nta

9
myF

ut

th

eik Rs
gUbghUf

nta

nta

eik R U, ku, nghw gytifahd bghUfis ghnwh.

fhiw ekh ghf ayhJ, Mdh czuKo. midJ bghUfS xU
Fl iwia bgWsd. it Fl lij milJbfhS.
ma cy, iw kW Fl lij milJbfhS jik
bfhlit gUbghUf MF. iwia, lij bgWs vyh
gUbghUfS xnu tifahdit my. ghlgF gUbghUf
aa gfis g mJbfhnth.
eik Rs bghUfis TJ ftJ fl mltiz
goaLnth.
bra 9.1

1.
L

2.
3.
1.

isahL ikjhd

tFgiw

2.
3.
1.
2.
3.

9.1. gUbghUf aa gf
eh y braghLf _y gUbghUf aa gfis g
mnth.
bra 9.2
xU Rzfoia vLJ bghoahf. W Jff vyh nrJ
jh Rzfo vD gUbghUshf khsJ. W Jff jh
gUbghU cUthf mogilahf csd. j W Jff, mQf
myJ _yTWfsh Mdit.
nkY mJbfhnth

mQfS _yTWfS
f ad. tiw
nendhl vD
myfh msfyh.
(1 nendhl = 10-9 l)
gl 9.2 Rzh

gl 9.1 Rzfo

108

eik Rs gUbghUf

9.2. gUbghU Jff gf

bra 9.3
js iu

xU fzho Ftis
vLJbfhL msit
FJ bfhs.
js rfiuia nrJ fzho Fah ewhf fyf.
fzho Ftisia TJ ftf.
ms kW Rit VjhtJ khw bjwjh? rfiu vgo
kiwjJ?

_yTWf

rfiuia
nrj

fyF

_yTWf
rfiu
_yTWf

gl 9.3 j kW rfiu _yTWf 1 a ms

bgajhfglit.

nkFl bragho _y kl khwhjij Mdh Rit

khsij maKowJ. rfiu fyJsjhjh Rit
ghf khsJ. rfiu, fiu nghJ _yTWfSilna
cs ilbtia rfiu _yTWf milJ bfhwd. jdh
Ftis kl cauiy. j bragho _y _yTWfSF
ilna ilbt csJ vgij czuyh.
bra 9.4
xU fzho Ftisia vLJ bfhL, m gh ms iu ug
ntL.
vGJnfh gagLJ yw
bkJthf, nrf.

ikia fzho Ftis

J neu mirahk itJ cW nehf.

gl 9.4 y ik guj

j braUJ y ik bkJthf Ul fygij fhzyh. j

bragho _y _yTWf bjhlJ efJ xnwhblhW fywd
vgij czuyh.
109

nta
bra 9.5
j FHhia wJl.
FHhUJ tU iu cf
iffsh jLJ Wj Kowjh?
jLJ WjKoaiyayth?
bra, gUbghUf _y
TWfSilna < ir csJ
vgij fhLwJ.
ir _yTWfis izwJ.
_yTWfSF ilnaahd <
ir
gUbghUSF gUbghU
khWgLwJ.

gl 9.5

gUbghUf fodkhdit, bkikahdit, wKsit, wkwit,

ut kW th nghw vyh gfS, mt mDf kW
_yTWf mikid rhJsJ.

9.3. bghUf iyf

bghUf k, ut kW th vd _W aa iyf fhz
gLwd.
bghUf iyf

th

ut
l
cs
M#
th

bjh

g cs
fhW

nkir
bg

gh
to
M

gHrhW
gl 9.6 bghUf iyf

110

UJ
tU fhW

eik Rs gUbghUf
k
Fl tot, ms kW gUkds bfhlJ kkhF. kf
_y TWfSF ilna cs <ir mf vgjh _yTWf f
f beUfkhf mikJsd. kfis mGj KoahJ.
k bghUfSfhd y vLJfhLf gl 9.7 (m) kW (M)-
bfhLfgLsJ. gl 9.8 kf _yTW mikig sFwJ.

9.7.(m)

9.7.(M)

gl 9.7. k bghUfSfhd y
vLJfhLf

gl 9.8 kf
_yTWfSF
ilnaahd beUfkhd
mik

f
gR xU lbghU. MdhY
mij mGjKowJ. V? g cs
W Jisf fhW u csJ. mij
mGJnghJ fhW btnaWwJ. Mifah
gir ekh mGjKowJ. bghJthf
mGj _y lbghUf
totij khWtJ fod.

gl 9.9 gR

nkY mJbfhnth
gUbghUf nkY uL iyf
fhzgLwd. gUbghU ehfhtJ iy
shkh - mf btggLjgl th iy.
gUbghU Ijh iy ngh-IO
fhlnl - mf F%lgl lbghU.
gl 9.10
shkh iy

111

nta
ut
ut xU Fl gUkds bfhlJ. Mdh mjF xU iyahd
tot ilahJ. utij vj bfhfy itnwhnkh mj totij
bgW (gl 9.11). Vbd ut cs _yTWfSilna cs
<ir k bghUf csij l Fiw. nkY _yTWf
beUfkhf yhk mikJsjh, utf v mt
totfis kh bfhwd. utij jsnt mGj Ko. ,
vbz, gHrhW nghwit ut iy cs gUbghUfSfhd
vLJfhLfshF. ut cs _yTWfSF ilna J
ilbt csJ vgjid gl 9.12 _y mayh.

gl 9.11 ut bfhfy totij

bgWwJ.

gl 9.12 ut
_yTW mik

th
th iy cs gUbghUf
cs _yTWf kW mQf
bfhfy KGtJkhf guUF.
tF Fl gUkdsnth, totnkh
ilahJ. thf _yTWfSilna
cs <ir f Fiw. mjdh
_yTWfSilna cs ilbt
f mf. k kW ut
iyfSl
xLnghJ
thfis
f vjhf mGj Ko.

gl 9.13 fhW
uggl
g

e o gagLJ vth cUis

milfgl k bgnuha th (LPG)
kW kUJtkidf gagLJ
cUis milfgLs ct
(M#) Mait mGjgl thf
MF. nkY iwa fhy mGjgl
aif
th
(CNG)
nghFtuJ th _yTWf
bfhfy
thfdf gagLjgLwJ.
gl 9.14 th _yTW mik
112

eik Rs gUbghUf
bra 9.6
xU bf gij vLJ
mGghUf. mGj Kowjh?
mj totnyh myJ msnyh
khw Uwjh? iy. k
bghUis mGj KoahJ vgij
czJ bfhnth.

btna vLJ l.
KjyhtJ cRFHh iu
ug.
ulhtJ
cRFHhia
mgona itf.

nghJ ut kW thfis
ekh mGj Kowjh vgij x
M _y brJ ghngh.

lid vikahf cR
FHh brYj thrid
jlt.

uL
cRFHhfis
vLJ bfhL 1 kW 2 vd
Fl.

nghJ cR FHhf
lid itJ mGj.

mj Kidia X mil
ghdh _o, xL jhsh
xl.
cRFHh cs lid

ut js
mGjF cgL

cs cRFHh (1)
lid iuthf mGj KoahJ.
Mdh fhW cs cR
FHh (2) l KGtJkhf
vjhf mGj KowJ.
2

fhW

nkfl MUJ,
utfis Fiwthfnt
mGj Ko. Mdh
thfis v
mGjKo vgJ
bjthwJ.
thf
mGjF
cgL

gl 9.15 ut kW fh jhd mGj is

nkY mJbfhnth
e o cz rikFnghJ, mj thrid o ntfkhf guwJ.
V vW bjkh? eh cz rikFnghJ m cs third Jff
fh v fyJ ntfkhf guwJ. mjfhd fhuzf :1. th foyh _yTWf myJ Jff. 2. th _yTWf
ca ntf. 3. th _yTWfSilna cs mf ilbt.
vdnt, ut kW k bghUf Jffisl thf Jff
ntfkhf guwd.
113

nta
k, ut kW thf gf
mltiz 9.1
t. v.

ut

th

1.

Fl tot
kW gUkds
bfhlJ.

Fl gUkds
cL Mdh tot
ilahJ.

Fl totnkh
gUkdsnth
ilahJ.

2.

gh jik
mwJ.

caj lUJ v vyh

jhthd lF
irfY
ghnjhL.
ntfkhf gu.

3.

_yTWfSF
ilna cs
ilbt f
Fiw.

_yTWfSF
ilna cs
ilbt Fiw.

_yTWfSF
ilna cs
ilbt mf.

4.

_yTWfSF
ilna cs
< ir mf.

_yTWfSF
ilna cs
<ir k
bghUisl Fiw.

_yTWfSF
ilna cs
<ir f
Fiw.

9.4. k, k kW th bghUf btg is

bghUf aa iyfis khw Kokh? kUJ utkhf
myJ utUJ ththf khw Kokh? y braghLf _y
k, ut kW thf jhd btg isit bjJbfhnth.
bra 9.7
gfoia xU fzho FLit L btggLj. vd
khw fwJ vgij ftf.

k (gfo)

ut ()

th (uh)

gl 9.16 gUbghUfJ btgis

114

eik Rs gUbghUf
bghUf J btg is
btg mfj
btg
k
(gfo)

btg
th iy
(uh)

utiy
()
Fj

Fj
btgij Fiwj

gfoia (k) btg

gLJ nghJ cU uhf (ut),
iu btgLJnghJ uhahf
(th) khWwJ.
_W iyf UF
k (gfo)
ut ()
th (uh)
gUbghU xU iyUJ
kbwhU iyF khw mil
nghJ bghUf cs Jff
(mQf myJ _yTWf)
vd khw fwJ? j iy
khw vthW eilbgWwJ? j
nffSF g ma Kanth.
k bghU btg iyia
caJ nghJ kbghU
cs Jff (_yTWf
/ mQf)
af Mw
mfwJ.
af
Mw
mfgjh
Jff
ntfkhf
mtilwd.
btg
Mw
dh _yTWfSilna cs
ilbt mfwJ. jdh
Jff X lUJ kbwhU
lF efwd. xU Fl
iyia milj wF, k cUf
MuwJ. vj btgiy
xU k bghUshdJ cU,

ut
bghUshf
khWwnjh,
mJnt k bghU cUF iy
vdgL.
utij btggLJ nghJ
ut
cs Jff (_y
TWf / mQf) ntfkhf efu
bjhlFwd.
xU
Fl
btgiy _y TWfSF
ilna
cs
ilbt
mfkhwJ.
j btgiy
ut ththf khWwd. vj
btgiy utkhdJ bfhf
Muwnjh,
mJnt
mj
ut
bfhiy
vdgL.
ut cs _yTWf mf
btg Mwiy bgW Mahf
khWwd.
nkTa sfUJ btg
iyia khdh bghU iy
khWwJ vgJ bjthwJ.
J ila!
F fhy Fghf
kiy unjrf
njfh vbz
kkhf khWwJ. V?
egfnshL thJ
il fh.

115

nta
bra 9.8
nH bfhLfgLs k, ut, th bghUfis
jikF Vg mltiz gLj knfRF cj bra.

CJg if

U f

nj

gfo

bgnuh

mt

M# l

gh

mltiz 9.2
k

ut

th

bra 9.9
vyh kbghUfS xnu btgiy khw milkh?
cl gfo, btiz kW bkGF bfhLfgLsd.
gfoia xU fzho fh L btggLJ. nghJ
gfo bky cU uhf khWwJ. nghJ xU btgiykh (bjkh
liu) bfhL btgiyia msJ msit fl mltiz
FJbfh. Jnghy, btbz kW bkGF Matiw
jjahf btggL, cUF btgiyia FJ bfhL
mltizgL xL ghf. j braUJ mjtiw
kw khztfnshL gJ bfhs.
mltiz 9.3
t.v

1.

gfo

2.

btbz

3.

bkGF
116

btgiy (C)

eik Rs gUbghUf

kL
1. ahF gHfkhd y bghUf nH bfhLfgLsd. tiw
k, ut, th vd tifgLJ.
brf, kbzbz, gh, njfh vbz, fhW, jf, nkir,
M#, fhgil MirL.
2. fhuz fla.
m) kif thr eh u mkUjhY czuKowJ.
M) xU fzho FLit Ul js cig nrjh
fiuryhwJ. mj ms khWtiy.

3. thit ekh vjhf mGj Ko. Mdh kij mGj KoahJ.

VbdW sf jUf.
4. bghUJf
m)

utij btggLdh

M) k

ut

v mGjyh

mQf kW _yTWf -

uh

<)

gh

gh jik iy.

c)

th

gUbghU mogil
flik

5. rahd ilia njbjLf.

m) _W iyf UF xnu bghU ________ (, f, fzho).
M) _yTWfSF ilna f Fiwthd ilbt cs gUbghU
________ (k, ut, th).
) 1 nendh l vgJ ________ ( 10-10 , 10-9 ,

10-12 ).

6. nfhol lij ug.

m) th _yTW ilna
(Fiw, mf).

cs

ir

kijl

________

M) ________ iy Fl bfhss bfhlJ. Mdh tot ilahJ

(k, ut).
7. thr gh thf filF to bry Ko brjh.
to fhWFHh fhW Fiwthf Ujij fL, fhW ug
to filF brwh. filfhu, fhW mGJ auij
bfhL fhiw udh. fhW mGJ au vgo ntiy brwJ
vW thrDF rnjf VglJ. il bja mtDF cj
brfns.

117

nta
8. btntW btgiy bghUf xU iyUJ kbwhU iyF
khw milwJ.
fhQ A,B,C,D khw bgafis vGJf.
A

gfo

uh
C

9. kij mGjKoahJ. fUgyif JilF gir

Ko. VbdW sf jUf.

ekh mGj

l
gntW totij bfhl, gagLa 5 myJ 6 xU l bfhss
bfhl fzho ofis vLJbfhs.
midJ fzho
ofis uh uf. fl nffSF il fhf.
m) ua wF vyh fzho
ofS
xnu
bfhss
bfhljh?
M) vyh fzho of cs
tot xnu khahf
1 l 1 l 1 l 1 l 1 l
csjh?
nkY mtjF
f
1. Chemistry matters Richard Hari, Oxford University press, New Delhi
2. Introductory Chemistry - M Katyal, Oxford University press,
New Delhi
izajsf
http://chemistry.about.com/od/everydaychemistry.in.everyday-life htm
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth-science/terc/content/visualizations
http://chemistry.about.com/library/btacid.quiz.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/phys/html
ma rhJ fhzntoa lf
yh nfhsuf - o, brid khtl

118

nta
10
myF

gUbghUf kW
mj jikf

nta

10

nta
mwhl th gntW ma khwf eik R fwd. j
khwf xWF nkgl bghUfsh eilbgWwd. vLJfhlhf
gfo cUFj, uhahf khWj, rfiu fiuj, gh juhf
khWj, Gfgl ug tisa khwij ghnwh. bghUf
VgL khw y gjidfSFgL fG. ghl gF eik
R fG y khwfis g bjJbfhnth . khwfis U
tifahf fyh.
1. aa khw

2. nta khw.

khwfis g bjJ bfhnth.

10.1. aa khwf

bra 10.1
xU bgiy cilJ
uL
JlhF. nkir J uL
JLfis beUfkhf itjh,
bgnghw KGikahd njhwij
bgWwJ. Mdh mj ms khw
csJ. ntgf vj khwK
Vgliy. ij eh aa khw
vwiHfyh.

gl 10.1 cilj bg

bra 10.2
xU rJu tot fhjij
ehF JlhF. Jlha
xbthU fhjij L
ehF JlhF. Jlha
vyh fhjij jiunyh
myJ
nkir
nknyh
beUfkhf itjh, rJutot
fhj totij bgWwJ.
Mdh K Uj fhjij
nghynt eh cUthf KoahJ.
Vbdwh mj ms khw
fUwJ.
J
MF..

xU

aa

khw

I (gT) cUFj
vgJ x aa khw vgJ
cdF bjkh?

gl 10.2 I
(gT ) cUFj

120

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
bra 10.3

gl 10.3 fhj _y
kz UF Uig
bjLj

js kziy U Jfis
vLJ, xnu jo nghL xwhf
fyJ,
vd
fwJ
vgij
TJ ft. vjhtJ a bghU
cUthUwjh? kzUJ U
Jfis jahf bjLf Kokh?
TJ ftFnghJ vj xU a
bghUS cUthfiy vgJ bjwJ.
tikahd fhjij fyit J
bfhL brYnghJ, U Jf
fhj xo bfhwJ. j U
Jfis jahf xU jo nrff.

j braUJ vj xU a bghUS cUthfiy kW

nta khwK fHiy. aa khw kLnk fUwJ
vgJ bjthwJ. j bradh Vgl khw jfhfkhdJ. J
xU id khw MF.
bra 10.4
gofkhFj
xU djf js iu vLJ, brL msF fhg
rng gofij nrf. js iAnuhFnsh myij
nrJ, fhg rng ewhf fiu tiu btggLj. wF j
fiuriy Fu brJ tojh tofo, ilj toiu L J
neu Fu bra.
vd fwJ vgij TJ ftf. j fiurUJ
ikahd gof cUthwJ.
bgwgl a gof xU Fl
totik btntW msit bgWsJ. Kiw gofkhFj vdgL.

gl 10.4. gofkhFj Kiw

121

10

nta
bra 10.5
gR

gjfkhj

jiyHhf fJ
itfgl d

xU d jf js
fuij vLJ bfhs.
gl fhosthW xU
diy jiyHhf fJ
jfia _l.

go

d
fhig
gir
bfhL _l. j _y
fu Mahf btnaWtJ
jLfgLwJ.

d jf

d jfia Nnldh,
fu Mah fzho
d cw kkhf
gowJ.

fu

fu mnj tot csjh?

iy,
fu
njhw
khwij fhzKowJ. Mdh
j nt gf khw iy
vgjid ma KowJ.

gl 10.5 gjfkhj

kbghUis (fu) btggLJ nghJ neuoahf th iyF khW

fF gjfkhj vW bga.
f!

gl10.6 (m) vahj

iH sF

xU iH s
rhu ghbghGJ
iH Nnl, ufhrkhf
xia cGnghJ
iH njhw
khwij fhzyh.
rhu ghtij
Wdh iH
KUj njhwij
bgWwJ. J xU aa
khwkhF.

122

gl10.6 (M) v
iH sF

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
bra 10.6
Fj
RUFj

btg

bfhj

cUFj

Mahj

Fj
ciwj

gl 10.7 btgdh bghU iykhw

xU fzho Kfit js
gfoia vLJ bfh. mij xU
Knfhz tot cs jh
itJ, btggLdh gfo cU
uhf khWwJ. L iu gfoahf
khw Kokh? khw Toa tKiw
xiw Tw.
xU fzho Kfit js
iu vLJ btggLJnghJ vd
khw fwJ vgij cWnehdh,
, Mahf khWtij fhzKo.
fzho Kfit J xU jil
itJ _L. uh jo gL F
milJ Jfshf kh fzho
Kfit Gtij ghfyh.
th

hj

RU

f
k
j

kh
Wj

go

gj

ah

cUFj
k

khfkhWj
gl 10.8 aa khw

123

gfo Fa

j
bra
_y
gfo cU uhf,
uhahf, uh F
milJ uhf khWtij
fnlh. Mdh vj
nt khwK eilbgwiy.
kbghUisbtggLJ
nghJ utkhf khWwJ.
vLJfhlhf, gfoia
btggLdh
uhf
khWwJ. jF cUFj
vW bga.
iu bjhlJ btg
gLdh

bfhJ
uhahf khWwJ. jF
Mahj vW bga.
uhia Fu brjh
uhf
L
khWwJ.
j fF Fj
vW bga. iu nkY
Fjjh gfoahf
khWwJ. cjhuzkhf iu
F%L rhjd
itFnghJ

gfoahf khWwJ.
jF ciwj vW
bga.

ut

10

nta
nkFl vyh braKiwfY gUbghUf aa
gfsha tot, ms, w Mat kLnk khw fwJ.
kbghUis btggLJnghJ mj njhw kLnk khw
bjwJ. Mdh bghU ntgf vj khwK eilbgwiy.
xU gUbghU aa gf kL khw VgLJtJ aa
khw vdgL. aa khw bghJthf idahF. a bghU
cUthfhJ.

10.2. ntkhwf
f U JUoUgij
ghUf. U JL,
U bghUf nghwtiw
kiHnyh,
fhnyh,
wj
btnyh itFnghJ brgG
w mLF cUthwJ. U
fh cs M# kW
Ul nrJ U MirL
Mf khWwJ. ijjh eh JU
vnwh. JU of kW
M# f mta.
gl 10.9 (m) JU Va ngh

gl 10.9 (M) JU Va U rfu thfd

124

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
bra 10.7
1

vbz

bfh

fha
FnshiuL
fhW kW

kL

fhW kL

gl 10.10 JUof njitahd fhuzf

_W nrhjid FHhfis vLJ 1, 2 kW 3 vW FL bfhs.

Rj bragl U Mia xbthU nrhjid FHhY
nghl.
Kj FHh js nrf.
ulhtJ nrhjid FHh fh toj iu C mj nk
jhtuvbzia js nrf.
_whtJ FHh fha Fnshiuil nrf. _W nrhjid
FHhfis _W myJ ehF ehf fJ cW nehf.
ulhtJ kW _whtJ
M FHh cs M
JUofhkY, Kj M
FHh cs M
JU V
csij ghyh. UJ
JUof kW M#
njit vgJ bjwJ. JUit
Uig xL ghf.

nkY mJbfhnth
bkGF vj vgJ xU nt
khwkhF. bkGF vnghJ mj
_yTWf fay th
kW
M#dhf khw milwJ.
bkGF _yTW

JU vgJ v cila
Toa bghUshF. nkY J
U nk gF cUth
Uig
tYHf
br.
U,
JU
btntW
bghUf MF. JU vgJ a
urhaz bghUshF. Vdnt,
j f nta khw
MF.

fhg
iAu#
M#
gl 10.11 bkGF t vj

125

10

nta
bra 10.8
xU a bka ehlhit
vLJ
vf.
ufhrkhf
btik w xl vJ
rhgiy
bfhLwJ.
j
rhg bka ehlhitnghy
UFkh? UfhJ.
j
idia
fl
rkgho _y sfyh.
bka + M#

gl 10.12 bka ehlh vj

bka MirL

nkny ilj rhgiy fiujh a bghU ilF.

bka MirL +

bka iAuhirL

bka iAuhiro gf bkaUJ khWglJ.

nkY mJbfhnth
1. fhff kW gHf
cs thrid, w kW Rit
Mat
fhuz
mt
~dh nrkf Ugnj MF.
~dh nrkf janeh kW
ytifahd
Wnehfis
jLF jikilaJ.

f!
ghtnghJ
eh gy tifahd
glhRfis btoJ
FLgJl k
milnwh. glhR KGtJkhf
btojwF m vd
khw fUwJ vW eh
vaJ clh?

2. fhfisnah
gHfisnah
bto J neu fh itF
nghJ gG wkhf khWwJ. V
vW bjkh?
3. fh kW gHf cs
~dh nrk vw ntbghU
fh cs M#Dl id
J bkyh vw gG w
bghUshf khWwJ.

mJnghy, fhjijnah,
kuijnah vFnghJ, js
rhgYl btgK xia
cUthwJ. nkFl uL
brafY, L glhirnah,
fhjijnah myJ kuijnah
bgw KoahJ. vd
khw fUwJ vW
mnthkh? nt khw
fJsJ.

gl 10.13 glhR vj

126

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
bra 10.9
rika nrhlhl vYirrhW idj
xU nrhjid FHh js vYir rhW ( my) vLJ
bfhs.
js rika nrhlhit nrf.
vw rjJl th Ff tUtij ft.
j th Ff fay th (fhgilMirL) MF.
vYir rhW + rika nrhlh
( my)

fhgilMirL + c +

vw rj tUtjF fhuz mUJ fay th btnaWtnj MF.

nkY mJbfhnth
bt brj ghuf kW
fuof gsgsghf UF. y
m
ehfSF wF wHgij fhzyh.
gl cs uL fuofis gh.
xW gsgsghf csJ, kbwhW
M
gsgsig
HJsJ.
ulhtJ
fuo,
fh
cs
rgUl
idjjh gsgsgig HJsJ.
gl 10.14
ntidia
gagL
L
m. gsgsghf cs (fuo) fuoia gsgsghfyh. J xU
M. gsgsig Hj (fuo) nta khw.
bra 10.10

gh juhf khWj

ghiy eF btggLj.

jkhf Fj wF js nkhiu myJ

jiu nrf.
y kneu fJ ghFnghJ gh, juhf
kh csij fhzyh.
gh kW j uL ntWgl nt
gfis bfhlJ. J xU ntkhwkhF.

gh

fl nffSF ilfhz Kabra.

mfkhd ciwnkhiu nrjh j vd
Ritilajhf khW? gh mf Nlhf UF
nghJ ciw nkhiu nrjh vd khw fG?
ghYl ciw nkhiu nrJ, F rhjdbgo
itjh juhf khw vts neukhF? bt
itjh vts neu MF?
127

j
gl 10.15 gh
juhf khWj

10

nta
nkfl braghLfUJ xW myJ xWF nkgl a
ntbghUf ilwJ vd mayh. ntid _y ilj
id isbghU idgLbghU ntgfUJ ntWgL
fhzgLwJ. J sh idahF j idiana nt khw vnwh.
idgL bghUf idJ xWF nkgl idisbghUfis
bfhLwd. ij nt khw vnwh.
j id ntid vW miHfgLwJ.
ntkhwf e mwhl thif gagLwJ. vLJfhlhf,
ntid Ko ilgJ kUJf. nkY ekF mwhl gagL
bghUfsha sho, nrh, rhaf (bg) nghw gy bghUf
ntid _y ilwd.
nt khwf elF nghJ
btgij xia btL myJ
cGF
xia clhF
w khW.
kz khW.
af itF cik
J bl cs FJdh mU
mikJs U 7 l sij 6000
vil bfhlJ. J 1600 MLfSF
K flglJ. ts fhy flJ Tl,
j U W JUofiy.
cy gy gF cs Mthsf
j jikia g M brJshf.
j _y, af 1600 MLfSF
KUnj cnyhf bjhEgij bjJ
itJsij fhLwJ.

gl 10.16 J bl
cs U

nkY mJbfhnth
fg bgUgF Ugh
bragLsJ. fl fg
jFnghJ, mj moghf
_sJ. fl mf
ms c csJ. vdnt
fg bgUgF JUoJ
bghUshjhu
nrjij
gl 10.17 brid JiwKfYs fg iswJ.
128

gUbghUf kW mj jikf

10.2.1. aa kW nta khwfSF ilnaahd

ntWghLf
mltiz 10.1
t.v

aa khw

nta khw

1.

aa khw xU
idahF

nt khw xU sh
idahF

2.

abghU cUthfhJ

abghU cUthF

3.

_yTWmik khwhJ,

_yTWmik khW,

4.

Mw khw fHhJ.

Mw khw fG

nkY mJbfhnth
JU ogij jLf
1. tzR myJ
cabghU _y
jLj.
2. ehfKyh Rj
(U J
Jjehfij Rj).
3. Fnuhaij
UJ Rj.
4. bta cnyhfij
U J Rj.
gl 10.18
tz Vwgl rd

129

10

nta

10.3. myf, fhuf kW cf

xU PhWHik thr mkh ka czfhf Kilia
ntf itjh. mJ Nlhf Ujjh, mt Frhjd bgo UJ iu
vLJ Kil itfgl z Cdh. J neu fJ mt
filF brWlh. Kilia g kwJlh. mt filF brW
tj wF Kilia vLJ ghjh mj XL mfgL KGtJkhf
fgL UjJ. J mtUF Mrakhf UjJ. mt mij KfJ
ghif jdJ jtW vd vW czjh. mtru mt UF gyhf
iunghynt Uj fiu(fho) Kil itUj z
Clh. vd eljJ vW cdh Tw Kokh? iyba c
mkhl nfL ilia fLo.
eKila mwhl thif eh gy bghUfis gagLJnwh,
vLJfhlhf vYir, , jfh, c, rfiu kW f(fho).
mit midJ xnu Rit cilajh? J tiu RitJ ghjiy
v bghGJ RitJ ghJ bghUf Ritia fl mltiz
ug.
mltiz 10.2
bghU

Rit ( / / fr /
kwit)

j
MuR rhW
uhir gH

vrif !
vj bghUis
jFj tfhLj
yhk Ritf
ntlh.
vj bghUis
jFj tfhLj
yhk
bjhlntlh.

vYir
rhW

rfiu
khfh
befh
nrhlh c
f
rika c
jfh

goa cst y ghf, y frghf, kW y ghf

Ugij czuyh.
130

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
10.3.1. mwhl th myf, fhuf kW cf
nfhilfhy
c
o
CWfh jahF nghJ f vw
myij nrghf. vjfhf
nrwhf
vW nfoU
fsh? iyba bghGJ
fhuzij fLof.
j, vYir rhW, MuR
kW f ghf csJ.
j RitF m cs mynk
fhuzkhF. j nt a my
jikahF. my vw thij
ml vw y bkh
brhUJ vLfgLsJ.
brh bghU vgjhF.
myf
ekJ
mwhl
thY, czY neuoahfnth
kiwKfkhfnth
Ka
gF
twd. bghJthf, myf
lbga
brajf
iAu#id bgWsJ.
f
( mo my)

my UtifgL.
1. fk my
2. fk my
fk myf
jhtufUJ
yF
fUJ bgwgL myf fk
myf vdgL. tifahd gy
myf aif ilwJ.
MuR kW vYir
my
csJ.
gh
UJ
cUthd j ghf UF.
m
yho
my
csJ.
czf fhzgL myf
a Fiwjit. Fghdf
fhngh my csJ. M
kh
my
csJ.
cz
brgjF iAnuhFnsh my
e iuig RuwJ.

vYir
( my)
jfh
(M[h my)

M
(kh my)

aif
ilF
myf

vW
( gh my)
gh
(yho my)

uhir
(lhlh my)

gl 10.19 myf mj _yf

131

10

nta
fk myf

fhuf
mwhl th
mf

gl 10.20 fk myf

jhJ
bghUfUJ
bgwgL my fk myf
vd
gLwd.
vLJfhlhf
iAnuhFnsh my (HCl), fjf
my (H2SO4) kW ie my
_W bgUghY
(HNO3).
M Tlf (gl 10.20)
gagLjgLwd.
tif
myfis ftdkhf gagLj
ntL, Vbd mit, mF
jik bfhlit. j myf
njhiy mgnjhL, cnyhffis
mF jik thjit. fzho
kW kghlij mfhJ.
Mjyh mit fzho Ftis
itfgLwd.
vyh myfY lbga
brajf iAu# ma csJ.

fhuf

kW

buho nrhlh Rit

my. mJ frghf UF. J
my iy vgij fhLwJ.
nrh kW vbz gir nghW
bjhLtjF tGtGghf fhuf
UF.
tif
bghUf
fhujik
thjit.
cnyhf
MirL
kW
iAuhirL
nrkf fhuf vdgL. fhu
f g, myf gF
vuhdit. nrhoa iAuhirL
(vnrhlh)
kW
bghlha
iAuhirL (vbghlhR) nghw
fhuf mF jik cilait.
fhuf
Ul
nrUnghJ
iAuhirL maia bfhL
wJ. fiu fhufSF
mf vW bga. fha,
nrhoa, bghlha Mat
iAuhirLf
mfRF
vLJfhLfshF. it
fiu fhuf MF.
vyh mfRfS fhufshF.
Mdh vyh fhufS mfRf
my.
mf vw thij muh
brhUJ
tjjhF. j
bghU kurhg. j rhg
nrhoa
kW
bghlha
fhgndLf UF.
mwhl th eh gagLJ
y fhuf mltiz 10.3-
bfhLfgLsJ.

fL ma
Lf br kW jis
ghufis vthW ik
gLJwhf vgij
ftf, mjF V ia
gagLJwhf?

vrif
ntbghUfis Ritfnth,
ifah bjhlnth TlhJ.
132

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
mltiz 10.3
fhu bga

ntWbga

fha iAuhirL

Rl Rzh

bghlha iAuhirL

fho bghlhZ

fha iAuhirL

W Rzh

nrhoa iAuhirL

fho nrhlh

bka iAuhirL

my

mltiz 10.4
fhu bga

fhzgL bghU

fha iAuhirL

Rzh

Mnkha iAuhirL

fzhoia Rj br bghU

nrhoa iAuhirL
bghlha

nrh

iAuhirL
bka iAuhirL

bka ghk

fhuf kW myfis fl gnrhjid

xU bghU jikia ma Mthsf, mij bjhlnth,
Ritfnth khlhf. Vbd my kW fhu Ma uL F
isfToaJ kW njhiy mF jik cilaJ. wfhoia
gagLJtnj ghJfhghdjhF.
bghJthf gagLjgL y wfhof k, ij MuR kW
~dhj. ij ju, y aif wfhofS csd. mit kr,
t KilnfhR rhW kW % rhW MF.
mltiz 10.5
wfhof

my mj w

fhu mj w

~dhj

wkwit

st

kr

kr

brft

% rhW

st

kr

t KilnfhR rhW t

gir

133

10

nta
10.3.2. aif fhzgL wfhof
k - X aif rha
bghJthf gagLjgL aif wfho
k MF. J r (gl 10. 21) UJ
jahfgLwJ. j w Cjhthf
UF. my nrF nghJ j w
tghf khW. fhuf k wfhol
y wij jUwd. tif wfhof
fiurfshfnth myJ W fhj JLf
(k jhf) tonyh gagLjgLwd.
bghJthf t kW y wyhd k
jhf gagLjgLwd.

t kjh

y kjh
fhu

gl 10.22 t k jh fhufiur
bjhLnghJ ywkhf khWwJ.

gl 10.24 khztf
my, fhu g M
brwhf

gl 10.21 r

gl 10.23 y k jhis my
bjhLnghJ tghf khWwJ.

bra 10.11
xU nrhjid FHh MuR rhWl js
iu nrJ fyf, ilF fiur xU
Jia, brhLL fU cjl t w
k jh J l, jh w khajh?
nj braiy y k jh bfhL bra.
nj ngh, tU bghUfis nrhjid
brJ wkhwij goal. y kW
t w k jhf wij khwhj
fiur eLiy fiur vW miHfgLwd.
tif fiurfSF my kW fhujik
ilahJ.
134

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
mltiz 10.6
t.
v

nrhjidF
gagL fiur

1.

FHh j

2.

nrh

3.

4.

rfiu fiur

5.

c fiur

6.

Rzh

7.

ryit nrhlh fiur

8.

9.

bka ghk

10.

fhlgl
Fghd

t w
y w k
k jh
jh J
J is
is

mDkhd

kr xU aif wfho
bra 10.12
thJ mil jahj
xU njfuo kr is vLJbfhs. js iu nrJ
irJ f ngh brJ bfhs. j fig btis jh
jl Na x fha itf. cdF ojkhd tif nrh
fiuriy gagL mj kr jla milia myff.
bghGJ cDila mHa thJ mil jah.
kr
f
nrh
fiur
gl 10.25. thJ mil jahj

kr milia W JLfshf bto bfhs. xU J nrh

fiuriy mj J l. VnjD khw csjh vW cW nehf.
nj ngh kr milia gagL fl mltiz
bfhLfgLs gntW bghUf fiuriy nrhjid brJ w
khwij goal.
135

10

nta
mltiz 10.7
v

nrhjidF
gagL fiur

1.

vYir rhW

2.

MuR rhW

3.

4.

bka ghk

5.

rika nrhlh
fiur

6.

Rzh

7.

rfiu fiur

8.

rhjhuz c fiur

kr jla
jh J khw

nkY mJbfhnth

fh gG w csJ.
j Rit fr. J fhukh?
mykh? Ritia itJ
g mfhk nrhjid
brJ ghJ g Tw.

kj
cl
cs
brf
(DNA) o M ngh my
csJ. it brf brafis
fLgLJwJ. vLJfhlhf j
brf kj cl mik, w
kW cau MatF fhuzkhf
mikwJ. ujf cl flikigF
cjwJ. uj mndh myf
csJ. bfhG bfhG my csJ.
bra 10.13

wfhoia khztf jahj

t KilnfhR, % kW wKs brgU fis vLJ
bfhs. jjahf cu nghL miuJ bfhs. miuj
f mnlhid, vjdhiy fyJ jjahf tojhis
gagL tofo j j fzho FLit nrfJ itf.
nghJ cDila wfhof jahuhf csJ.

gl 10.26 wfhoia jahf gagL aif bghUf

136

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
my gf
Rit cilaJ.
mF jik cilaJ.
bghJthf vyh myfY iAu#
UF. UD iAu# cs
vyh nrkfS myf my. v.fh.
kW
nj(CH4), mnkhah(NH3)
FSnfh (C6H12O6)
myf cnyhffSl idJ
iAu# thit btnaWwd.
cnyhf + my

c + iAu#

myf y k jhis t wkhf

khW.
myf ~dhj wfhol
vj j wK jUtiy.
myf ij MuR wfhol
t w jUwd.
myf rhuij eF flj
ToaJ.
gl 10.27 kjh

nkY mJbfhnth
stgh myJ ykh? iAuhah nknuhigyh, myff
gagL xU bro MF. j bro k jiknfg btntW
w f ToaJ.
myjiks k tsUnghJ y
wY, fhujiks k tsUnghJ Cjh wY, eLiy
jiks k btis wY F.

gl 10.28 iAuah nknuhigyh

137

10

nta
myf gaghLf
fk myf gaghLf
1. nta MTlf gagLwd.
2. rha, kUJ, cu, btobghU kW
thrid
uaf
jahF
bjhrhiyf gagLwJ.
3. cnyhffis jhJf UJ J
vLgjF kW vYf UJ
id gjF gagLwJ.
4. myf, fayth, iAu# rigL,
iAu#, rg il MirL nghw
thfis jahgjF gagLwd.

fk myf
gaghLf
1. czit gjgLj
2. itl C
jahf
3. rika nrhlh
jahf
4. cz kW
Fghdf
Ritia Tl

5. bgnuha RfgjF gagLwJ.

rha

btobghU

myf
gaghLf
cu

v~F bjhrhiy

J
bgnuha
gl 10.29 myf gaghLf

138

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
fhuf gf

fhuf gaghLf

1. fr Ritilait.
2. tik f fhuf mF
jikthjJ.
3. wj flf MF.
4. nrh kW vbz nghW
bjhLtjF
tHtHghf
UF.

1. nta Mtff
gagLwJ.
2. nrh, J kW sho
jahF bjhrhiy
gagLwJ.
3. bgnuha Rf
iyaf gagLwJ.

5. t k jhis y wkhf
khW.

4. fhj kW kUJ jahgjF

gagLwJ.

6. iAuhirL
bfhlit.

5. Milf goJs fiw kW

vbz Rfis mfw
gagLwJ.

maia

nrh jahj

Mtf fhuf

fhu
gaf

bgnuha Rf

kUJ
jahj
Mil cs
fiuia Fj

fhj bjhrhiy
gl 10.30 fhu gaf

bra 10.14
my kiH g c tF kw
khztfnshL thj el mJ
vthW RWw Niyia
ghwJ vgij vGJ.

139

10

nta
eLiyahf
myf y k jhis t wkhf
fhuf t k
jhis ywkhf khW vW goUnwh. mit uL btntW
ntjik bfhlit. xU myij fhunjhL fyjh vd MF?
eh tU bra _y mij flnth.
bra 10.15
xU nrhjid FHh 5 nrhoa iAuhirL vLJbfh.
2-3 Jf ~dhj nrjh, fiur w stghf khW.
d, fiur j iAnuhFnsh my Jfis bkJthf
nrJ gh. mj w kiwJL. J fhuf, myjh
eLiyahfgLtij fhLwJ.
fhujik thj fiuriy myjikbfhl fiurnyhL
nrF nghJ eLiyahf id eilbgWwJ. j _y my
myjik fhu fhujik mfgLwJ. j idF
wF ilF fiur eL iy jikl fhzgLwJ. id
eljl nrhjid FHhia bjhL ghf. cdh btgij czu
Kowjh? eLiyahf id eilbgW bghGJ btg btlgLwJ.
xU myK fhuK idJ KYkhf eLiyahf elgjh,
va c ilwJ. c fhujik, myjik yhk eLiy
jik cilajhf UF.
my + fhu

c + + btg

nkY mJbfhnth

nkY mJbfhnth

fjf my nt
bghUf
mur
vW miHfgLwJ.
Vbdwh gntW nt
bghUf
jahf
fjf my mogil
_ybghUshF.
xU
eho
bghUshjhu,
mj eho gagLj
gL fjf myij
bghUjjhF.
cy
mf tik f my
~Snuh r my
MF (HFSO3).

140

ekJ
t
my
RugJ cdF bjkh?
eh cz mUa ,
t my RuwJ. mJ
czit
brkhzkhf
brwJ. myf t
mf Rugjh, ekF tW
nfhshWf
VgLwd.
y czf t cs
myjikia
Fiwf
kW
eLiyahf
gagLwJ.
t
myjikia
Fiwf
Kakhf
gagL
bghU xW gh MF.

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
c
bghJthf xU myK fhuK eLiyahf id <LgLnghJ
cUthF ma nrkfns c MF.
nrhoa iAuhirL + iAnuhFnsh my
(fhu)
(my)

nrhoa FnshiuL + + btg

(c)

c gaghL
mltiz 10.8
my bga

cUthF c

c bga

iAnuhFnsh
my

FnshiuL

nrhoa FnshiuL
fhg FnshiuL
bg FnshiuL

ie my

ienu

nrhoa ienu
fhg ienu
bg ienu

mltiz 10.9
c bga

gaghL
kj clYF

fha ghng
fha yhnl

kj cl uhf af

bgu rng
nrhoa FnshiuL

L gaghL
nrhoa FnshiuL

czit bflhk ghJfhf

kW Ritia Tl

nrhoa ig fhgnd

Fghd kW buho

nuwgl
bghlha
mYa rng.

jiu ikgLj

bjhrhiy gaghL
nrhoa fhgnd

ryit nrhlh jahf

fhg rng

bfh

bghla ienu

btokUJ jahf
141

10

nta
10.3.3. eLiyahf ( mwhl thif fhzgLgit )
brkhdik
ekJ t iAnuhFnsh my RuwJ. J cz brf
cjwJ. mf my Rujh brkhdikia cL gQ. mJ
tWtia VgLJ. brkhdikia r bra nkah ghk
gagLjgLwJ.
vW foj
vW foF nghJ gh myij njhD brYJwJ. jdh
t kW f VgLwJ. Jjehf fhgnd(fhyik) bfhL
njg _y njhD brYjgl my eLiyahfgLtjh
FzkhwJ.
bjhrhiy ff
y bjhrhiy ff myf csd. it Mjhuf (MW,
fl) fyF nghJ kW mt thG cdf mfgLwd.
Mifah tif ff fhufis itJ eLiyahfYF
cgLjgl ntL.
kiz brik gLJj
trha yf mfkhd cuf gagLJtjh k myjik
thjjhf khWwJ. mj k bro tsuhJ. Mifah, fhuij
gagL eLiyahfgl ntL. mnj ngh k fhujik
cilajhf Ujh fk bghUf cs myjh k fhujik
eLiyahfgL.
mltiz 10.10
fl mltizia br
my

fhu

myf Rit cilad

fhuf t kR jhis ykhf
khW.
myf iAu# bfhlJ
fhuf wj flf MF.

142

gUbghUf kW mj jikf

kL
1. aa khwf s Toait (id) nta khwf s
ayhjit (sh id). fl khwf aa khwkh myJ
nta khwkh vW tifgLj.
m) Kilia bghj.
M) bgnuh vj.
) cilj fzho
<) gh UJ j cUthFj.
c) RU iy mGJj.
C) xnrif
v) brj
2. bjhiyia fLgLj Fkh mJUilia nuh itjh.
y ehfSF wF, mJ jh lJ. j khwF fhuz vd?
j cs f ahJ?
3. ky jij M th tjh. mij JLfshf bto mtSF
bfhLjh. J neu mJ gG wkhf khaJ. mij fL mt
j jijl J vgo fjJ vW nflh. mt jij g
vdthf UF?
4. nj bfhodh f tF. cDila egid nj bfhodh
vthW cj brth?
1. vj bghUis mt if jlth? 2. mj bghU nt g ahJ?
5. fhuzij TW
m) brkhdikia FzgLJ khiuf bghJthf fhu
UF. V?
M) flfiu gFf iuthf U JUogJ V?
6. mdnuh
ghOahf(fhyh
Niy
cs
ghOah)
yFf ffis brJ aif thit btLwd (khw m).
thf vbghUshf vfgLwd ( khw M ). j khwfis
tifgLJ. tUtdtW rahdij nj br.
1) m xU nta khw
2) M - xU nta khw
3) m kW M uLnk nta khwf
7. bghUJf
m) f
M) gh
)

<)
fha MirL
c)
bka iAuhirL

Rl Rzh
mo my
bkah ghk
lhlh my
yho my

8. kufilia JLfshf btLjY, mjid vjY U ntwhd

khwfshF. fhuz TW.
9. xU JUoj Mia, JU ofhj Mia vLJ uil
Rayh mof. tW vJ tikahdJ? V?
143

10

nta
9. nfhol lij uf.
1. myf ________ Rit bfhlit (fr / ).
2. bkGFt
vj
(aa / nta).

________

khwF

cjhuz

MF

3. bghJthf fhufis, myfis fla gagL aif

wfho ________ ( k / dhj ).

l
I. c o fhzgL bghUfis goaL mij my, fhu kW
c vW fhQ Kiw tifgLJ.
1. Fayiw bghUf ( nrh, ryit nrh, U eh )
2. mHF rhjdf ( gl, )
3. cz bghUf ( CWfh, vYir, mdnkhnlh, nrhlh)
4. ju bghUf (fh ngl, Frhjd
#d Jilgh )

bgo,

bfh,

II. t KilnfhRit bfhL xU aif wfhoia jah. c L

gF UJ btntW j khfis vL. ( FiwjJ 5 khf ).
mt my, fhu kW eLiy jikia cDila wfho
_y fl. mij cWneh tU mltiz FJ Koit
thf.
j kh
kh - 1
2
3
4
5

my

fhu

eLiy

khfis tifgLd wF, vj khia m) FogjF M) fGtjF

) ghrdF <) FgjF gagLJth vW vGj.
nkY mf mtjF
jf
1) Introductory Chemistry - M Katyal, Oxford University press, New Delhi
2) Advanced Organic Chemistry Bahl and Arun Bahl Johnson
izajsf
http://chemistry.about.com/library/btacid.quiz.htm
http://www. chem4kids.com/files/read-acidbase.html
http://www funsci.com/fun3-en/acids/acids.htm
144

nta
11
myF

vj kW Rl

nta

11

nta
ffhy kjDF beU gaghL bjahJ. Mifah rikfhj myJ
ntf itfhj czit cbfhlh. Mfhy kj uL ffis
njJ / cuh brJ beUig cUthdh. j f vghuhk eljJ.
beUig fLoj wF, Mkjf, beUig rikgjF, x ju
kW fhLyFflUJ jfis ghJfhJ bfhs gagLd.
beU vgJ ntfkhf eilbgW xU M#ndw vj idahF. vbghUis
vgjh x, btg kW gntW ntbghUf ilwd.

gl 11.1 (m)

gl 11.1 (M)

vj vgJ vaToa bghUf fhWl myJ M#Dl nrJ

vJ xia btgij bfhLwd. vgjF gagL bghUf
vbghUf vdgL.
bra 11.1
e o, bjhrhiy, nghFtuJ thfd gagLjgL
vbghUfis vGJf.
1. L 2. bjhrhiy

3. nghFtuJ thfd

11.1. vj kW tiff
gy bghUf v gig bgWsd. v bghUf aa
iyf mogil k, ut, th vd _W tifgL.
tuo, cyj khL rhz, wF, yf nghwit k vbghUfSF
y vLJfhLf MF. bgnuh kW kbzbz nghwit
ut vbghUf MF. aif vth, yf th, rhz vth, kW
kkhfgl bgnuha th (LPG) nghw thf th vbghUfshF.
10-M ghl gF eh bka ehlhit vJ m xia
btgij bgw braiy L idgL bfhnth. Jnghy
xU W fJil vLJ vjh vd khw fwJ?
f fh vJ fay thit, btgij, xia bfhLwJ.
vbghU M#Dl nrJ vJ btgij xia bfhLF
nt fF vj vW bgauhF.
vaToa bghUf v bghUf vdgL.
146

vj kW Rl
bra 11.2
vyh bghUfS va Toaitah?
xU L fhj iy vLJ v mLYs beU itJ,
vd elwJ vW TJ ftJ fl mltizia ug.
mltiz cs kw bghUfis mnjngh brJ v bghU
vJ? vahj bghU vJ? vgij fLoJ mltizia
bra.
mltiz 11.1
bghU

va Toa bghU

vahj bghU

fhj
ku
U
M
kbzbz
f
kuf
F
fzho
nkFl braUJ fhj, , ku, F nghw bghUf
va Toad. ff, fzho, U, M nghw bghUf vahj
bghUf vd tifgLjgLsd.
ku

vtjF njitahd
gjidf

i
g

vj

bt

bgnuh

vaToa bghU
gl 11.2 v bghU kW
vahj bghU

147

11

nta
jnghJ vjYF Vw Niy vd vgij, fhQ M _y
flnth.
bra 11.3
v bkGFtia xU nkir
J itf.

vrif!
v bkGFtia
ghJfhl gagLj.

bra-1
v
bkGFtJ
xU
fzho Kfitia fJ
itf. fzho Kfit
mo kufilia itJ fhW
cns brYkhW itf.
v
bkGFtia
nehf.

cW

bra-2
nghJ fzho Kfit mo
itJs kufilfis f
ntL.
L
v
cWnehf.

bkGFtia

bra-3
Wahf fzho Kfit J
xU fzho jil itJ _L.
L v bkGFtia cW
nehf.
_W iyf v bkGF
t v iyia M
bra.

fhQ
nffSF
il fL oJ thf.
 fit
bkGFt
K
vjjh? myJ mizJ
ljh?
 kGFt bkJthf vJ
b
if bttjjh?
 j jil bkGF
v
t vjjh?
bra _y vjYF
fhW
njitgljh?
vgij rf khztfSl
thf.
m) Kj bra Kfit
vjj jil
bkGFt
vjJ.
Vbdwh fhW jF
jil cns brwJ.
M) ulhtJ
bra
Kfit, kufilia
a wF, fhW Uj
tiu vJ, mizJ
L, if btnaWwJ.
) _whtJ Kfit fhW
cns
bryiy.
mjdh
bkGFt
mizJ lJ.

bra-2
bra-3
bra-1
gl 11.3 vtjF fhW mta

148

j
bra
_y,
vjYF fhW mta
vgJ bjthf bjwJ.

vj kW Rl
f
cl g bfhlh,
cldoahf eh fgia
bfhL _Lnwh. V?

bra 11.4
xU fhj Ftis iu C mL
itJ btggLJ.
btgkilwJ.
vtiy.

Mdh fhj Ftis

Vbdwh, uhdJ fhj Ftis cs

btgij vLJ bfhL, btgkilwJ.
vdnt, fhj Ftis gw njitahd
gl 11.4 fhj Ftis btgiy ilgiy.
mjdh mJ
iu btggLJj
gWtiy.
j _y uhdJ vthW
jLghf bragLwJ vgJ
bjthwJ. v bghU J iu
CWnghJ, v bghU cs
btgij c bfhwJ.
jdh v bghU btgiy,
gw njitahd btgiyia l
(vbtgiy) FiwJ LwJ.
Mfnt vj W LwJ.
vbtgiy
v
Fid
bkGF
t mUnf bfhL
brYnghJ clnd bkGFt
vtiy, xU Fl btg
iyia milj wnf mJ vwJ.
xU
vbghU
vtjF
Fl ms btgiy njit.
xbthU vbghUS btntW
btgiy v. y bghUf
clnd g bfhS.
y
vbghUf gw l neu

vLJbfhS. xU vbghU va
njitgL Fiwj gr btgiy
vbtgiy vdgL.
vbtgiy
KatJ
tij fh braf _y
bjJ bfhnth.
xU kuJo J v
bghUis
vLJ
brYnghJ
ahdJ guj l gLwJ.
iw mfkhf Ugjh, gw
njitahd btgiyia mila
mf neu vLJ bfhwJ.
kuJfshdJ ajhf csJ, iw
Fiwthdjhf Ugjh gw
njitahd btgiy Fiwthf
njitgLwJ. Mfnt cldoahf
g bfhwJ. vdnt, mf
iw bfhl bga kuJL gw
mf neuij, Fiwj iw
bfhl kuJff gw Fiwj
neuij vLJ bfhwJ.
149

11

nta
vj tiff
vj ehF tifgL. mit jirahf vj, ntfkhf vj,
bkJthf vj kW KWbgwh vj MF.
jirahf vj
y vbghUf vj xU LjY, jirahf g
bfhS. cjhuzkhf bt ghgu, vj xU bghU LjY
jhdhfnt g bfhS. jifa vjYF jirahf vj
vW bga.
ntfkhf vj
v Fia e o cs
ut bgnuha mL mU
vLJ brYnghJ, vd fwJ?
cldoahf g bfhwJ. jF
ntfkhf vj vW bga. nkY glhR
btoj, fu vj, bka
ehlh vj, kbzbz mL
vj nghwit ntfkhf vjYF
rhwhF.
gl 11.5 bka ehlh vj

bkJthf vj

Fiwj ntf v vjYF bkJthf vj vW bga. tifahd

vj Fiwj btgij btrij bfhLwJ. e cl eilbgW
cz M#ndw bkJthf vjYF xU ey vLJfhlhF.
FSnfh + M#

fhgilMi[L + +Mw

KWbgwh vj
vbghUnshL M# vwnghJ vj id fG.
ngha
ms M# vbghUSF ilfhlh, vtJ KW bgwhJ. J
KWbgwh vj vdgL. KWbgwh vj nghJ fhg, fhg
nkhdhirlhf khWwJ.
fhg + M#

fhg nkhdhirL
nkY mJbfhnth
U JUoj, bkJthf
eilbgW vjYF xU ey
vLJfhlhF.
U JU
ojnghJ, Ul U
M#D nrJ ntid
J, Mwiy btLwJ.

gl 11.6 U JUoj

150

vj kW Rl

11.2. jLghf
mwhl th btg Mw
ekF bgJ gagLwJ. mnj
neu,
btgij eh rahf
gagLjhlh, bgU nrjij
clhF.
gjh cnrj (kj
kW yF) kW gy Ka
bghUfSF H VgLtij
giff thyhf mnwh.
Mfnt, gij vgo jLgJ
vgij gntW tf jL
kW ghJfh Kiwf g bjJ
bfhtJ mtakhwJ.
ia
fLgLJ
mizF Kiwf

kW

1. ga l cs va
Toa bghUfis mwgLj
ntL.
2. gal,
kz
myJ
fgia
gagL
fhnwhlij fLgLj.
3. iu gagL gwhjgo
btgiyia Fiwf.
bghJthf U, kzY ia
mizf gagLjgLwJ. U,
kzY fhnwhlij FiwJ
ia fLgLJwJ. Fghf
vbz,

g
vnghJ
mij
fLgLj
jiu
gagLjTlhJ.
Vbd
vbzahdJ iul
nyrhdJ,
j nk jJ f bga
gJfis VgLJ. Mifah
vbzdh g va Toa
ia Eiughid (~nghik)
bfhL mizf ntL. rhu
rhjdf kW mikf Vgl
Toa ia, l fhg ilMirL
myJ fhg bluhFnshiuL

gl 11.7 jL

gagL
mizf
ntL.
fdh gJ Vglh
fhgil Mi[ilnah myJ
fhg
bluhFnshiuLianah
gagLj. jF khwhf iu
gagLdh m,
fhaK VgL.
aizgh :gf, bjhrhiyf, kUJ
tkidf,
iuauFf
kW
tf tshff t w
cs aizghid itUgij
eh midtU mnth. vbghG
bjyh gJ VgLwnjh
mbghGbjyh mizghid
gagL ia mizf ntL.
C

CF
ifo

FHh

mf
mGj
cs
jfubgo

cy
fhgil
Mi[L
myJ
Jthu

gl 11.8 aizgh

151

Jthu

11

nta
11.3. Rl kW mj mik
ut bgnuha th Rliu ftJ
mjDila wij TW. bkGFt
Rl w vd? ghl bka
g ehlh vthW vwJ vgij
idJ ghf.
mltiz 11.1
bfhLfgLs bghUfis vJ
ghj mDgt yho,
nghJ
vJghJ mltiz u.

nkY mJbfhnth
cf C mUfhik
cs aiz iya
bjhiyng viz
bjJ itUf
ntL.
aiz

101

mtru C

108

mltiz 11.2
t. v

bghU

1.

bkGFt

2.

bka

3.

fu

4.

kbzbz

5.

kuf

Rl cUthF

Rl cUthfhJ

Rl mik :vahj gF (Zone of Non-Combustion)

J ia R fUghf mikJs gF. F vahj th Jff
csd, M# yhjjh vj eilbgwhJ.
Fiwthf v gF (Zone of partial Combustion)
v bkGFt cs iAnuh fhg vJ fhg kW
iAu# jkfshf wJ.
gF kr wkhf UgjF
fhuz vahj fhg Jffns
MF. J Rl ufhrkhd gF.

btgkhd
gF

KGtJkhf v gF (Zone of
complete
Combustion) yRl
gF

jbtgkhd
gF

GKtJkhf v
btgF (y)
Fiwthf v
ka gF
(kr)

vahj bkGF
gF x juhj bka Fiwj btg
thit
gF
gF.
J Rl btg
bfhl cgF
Fj btgF.
gF
bkGFt
fhgD, iAu#D KGtJkhf
M#ndw milJ fhg
il Mirlhf uhahf
khWwJ.
gl 11.9 bkGFt Rl mik

152

vj kW Rl
fhg nkhdhirL (yRl)

fhg + M#

fhg il MirL + (uh)

fhg nkhdhirL + M#

11.4. vbghUf vw
vbghU vgJ vnghJ btg Mwiy jUtJ MF. ku, aif
th, bgnuh, kbzbz, Or (Diesel),yf kW ut bgnuha
th Matiw vbghUshf gagLJnwh. jha thfd, if
to, ngUJ, fgf, khdf nghw ed nghFtuJ thfdfis
af vbghU gagLwJ. bgUghyhd bjhrhiyf Mw
njitF vbghU gagLjgLwJ. md iyaf, vbghUis
f mfkhf rhJ csd. ekJ gaghoF ekJ o rikgjF
vbghUis eh gagLJnwh.

vbghU gf
gy bghUf vJ btg Mwiy
bfhLwd vgJ ekF bj.
Mdh vyh bghUfS vbghUshf
gagLjgliy.
ey vbghU
gf nH bfhLfgLsd.
1. Fiwj iy, v
Toajhf Uf ntL.

ilf

2. ifahStjF, nrJ itgjF

kW gagLJtjF vikahf
Uf ntL.
3. v nghJ eR thitnah, ifianah
myJ
bghUisnah
jUtjhf
UfTlhJ.
4. v nghJ Fiwthd ms fia,
rhgiy jUtjhf Uj ntL.
5. vbghU fnyh kL mfkhf
Uj ntL.
gl 11.10 gntW
vbghU gaghL

6. j vbtg iy (Ignition temperature)

Fiwthf Uf ntL.
153

11

nta
fnyh k
vbghU iAnuhfhgfsh MdJ. mit vnghJ iAnuh
fhgf M#ndw milJ, fhg il MirL, kW btg
Mwiy btLwJ. J btg cid MF.
iAnuhfhg + M#

fay th + + btg Mw

vbghU

k vbghU

vbghU
jik
mit
vnghJ btL btg
msit rhJ csJ.
mf
btgij btL vbghU
wj vbghUshF. xU nyhuh
msyhd vbghU M#ndhL
vfgLnghJ ilF btg
ms mj vbghU fnyh k
MF. y vbghUf fnyh
kf tU mltiz
bfhLfgLsd.

yf, ku, kuf, ff kW

bkGF nghwit eh bghJthf
gagLJ k vbghU MF.

mltiz 11.3 - y vbghUf

fnyh kL
fnyh k
(Kcal/Kg)

vbghU
ku
yf
ff
kbzbz
bgnuh
aif th
j th

iAu#
nj

4,000
7,000
8,000
10,300
11,500
8,000 - 12,000
3,000 - 6,000
34,000
13,340

k vbghU y FiwghLf
1. j
vbtg
( Ignition temperature )

mf

2. it vj wF mf ms
rhgiy, fia bfhLF.
3. j fnyh kL Fiw.
ut vbghU
bgnuh, kbzbz kW
Or nghwit ut vbghUshF.
v
MfAhY
xU
ut
vbghUshF. jha au,
ngUJ kW ghu cJ
ut
vbghUis gagLJwd.
th vbghU

vbghU tiff
vbghUf _W tifgL.
mit

nj,
fhgnkhndhirL,
kW iAu#, Mait
th
vbghUfshF.
nkY aif
th, cg th, yf th,
k th, ut bgnuha th,
rhz vth nghwitfS th
vbghUfshF. l kW ut
vbghUfisl th vbghU
wjJ.
j wgrf

m) k vbghU

jF vbtg iy Fiw.

M) ut vbghU

it KGtJkhf vwJ.
if kW f fFiwthf
cUthwJ.

) th vbghU
154

vj kW Rl
J midtU v ifahs
Toajhf, nrJ itf,
vLJ brtjF vjhf
csJ.

nlid (85%) fyitahf nrJ,

mGj utkhfgl th.
j fnyh kL mf. th
fJ btahtij Jehw
_y
fla

v
bkfhl vw idah th
nrfgLwJ.

j fnyh k mf.
j iy Fiw.
aif th
bgnuha zUJ aif
th ilwJ. J iAnuhfhg
fyitah MdJ (nj kW
<nj) J f kthd iy
ilF th vbghU MF.
cg th,
yf th

th

kW

cg th, k th kW
yf thf bjhrhiyf
gagLjgLwJ.
thf
yf myJ ff UJ
bgwgLwd.

gl 11.11 rhz vth

rhz vth (nfhg th)

nj kW <nj fyj vth
rhz vththF. khLf mfkhf
UF uhkwf rhz vth
fyf mf cUthfgLsJ.
kw vbghUfisl J f
kthdJ.

ut bgnuha th (LPG)
J bgUghY rikgjF
gagLwJ.
ut
bgnuha
th vgJ nuhng (15%) kW

11.5. vbghUfS RWNHY

1. mfkhd ms vbghUis gagLJtJ RWNHYF ghig
VgLJwJ. ku, f kW bgnuha nghw fhgdh Md
vbghUf vnghJ, vahj fhg Jffis btnaWwJ.
Jff
_RFHh
bjhlghd
nehfis
VgLJwJ.
vLJfhlhf MJkh.
2. KWbgwh vj _y fhg nkhdhirL btahwJ. J eRjik
bfhl th MF. _oa miwF ij vgJ MgJ. Vbdwh
UJ btnaW fhgnkhdhirL, miw cwFgtfis
c Hfbr.
3. vbghUf vnghJ fay thit btnaWwJ. th
mfFnghJ btgkilwJ.
4. f kW Oriy vFnghJ fjfilMi[L th btnaWwJ.
th mF jik thjJ kW _R zwiy clhf
155

11

nta
ToaJ. bgnuh _y bragL au, ieu# Mi[L thit
btnaWwJ. fjfMi[L kW ieu# Mi[L thf kiH
fiuJ my kiHahf cUthwJ. itfsh gf, fllf
kW kQF ikf VgLJwd. jhaf, bgnuh
kW Or gagLJtjF gyhf, mGjgl aif th(CNG)
gagLjgLwJ. Vbd thf Fiwj msnt eR
bghUfis btLwd. mGjgl aif th RWNHiy
ghfhj ththF.
bra 11.5

my kiH cUthFj

ieu# Mi[L
fjf
Mi[L

my

kiH

tUtdtiw
l,
ut, th vbghUf
vd tifgLJf.
bgnuh,
yf,
kufil,
vbz,
Fig, aif th, rika
vth (LPG), ff, th,
kuf, kbzbz.

gl 11.12. my kiH cUthFj

btgkilj
thfdf kW bjhrhiyf UJ btnaW fhgil
Mi[L, fhgnkhdhi[L kW nj nghw thf
btgiyia mff brwJ. j fhuzkhf JUt gkiyf
cU bts mgha Vgl fl kl cau fhuzkhwJ. mjdh
flnyhu gFf KF mgha csJ. btgkiljiy jLf
bjhrhiy kW thfdf UJ btnaW eR thfis
fLgLj Ka vLf ntL.
UJ
nkneh brY
Mw

Na
Mw
t kly cs fay
thdh crgL btg

md
iyaUJ
flUJ
btnaW fay th
btnaW
UJ
btnaW btg btg
thfdUJ
btnaW
fay th

gl 11.13 btgkilj

156

tkl
Mw
vbuhj

ij got vbghU
vfgLtjh
tkly fay
th ms TLwJ

kufis
btLj

vj kW Rl

kL
1. kyF tU bghUfis vaToaJ, vahjJ vW tifgLj
cj bra.
fhj iy, bgnuh, ug o, Rzhfo, ngg
2. vbzah Vgl ia fLgLj Eiughid
gagLjgLwJ. iu V gagLjTlhJ?

(~nthik)

3. fhuz fla - rhjdf ojh, mij fLgLj iu

gagLjTlhJ.
4. bghUJf.
1.

fjf kW ieu#
Mi[Lf

xU Rl

aif th

xuh Rl

3..

v MfAh

my kiH

4.

kr wRl

th vbghU

5.

y wRl

ut vbghU

5. nfhol lij uf.

m) v
bghUf
________
(vbghU / vahbghU).

vW

miHfgLwd

M) vbghU
oJ
v
Fiwj
btgiy
________
vW miHfgLwJ (bghU btgiy / v btgiy).
) vbzah
Vgl
ia
(j / ~nghik) gagLwJ.

fLgLj

________

<) xU nyhuh vbghUis vF bghGJ btgL btg Mw

________ (fnyh k / Rl).
6. knfZ kW thr Ma UtU jiu Ftis vLJ
mjid NL gL M eld. knfZ Rl kr gF itJ
NL brjh. thr y w cs Rl btgF itJ
NL brjh. ahUila Ftis iu NlhF.
7. fhQ bghUf oF bghGJ vgo ia midf ntL?
m) Nlhd vbz cs ghu gW bghGJ.
M) gR jiyaiz gWnghJ.
) kufj gdh.
<) rhudh gdh.

157

nta

l
1. c gF cs 5 Lfis nj brJ, ut bgnuha th (LPG)
kbzbz, rhu, aif th kW rhz vth nghw
vbghUf vij gagLJwhf vW flJ mltizia
uf.

rikf vLj
neu

mf
jkhf
Fiw
mf
jkhf
Fiw
mf
jkhf
Fiw

vbghU
iy

mf
jkhf
Fiw

cUthd
if
jbghU

ut bgnuha
th (LPG)

rhz vth

aif th

rhu

vbghU jik

ku

vbghU tif
kbz
bz

11

2. mltiz cs jftfis M brj, c oF vj

vbghUis nj brantL? V?
nkY mf mtjF
jf
1. Chemistry Facts, Patterns and Principles - Kneen, Rogers and

Simpson (ELBS), The language book society
2. Frame work of Science Paddy Gennom, Oxford University press,
New Delhi
izajsf
http://www.einstrumentsgroup.com
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/combsustion
http://www.chem.csustan.edu./consumer/fuels
ma rhJ fhzntoa lf
uhkw cs rhzvth fy
aiz kW Jiw
158

aa
12
myF

msoa

aa

12

aa

gl 12.1

mU j jijl mtf thf Ua Lkidia ghf

brwh. kid cikahs kid msit rJu mo Tdh.
mU jij mjid rJul TWgo nflh. s l
msfgL vgij mU mth. Mdh rJumo, rJul nghw
brhfsh mt FHgkiljh. mt FHgij f Kanthkh!
gu x
vdgL.

ms

gugs

bghU x nkgu ms
mj gugs vdgL.
kid x gugsit fhz
mj xU gf sij,
kbwhU gf sij bgUf
ntL.

gugs
vgJ
mogil
msthd sij UKiw bgU
fzLtjh mJ t msthF.
fdms kW ml vgit
xU y t msfshF.
xU rJul vgJ xU l
gf bfhl rJu xD
milgL gughF.

gugs = s X s
gugs myF l X l
= l2. jid rJul vd
gofntL. jid m2 vd
FLnwh.

12.1. t msf
mogil msfshd s, iw,
fhy itf bgUf myJ
tFj _y bgwgL msf
t msf vdgL.
160

1 2

1
bghUbsh gu 10rJul
v mJ 1 gf bfhl 10
rJufSF rk vgjhF.
mfy, cau, MH, bjhiy,
jok, Mu, l vgit s
btntW msfshF.

msoa
mso btntW myFf
t. v

s myF

gugs myF

1.

brol
( cm )

brol2 myJ rJu brol

myJ br2 (cm2)

2.

l
( mm )

l2 myJ rJu l
myJ 2 (mm2)

3.

mo ( ft )

mo2 rJu mo myJ (ft2)

isyf
gugsit
Ff Vf kW bAnl vw
myFfis gagLJnwh.

bra 12.3
f mwhl fhQ nH
FlgLs
guf
gugsfis vj mydh
FLtJ trahf UF?
(mm2, cm2, m2, ft2, Vf)

1 Vf = 4000 2 = 100 br
1 bAnl = 2.47 Vf
bra 12.1
bfhLfgl gl
gugsit fLof.

t.
v

1.

Ma
nkir
nkgu

2.

fUgyif

3.

ma
ghljf

4.

msnfh

5.

mgh

6.

tFgiw

7.

isahL
ikjhd

8.

isy

bra 12.2
bfhLfgLs
gl
gir wlgLs gF
gugsit
fzLf.
xbthU a rJuK 1br gf
bfhlJ.

gu

gugs
myF

nkY mJbfhnth
l vgJ moial bgaJ.
xU l vgJ vjid moF
rkkhf UF vd bjkh?
1 l = 3.28 mo
vdnt,
1 rJul = 10.76 rJu mo
161

12

aa
ftd bfhf

fns brf

gugs
vgJ rJul
FfglhY gu rJukhf
Uf ntoa mta iy.

1 br2 = ____ 2
1 2

= ____ br2

gu vnghJ rJu kW brtfkhf Ufntoa mta iy.

xGfhd tot bfhl bghUf gugsit fhz thghLfis
gagLjyh.
t.
v
1.

tot

gl

rJu

gu

thghL

s X s

s X mfy

2.

brtf

3.

Knfhz

1
2

X mogf X cau

bh

b
4.

tl

r2

bra 12.4
tiugljh
x
xid
tiuJ
gugsit 2 kW
fhf.

X Mu X Mu

rJu
mj
br2

jfhf eh
ga gLjyh.

thghil gagL cfsJ

ilfis rghf.
tot
gugsit

bfhl
vthW

162

myJ
3.14

tiugljhis

njnghy
brtf
xiw
tiuJ
mj
gugsit
fhf.

xGfw
bghUf
msLtJ?

22
7

gl 12.2

msoa
bra 12.5
cilj fzho myJ
cilj XL x gugsit
flayhkh?
tU
gagLj

cf jidF
m) thiHgH nkgu
kW
M) cfsJ csif
gu Matiw vthW
flf?

tKiwfis

1. bghUis tiugljh J
itJ mj RWnfhoid
tiuJ bfhs (gl 12.2
fhosJ nghy)

gUk (volume)

2. RWnfhoF mls
a
rJuf
vifia fzl.
miu rJuF nk RW
nfhoF Ujh mij
xwhf fUj. iy
v Ll.

Fkh FLg xU a o
tJ tjJ. mtfsJ Jfis
itf j mykh vJ iy.
Fkh j jijl mykh xiw
thFgo nflh. mJ mfkhd
lij milF vgjh o
itgjF l nghjhJ vd T
Fkh jij thf kWjh.

3. tiugljh
xU W
rJu gugs 1 2MF.

bghU xW milJbfhS
l ms gUk vdgL.

4. bghU
gugs
=
fzlgl
arJu
f vif X 1 2

bra 12.6
nH fhlgLs bghU
f glfis
bfhL
mt ms kW gUkid
ga fUJfis bgWf.

5. vdnt, xGfw bghU

gugs = ________ 2
= ________ br 2

nrhjid
1. iy
x
gugsit nkTa Kiw
fLof.
2. 1
rJul
kW
1 rJu mo gu bfhl
U rJufis tiuf.
mt
gugsfis
xLghf.

to

163

vGJnfh

12

aa

cfhU l gyif
Urfu thfd

ngUJ

ehfh

bghUf msf mogil mt bgafis VW tir

vGj.
cfsJ cW nehf UJ tUtdtF ilaf.
1. f ghj fa bghU kW fbga bghU vJ ?
2. mf lij milJ bfhS bghU kW f a lij
milJ bfhS bghU vJ?
3. nkfltUJ bgwgL Ko ahJ?
a msila bghUf Fiwj gUkid bga msila bghUf
mf gUkid bfhoUF.
xGfhd tot bfhl xU y bghUf gUkid fzlyhnk!
xU y xGfhd tot bfhl bghU gUkid fhz mj
moguig cauij bgUfntL.
gUk = mogu X cau
gUkid msF myF vdthf Ufyh?
mJ 2 X = 3 MF. jid fdl vW Twyh (m3). msLf
myFf mogil gUkid btntW myFf Flyh.

164

msoa

s myF

fd
ms
myF

bra 12.8
1. gl fhlgLs bga
fdrJu
vjid
a
fdrJufsh MdJ?

l ( )
(mm)

fd
l ( 3 )
(m3)

2. a fdrJu x gf 1
br v bga fdrJu
gUkid fhz.

bro l (br)
(cm)

fdbro
l
(br 3 ) (cm3)

xU
l
gf
bfhl
fdrJu gUk xU fdl
vdgL.

13

bghUbsh
gUk 10 f
v mJ xU l gf bfhl 10
fdrJufSF rk.
bra 12.7
gl fhlgLs tot
f gUkid fzl.

Jtiu eh goj fUJf

mogil gl fhlgLs
cUtf
bgafis
mitf gUkid fla
gagL thghLfis vGJf.

xbthU a fdrJuK
1br gf bfhlJ.

(b)

(a)

(c)
165

12

aa
utfis msLj

gl 12.3
cf mkh, ghfhul UJ ghthtUgo TWwh.
ghfhul brW f gh CWgo nflh, mt l msit
msJ jUth. mjhtJ utf fdmsit l vw myfh
msnwh.
msL rho
xU l vwh vts vW
bjJ bfhnthkh!
1 l = 1000 br3
xU fdbrol vgJ xU
l vdgL. jid
(ml) vW Flyh.
utf fdmsit msl
gagL btntW fyfis
Twyhkh?
bg
Fl
fdmss
utij
msJ vLf
gagLwJ.

gl 12.5
ut fdmsit msl
gagLwJ.

gl 12.4
166

msoa
bra 12.9

bu

msL rhoia bfhL f

x gUkid fhz.
tU
gaLj.

tKiwfis

1. ms rhoD xU Fl
ms tiu iu Cw.
2. kl Mug msit
FJ bfhs.

gl 12.6
njitahd Fiwj fdmss
utij btnaw gagL.

3. gUk fhzntoa fiy

xdh fo ms rho
gffis
bjhlhjthW
fiy D KGtJ _
UFgo id brYj.

ms FLit

4. nghJ kl W
msil FJbfhs.
5. W
kW Mug ms
LfSF ilgl ntWghL
(ahr) f gUk
MF.
nkY mJbfhnth
mizfLf
myJ
njff nj itf
gL fdmsit vthW
FLwhf?

gl 12.7
Fl fdmss
utij itJ bfhtjfhf
totikfglJ.

Mu a fdmo ( t M c )

167

12

aa
ml
U FL

ug ghs

uhjh

gl 12.8

jh

glfis ghUf. ah
kahf Uwhf? uhjhth?
myJ jhth?

mlia /3 (kg/m3) vw
myfh FLnwh.

jh
foghf
kahf
Uf KoahJ. Vbd mt
fdkhd U Fil RkJ
bfhoUwh. uhjh nyrhd ug
ghsij RkJ bfhoUgjh
kahf fhzgLwh.

bra 12.10
btntW
bghUfsh
(kufil,
U,
ug)
bragl xnu gUkDs _W
gJfis
vLJbfhf.
tiw jjahf if
vLJ ghf. tiw f
czU iw mogil
wFtir vGj.

bghU
nyrhdjh
myJ
fdkhdjh vgij khF
ms ml vdgL.
rkkhd gUk cs bghUf
mf
iw
fgoUjh
mj ml mf. vdnt, U
FlhdJ mnj gUkDs ug
ghsijl iw mf bfhlJ.
vdnt, U ml mf.
xuyF gUk bfhl bghU
iw mj ml vdgL.
ml =

iw
gUk

168

1.
2.
3.
UJ kufil kW
ugiul U iw mf
vd mayh. vdnt, U
ml mkhdJ.

msoa
bra 12.11

fns brfns

glij ftdkhf ghJ

tUtdtiw fla.

1. U ml 7800 / 3. J
ghjur _Fkh? jFkh?
2. 5 s, 3 mfy kW 2 cau
bfhl bjho KGtJ
ugglh mj iw vts
UF?
cf jidF

vbz

fhwh
uggl
gwgiy.
Mdh
thth
uggl
gwwJ. V?

g
a,
g

ghjur

1. iu l ml mfkhd ut
____________ .
2. iu l nyrhd
____________ .

ut

iu l nyrhd bghU
jF. Mdh iul fdkhd
bghU D _F.
nkY mJbfhnth
ml 1000 /3
mjhtJ 1 s, 1 mfy, 1
cau bfhl bjho KGtJ
ugglh mj iw 1000
UF.
mnj bjhoahdJ ghjurjh
ugglh mj iw 13600
UF.
U
mlfis
xlh bgwgL Ko ahJ?
ghjur
ml

mlia nghy 13.6 klF.

Nlhd fhW uggl g

Nlhd fhW uggl j

g gwwJ. V?

12.2. fhyij msLj

fhyij
msl
ntoa
mta vd? vnghJ gF
bry ntL? vnghJ cz
rhl ntL? vnghJ bjhiy
fh
ghfntL?
vnghJ
fntL? J nghw gntW
fhuzfSfhf
eh
fhyij
msl ntoaJ mtakhwJ.
Kfhy gagLa Na
fofhu, fofhu, kz fofhu
Matiw bfhL fhyij
f Jakhf mslhKoahjjh
fhyij Jakhf msLtj
fhd fU njit VglJ.
fhy Cr fofhuf Ja
khd msoF gagLwd.
169

aa
jCr

kWKidF brW L mnj

KidF Udh mJ xU
miy vdgL. xU KG miyF
vLJbfhS neu miy neu
vdgL.
Cr bjhflgL F,
Fo ikaF ilgl u
Cr s vdgL. X iy
UJ FlhdJ GJlggL
bjhiy R vdgL.
Cr bjhf
lgL

gl 12.9. Cr
f
Cr
MoU
f myth? Cr KD
Dkhf brY af, miy
afF wj vLJfhL
MF. njnghw afij Cr
fofhufY
fhzyh.
Cr
fofhu jCr jJt mo
gil bragLwJ.
bfoahd
a
cnyhf
Foid
aw
dh
fo bjhflgl mikng
jCr
vdgL.
FlhdJ
xUw rW GJlgLnghJ
mJ
KDD
miyW.
FlhdJ
xU
KidUJ

fnah

Cr s

12

y
bjhi R

gl 12.10. jCr

nah vw ugy Ph jh igrh

efu cs jh Jt nfhYF
brwnghJ, skhd rah fo bjhflgl sF
uhf miyWtij flh. mt jdJ ehoJoig
bfhL s miyfis fzlh. s
miyR FiwjnghJ neu khwhk
Ugij
flh. s miyid TJ nehaj _y
miyfhy khwhj jik KaJtij
czjh. mt 1642M ML wgjF K Cr
fofhu xid totikf llh. UjnghY
btfukhf KjyhtJ Cr fofhu lR ehL mP
oa iA#
vgtuh 1657M ML
totikfglJ.

170

msoa
bra 12.12
cf tF, 60 br.. s bfhl xU jCriy mikf.
Foid miygo brJ, 20 miyfSfhd neuij eho
fzl.
20miyfSfhd neu
miy neu = xU miyfhd neu = _______________________
20

brJ ghUfns
nkTa nrhjidia
1. sij khwhk btntW msila FLfis bfhL
2. 80br, 100br sKs Criy bfhL Ug brf
3. btntW RfSF Ug brf.
miy neu VnjD khwij fhfsh?
Fo ms kW R khWgLnghJ miyneu khWgLtiy
Mdh s khWgLnghJ miyneu khWgL.
vdnt, jCr miyneu sij bghWjJ. Mdh
Fo iw kW ir bghUjJ my vd mayh.

12.3. tha bjhiyf

uh RjU mtfsJ khkhF a bt Muh
fHf(ISRO) ntiy iljij mJ f k miljhf. mt
ntiy nrU lF brW uhbfLfis, Jiz nfhfis
fhz Mtkhf Ujhf. mtf khkhl ela ciuahliy
fhngh.
uh
khkh

:
:

Rj

khkh

khkh! f bt u Mf Ufsh?
iy, uh. Jiznfhfis V bghWila FG
nrunghnw.
khkh, uhbfLf bt gy Mu nyhlf
cauF brYkyth?
Mkh Rj. uhbfLf Jiznfhfis tlghij
brYj, bt fyfis btF mDg
brwd. btfykhdJ gy yr nyhlf
gaz brwJ. jifa fbga bjhiyfis Fl
ntW y myFf njitgLtij cznwh myth?
171

12

aa
uh kW
Rj
:
khkh

vbdd myFf gagLjgLwd vgij vfSF

TWfns.
ftf. UJ Na, eruf kW nfhf
bjhiyfis msl tha myF kW x ML vw
myFfis gagLJnwh.

tha myF vgJ F NaDF ilgl ruhr bjhiy

MF.
1 tha myF = 150 a nyhl (15nfho )
x ML vgJ btl xahdJ xU tUl flF
bjhiy MF.
1 x ML = 9.46 X 1012 (9,46,000 nfho )
nkY mJbfhnth
x xU dho _W yr u brY.

gl fhlgLs iga x irntf brtjhf

bfhnth. mt xU dho cyfij 7 Kiw R tJLth.
mt NaUJ ia tjila 8 l 20 dho (500 dho)
fhy MF.
kF 1000 ntf brY gjafh xW nj gazij
Kof 17 MLf MF.
172

msoa

kL
1. Md mghl 60 mo sK
40mo mfyK bfhl L kid
xW UjJ. m mt L
foaJ nghf vs gF
gl fhosthW njhl
xiw mikjh.

3. tU
glij
ftJ
nfLstiw Ff.

100cc

m) ut iw = _______ uh.
M) ut gUk = _______ cc.
) ut ml = _____gm/cc
4. fjjh,
jl
cs
ntlgl rJutot ta
jdJ khil nktjfhf 7
sKs fwh ta ika
cs fil fodh.

14 m

2. bghU
nyrhdjh
fdkhdjh
vgij
ml vdgL.

fhz

14 m

njhl gugsit
MdF cjtyhkh?

myJ
FgJ

, njfh vbz t
vj ml FiwthdJ vgij
fkyh mJ bfhs Udh.
mtsJ rnfhj khyh a
ghu
iu,
js
njfh vbzia vLJ
tUgo fkyhl Tdh. khyh
vthW fkyh rnjfij
nghUgh?

fjrh kf uh#&, bgUghyhd

gFia khL nkUgij
flh. xU WgFia kL
nkahk
Ugij
fL
Mrakiljh. vts y
gu
nkahk
lgLsJ
vgij
uh#&
vthW
flth?
173

12

aa

brJ ghUf
1. ghu x iu, msLf bragl 25ml Kfitia
vLJbfhs. Kfitah cfsJ egfSF 100 ml, 125 ml, 175 ml
kW 200 ml vd iu gJ mf. xbthU egUfhd mso
nghJ Kfitia vjidKiw gagLf?
2. WJ fofhuij bfhL xU l fhy tU braghLf
vjidKiw fwJ vgij fla.
t.
v.

bra

1.

cdJ eg cRthr, btRthr

2.

cdJ eg ja Jo

3.

cdJ eg f ikj

vif
(lF)

3. _Fl Toa nkt rho kW cUis tot ms rho Matiw

bfhL btntW msila ff gUkid fhz.

cfsJ msLfis
mltizgLj.
f

fdms

1.
2.
3.
4.

nkY ma
jf
1. Frame work of Science - P
 addy Gannon, Oxford University
Press, New Delhi
izajsf
http://www.kidastronomy.com
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/phys/html

174

aa
13
myF

afa

aa

13

aa

13.1. ntf (SPEED)

isahL nghof 100 kW
4 X 100 Xlgjaf f mfkhd
ntfij btgLJgitahf mikwd.
vyh ufS xnu bjhiyit fljhY,
FWa fhy mj bjhiyit flgtnu
bt bgwtuhth. mjhtJ mf ntfJl
myJ f iuthf XLgtnu bt bgWth.
aF bghU x Ka g ntf
MF. J xU bghU vts iuthf myJ
bkJthf brwJ vgij msLtjhF.

gl 13.1

nkY mJbfhnth
2008M ML eilbgw x ngho cir ngh
100 . bjhiyit 9.6 dhofY, 200 . bjhiyit 19.19 dhofY
Xo rhjid giljh. t 4 X 100 bjhl XlY FGdUl
bt bgWsh. tuJ mntfkhdJ mtiu "d ngh"
vwiHf fhuzkhdJ.
bra 13.1
rhiy brY kGJ,
to, khLto Ma
tiw ftJ ghf.
t Fl bjhiy
bry vJ Fiwthd neuij
vLJ bfhS?
kGJ Fiwthd neuij
vLJ
bfhtjh
mJ
iuthf brwJ vdyh.
khL to mf neuij
vLJ
bfhtjh
mJ
bkJthf brwJ vdyh.
to it uLF
ilgl ntf brtij
mayh.

kGJ

to

th}

iuthf brY bghU

ntf mf vd bkJthf
brY bghU ntf Fiw
vd Twyh.
th}ia
g
idf?

khLto

176

vd

afa

13.2. ntf vwh vd?

1 .. = 1000 l

bghUbsh ntf vdgLtJ

mJ xU dho flF bjhiy
MF.
flj bjhiy
ntf =
vLJ bfhl neu

1 k = 60 l = 60 x 60 dho
= 3600 dho
vdnt,
1 .. / k = 1000 / 3600
= 5 / 18 /

bjhiy
lY
neu
dhoY
mslgLtjh,
ntf myF l / dho
MF. jid m/s vd Flyh.
ntfij nyhl / dho [km / h]
vw myfhY Flyh.

vLJfhL
m) 2 .. / k = 2 x 5/18 /
M) 3 .. / k = 3 x 5/18 /
bghU ntf bjkhdh, mJ
Fl neu flj bjhiyit
fzLlyh.

kGJ x ntf 50 km/h

vgj bghU vd?

bjhiyit fzl ntfij,

neuij bgUf ntL.

kGjhdJ xU k neu
50 .. bjhiy brY vgjhF.

flj bjhiy = ntf x fhy.

bra 13.2
ehF egf bfhl xU FGl bf gJ xiw
bfhLf. Fl lUJ xbthUtuhf gij Rgo
bra. xbthUtU R gJ bjhL fis FJ
bfhs. xbthUtU gJ a bjhiyfis msJ mij
bfhL ntfij g thf.
fns brfns
m) 36 / k = --------- /

<) 15 / = ------- ./k

M) 72 / k = --------- /

c) 25 / = ------- ./k

) 180 / k = --------- /

C) 35 / = -------- ./k

bra 13.3

177

13

aa
ntfij g ma xU bghik kGJ gjaij elJnth!
tF khztfis IJ FGfshf f. bjhlF l xU
ne nfhL tiua. xbthU FGUJ xUtiu jiu kGij
cUl brhy. kbwhUt nfhil flJ kGJ brtUJ
mJ gjF MF neuij fzlntL.
nfhoUJ kGJ F tiu cs bjhiyit msf. xbthU
Kiw fh ntfij fzL FJ bfhs.
t. v.

FG

01.
02.
03.
04.
05.

I
II
III
IV
V

kGJ flj
bjhiy

vLJ
bfhl neu

ntf

Ko vd?
1. vj FG kGij f ntfkhf brYaJ?
2. vj FG kGij f bkJthf brYaJ?
khWgL ntf
ngUJ gaz nghJ ngU ntf khWglyh. ngUJ Wjij
beUFnghJ mj ntf Fiw.
beLrhiyf ngUJ mf ntf brY. Mdh efuf
myJ kheuff brYnghJ nghFtuJ mfkhf Ugjh
bkJthf brY.
ngU ntf btntW neuf btntwhf UF. vdnt ngUJ
khWgl ntfij bfhLsJ vdyh.
20

35

1 k

15

60

40

2 k 3 k
4 k
gl 13.2. khWgL ntf

5 k

J nghw bghUfSF ruhr ntf fzlgLwJ.

ruhr ntf =

flj bkhj bjhiy

vLJ bfhl bkhj neu
178

afa
bghUbshW vyh neufY xnu ntfJl brYkhdh mJ uhd
ntfij bfhLsJ vdyh.
40

40

40

40

3 k
2 k
gl 13.3. uhd ntf

1 k

40

4 k

5 k

tiugl FLj
bjhiyfh bgo
bf gja ghJ
bfhoUF
nghJ
tiugl
fhlgLtij
ghUnwh myth!
tiuglUJ
mtf
vLj Xlf (runs)
tu
kW
mtf
braghLfis xL ma
Ko.
tiugl Kiw gagLj
gLtJ V?

Runs
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00

10

15

Overs 20

gl 13.4. bf gja tiugl

xWl xW bjhlila gy vf nrj xU bjhFig bfhL

mtF ilgl bjhlig bjthf ma KoahJ. mnj vfis
tiugl _y FL nghJ mtF ilgl bjhlig bjthf
ghJ czuyh. vdnt fhyij bghWJ bghU flF bjhiyit,
bjhiy - fhy tiugl _y Flyh.
iwa ma
Urfu thfdf KgF bghUjgLs msL fUia
ghUf myth?
nj nghw msL fU ngUJ kW kGJfY
bghUjgLsij fhzyh. fUahdJ ntf
kW bjhiyit msLgo mikfgoUF.

ntfkh xnlhl

fU xU gF Km/h vd vGjgoUF.
J ntfkh (speedometer) vdgL. J vj xU
rkaY thfd ntfij msL. kbwhU
gF thfd flj bkhj bjhiyit msLkhW
fU mikUF. J Xnlhl (Odometer) vdgL.
179

aa

13.3. bjhiy - fhy tiugl

uhn#Z
j
jijl
<nuhoUJ
nfhaUF
kG brW bfhoUjh.
5 lfSF xU Kiw kGJ
brY
bjhiyit
FJ
bfht mt ftdkhf Ujh.

t. v.

fhy
lf

bjhiy
..

01.

02.

03.

10

10

Kj 30 lfSF mt
Fj bjhiyf mltiz
gLjgLsJ.

04.

15

15

05.

20

20

06.

25

25

07.

30

30

uhn#Z Fj msfis tiugl

x _y Flyh.

tU
gagLjyh.

brFJ nfhil OY vd
Flyh (Y mR)

tKiwfis

neuij
X

mY,
bjhiyit Y - mY vLJ
bfhs ntL. bjhiy kW
fhyfhd
jFj
ms
lfis khf ntL.

mRf kW msl
tiugljh
xiw
vLJ
bfhL mj xU UJ
xWbfhW brFjhf cs U
nfhLfis tiua ntL.
ilkl nfhil
Flyh (X mR)

bjhiy ()

13

OX

cjhuzkhf

vd

X m 1 br.. = 5 l kW
Y m 1 br.. =
vd mslij
bfhsyh.

Y
35

tiugl tiuj

30

ms l go X - m
J fhyfhd kfis,
YmJ
bjhiyfhd
kfis FfntL.

25
20
15
10
5
0

5 ..
vLJ

10

15

20

25

30

fhy (l)
gl 13.5 u - fhy tiugl

180

eh vLJbfhl fhy,
bjhiy t kfgo
fis
FfntL.
fis izf ntL. J
nenfhlhf miktij fhzyh.
uhd ntfF bjhiy fhy
tiugl nenfhlhf mik.
khWgL ntfF btntW
totfis bgW.

bjhiy (..)

afa

fhy (k)
gl 13.6

ntf mfF nghJ tiugl VwK mfkhf UF.

bra 13.4
A, B kW C vw _W kGJf kJiu UJ nryF
brwd. btntW neuf mitf flj bjhiyf
mltiz bfhLfgLsd.
flj bjhiy ..-

t. v.

vLJ bfhl
neu k

A kGJ

B kGJ

C kGJ

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5

20
40
60
80
100

50
100
150
200
250

40
80
120
160
200

xnu tiugl jh _W kGJfSFkhd bjhiy - fhy

tiuglij tiua.
m) tiuglUJ bgwgL Ko ahJ?
M) vj kGJ mf ntf brwJ?
181

aa
Ka brf:

fhy
(a)

fhy
(b)

bjhiy

bjhiy

bjhiy

fhQ tiuglf vij Fwd?

bjhiy

13

fhy
(c)

fhy
(d)

a) kW (d) khWgL ntfij FwJ.

b) bghU iyahf csij FwJ.
c) uhd ntfij FwJ.

13.4. ir ntf (VELOCITY)

dnjhW f oUJ
gF brf. gF
btntW ghijf bryyh.
gl csJ nghy _W
btntW
ghijf
brY
bjhiyf rkkhf UFkh?
bjhiyf rkkhf UfhJ.
J brY ghijia bghWJ
khWgL.

cfsJ oUJ gF
nenfho brtjhf bfhlh

gl 13.7

- Jnt mitfSF ilgl f Fiwj

bjhiythF. J lbga vdgL.
gl J nfhodh fhlgLsJ.
U fSF ilgl nenfhL
bjhiy lbga vdgL.
nkY mJbfhnth
mnkhl (Anemometer) vgJ fh
ntfij mslgagL fUahF.
RHY jL xWl mYa
zf izfgoUF. fh
ntf mfFnghJ zf mf
ntfJl RHY.

182

afa
irntf vdgLtJ bghU
xU dho mil lbga
MF.
irntf =

vLJfhL

lbga
vLJbfhl fhy

irntf myF / (m/s)

irntf
vgJ
ir
brY
ntfkhF.

Fl
bghU

fns brfns
RnuZ A
UJ
BF
brW L
BUJ CF
brwh.

aF bghU irntf
Fiwkhdh
mJ
vKLf
bfhLsJ
vdyh.
u
iya uiy WJtjfhf
u to ntf bkJthf
FiwfgL.
p KLf

m) RnuZ flj bjhiy ahJ?

M) RnuZ milj lbga
ahJ?

13.5. KLf (ACCELERATION)

gF to brf
myth?
gF
bry
neukhlJ v vd brf?
rahd neuF gia mila
toia ntfkhf brYJf
myth? mjhtJ
to
irntfij mfngh myJ
toia KLFnth. vdnt
KLf vgJ irntf khwij
FF.
xU dho irntf
VgL khw KLfkhF.
KLf =

kGJ x KLf 5 /2
v mj irntf xbthU
dho 5 / mfF vgjhF.

gJ xW brFjhf nkneh
vagLnghJ vd fG vW
ghfyhkh?
gJ nkneh brYnghJ
mj ntf gogoahf FiwJ
RahF. mjhtJ gJ vKLf
milwJ. mjFwF gjhdJ
neh G. nghJ mj ntf
gogoahf mfF. mjhtJ gJ
KLfgLwJ.
g
vKLf
myJ
KLfF fhuz <
irahF. vdnt, mJ p
KLf vdgLwJ. j ruhr
k 9.8 /2. J g vw vGjh
FfgLwJ. g = 9.8 /2
mjhtJ
bghU
nkneh
vagLnghJ
mj
ntf
xbthU dho 9.8/ Fiw.
nH GnghJ mjntf xbthU
dho 9.8/ mfF.
cf jidF

irntfkhWghL

nfhFL xW bga f
xW Fl cauUJ
nH lgLwd. t vJ
Kj jiuia mil?

vLJbfhl neu

j myif Twyhkh?
KLf myF /2 (m/s2)
183

13

aa

13.6. iwa ma
rhfr isahLf
f gwitfis ngh gwf nkbyG bry idjJ
clh? mitfSl nrJ gwf ntL vw Vf bfhlJ clh?
bjhago gwj (Hang Gliding)
J f nyrhd aukw fhdh brYjgL, jitUJ
bjhago gwF isahL MF. ed fhy jit Cf mYa
cnyhf fyitah cUthfgLwd. jit C rlUJ
bjhflgLs fW mikD gwgt ghJfhghf Ufyh.

gwj rhj isahL

(para gliding)
J
edfhy
Mfha
isahL
MF. j
gwF C, aukwJ.
fhdh
brYjToaJ.
J fhdh bgjhf
Toa wifia bfhlJ.
J vLJ brtjF,
brYJtjF, nH wF
tjF vjhdJ.

jeho
nt
khtl
cs Vy kiy nyrhd rfis
bfhLsJ. vdnt, J gwj
isahoF Vwjhf mikJsJ.
jehL
RWyhJiwahdJ
xbthU tUlK Mf-brlg
khjf, Vy bjh gwj
isahL Hhit elJwd.

J jtif ieyh
myJ ghaluh cUth
fgl ghuhN MF. gwgt
jDl izfgLs
fW mikD trahf
mkJ bfhsyh.
J
bjhF
jit
Cia (Hang Glider) l
f nyrhdJ kW vjhf
af ToaJ.
184

afa

kL
1. br jdJ LF mUfhik cs fhF eilgfhf
brwh. mt A vw UJ elf MuJ 7 MuKs
tlghij elJ L A ia milwh.
A

m) mtsJ lbga ahJ?

M) mt elj bjhiy ahJ?

2. k jdJ oUJ ghij 1 tahf rf jdJ oUj ghij

2 - tahf brW 20 lf rijia milwd.

m) mtfsJ ntfij g f mtJ vd?

M) mtf ah irntf mf? V?
3. kF 72 ntf brY u to uh#& gaz brjh.
toia WJtjfhf XLe mj ntfij Fiwjh. xU dho
ntf VgL Fiw vKLf vdgL.
u to vKLf 10 /2 v to f vts neu
vLJbfhS?
185

aa
4. bfhLfgLs tiugl ngUJ
x afij FgjhF.
ij
bfhL
ngU
afij sFf.
m) AB gF FgJ _________

bjhiy

13

B
C

M) BC gF FgJ _________
) CD gF FgJ _________

fhy

brJ ghUf
1. tiugljhis vLJ bfhf. tU msfis bfhL u-neu
tiugij tiuf.
fhy (l)

10

15

20

25

30

bjhiy ()

10

20

30

40

50

2. cfsJ egfSF ilna Xlgja xiw el mtf

ntfkhf XLgt ah vd fla.
ehF egfis xbthUtuhf 50 bjhiy XlbrJ mjfhd
neuij fzl. tU mltizia bra.
t.v

eg bga

vLJbfhS neu
(dho)

ntf
(/)

nkY ma
jff
1. Physics for higher Tier - Stephen people, Oxford University
Press, New Delhi.
2. Fundamentals of Physics - Halliday, Resnick and Walker, Wiley
India Pvt.Ltd.
izajsf
http://www.sciencemadeeasy.com
186

aa
14
myF

a kW btga

aa

14

aa

fghf md iya

xU eh fiy KJ mgh vghuhj ikahd bria

j FHijfl bjjh.
jij : FHijfns, u jahuhFf. eh fghf
cs uhfh mQ Muh ikaF bry
nghnwh.
KJ :

mgh, fghf mQfU ciy csjh?

jij : Mkh. flj LKiwia nk^ miz kW mFs

iyaF cfis miHJ brnw
myth? mjF Kija LKiw v md
iyaF brnwh. vdnt, jKiw cfis
cg br kbwhU lF miHJ
bryyh vd Ko brJns.

188

a kW btga
eh, rhu yhk mwhl
thif vj xU ntiy bra
ayhJ vw iy csJ. LfUJ
bga bjhrhiyf tiu ekJ ntiyfis
vjhf trahf thH rhuijna
ensh.

jehL KJwJ

vLJfhL
Lfis xl, nkhlhf kW
fis af, MJis zW
kW zUJ iu nknyw.
rhuij eh vUJ bgWnwh?
cg
iyaf
UJ rhu
bgwgLwJ.
vD,
y
rkaf
rhu jil
glyh.
xU
y lf
gl 14.1 lh
r h u
ilfhk
Ufyh.
Jnghw
Niyf y rka lhir gagL
xia bgWnwh.
lh
xiw
aFnghJ
vd
fwJ? mUJ x btgLwJ.
mJ vthW xwJ. fyf
nrfgLs dhw sfh
xahwyhf khwgL xwJ.

fhwhw
vgJ
Jfjf ikahd,
khrw Kakhd Mw
_y MF. fhwhiyf
f bga fhwhof _y
fhW Mw dhwyhf
khwgLwJ.
ah fhW Mw
_y cg br
khyf jehL Kj
l
twJ.
J
5000 bkfh th dhwiy
cg
br
w
bfhlJ.
j e h o Y s
JFo, fahFkh
kW Ubent kht
lf
bgUghyhd
fhwhiyf mikJsd.

Kj Kjyhf fhth vw jha

Phah
fy
cUthfglJ.
myrhnuh nthlh vgtuh nkgLjglJ.
J nkY nkgLjgL jfhy fyf
cUthfgLwd. jnghJ eil Kiw
L
L
dhwiy
juToa
fhufyf, Na fyf csd.
Na fyf xahwiy dhwyhf
khWwd.
fhth
189

14

aa
bra 14.1
bfhLfgLs glfis MuhJ
gLsgo tifgLj.

Fgjd bgo

Eziy mL

bjhiyfh

ifng

rhu bjhl to

if fofhu

t. v.

mltiz

fyfsh
bragLgit

190

bfhLf

Rt fofhu

fgh

rhu bghik

dhwyh
bragLgit

a kW btga

14.1. fy (Electric cell)

fy vgJ nt Mwiy dhwyhf
kh jU mik MF. fy U ntWgl
cnyhfjfLf csd. xW neKid vd,
kbwhW vKid vd TwgL.
cnyhfjfLf
gFbghU
vdgl
nt
bghUD
itfgLsd.
fy
ndhlij jU _y MF. ndhl vgJ
}lf myJ vyuhf af MF.
gl 14.2

14.2. RW vwh vd?

RW
vgJ fy neKid
ndhl brY _oa ghijahF.

UJ

vKidF

xU fy kW xU sF izfgl RW gl
fhlgLsJ.

gl 14.3

RW vgJ bghJthf tUtdtwh cUthfgL.

m) fy myJ fy mLF. - ndhlij jU _y.
M) izff - ndhlij vLJ bry.
) sF nghw dhwiy gagLJ mik.
<) rh - ndhlij njitahd nghJ brYjnth myJ Wjnth
gagL mik. J R vgFY izfglyh.
FpLf vjfhf?
xUtUF Riw sFnghJ mij tiua ntoa flha
VgLwJ. Riw tiunghJ mf neukhF. nkY, fy mLF,
sF nghwitfis xbthUtU btntW jf tiuthf.
J FHgij VgLJ. jid iyahd FpLfis gagL
RWfis tiutj _y fhzyh.
191

14

aa

14.3. bghUf FpLf

R bghJthf
gagLjgL bghUf FpLf
mltiz bfhLfgLsd.
t.
v

bghU
bga

gl

FpL

sf

1.

fy
(Cell)

skhdnfhL
neKidia,
a nfhL
vKidia
FF.

2.

fy
mLF
(Battery)

uL myJ
mjF nkgl
fyf nrj
mik.

3.

bjhL rh
(Switch)

bjhL rh braglh
(OFF) iy
csJ. RW
ahfiy.
ndhl
bryhJ.
bjhL rh bragL
(ON) iy
csJ. RW
ahF.
ndhl
brY.

4.

sF
(Bulb)

sF
xuiy.

sF
xwJ.
5.

iz
f

bghUfis
izf gagL.

192

a kW btga

14.4. RR
ia Wjnth myJ afnth myJ
xuitfnth myJ Wjnth vij gagLJf?

sif

jfhf gagLjgL mik RR vdgL. jid bjhL rh

vd Twyh. RR, R ndhlij mDkfnth myJ
jLJ Wjnth gagLwJ.
rh k _lgLnghJ (ON) RW ahF. nghJ R ndhl
brY. vdnt sF xU.
rh k wfgLnghJ (OFF) RW ahfhJ. nghJ R
ndhl bryhJ. vdnt sF xuhJ.
rh _lgl iy cs RW

FpLfis
gagLa RW

(OFF)

rh wj iy cs RW
FpLfis
gagLa RW

(ON)

nkY mJbfhnth
sD lldh bragl
RUtot f csJ. J iH
vdgL. ndhl j tna
brYjgLnghJ Nlh xwJ.
F
dhw
x
Mwyhf
khwgLwJ.

193

14

aa
bra 14.2
fy
xWl
btntW
Kiwf
sF
izfgLsij fhQf. vjkhd izf sF
xwJ? jfhd fhuzij TWfns.

(a)

(d)

(b)
(e)

(c)
(f)

194

a kW btga
bra 14.3
cfSila va nrhjidfSfhd
va rh xiw fns cUthfyhnk!
jfhf njitgL bghUf:
1. bkikahd a kugyif
2. ngg .
3. U Cf (Drawing board pins)
4. xbthW 25 br sKs
_W iz ff.
5. jh bghUjgl sF.
6. fy.
CfSl
jjahf
U
izffis izf. xU
Cia kugyif bghUj.
kbwhU Cia ngg
xUKid cs tisa tna
brY gyif J bghUj.
U CfSF ilna Rkh 1
br ilbt UFgo ghJ
bfhs.
iz
ff
x
Kidia fy neKidl
izf.
kbwhU
iz
s
xU
izf.

fia
Kidl

s kWKidia fy
vKidl izf.
ngg uL Cfis
bjhLgo Ugglh sF
xU. nghJ rh jhahuhlJ.
Ka brayhnk!

195

f
sD
cs iH
mWJLnghJ
sF
xtiy. V?

14

aa
bra 14.4
f vLJ bfhs ntoait: xU fy mLF, rh, sF,
sho msnfh, ku msnfh, jhu f, cnyhfrh, cnyhf ,
fzho jL.

(B)
(A)

iz ffis bfhL gl csijngh RW xiw

cUthf. f vLJ bfhl bghUfis xbthwhf A kW
BF il izf. rh _lgLnghJ sF xwjh
vd ftf.
f ftjtiw jFj flF (
t.
v.

bghU

1.

cnyhf rh

2.

ku ms nfh

3.

sho
msnfh

4.

cnyhf

5.

jhu f

6.

fzho
jL

sF
xwJ

) FL fhl.
sF xuiy

nkfl MUJ f bjJ bfhtJ vd?

jhuf, cnyhf , cnyhf rh nghw xUy bghUf
izfgLnghJ kLnk sF xtij fhz KowJ.
mjhtJ R ndhl brwJ. ku, sho, fzho nghwit
ndhlij mDkgJ iy. jgig mogilahf bfhL
bghUfis flf, fh bghUf vd tifgLjyh.
196

a kW btga
nkY mJbfhnth
yhF
yhF vgJ rhuij
cUthfty
dhF.
J
jfhfhf jdJ iuia
of tikahd rhuij
cUthf ToaJ. tif f
mnkrh e a Y kW
bj mbkfh cs Xndh
bfh e gLifY thwd.

14.5. flf kW fh bghUf

flf (Conductors)

fh bghUf (Insulators)

j tna ndhlij
mDkF bghUf.

j tna ndhlij
mDkfhj bghUf.

vLJfhL:

vLJfhL:

jhu, U nghw vyh

cnyhff kW kj cl.

sho, ku, ug, fzho.

ku

jhu

f
ntiy brgtf
ug ifiw kW
fhyfis mJ
bfhtJ V?

ug ifiw
197

14

aa

14.6. ndhl btgis

ndhl brtij ekh ghf Kokh? f ndhl
brtJ ffSF bjahJ. Mdh mjdh cUthF isfis
ghJ czuKo.
bra 14.5
bka f xiw fy U KidfSilna izf.
y dhof fJ fia bjhL ghf. vd czf?
mJ Nlhf UwJ myth? UJ ndhl f
brYnghJ btgij cUthFwJ vd mayh.
ndhldh cUthF btgisit mogilahf bfhL
aF xU y rhjdfis TWf.
sF

bt
bfhfy

(Electric bulb)

iu bfhf
itf,
nj
jahf
gagL.

s cs
iH tna
ndhl brYjgL
nghJ ewhf
NnlwgL ufhrkhd
xia jUwJ.

(Electric kettle)

ryit bgo

buho RL
mL

(Electric iron)

Jfis
njf
gagLwJ.

(Electric toaster)

buho RLtjfhf
gagL.

btg rhjdf midY

ndhldh
btgij
cUthF f xW UF. J
btgnkW bghU vdgL. J
jtif bghUsh bragl f
RU MF. ndhl brYnghJ
mf ms btgkil. j
btg cz rikf ( mL)
iu Nlhf ( bt bfhfy)
nghwitfSF gagLwJ.
198

nkY mJbfhnth
n u h
vgJ f
kW Fnuha
nrj cnyhf
fyit

a kW btga

14.7. ndhl fhjis

lR ehil rhj mP oa xabl
1820M ML tFgiw ghl el bfhL
Ujh. mnghJ nkir J itfgoUj
fhjC tlF-bjF ir yhjij ftJ
Mrakiljh.
ftdkhf
ghjnghJ
fhj
CahdJ ndhl brY fF mUfhik
Ujij flh. fhj Cia ndhl brY
fUJ rW bjhiyF vLJ brYnghJ
mJ tlF-bjfhf gij flh. L fhj
Cia ndhl brY fF mUfhik
bfhLtUnghJ mJ irkhWtij flh.
UJ ndhl brY fia R fhjy
Ugij cW brjh.

oa
xabl

fhj Cbgo

gl 14.7.

fhj Cbgoia ghUfsh? fhj

C bgoD fhj C ika TKid
J bghUjgLsJ. j fhj CahdJ vnghJ
tlF-bjF ir F.
bra 14.6

fhahd bgo x cns cs a bgoia vLJ mjD

a fhj Cia itf. bgo J fia y RWf Rw.
f UKidfis fy kW rhia bfhL gl
csJnghy Riw cUthf. ndhl bryhk UFnghJ
fhjCF gf rlfhj xiw bfhLtu. nghJ fhj
C jiy UJ yFwJ. fhjij FnghJ fhjC
L giHa iynf Utij fhzyh.
ndhlij
brYJnghJ,
M. yfkilwJ.

fhj

yFwjh?

ndhlij WJf. fhjC L giHa iyF

Uwjh? M. giHa iyF
UwJ.
nrhjid UJ bgwgL
Ko ahJ?
ndhl brY fia
R fhjy njhWwJ vgij
ma KowJ.
199

14

aa

14.8. fhj (Electromagnet)

ndhlF fhjF ilna bjhl csjh?
bra 14.7
U M xJ f xiw Rw. f Kidfis
fy kW rhl izf. ndhl brYgo brJ,
MF mUfhik y F^fis bfhLtu. vd fwJ?
ndhlij
WL
L
F^fis MF
m U f h i k
bfhLtu. vd
fwJ?
f
bgW Ko vd?
nkY mJbfhnth
zhd bghUf Fa UJ U
bjLf fhjf gagLwd.
ndhl brYnghJ bghU fhjkhfglh,
mJ fhj vdgL.

nkhlh, jfU, bjhiyng, rhuk

nghw rhjdf fhjf gagLjgLwd.
gy bghikf fhjf gagLjgLwd.
ff
jt
G
U
nghw
fhjbghUfis btna vLf kUJtf a
fhjfis gagLJwd.

14.9. rhu k (Electric bell)

rg
cfSila
eg
LF
brfsh?
cfsJ
tUifia
mtUF
vthW
bjf? fjit jofsh?
myJ mFs kia xfsh?
kia
xgJ
vjhd
bra
myth?
rhu
k
mJbfhnthkh?

braghil

rhu k gl fhlgLsJ.
200

gl 14.9.

Bt - fy mLF, K - rh
T - Kid, H - Ra, G - k,
I - Ugil, E - fhj

a kW btga
braghL
gl fhlgLs rhu k R, rh _lgoUFnghJ
f RU tna ndhl ghwJ. jdh, fhj fhjkhwJ.
mJ U gilia GF. mjdh mjDl izfgl Ra
kia jh xia cUthF. nghJ ndhl JofgLtjh
f RU ndhl bryhJ. vdnt fhj fhj jikia
HF. jdh U gil L giHa iyF brW Kidia
bjhL.
jdh L ndhl brY. jdh Ugil GfgL
x cUthF. J L L fGnghJ Ra bjhlJ kia
jh bjhl xia jU.

nrhjid - vYirgH fy
jfhf njitgL bghUf
vYirgH, Rkh 5 br sKs jhuf, Rkh 1 sKs iz
f, U M kW fhj Cbgo.
1. vYirgHij nkir J mG cUo mjD ewhf rhW
cUthFkhW brantL.
2. iz fia fhj Cbgo J gy RWfshf RwntL.
3. iz f xU Kidia jhufl ewhf izf.
jhu fia vYirgHD brhUf.
4. iz f kbwhU Kidia U Ml izf.
U Mia jhu fUJ Rkh
3br bjhiy UFgo vYir
gHD brhUf.
nghJ fhjCia ftf. mJ
yfkilwjh?
F jhuf ne Kidahf U
M vKidahf, vYirrhW
gFbghUshf bragLwd.
njnghW vYir gHF
gyhf cUisHF myJ
%il gagLjyh.
itfUJ rhu
cUthwjh?

201

14

aa

14.10. btga
U njfuo xiw bfh
D itf. vd fh
f? xU y l
mJ ofKoahj ms NlhF.
nghJ vd eljJ? bfhuhdJ
jdJ btg Mwiy njfuoF
bfhLJsJ. gfoia bjhL
nghJ Fahf cznwh.
nghJ ekJ clUJ btg
gfoF khwgLsJ.
vdnt Nlhd bghUUJ
Fahd bghUSF khw
gLtJ, Nlhd myJ Fahd
czit jU Mw btg
vdgL.

ghf. vjhtJ khwij cz

fsh? M. mJ Nlhf Ugij
czuKowJ.
M) Na x J neu
Yf.
cfsJ
jiyia
bjhL
ghUf.
nghJ
btgij czu Kowjh? M.
czuKowJ.
) ka ntis brU m
ahk elf aYkh? y Nlhf
Ugjh elgJ fodkhf UF.
itfUJ Na xia
ju, btg Mwiy jUwJ
vgij mayh.
2. vj
yf, kbzbz Mait

14.10.1 btg _yf

1. Na
Na xia jUwJ. mJ
btg Mwiy jUwjh?
m) W cnyhfjL xiw
Na x itf. xUy
lfSFwF mij bjhL

gl 14.11. vj

vJ btg Mwiy jUwd.

gy
a
MLfSF
K wJ, y ijl
yFf kW jhtuf UJ
bgwgLtjh it ij tot
vbghUf vdgL.

gl 14.10. Na

nkY mJbfhnth
Na dhoF 3.8 x 1026 #] btg Mwiy btLwJ. j
Mw mQfU iz vw fdh cUthwJ. Najh btg
Mw Ka _ykhf mikwJ. j Mw yhk
cdf thH ayhJ. nghJ Na Mw Na
mLfY, Na btggLfY gagLjgLwJ.
#& vgJ Mwiy mslgagL myF MF.

202

a kW btga
3. cuh
Ffhy RWw F
ahf Ugij cznwh. eh ekJ
iffis njFnghJ btgkiltij
cznwh. ntfkhf njF
nghJ mfkhf btgkiltij cz
nwh. F cuh fhuzkhf
btg
njhWwJ.
Mkj
cuhit gagL beU bghia
cUthdh. Uffis xWl
xW njJ beUig cUthdh.
4) ndhl

gl 14.12. beU bgh

f ndhl brY nghJ

btg cUthwJ.
vLJfhL :
Nnl,
ryit bgo, bfh fy.

gl 14.13. bfh fy

bra 14.8
bfhLfgLsitf btg
njhw mogil fhuzfis TWf.
1) fhL
2) jh vj
3) Ko cy
4) v eru
5) aF thfd
btgkiltJ

rfu

6) Jfis cyu itj.

14.10.2. Nlhd kW Fahd bghUf

bra 14.9
mfykhd _W ghufis vLJ bfhf. x f Fj
iu, kbwh Nlhd iu, _wht rhjhuz FHh iu
ug. xU ifia f Fj Y kbwhU ifia Nlhd Y J
neu itf. wF U iffis vLJ FHh cs ghuD
itf.
FHh Nlhdjh? myJ Fahdjh? btgij msLtij
g nrhjid UJ bgwgL Ko ahJ?
btg Mw fQF ydhfhJ. Mdh mjid czu Ko.
203

14

aa

14.10.3. btg kW btgiy

bjhL ghJ cztj _y bghU xW bgWs btg Mwiy
rahf fhz ayhJ. btg Mwiy msl eh btgiy vw msit
gagLJnwh.
bghU xW vts Nlhf csJ? myJ vts Fahf csJ
vgij msLtnj btgiy MF.
btgiykh (Thermometer)
Nlhf csJ myJ Fahf csJ vw cz vjDl
xLnwh vgij rhjJ Mifah btgiyia msl
btgiykh vw fUia gagLJnwh.
btgiykh vj mogil cUthfgLwJ?
bra 14.10
1) fzho gho x js t ikia
C mjid uh uf.
2) milghdh mj thia Wfkhf _l,
milgh cs Jistahf cR FHh
xiw brhUf.
3) fzho ghoiy bfhF D itf.
FHh nknyWtij fhzyh.
4) FHh kl catJ V?
NlhFnghJ
nknyWwJ.

tiltjh

FHh

5) caU ms btgiy msit FF.

utf NlhfgL nghJ
til. FfgL nghJ
RUF.

brhiy
gagLJwhf.
tilnaahd
ahr
vd?

j gng btgiykh
mogilahF. mndfkhf vyh
bjhiyfh
iyafS
mt brf xgu
Ko Ka efuf mW
gthd mfgr kW Fiwjgr
btgiyfis FLwhf.

btgiyia Fl bra
kW
~ghu
vw
U
myFfis gagLjyh.

xU
y
iyaf
bra vw brhiy ntW
y iyaf ~ghu vw
204

b t g i y k h
Ujkhd
msL
Kiwf
gagLjgLwd.
1) bronuL myJ bra
msL Kiw
2) ~ghu msL Kiw

a kW btga
btgiykh U l msLf
mogil msf FfgLwd.
xW l msL vW kbwhW nk l
msL vW TwgL. itfSF ilgl
ilbt rkghffshf fgL xbthU
ghfK 1 o vW miHfgL.
l msL : a gfo cUFiy
nk l msL : a bfhiy
msL
Kiw

nk l
msL

l
msL

ghff
vif

bra

100o C

0o C

100

~ghu

212o F

32o F

180

nkY mJbfhnth
SI msL Kiw btgiy bf
vw myfh mslgLwJ. J j
msit Kiw vwiHfgLwJ.
bra msoUJ ~ghu
msoF khw gagL bjhl:
C
100

(F-32)
180

C bra btgiykh fhL

msL
F ~ghu btgiykh fhL
msL

gl 14.15.

bgUghyhd
btgiykh
f
ghjur
gagLj
gLwJ. Vbd,
1) mJ gsgsghf, x
fh bghUshf csJ.
2) fzho xlhJ
3) btgij v flJ.

1.

86 F

___ C

3) a
btgiy
khwF
mf
ms til

2.

122 F

___ C

4) uhf til.

3.

___ F

37 C

4.

___ F

70 C

fns brfns

xU y btgiykhf
MfAh
gagLj
gLwJ.

14.10.4. btgiyia msLj

cfSF fhr csnghJ kUJtl brUf. kUJt
brj Kj ntiy cfsJ cl btgiyia fljjhfjh
UF. jfhf mt kUJt btgiykhia gagL Ugh.
j mikig mJ bfhnthkh?
205

14

aa
Mtf btgiykh
J bfoahd fzho FHhah NHgl fa
Jis cila FHh MF. xU Kid cUis tot F
fhzgL. F kW a Jis FHh xU gF
ghjurjh uggoUF. fhW fgl wF FHh
nk Kid _lgoUF. msLf -10 C Kj 110
C tiu FfgoUF.
btgiykh F Nlhd D _Fgo
itfgLnghJ, FD cs ghjur Nlh til.
vdnt FHhD ghjur kl caU. FHhD cd ghjur
kl ms btgiyia jU.
kUJt btgiykh
f a Jisila xU fzhoFHhia R
bfoahd fzho FHh UF. xU Kid cUis
tot F fhzgL. F kW W Jis FHh xU
gF ghjur uggoUF. FHh cs fhW
fgl wF kWKid _lgoUF.
FGF rWnk xU W tis fhzgL.
J
tilj ghjur L FGF bryhk jLf
cj. 35 C Kj 42 C tiu mslgoUF. ghjur
kl ms nehah btgiyia jU. kj
cl btgiyia fhz kLnk J gagLjgL.
kj ruhr cl btgiy 36.9 C (m) 98.4 F MF.

gl 14.16

~ghu msLf Ffgl kUJt btgiy

khfS gagLjgLwd. bra kW ~ghu
mslf Ffgl btgiykhfS eilKiw
csd.
nkY mJbfhnth
jnghJ ol btgiykhfis bfhL
btgiy mslgLwJ. J fzho kW ghjur
yhj xU dQ mik MF. J v cilahJ
kW gagLJtJ ghJfhghdJ. nehah if
monyh myJ thnyh itj xU lF wF W
rjij VgLJ. mJ btgiy msit neuoahf
vf fhL.

gl 14.17
206

a kW btga

kL
1.

gl fhlgLs ehF fyfis vthW fy mLfhf

khwyh vgij nfhLf _y izJ fhLf.
2. tU Riw ft

3. tU Riw ft. sfhdJ xtjF R bragl

ntoa khwfis flf. rahd Riw FpLfis bfhL
tiuf.

4. kUJtkid
mU

M Tl
KJ

t xUt braghL rahdJ. kbwhUt braghL jtwhdJ.

sFf.
207

14

aa

brJghUf
1. cfl _W fyfS, xU sF jugLsJ. xU
fyij bfhL Riw cUthf. ijnghynt uL
kW _W fyfis bfhl Riw cUthf. s
xj VgL khWghil ftJ mltiz vGJf.
fyf vif
xW

xj jik

uL
_W
2. cnyhf ghu x js iu vLJbfhs. btgiykhia
D itJ xU y lf fJ btgiyia FJbfhf.
ghuij fhiy 10 kF Rkh 20 lf bt itjwF
L btgiyia fhQ. ijnghy ka 12 k kW gf
2 k Ma neuf Ug bra. cfsJ msfis g bra.
neu

tFgiwD
btgiy C

bt itjwF
btgiy C

fhiy 10 k
ka 12k
gf 2k
3. cfl U M, skhd jhuf, _W fyf kW U
F^f Mait jugLsd.
50 RWf bfhl fhjij cUthf. Jl xU fyij
izJ F^f mU itf. fhjjh <fgl F^ f
vifia fzLf. ijnghy uL kW _W fyfis
bfhL nrhjidia Ug brJ msLfis mltizgLJf.
fyf vif

<fgL F^f vif

xW
uL
_W
nkY ma
jf
1. Know about Science - Electricity - Anju Chawla, Dreamland Publication
izajsf
http://www.howstuffworks.com
http://www.dmoz.org/kidandteens/schooltime/science.com
208

aa
15
myF

xa

aa

15

aa

gl 15.1

u vLfgl efu x glijjh F ghf.

vyh sFfS mizfglh mj efu vthW UF
vgij fgid brJghUf. cfsh vijahtJ ghf Kokh?
x yhjnghJ bghUis ekh ghf Kokh?
x yhjnghJ ekh vj bghUis ghf ayhJ.
x kW UL vwh vd?
ghF czit jU Mw x vdgL. x yhj iy UL
vdgL. bghU xiw eh ghfntL v bghU UJ
xahdJ e ffis mila ntL.

15.1. vbuh
ikahd fzho nghw bghUf tna x FJ brY.
Mdh nkir, ehfh bghUf tna x Fj bryhJ.
mt J G x xU gF U mDggL.
x bghUf J gL U mDggL bra vbuh vdgL.
eh kW vY JL fij
xU eh eh xW jdJ th
vY JLl ghy xiw
flJ brwJ. mJ nH brY iu
ghjJ.mnghJ D
kbwhU eh th
vYJLl
Ugij
flJ.
mj nguhir oj
eh ulhtJ vY
Jil
bgw
idjJ.

D bj ehia gaKW
vYJil bgWlyh vw
vz mJ gykhf FiwjJ.
mnah ght! eh thUj
vYJL D GjJ.
nguhir bfhl eh
jDila
vY
Jil HjJ.

gl 15.2

210

mj eh D
vij ghjjhf f
idf?

xa
bra 15.1

jh{kAh

bkGFt

mdgwit

F
fhlgLs
glfis
ftf.
F bghUis nghw mnj njhw
bfhl cUtij ghfyh. J bghU
g vdgL.
g
vthW
cUthwJ?
x
vbuhgjh g cUthwJ.

15.2. Mo

bra 15.2

Mo vwh vd?
dnjhW eh jiy nghJ myJ
Kf fGnghJ Kf ghF fzho
ekJ cUtij ghnwh. Kf ghF
fzho e cUtij ghf Ko.
Mdh rhjhuz fzho kufil
myJ f nghwitf gij ghf
KoahJ. V?
Kf ghF fzho G
bgUghyhd x vbuhfgLtjh
g
njhWwJ.
Mdh
kw
bghUf mj ms xia vbuhgJ
iy.

vyh bghUfS xnu

ms xia vbuh
wdth?
jid
W
fzhoJL,
Mo,
btisjh Matiw
bfhL flf.
xbthU bghU J
Na x gLgo itJ
vbuhF
xia
Rt J H bra
ntL. nghJ vd
fhnwh?

jJ G xia
VwFiwa
KGtJkhf vbuhf Toa gsgsghd
gu Mo vdgL.

nghJ
eh
vd
ahrij
cz
nwh?
cfSF
fUJ gkhw brf.

bgUghyhd Mof fzho bfhL

cUthfgLwd.
Mo
rkjskhf
mikjh mJ rkjs Mo vdgL.

rkjs Mo cUthF
g
jikfis
flnthkh!

211

15

aa
bra 15.3
1. Mo K
itf.

bkGFt

2. bkGFt
fhz.

gij

xiw
Mo

3. MoF xU iuia itf.

4. iu
bkGFt
njhWwjh?

iu g njhWtJ iy.
J nghw iu of Koahj
g kha g vdgL.
kha g vnghJ neuhfnt mik.
rkjs Mo njhW g vnghJ neuhd khagkhF.
bra 15.4
1. Mo K W cf gij
ghUf.
mJ
cfisl
bgajhf njhWwjh? myJ
ajhf njhWwjh?

ghJ uf

2. MoUJ bkJthf ndh

efu. nghJ g ms
khWgLwjh?
bghU
msUJ khWgLtiy.

gfJ miw xUF

cf
idFoia
miwD bryhk vthW
fhzyh?

Ko
rkjs Mo cUthF g
ms bghU msF rkkhf
UF.
212

xU rkjs Moia fj w
itJ
oJ
bfhs
cf idFoia rkjs
Mo ghfyh.

xa
bra 15.5
1. jokdhd btis jh J VII
vd vGj.
2. mjid MoF K itf.
3. Mo njhW
mik.

IIV

vd

4. F gf vil khw VgLsJ.

5. Mo
K
WbfhL,
tyJ ifdh cf _if
bjhl. fzhoD vd
ghf?
6. Mo bj cf g
lJifdh _if bjhL
bfhoUF. mjhtJ, MoahdJ
lgfij
tygfkhf,
tygfij
lgfkhf
csJ nghy fhL. g
lty khw vdgL.
7. g jiyHhf njhWwjh?
iy. g neuhf njhW
wJ.
rkjs Mo njhW g vnghJ lty khw milJ fhzgL.
nehahfis V brY thfd K
ahrkhf vGjgLs My vGJfis
ftJfsh?
mJ AMBULANCE vw thijjh. lty
khwJl vGjgoUF. j thfd
Kdh brY thfd XLef jf
thfd cs ndhF Mo tna
ghFnghJ mjid rahf gof Ko.

gl 15.3. mtru C

bra 15.6
(i)
(ii)

TEIUQ PEEK
NWOD TIS ESAELP

1. j
fzho
brhwd?

gf

vd

2. ijnghw xUy thafis lty

khwJl vGJf.
213

nkY mJbfhnth
Mo KG
cUtij fhz
Mo cau
FiwjJ bghU
cau ghas
Uf ntL.

15

aa
bra 15.7
1. W rkjs Mo xiw tiugljh xU
nfho J bghUJkhW itf.
2. tiugljh g MoD njhW.
3. bg myJ mgh xid
MoUJ
_whtJ
fl
Kid itf.
4. MoD mj g
FJ bfhs.

iyia

5. bghUis btntW gFf itJ

xbthU Kiw mjfhd g
iyia FJ bfhs.
6. tUJ bghU MoUJ cs bjhiyF MoF
g cUthF bjhiyF VjhtJ bjhlig fhzKowjh?
MoF K bghU vts bjhiy csnjh mnj bjhiy
MoF bghU g njhW.

15.3. nfhsf Mof

bra 15.8

(Spherical Mirrors)

fzD, fkyh jf u
czfhf fhUjd. fz
jDila a jo mtDila
gij
fhwh.
jo
vbuh VgLtjh mtDila
g njhWtjhf fkyhl
Tdh.
Wjh
tF
ijg mnjh vwh.
fkyh xU Jfuoia vLJ
fhJ fzh vDila
gij fhz KowJ vwh.
F fuo xU Moahf
bragLwJ.

tF khztfl btntW
tifahd Mofis bfhLJ
mj nkgufis Muhgo
Tw.
xU y Mof rkjskhf,
y Mof guf nkneh
tisJ, y Mof guf
c neh tisJ Ugij
czthf. nkneh tisj
guila Mo, F Mo vd
cneh tisj Mo, F
Mo vd miHfgL. it
tisj Mof vdgL.

vdnt,
MoahdJ
rkjskhf
Uf
ntoa
mtaiy
tisj gu Moahf braglyh.
gsgsghd
nkirfuo
cDila cUtijgh. fuo
UgffS
xnu
khahd
gij cUthFwdth?
214

F Mo

gl 15.4

F Mo

xa
Mof vthW tiuglf FfgLwd?

m) rkjs Mo

M) F Mo

F Mo

jid brf

) F Mo

F Mo

(M) kW () vw tisj
Mofis gFahf bfhL
nfhsf tiunth.

vj xU tisjgu nfhs
xU gFahf mik. vdnt F
kW F Mof nfhsf Mof
vdgL.

bra 15.9
F Moia Naid neh
UFgo of. vbuhJ
tU
xia
btisjh
x J Ggo brf.
btisjhis
KD
Dkhf
ef
bjthd
x cUthFgo brf.
j xna Na
g MF.

Ka brf
ug gJ xiw vLJ
bfhL, f cjah xU
WgFia bto vLf. bto
vLfgl gF cgf
Fthf, btgf FJ
mik.

jh J myJ iu J
G g bkg vdgL.

nghJ
F,
F
Mof
nfhs gFf vgij VW
bfhsyh myth!

kha
gij
cUthf ayhJ.

nkY mJbfhnth
fyfiu
yff
Mof
gagLjgLwd.
l uF mj xia
vbuhJ
fl
brY
fgfSF cjwJ.

nfhsf Mof J x G
nghJ vd fG?
F Mo xia vbuhJ xU
nrF (FF).
F Mo xia
J bry itF.

iu

vbuhJ
215

15

aa
bra 15.10
F Mo xiw gagL v bkGFt Rl (Flame)
gij bgwyhkh?
F Moia jh bghU nkirJ itf. 15 br.. x 20 br..
mss mil xJ btis
jhis
xl.
J
iuahf
gagL. v bkGFtia
Mo K Rkh 50 br.. bjhiy
itf. iuia ef Rl
bjthd gij bgw.
J
bkgkh?
khagkh?
g Rliul bgajhf csjh?
ajhf csjh?

bkGFtia Moia neh

ef btntW lf itJ
xbthU Kiw iu bjthd
gij bgw.
f
bra.

ghjtiw

iu
njhW
g
bkg.
J
bghUisl
bgajhfnth myJ ajhfnth
myJ bghU msilajhfnth
UF. Mdh jiyHhf mik.
bghU F MoF f mUfhik csnghJ MoD bga neuhd
khag cUthF.
bra 15.11
F Moia jh bghU nkirJ itf. mj K
v bkGFtia itf. iuia MoFK itJ KD
D ef gij bgw Kaf. g cUthwjh?
gij iu bgw ayhJ. F Mo xffis J bry
itgjh iu g cUthfhJ. Mdh MoD bghUisl a
neuhd khag njhW.
f bjJ bfhtJ vd?
F Mo vnghJ bghUisl a khagij kLnk cUthF.
216

xa
nfhsf Mof gaf
kG Kf sFfY,
bjhiy nehfY vbuh
Moahf gagLwd.

Kf rtu br Moahf
gagLwJ.

F Mo

g kW fhJ, _F bjhil
kUJtf mtf ghf
ntoa gFf J xia
FfgagLwd.

Na mLf rikf ntoa

czbghUf J Na
xia Ff gagLwd.

F Mo

thfdf w
cstiw ghf
gagLwd.

mfkhd lij
ffhF Mofshf
gagLwd.
217

15

aa

15.4. Nax - btisah myJ wKilajh?

gl 15.6. thd

thd thdiy ghUfsh?

thdyhdJ kiHbgnghJ thd gytzfSl bga
nghy njhW. J btis x vgJ gytzf bjhF vw
Mrakhd cikia cW brwJ.
ghitahsUF wUJ xahdJ Jf J Gtjh
thd njhWwJ. UJ Nax gy tzfsh MfglJ
vd mayh.
bra 15.12
fzho Kglf xiw vLJbfhf.
rkjs Mo xdh Na xia iu myJ
Rt J Ggo bra.
KglfUJ bttU xia iu
myJ Rt J Ggo bra. iu
thd
cs
tzfis
nghw
tzfis fhzyh.
UJ Nax gy tzfis bfhlJ vgij cW
brayh.
Mahnyna
bga
vbuh
bjhiynehf,
xW jeho cs
#thJ kiy (nt
khtl)
mikJs
fht
Muh
ika csJ.
218

vjid wf csd? vyh

wfis vjhf ja
Koah
lhY,
ftdkhf
ghFnghJ VG wf csij
mayh.
mit : Cjh, fUy, y, gir,
kr, MuR kW t. jid
VIBGYOR vd FLnwh.

xa
wif vwh vd?
btis x vgJ VG wfsh MdJ vgij mnth. wfis
jjahf f aY. thW btis xahdJ mjD mls
VG wfshf fgL f wif vdgL.
wf bjhF wkhiy vdgL.
wfis nrJ btis xia bgw
aYkh?
aY, jid l to _y
brJfhlyh.
l to, tl gy tl
gFfshf fgL xbthF
xbthU wlgLwJ. tljL jh
x bghUjgLsJ. jh cs
ifoia RH jil RHy brayh.
jil ntfkhf RHWnghJ tzf
kiwJ, jL VwFiwa btisahf
bj.

gl 14.7

nrhjid

eh l til cUthFnthkh!
1. btis mil x tljL xiw bto vLf
2. ghifkhia gagL, jil VG rkghffshf f.
3. xbthU gFF wkhiy cs xbthU wl.
4. jo eL WJisL mjtna skhd bg myJ
Cia brhUf.
5. jil Kojtiu ntfkhf RHw. jL ntfkhf RHYnghJ
tzf xW nrJ jL btisahf bj.

219

15

aa

kL
1. fzho ghFnghJ lty khwjh khwkilahj IJ My
vGJfis vGJ. (cjhuz H )
2. khzt xUt fzho K 1 u W bfhLsh. mt
fzhoia neh 50br u efJ brwh. nghJ mtDF,
mtdJ gF ilglu ahJ?
3. f Uliw fzho K W bfhoUgjhf bfhf.
cfsJ gij lh iy bfhL fhzntL v mij vthW
gagLJf?
4. cfsJ kW cfsJ egf _W ng bgafis jj
jhf vGj. xbth gij fzho fhz. vjid
vGJf lty khwjh khwkilJsd?
5. Mof cUthF gfis ftJ mit vtif Mof vd
tifgLJf.

(a) _____________

(b) _____________

(c)_____________

brJ ghUf
1. F Mo xiw bjhiy cs bghUis neh of. Moia KD
D ef mj bjthd g Rt myJ iu J Ggo bra.
MoF iu myJ RtF ilgl uij msL btntW
bghUfSF nrhjidia Ug bra. msLfis Ff.
bghU

j u
Mo Fau
vdgL.

nkY ma
jf
1. Young Scientist Vol-4 - World Book. Inc
izajsf

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