45.8% 44.5% 33.1%
Nghl;bapLNtd;
gpuNjr rigapy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;F 29.1% 23.2% 31.7% 39.0%
vdf;F tpUg;gkhf cs;sJ (efurig
my;yJ khefurig) ,g;Nghijf;F
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; murpaypy; ,Ue;J 4.3% 8.4% 3.7% 14.0%
tpyfj; jpl;lkpLfpNwd;
gapw;rp Clhfg; ngz;fisg; gyg;gLj;jy;
jiyikj;Jtj; jpwd;fs;> ek;gpf;if mtu;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l gapw;rpapd; tpjj;jpy;

rpyNtisfspy; fy;tp mwpT ,y;yhikahdJ kpfTk; Nghl;bapl;L ntd;wtu;fs; (57.2%), mijj;
mDgtk; tha;e;j Mz; mDruidahsu;fshy; njhlu;e;J epuypy; ,Ue;J ntd;wtu;fs; (50.3%),
espdk; nra;ag;glyhk; vd;w mr;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf mjpf gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fshf mwpf;ifapl;ltu;fspy;
murpaw; Jiwnahd;wpy; rpe;jpg;gjpypUe;J ngz;fs; mjpcau; tPjj;ij mwpf;ifapl;Ls;sdu;. gapw;rp
mijupag;gLj;jg;glyhk;. MfNt> ngz;fs; ngwtpy;iynad;W cupik Nfhupatu;fspilNa
gpujpepjpfs; kw;Wk; Ntl;ghsu;fspd; ,aYikiaf; epuypy; ,Ue;J Njhw;wtu;fspd; FOtpy; ,Ue;J
fl;bnaOg;GtjhdJ jPu;khdk; vLg;gjpy; mtu;fsJ cau;e;j E}w;WtPjk; te;jpUf;fpwJ (13.5%), epuypy;
gq;Fgw;Wifia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kf;fpakhd ,Ue;J ntd;wtu;fs; cs;sdu; (10.3%) nfhbfhu
Njitg;ghlhf cs;sJld; mu;j;j G~;bahfTk; (2009). vt;thwhapDk; vr;rupf;if tpLf;Fk; thwhf
nray; tpisTilajhfTk; ,Ug;gJld; vy;yh Ntl;ghsu; epiyf;Fj; jahu;g;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy;
,lq;fs; G+uhfTkhd ju uPjpahd cs;sPLfspd; mtu;fspd; gad;ngWifapd; cz;ikahd tsu;rpf;F
vy;yhg; gjpyspg;gtu;fshYk; xg;GWjpaspf;fg;gl;l vt;tifapy; ,g;gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr;
Gupe;Jzu;thfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,g;gjtp epiyfspy; nra;a KbAk; vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl
kpfTk; rpwe;j gapw;wg;gl;l ngz;fs; ,Ug;gjhdJ Ntz;ba NjitAs;sJ. mj;Jld; gjtpf;F te;jJk;
ngz; Ntl;ghsu;> murpay; jd;ikia mjpfupf;fr; vOk; rthy;fSf;Fk; jahuhFk; tifapy; (gf;fk; 42>
nra;Ak; (Kodikara 2009; Brody 2009; Fleschenberg 44) mjw;Nfw;w tifapy; mu;j;j G~;bahd tifapy;
2008). ,g;gapw;rpfs; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba NjitAs;sJ.
ml;ltiz 15: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahfg; gapw;rp kl;lk;
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

mjpfkhd gapw;rp 57.2% 42.7% 50.3% 41.0%

rpwpjsT gapw;rp 35.2% 49.7% 39.4% 45.5%
gapw;rpNa ,y;iy 7.6% 7.6% 10.3% 13.5%
cs;@u; kl;lg; ngz; murpay;thjpfSk; Nju;jy; murpay;

njhlu;gpy; mtu;fsJ ghu;it Nehf;FfSk;
ngz;fs; murpaypy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fp ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vdg; gupNrhjpg;gjw;fhfg; ngz;fs;

itf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. mtu;fsJ epge;jidfshy; kw;Wk; murpay; njhlu;gpyhd jw;Nghija
khj;jpuky;yhky; mtu;fs; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fUj;jpaw; fye;Jiuahly;fisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; gytw;iwAk;
fl;likg;gpd; epkpj;jkhfTk; ,t;thW ngz;fs; fle;j $w;Wfspd; njhFjp Kd;itj;jJ.
murpaypy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fp itf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,f;fUj;jha;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ngz;
MfNt> murpay; gw;wpa mtu;fsJ ghu;it Nehf;fpd; murpay;thjpfspy; kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu;
epkpj;jj;jpd; tpisthfNt mtu;fs; murpaYf;Fs; cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jy;fspyhyhd ,g;ngz;fSf;fhd
Eioa Kaw;rpg;gjpy;iy. ,t;tha;tpy; gq;Fgw;Wk; Nfhl;lh Kiwapd; mwpKfkhdJ Nghl;bapd;
ngz; murpay;thjpfs; mjw;F vt;tsT Mjuthf %yNkh my;yJ epuy; ClhfNth Ntl;ghsu;
tifiag; nghUl;gLj;jhJ murpaypy; Eiotjw;Fg; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; cz;ikapy; rthy;fs;

ngz;fSf;F ,J cjTk; vd ek;Gfpd;wdu;. cs;sij Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. MdhYk; ,t;tha;tpy;
mtu;fspy; xU fzprkhd ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; gq;Fgw;wpa Vida ngz; murpay;thjpfisf;
murpaypy; td;Kiw vd;gJ murpaypy; ngz;fs; fhl;bYk; tpfpjhrhuk; Fiwthf cs;sJ.
Eiotijf; Fiwf;Fk; vd epidf;fpd;wdu;. 2018 cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;l ngz;
,t;tha;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ngz; murpay;thjpfspy; murpay;thjpfspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; nghJtpy;
fpl;lj;jl;l ehd;fpy; %d;W gq;fpdu; vf;Fog;gKk;; ngz; Ntl;ghsu;fisg; ngz;fs; Mjupf;fpd;wdu; vd
,d;wpj; Nju;jYf;F Ke;jpa gpurhuq;fspy; Ntl;ghsu;fs; epidf;fpd;wdu;. ngz;fs; mNefkhfj; Nju;jy;fspy;
<Lglyhk; vdTk; mtu;fsJ khtl;lj; jiytu;fs; ngz; Ntl;ghsu;fSf;F MjuT mspf;fpwhu;fs;
fl;rp mjpfhur; rl;lj;jpy; VWtjw;F mtu;fSf;F vd;gjpy; mNefu; cld;gl;lhYk; Nghl;bapl;L
cjTthu;fs; vdTk; czUfpwhu;fs;. vt;thwhapDk; ntd;w ngz;fs; ,t;ntz;zj;jpw;Ff; FiwthfNt
kw;wtu;fisg; Nghyy;yhky; Nghl;bapl;L ntd;w Mjutspf;fpd;wdu;. ngz; murpay;thjpfspy;
ngz;fs; Nkw;gb rhjfkhd $w;Wld; Fiwe;j %d;wpy; ,uz;Lf;F mjpfkhdtu;fs; murpayhdJ
,zf;fj;jpidNa ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. Nghl;bapl;L Mz;fSf;Nf kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ vd epidg;gJ
ntd;wtu;fs; rhjfkhditfis tplj; jk;ikj; kpfTk; Rthurpakhf cs;sJ. MapDk; Nghl;bapl;L
njupT nra;tjw;fhd rthypy; ntw;wpnfhs;s Ntz;b ntd;w ngz;fs; ,f;fUj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjhfj; njupfpwJ. rhj;jpak; FiwthfNt cs;sJ. cs;@uhl;rpj;
Nkw;gb mk;rq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd rhjf Nju;jy;fspy; Nghl;bapLtjpy; ,g;ngz;fspd;
kjpg;gPLfSf;fpilapYk; FLk;gtho;T> ghypay; cz;ikahd vz;zk; Fwpj;j re;Njfq;fis ,J
td;Kiw> fl;rpf;Fs;shd ghypay; ngUtpUg;G kw;Wk; vOg;GfpwJ. rpy ngz; murpay;thjpfSldhd
fl;rpf;F cs;NsAk; ,ilNaAkhd td;Kiwfs; jdpg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;fspd;nghOJ gy ngz;fs;
vd;gd ngz;fs; murpaypy; <LgLtjw;Fj; jilahf jkJ fztiug; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfNt
cs;sd vd;gjpy; gjpyspg;gtu;fs; ,zq;Ffpd;wdu;. murpaypy; te;jjhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
Nghl;bapl;L ntd;w ngz; murpay;thjpfspd; rthy;fs; rpy rkaq;fspy; fztUf;F Ntl;ghsu;
njhlu;gpyhd fUj;Jfs; ftdpg;gjw;Fr; Rthurpakhf rPl;Lf; fpilf;fhikapdhy; kidtpf;F mJ
cs;sd. Nghl;bapl;L ntd;w ngz; Ntl;ghsu;fspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ml;ltiz 16: Nju;jy; murpay; njhlu;ghd ghu;it Nehf;Ffs;
ngz;fSk; murpaYk; gw;wpa fUj;Jfs; ,zq;FNthu;

cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jy;fspy; ngz;fSf;fhd xU “Nfhl;lh” Kiw mwpKfkhdJ 96.3%
ngz;fs; murpaypy; EioAk; fhuzj;jpw;F cjTk;.
murpaypy; td;Kiw vd;gJ ngz;fs; murpaypy; Eioe;jhy; FiwtilAk; 83.8%
Nju;jYf;F Kd;dhd gpurhuq;fspy; <LgLtjw;Fg; ngz; Ntl;ghsu;fSf;F 75.3%
vj;jilAk; ,y;iy
ngz;fs; fl;rp mjpfhuf; fl;likg;gpy; VWtjw;F vdJ fl;rpapd; khtl;lj; 75.3%
jiyikj;Jtk; cjTfpwJ.
ngz;fs; ntw;wpfukhf murpaypy; <LgLtjw;Ff; FLk;g tho;T jilahf cs;sJ 71.4%
murpay; Mz;fSf;Nf kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ 69.9%
fl;rpfSf;Fs;Ns cs;s ghypay; td;KiwAk; ghypay; ngUtpUg;Gk; ngz;fs; 69.5%
murpaypy; <LgLtjw;Fg; ngUk; jilahf cs;sJ
murpaw; fl;rpfSf;F cs;NsAk; ,ilNaAkhd td;Kiw murpayhdJ murpaypy; 65.7%
ngz;fs; <LgLtjw;F xU jilahf cs;sJ
Nju;jy;fspy; ngz;fs; ngz; Ntl;ghsu;fisNa mjpfk; Mjupf;fpwhu;fs; 64.3%
murpay; fyhrhuj;jpw;Fs;shfg; ngz;fs; murpaypy; vo KbahJ 53.4%
ml;ltiz 17: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahfj; Nju;jy; murpaypd; ghu;it Nehf;Ffs;
Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

Nghl;bapl;L Nghl;bapl;Lj; epuy; %yk; epuypypUe;J
cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jypy; ngz;fSf;fhd Nfhl;lh 95.1% 96.2% 99.4% 95.9%

Kiw xd;wpd; mwpKfkhdJ ngz;fs; murpaypy;
ngUksT Eioar; nra;tjw;F cjTk;
murpaypy; td;KiwahdJ ngz;fs; murpaypy; 75.4% 89.7% 83.5% 89.2%
,ize;jhy; FiwtilAk;
FLk;g tho;thdJ ngz;fs; murpaypy; ntw;wpfukhf 57.9% 82.2% 71.4% 75.4%
<LgLtijj; jLf;fpwJ
Nju;jYf;F Ke;jpa gpurhuq;fspy; <LgLtjw;Fg; 68.1% 75.2% 82.3% 74.5%
ngz; Ntl;ghsu;fSf;F vj;jilAk; ,y;iy
murpay; Mz;fSf;Nf kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ 55.6% 75.5% 74.2% 73.4%
fl;rpfSf;Fs;shyhd ghypay; td;KiwAk; 61.8% 69.3% 75.9% 72.0%
ghypay; ngU tpUg;Gk; murpaypy; ngz;fs;
<LgLtjw;Fg; ngUk; jilahfTs;sJ
vdJ fl;rpapd; khtl;lj; jiyikfs; fl;rp mjpfhu 85.0% 71.5% 81.4% 66.8%
Vzpapy; ngz;fs; VWtjw;F cjTfpd;wd
Nju;jy;fspy; ngz;fs; ngz; Ntl;ghsu;fisNa 57.2% 72.6% 64.6% 66.0%
mjpfkhf Mjupf;fpd;wdu;
murpay; fl;rpfSf;F cs;NsAk; ,ilNaAkhd 65.7% 69.5% 64.6% 62.8%
td;Kiw murpayhdJ ngz;fs; murpaypy;
<LgLtjw;Fj; jilahfTs;sJ
jw;NghJs;s murpaw; fyhrhuj;jpw;Fs; murpaypy; 43.3% 59.7% 48.8% 58.0%
ngz;fs; vo KabahJ
Nghl;bapl;L ntd;w ngz;fs; ,t;tha;tpy; gq;F Nghl;bapLk;nghOJ Nkw;gb rthy;fs; gytw;iwg;

gw;wpa Vida ngz; murpay;thjpfspypUe;J XusT ngz;fs; vjpu;nfhs;fpwhu;fs; vd mtu;fs;
NtWgl;l Kiwapw; rpe;jpg;gJ kpfTk; njspthfj; xj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;. MdhYk; murpay; vd;gJ J}
njupfpwJ. Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLtjw;F cs;s ajw;w muq;fk; vdTk; mtu;fs; murpaypy; epiyj;J
ngz;fSf;fhd rhjf epiy gw;wp ,dthjj;Jld; epw;gJ gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jthu;fshapd; mjidg;
,Uf;Fk; mNjNtisapy;> ngz;fs; murpaYf;Fs; gofpf;nfhs;sf;> fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;LnkdTk;
Eiotjd; jhf;fj;jpd; vjpu;kiwfs; gw;wpAk; mtu;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdu;. XusT %yjj;Jtkhd
mtu;fs; Fiwe;jsthd ek;gpf;ifaw;w jd;ikNahNl fUj;Jfisj; njuptpf;ifapy; 60 taJfspy; cs;s
,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. Nju;jypy; rpwg;ghd Kiwapw; ngz; murpaw; nraw;ghl;lhsu; xUtu; Mz;fs;
nraw;gl;l ngz; murpay;thjpfSldhd jdpg;gl;l jkJ gykhd rf;jpfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ Nghd;W
Neu;fhzy;fspd;nghOJ mj;njhFjpapYs;s ngz;fSk; Nju;jy;fspy; Nghl;bapLk;nghOJ
Mz;fspd; je;jpNuhghaq;fisg; gpd;gw;wpNa mtu;fSf;Nf jdpj;Jtkhd tplaq;fisf;
mtu;fs; Nghl;bapl;ljhf mwpag;gl;lJ. Nju;jy;fspy; fz;Lnfhs;s Ntz;Lnkdj; njuptpj;jhu;.
KbTiu
2018 khrpapy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l ngz;fs; Nfhl;lh KiwahdJ cs;@u;

kl;l [dehafj;jpy; ngz;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wifiaf; fzprkhd msT
mjpfupj;Js;sJ. cs;@uhl;rpr; rigfSf;F murpay; uPjpahf Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l
cs;@u; kl;lg; ngz; murpay;thjpfs; Eiotjw;F ,J top rikj;Js;sJ.
vt;thwhapDk; ,t;tpjkhd xU epahakhdJ ntw;wp fpilf;f ,Ue;jNghjpYk;
Nfhl;lh Kiwapdhy; vt;tstpw;F cs;@u;g; ngz; murpay;thjpfs;
nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ed;ik mile;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;> Nghl;bapLk;nghOJ my;yJ
Nju;jYf;fhf epuy; Clhf Eioa Kaw;rpf;Fk;nghOJ mtu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
rthy;fs; vd;d> murpaypy; epd;W epiyg;gjpy; mtu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
rthy;fs; vd;d> Nju;jy; murpay; Mfpa Mz;fs; Mjpf;fg; nghJntspapy;
mtu;fisg; gykhd Nghl;bahsu;fshf Mf;FtJ vd;d vd;gJ Nghd;w
tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd gy Nfs;tpfs; ,d;Dk; cs;sd. 2018 cs;@uhl;rpj;
Nju;jy;fspy; Nghl;bapl;l cs;@u;g; ngz; murpay;thjpfspd; Neu;fhzy;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nkw;gb Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpy;fSf;F rpy gjpy;fs;
kPJ ntspr;rj;ijr; nrYj;Jtjw;F ,t;twpf;if xU Kaw;rp nra;J ngz;
gpujpepjpfspd; ntw;wpia epiyNgwhf;Ftjpy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;bait vd;d
vd;gij mjd; %yk; mJ fye;JiuahLfpwJ..
 vt;thwhapDk; ,t;tifapyhd xU epahakhd ntw;wp

fpilj;jpUe;jNghjpYk; Nfhl;lh Kiwapdhy; vt;tstpw;F cs;@u;g; ngz;
murpaw; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ed;ik mile;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;> Nghl;bapLk;nghOJ
my;yJ Nju;jYf;fhf epuy; Clhf Eioa Kaw;rpf;Fk;nghOJ mtu;fs;
vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fs; vd;d> murpaypy; epd;W epiyg;gjpy; mtu;fs;
vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fs; vd;d kw;Wk; Nju;jy; murpayhfpa Mz;fs;
Mjpf;fg; nghJntspapy; mtu;fisg; gykhd Nghl;bahsu;fshf Mf;FtJ
vd;d Nghd;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd gy Nfs;tpfs; ,d;Dk; cs;sd. 2018
cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jy;fspy; Nghl;bapl;l cs;@u;g;; ngz; murpay;thjpfspd;
Neu;fhzy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nkw;gb Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpy;fs;
kPJ ntspr;rj;ijr; nrYj;Jtjw;F ,t;twpf;if Kaw;rp nra;tNjhL> ngz;
gpujpepjpfspd; ntw;wpia epiyNgwhf;Ftjpy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;baJ vd;d
vd;gij mjd; %ykhff; fye;JiuahLfpwJ.

 cs;@uhl;rp kl;lj;jpy; ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;jtj;ij
mjpfupg;gJ vd;gJ xU njspthd rhjfkhd gbepiyahfNt
Nfhl;lh Kiwikapd;NghJ mwpKfkhdJ vd cs;@u; kl;lg; ngz;
murpay;thjpfshy; ek;gg;;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhff; Nfhl;lh
Kiwikapd; mwpKfkhdJ murpaw; FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;rpfSf;F
ntspapy; ,Ue;jhd gy Gjpa ngz; Kfq;fs; murpaw; Jiwapy;
Eiotjw;Ff; Nfhl;lhKiw toptFj;Js;sJ vd Ma;T $WfpwJ.
jdJ Mz; vjpupizahdtu;fSld; Nghl;baplf;$ba kpfTk; jpwd;
tha;e;j ngz;fis murpaYf;Fs; ftUk; tifapy; ,J xU rhjfkhd
tpUj;jpahfNt cs;sJ. vt;thwhapDk; ngz; epWtdq;fSld;

gzpahw;wr; nra;Ak; mNjNtisapy; mtu;fs; fl;rpf; fl;likg;Gf;Fs;
cs;sPu;f;fg;gLk; mNjNtisapy; ngz;fs; epWtdq;fSld; gzpahw;wr;
nra;jhnyhopa eP;z;lfhyg; Nghf;fpy; murpaw; fl;rp fl;likg;Gf;Fs;shd
ngz;fspd; nraw;ghLfspd; mbg;gilfis ,g;ngz;fs; gytPdkhf;fp
tplf;$ba mghak; cs;sJ. ,ij mile;J nfhs;tjw;Ff; fl;rpfs;
jkJ fl;rp epWtdj;jpd; fl;likg;Gfis kPsj; Jbg;ghf;FtJld;
,g;Gjpa ngz; murpay;thjpfSf;Ff; fUj;jpay; njhlu;ghd
gof;fg;gLj;Jifia toq;FtJld; ngz;fs; epWtdq;fSk; Nju;jy;
murpay;> [dehaf murpay; epWtdq;fs;> ghy;epiy murpay;>
ngz;spd; murpaw; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; vd;gd njhlu;gpy; gapw;rpfis
toq;f Ntz;Lk;..
 rpy ngz;fs; fztd;khiug; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfNth

my;yJ fztupd; murpaw;Wiwiag; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfNth
murpaYf;Fs; Eiofpwhu;fs;. mtu;fs; fztd;khupd; tsq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f
tiyg;gpd;dy;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gjpdhy; Vida Ntl;ghsu;fis tpl mjpf
ed;ikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gu;fshf cs;sdu;.
 jkJ Nehf;fj;ijg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ ,g;ngz;fs; murpay;>

MSif> fl;rpj;njhopw;ghL Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,g;ngz;fSf;F mwpT
toq;fg;gl;lhy; mtu;fs; murpaypy; njhlu;e;J ,Ug;gJld; gykhd
jd;dpaf;fkhd murpay;thjpfshf cau;thu;fs;..
 MNzh ngz;Nzh ahuhf ,Ue;jhYk; Njrpa> khfhz my;yJ

cs;@u; vd ve;j kl;lq;fspYk; murpaYf;Fs; Eioa tpUk;Gk; vtUk;
mtu;fsJ Nghl;bahsu;fis tpl xg;gPl;lstpy; rw;W mjpfkhd mjpfhuj;ijf;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. epjp ,aYik> me;j];J> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;
vd;gd vy;yhk; Nru;e;J xU FOTf;Fs; mjpfhuj;ijr; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd
xU jdpegupd; ,aYikiaj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wdu;. gzj;ijr; nrytopg;gjpYk;
mwpitf; nfhz;bUg;gjpYk; maytu;fs;> fl;rpj; jiytu;fs;> Vd; Nju;jw;
njhFjpapYs;s Mz;fsplkpUe;J cjtpiag; ngWtjw;fhd ,aYikiaf;
nfhz;ltu;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; xg;gPl;lstpy; cau;e;j ,aYikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
ngz;fs; mtu;fspy; cau;e;jsT rhj;jpaj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs; vd
Ma;T fhl;LfpwJ
 MfNt fl;rpfs; jkJ ngz; Mjuthsu;fis Nehf;fpa jkJ

kNdhghtj;ij khw;w Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fspd; tif fz;zpakhd
giltPuu;fshf ,Ug;gjw;Fg; ngz;fspd; tfpgq;if tiuaWg;gJ
njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtijf; fhl;bYk; fl;rpf; fl;likg;Gf;Fs;shfj;
jiyikj;Jt tfpgq;Ffis Mw;Wtjw;F cupa gy;NtWgl;l
,aYikfSldhd ngz;fs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 rptpy; r%f epWtdq;fs; jkJ gy;NtWgl;l ,aYikiaf;

fl;bnaOg;gy; kw;Wk; murpay; tpopg;Gzu;Tg; gapw;rp vd;gtw;Wf;fhfj;
jiyikj;Jt tfpgq;Ffis (NtW thu;j;ijfspy; nghUshjhuk;>
fyhrhuk; kw;Wk; r%f KjyPl;L) ,aYikAld; $ba ngz;fis
mZf Ntz;Lk;. nrhy;yg;gl;l KjyPLfis xg;gPl;L uPjpapy;
Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpw; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mtu;fsJ vjpupizahsu;fis

tpl ,g;ngz;fs; murpay; mgpyhi~fis mjpfkhff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
rhj;jpak; ,Ug;gjhy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; xU fzprkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,J mu;j;j G~;bahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 Mz; murpay;thjpfs; toikahff; fl;rp epWtdj;jpw;Fs;Ns

fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapy; Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;JtJld; jdJ ngz; rfghbfspd; Fuy;fSf;F vspjpy; ftdk;
nrYj;JtJk; ,y;iy. vt;thwhapDk; jkJ fy;tpj; jfikfSk;; murpay;
kPjhd mwpTk; Mz; murpay;thjpfspd; ftdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sr;
nra;tjhf ngz; murpay;thjpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
 MSif> murpayikg;G tplaq;fs;> murpay; tuyhW Nghd;w

tplaq;fspy; ngz; murpay;thjpfspd; mwpitf; fl;bnaOg;GtjhdJ
fl;rpf;Fs;shf xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; gykhd Fuiyf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Mz;
murpay;thjpfs; kPJ mtu;fSf;F xU $u;ikj; jd;ikia toq;Fk;.
 xU Nfhl;lh Kiwapd; mwpKfkhdJ cs;@uhl;rp mikg;Gf;Fs;

Eiotjw;F cjtpAs;sNghJk;> epjp tsq;fis mile;J nfhs;sg;
ngz;fs; jahuhdhy; xopa epjp tsq;fisg; ngz;fs; cldbahf mile;J
nfhz;lhnyhopa ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; Mjuthsu; mbg;gilapyhd
murpay; Kiw kPJ MjuTj; jsj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gNth my;yJ mtu;fsJ
kPs;njupTf;F mtrpakhd jPtpukhd r%f tiyg;gpd;diyg; Ngzpf;
nfhs;sNth KbahJ NghFk;. ngz; murpay;thjpfs; Cow; gof;fq;fspypUe;J
jLg;gJ rptpy; r%f epWtdq;fSf;Fr; rhj;jpakhdJ my;y. mtu;fs;
epuhfupg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf rptpy; r%f epWtdq;fs; ngz;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijg;
gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F mtu;fNshL gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,J murpay; KiwikAk;
Mjuthsu; jug;ghsu; cwtpy; njhopw;gLk;nghOJ ngz; murpay;thjpfs;
khj;jpuk; nfhs;iffs; Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; murpaypy; epd;W gpbf;f
KbahJ. MfNt ehl;bd; Coyhd murpaw; fyhrhuj;ijr; Rj;jpfupf;FkhW
jdpg; ngz;fs; kPJ xUtu; ghuj;ij itf;f KbahJ.
 murpaypy; td;Kiw>vd;gJ r%fj;jpy; cs;s Mzhjpf;f r%f

newpfs;> fl;rpf; fl;likg;Gf;Fs;shd Mzhjpf;fg; gof;fq;fs; vd;gd
ngz;fs; murpaYf;Fs; EiotijAk; mjpy; epiyj;J epw;gijAk;
jLf;fpd;wd. vt;thwhapDk; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wpngw;w ngz;fs; ,t;thwhd
rthy;fSf;F xg;gPl;lstpy; Fiwe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj;njuptpf;fpd;wdu;.
ngz;fNshL Nghl;bapLtjw;F ,aYikAila ngz;fNs mtu;fsJ
nrhe;j Xl;lj;jpd; kPJ mtu;fNs Nghuhlf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vdj;
njupfpwJ.
 r%fj;jpw; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiw> murpaypy; ghypay;

td;Kiw> fl;rpf;Fs;shfg; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd ghugl;rk; vd;gtw;Wf;F
vjpuhfg; gpurhuk; nra;Ak; mNjNtisapy; ngz; murpay;thjpfs; mtu;fsJ
Mz; vjpupizahsu;fs; Nghd;W murpaiyr; nra;tjw;Fj; J}z;lg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tplaj;jpy; mtu;fshy; jkJ FLk;g tho;itAk; murpaiyAk;
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jNth my;yJ ngz;fspd; fyhrhu vjpu;ghu;g;Gfisg; G+u;j;jp
nra;aNth Kbahkw; Nghfyhk;.
crhj;Jiz
Al-Jraibi, M. (2000) N[hu;jhdpy; ngz;fSk; murpaw; gq;Fgw;WifAk;:

ngz;fSf;fhfg; ghuhSkd;w Mrdq;fspd; xU Nfhl;lhit xJf;Fifia Nehf;fpa
kNdhght tpUj;jp: N[hu;jhd; : Al-Urdun Al-Jadid Ma;T epiyak;
Bardall, G. (2018). td;Kiw> murpay; kw;Wk; ghy;epiy> xf;];Ntl; Ma;T murpaw;
nrhw;fsQ;rpak;> xf;];Ntl;: xf;];Ntl; gy;iyf;fof mr;rfk;
Basu, A. (2000).ghy;epiyAk; MSifAk;: vz;zf;fUf;fSk; #oikTfSk;.
ghy;epiy kw;Wk; MSif kPjhd fl;Liufs;. epA+Nahu;f;: Avd;bgp
Bourdieu, P. (1977). gapw;rpf; nfhs;if xd;wpd; ntspAU. Nfk;gpup[;: Nfk;gpup[;
gy;fiyf;fof mr;rfk;
Bourdieu, P. (1984). mjpNgW: tpUg;Gj; jPu;g;gpd; xU r%f tpku;rdk;> Nfk;gpup[;>
MA: `thl; gy;fiyf;fof mr;rfk;
Brody, A. (2009). ghy;epiyAk; MSifAk; - NkNyhl;lg;ghu;it mwpf;if. If;fpa
,uhr;rpak;: gpup[;> mgptpUj;jp fw;iffs; epWtfk;
Dyer, A., Bardall, G. and Rogers, T.A. (2019). Bougainville Rahl;rpg; gpuNjrj;jpy;
Nju;jy;fspy; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiw: IFES kjpg;gPL ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
http://aceproject.org/ero-en/misc/violence-against-women-in-elections-in-the
Evertzen, A. (2001). ghy;epiy kw;Wk; cs;@u; MSif. The Hague: neju;yhe;J
mgptpUj;jp epWtdk; (SNV)
Fleschenberg, A. (2008). cr;rj;jpYs;s ngz; murpay;thjpfs;: rPWk; Gypfsh
my;yJ mlq;fpa G+idfsh? In K. Iwanga (Ed.), Mrpahtpy; ngz;fspd; murpaw;
gq;Fgw;WifAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JifAk;: jilfSk; rhty;fSk; (pp. 23-54).
Copenhagen: NIAS mr;rfk;
Hettige, S. (1984). nry;tk;> mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; me;j];J: xU rkhdpau; #oiktpy;
r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd; vOk; tbtq;fs;. nfhOk;G: cau;fy;tp mikr;R
[ahde;jh> D. (1992). ,yq;ifapy; Nju;jw; flg;ghL. Nfk;gpup[;: Nfk;gpup[;
gy;fiyf;fof mr;rfk;
[atu;jd> K. & de my;tp];> M. (2002). Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dhd ,yq;ifapy;
ngz;fs; ,af;fq;fspd; murpaw; $l;L. Swarna Jayaweera (Ed.), Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg;
gpe;jpa ,yq;ifapy;; ngz;fs;. Sage: GJ by;fp
Jiggins, J. (1979). 1947 – 1976 tiuf;fhd rpq;fs murpaypy; rhjpAk; FLk;gKk;.
,yz;ld;: Nfk;gpup[; gy;iyf;fof mr;rfk;
Jupp, J. (1978). ,yq;if: %d;whk; cyf [dehafk;. ,yz;ld;: Cass
Kodikara, C. (2009). ,yq;ifapy; ngz;fspd; rk murpaw; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;fhd
Nghuhl;lk;. xU ,Ug;ngLg;G mwpf;if nfhOk;G: rpWtu; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ngz;fs;
tYT+l;ly; mikr;Rk;> If;fpaehLfs; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;
Kodikara, C. (2012). 2006 – 2011 tiuf;Fkhf cs;@uhl;rpapy; ngz;fs;: ngz;fSf;fhd
epakdq;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd xU xg;gPl;Lg; gFg;gha;T
nfhOk;G: ,df; fw;iffSf;fhd ru;tNjr epiyak;
Leitan, T. (2000). gP[pq;

gpujpgypg;GfSf;Fg; gpe;jpa murpaw; gq;Fgw;WifapYk;
jPu;khdk; vLg;gpYk; ngz;fs;: ,yq;ifapy; ngz;fs; 1995 – 2000. nfhOk;G:
CENWOR
nya;ud;> T. &FzNrfu> S. (1998). fpuhkpa murpaypy; ngz;fs;: ,yq;ifapy; njupT
nra;ag;gl;l fpuhkpa gpuNjrq;fspd; murpaypy; ngz;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wif kPjhd xU
Ma;T (gpuRupf;fg;glhj mwpf;if) nfhOk;G: r%f tpQ;Qhdpfs; rq;fk;
Liyanage, K. (1999). murpaw; fl;rpfspy; ngz;fs;: ,yq;if mDgtk;. rpwpkh
fpupk;kKd (Ed.), ,yq;ifapy; ngz;fSk; murpaYk;: xU xg;gPl;L ghu;itNehf;F>
fz;b: ,df; fw;iffSf;fhd ru;tNjr epiyak;
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rq;fk; njhlu;ghd
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vz;zpf;iff;F mg;ghy;. Stockholm: IDEA
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xf;];Ntu;l; gy;fiyf;fof mr;rk;
gpd;Nuh [atu;jd> K. & nfhbfhu> C. (2003). ngz;fSk; MSifAk;: ,yq;if.
nfhOk;G: ,df; fw;iffSf;fhd ru;tNjr epiyak;
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murpaYk; khw;wKk; : nly;fp: xf;];Ntu;l; gy;fiyf;fof mr;rfk;
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kPjhd fl;Liufs; (pp. 59-95 ,e;jpah: UNDP
cad;nfhl> J. (2010). murpay; kWrPuikg;gpd; murpay; – jiyKiw Kuz;;ghl;bd;
xU Kf;fpa fUg;nghUs;. In Camilla Orjuela (Ed.), mjpfhuKk; murpaYk;. ,yq;if
MAj Kuz;ghl;bd; epoypy; (gf;. 29-78). RtPld;: rPlh
tpf;fpukrpq;f murpaypy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; : ,yq;iff;
M & nfhbfhu> C. (2012).
Fbaurpy; ngz;fSk; ghy;epiyAk;. In A. Welikala (Ed.), 40 ,y; ,yq;iff;
FbauR: tuyhW> Nfhl;ghL> kw;Wk; Vw;gLj;Jif kPjhd rpe;jidfs;. nfhOk;G:
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ngz;fs; kw;Wk;
Clff; $l;likg;G

Necessary yet Insufficient (Tamil) / தேவையானது இன்னும் போதாது

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Necessary yet Insufficient (Tamil) / தேவையானது இன்னும் போதாது

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mtrpakhdjhf ,Ue;Jk;

,yq;ifapy; gue;Jgl;l murpaw;

gpujPg; gPup]; kw;Wk; `rpdp Nyf;fk;thrk;

Kjw; gjpg;G - ij 2021

ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Clff; $l;likg;G

[dehaf Ml;rpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; ngz;fs; murpay; rkj;Jtk; Fwpj;j rl;lk; 1999/2000,y;

1 Drude Dahlerup, Professor of Political Science and International Advisor

NkYk; ngz;fSf;F Mz;fSld; rkkhd gl;baypLtij ehbNdhk;. Mdhy; murpaw; fl;rpfs;

ngz;fSf;fhd cs;@uhl;rp rigfspd; xJf;fPL

3 See Local Authorities Elections (Amendment) ACT, No 1 of 2016

xJf;fPl;il tYg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> ghJfhg;gjw;Fkhd Njit

jw;fhypf rpwg;G eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; rjtPjk;” (j`;Y}yhg;> 2020) vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

ml;ltiz 2: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; gpufhuk; fl;rp mDgt Mz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if......................... 19

ml;ltiz 4: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; gpufhuk; murpayikg;Gg; gw;wpa mwpT........................ ............... 21

ml;ltiz 5: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; gpufhuk; fl;rpf; fUj;jpay; njhlu;gpyhd mwpT............................. 22

ml;ltiz 6: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; gpufhuk; ehl;bd; tuyhW gw;wpa mwpT....................................... 22

ml;ltiz 7: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; gpufhuk; cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jy; kPjhd nrytpdq;fs;.................. .. 25

ml;ltiz 8: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf murpaypy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; .................................... 26

ml;ltiz 9: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf ghlrhiyf; fhyj;jpy; Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy;.............................. 27

ml;ltiz 10: Ntl;ghsu; tifapy; #o cs;s epfo;Tfspy; Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy;............................... 28

ml;ltiz 12: Ntl;ghhsu; tifg;ghl;by; MjuT %yq;fs;........................................................... 31

ml;ltiz 13: Ntl;ghsu; vd;w tif uPjpapy; murpaypy; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhd jil........................... .. 35

ml;ltiz 14: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; gpufhuk; murpay; mgpyhi\fs;............................................. 37

ml;ltiz 15: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf gapw;rp kl;lk;................................................................... 38

ml;ltiz 16: Nju;jy; murpay; njhlh;ghd ghu;it Nehf;Ffs;..................................................... 30

ml;ltiz 17: Ntl;ghsu; tifapd; uPjpahfj; Nju;jy; murpaypd; ghu;it Nehf;Ffs;.......................... 40

ml;ltiz A: 1966 ,ypUe;J cs;@uhl;rpfspy; ngz;fspd;

Rje;jpuk; ngw;wjpypUe;J ehl;;bNy murpay; ,lk;ngw;w rfpg;Gj;jd;ikahd xU Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

murrigapy; mjpfupj;j ,Uf;ifapd; Clhff; murpaypy; FLk;g ,izg;Gfs; ,y;yhjtu;fs;

,t;tha;tpd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfshdit 2018 khrp $bNahuha; cs;sdu;: 1) Nju;jypy; njhFjpfspy;

,t;tha;tpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ngz;

5 Nkyjpf Ml;fspd; epuy;fspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; vj;njhFjpapYk; Nghl;bapLtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;glhjpUe;jnghOjpYk;

murpaw; fl;rpAk; ngz; gpujpepjpAk;

rl;lthf;f rigapy; xU ,lj;ijg; gpbg;gjw;fhfg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mjpfupg;gjpy; cs;s rthy;fs;

ml;ltiz 1: Ntl;ghsu; tifg;ghL uPjpahf murpay; mDgtj;jpd; Mz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if

Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

1 - 5 Mz;Lfs; 29.0 43.3 27.9 42.6

cs;sdu;. fUj;jha;Tf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; gpufhuk;

ml;ltiz 2: Ntl;ghsu; tifg;ghl;by; fl;rpapy; cs;s mDgt Mz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if

Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

1 - 5 Mz;Lfs; 55.2 47.8 53.3 56.1

murpaypYk; fl;rp NtiyapYk; ePz;l tuyhw;iwf;

mwpT xU $u;ikia toq;FfpwJ

ml;ltiz 3: Ntl;ghsu; tifg;ghl;by; cs;@uhl;rp mikg;Gfis MSk; rl;lq;fs; Fwpj;j

rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa mwpT Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

murpayikg;Gj; njhlu;ghd mtu;fsJ cz;ikahd mwptpd; jhf;fj;ij ca;j;Jzu;tJ

ml;ltiz 4: Ntl;ghsj;Jt tifapd; gpufhuk; murpayikg;Gj; njhlu;ghd mwpT

murpayikg;Gj; Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

ruskhf ,jidf; fw;Wf; 21.4 8.3 9.7 7.8

ml;ltiz 05: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpapy; fl;rp fUj;jpay; njhlu;gpyhd mwpT

Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

ml;ltiz 06: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf ehl;bd; tuyhW gw;wpa mwpT

Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

ngz; murpay;thjpfSk; mjpfhu %yq;fSk;

ml;ltiz 07: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf cs;@u;j;

Gjpjhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l cs;@uhl;rp rig Nghl;bapLtjw;fhfj; jdJ fztupd; nrytpdj;jpy;

rdr%fj;jpw;Fs;shf xUtupd; epiyapid ftu;e;jJld;> mjd; epkpj;jkhf Vidatiu tpl

njupT nra;ag;gl;l kw;Wk;

ml;ltiz 08: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf murpaypy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs;

Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

r%f tiyg; gpd;dy;fisr; nrd;wilfpwJ

ml;ltiz 9: Ntl;ghsu; tif uPjpahf ghlrhiyf; fhyj;jpy; Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy;

Ntl;ghsu; tif (%)

ml;ltiz 10: Ntl;ghsu; tifapy; #o cs;s epfo;Tfspy; Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy;