Minerals

Rocks made up of minerals Minerals solid elements/compounds found naturally Example?

Gold

Quartz

(silicon dioxide)

Limestone

(calcium carbonate)

Minerals
Most minerals, are found as natural compounds in the form of oxides, sulphides, carbonates, and silicates. Although there are about 3000 types of minerals in the Earths crust, only 25 types are present in large quantities

Identifying the elements in natural compounds

Minerals found as natural compound --- metallic elements combined with non-metallic elements Example: Haematite

Elements present in minerals that are found as natural compounds

Natural compound Oxide Carbonate Sulphide Silicate Mineral Haematite Cassiterite Calcite Malachite Iron pyrite Galena China clay Calcium silicate Elements Iron, oxygen Tin, oxygen Calcium, carbon, oxygen Copper, carbon, oxygen Iron, sulphur Lead, sulphur Aluminium, silicon, oxygen Calcium, silicon, oxygen

Properties of minerals
Hard Insoluble Heating?
Most metal oxides are stable, cannot be broken down by heating. But there are exceptions

When some minerals are heated

1. Metal Suphide
Breaks down into a metal oxide and releases sulphur dioxide gas Equation? This gas changes the potassium manganate (VII) solution from purple to colourless

When some minerals are heated

2. Metal Carbonate
Change to their oxides and carbon dioxide when burnt in air. Equation? The carbon dioxide gas causes limewater to turn cloudly

6.2 Reactions Between Metal and Non-metal

Reaction of metals with oxygen
A metal oxide is formed Equation?
x Metal + oxygen (heated)--> Metal oxide

Reaction of metals with sulphur

A metal sulphide is formed Equation?
x Metal + Sulphur (heated)--> Metal sulphide

Reactions of Metals with O2

Metal Reaction rate Magnesium Very fast Aluminium Very fast Zinc Fast Iron Fast Copper Slow Product of reaction Magnesium oxide Aluminium oxide Zinc oxide Iron oxide Copper oxide

Reactions of Metals with Sulphur, S

Metal Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Copper Reaction rate Very fast Very fast Fast Fast Slow Product of reaction Magnesium sulphide Aluminium sulphide Zinc sulphide Iron sulphide Copper sulphide

6.3 Silicon Compounds

6.3 Silicon Compounds

Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earths crust. Silicon does not exist as a free element in its natural state, but in compounds Silicon compounds in the Earths crust silica, silicates

Silica

silicon dioxide

Silicates

silicon, metal, oxygen

Silicon compounds and their examples

Silicon compound Silica Silicate Example Sand, quartz Asbestos, jade, clay, mica

Asbestos

Jade

Clay

Mica

Silica and Silicates

Insoluble in water Do not react with acid Do not break down when heated Thats why they are very stable in the Earth crust Hence, not easily eroded, found in large quantities in the Earths crust

Silica and Silicates

In industry:
Manufacture of glass, fiber optic cables, ceramics

ceramics

6.4 Calcium compounds

Calcium carbonate is an important calcium compound Consists of calcium, carbon, and oxygen

Marble

Animal shell

Coral

Calcium Carbonate
Insoluble in water Reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide Equation?

Calcium carbonate
When heated strongly, calcium carbonate changes to calcium oxide (quicklime) and carbon dioxide is released Few drops of water are added to calcium oxide, effervescence occur and heat is given off, forming calcium hydroxide When more water is added, it dissolves to form calcium hydroxide solution, also known as limewater

Petroleum
Mixture of several hydrocarbons, which consist of hydrogen and carbon only Hydrocarbons in petroleum are separated by a process called fractional distillation