AP Phys B Test Review

Thermodynamics 4/30/2008

Overview
Thermodynamics

Heat, Temperature, Energy Thermal Expansion Ideal Gas Law PV Diagrams Laws of Thermodynamics

Internal Energy and Heat

Internal

Energy: consists of the kinetic and potential energy of the molecular components of a system (i.e. molecular translation, rotation, vibration and bonds). Heat: The transfer of energy between systems as a result of a temperature difference.

Temperature
Macroscopic:

How how or cold

something is

Microscopic: related to the motion of the

atoms of a system

Measured

in Celsius (relative) or Kelvin (absolute) scales.

Absolute zero.

Thermal Expansion of Solids

When a linear objects temperature increases, its physical dimensions will typically increase.

L = L 0 T

Coefficient of linear expansion

For a truly 3-d object, there is a volume expansion with increasing temperature

V = V 0T

Ideal Gas Law

PV=nRT

(wimpy chemistry version) PV=Nk T (buff physics version) B

K : Boltsmann constant
B

nuff

said.

Kinetic Theory of Gases

The number of molecules is large, and the average separation between gas molecules is large The molecules obey Newtons Laws of Motion The molecules undergo completely elastic collisions with each other and with the walls All the gas molecules are identical Note: this allows us to interpret the ideal gas law in terms of microscopic objects!

No other interactions

Kinetic Theory of gases

Pressure is proportional to the number of molecules per unit volume and their average translational kinetic energy Temperature of a gas is a direct measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the gas.

For a monatomic gas, the internal energy is:

3 U = NkBT 2

Specific Heat

The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat energy it takes to cause in increase or decrease in temperature.

Q = m cT

c = specific heat, different for every substance Calorimetry: measuring specific heat by using heat transfer.

Latent Heat

Latent Heat is defined as the amount of energy it takes to induce a phase change in a substance.

Q = m L

L = latent heat, varies with phase and substance.

Latent Heat and Specific Heat

Temperature Conduction
Thermal

Contact Radiative Convection

conduction

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If

objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with one another.

Two objects in thermal equilibrium with each

other are at the same temperature.

First Law of Thermodynamics

The change in the internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system on its environment

U = Q W

If work is done on the system, W is negative. A piston is a good example of this.

Thermodynamic Processes

Isothermal: Constant temperature

PV = constant P = constant V = constant

Isobaric: constant pressure Isovolumetric: constant volume Adiabatic: No heat flows into or out of the system
Q=0

Thermodynamic Processes
Isothermal

Process

Isobaric and Isovolumetric Processes

Adiabatic Processes

Thermodynamic Processes

Work done is given by the following:

W = PV

Isothermal, U=0, and Q=-W Isobaric: W=PV, Q= U+ PV Isovolumetric, W=0 and U=Q Adiabatic, Q=0 so U=W

Second Law of Thermodynamics

In any closed system, the total entropy must be increasing.

Q S = T

Heat can flow spontaneously from a hot object to a cold object, but not vice versa

Heat Engines
Mechanical

Energy obtained from thermal energy when heat is allowed to flow from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir.

First law is critically

important here.

Heat Engines

Efficiency of a heat engine is defined as

Q H Q L Q L W e = = = 1 Q H Q H Q H

For the Carnot cycle (see next slide)

TH TL TL e = = 1 TH TH

Carnot Cycle
The

most efficient process theoretically possible (not realistic). No device will have an efficiency equal to or greater than a Carnot engine.

Third Law of Thermodynamics

It

is impossible to achieve absolute zero in a real physical system.