Speed, velocity and acceleration

Both Mr Rabbit and Mr Tortoise took the same round trip, but Mr Rabbit slept & returned later.

Who runs faster?

Me, as I spent less time on the trip. No, I travelled longer distance every minute.

Comment on their their argument.

A boy has been missing in a forest for 2 hours. O

scale = 1 cm : 5 km

radius = 8 km (a) If he walks at a speed of 4 km h 1, try to locate his possible positions on the map.

A boy has been missing in a forest for 2 hours. O

scale = 1 cm : 5 km

radius = 8 km (b) What else is important to spot the boy? The direction in which he has been walking.

Speed

How can we describe how fast an object moves? E.g. A car on Tolo Highway travels 90 km in 1 hour. We say that the car travels at a speed of 90 km h 1.

Speed

How can we describe how fast an object moves?

Speed is a measure of how fast something moves. Speed = distance travelled per unit of time
SI unit: m s
1

or km h 1 (for long distances)

Speed

Average speed
slows down to 0 km h 1, and speeds up again to 60 km h 1.

A car travels at 50 km h 1,

Its average speed over the whole journey overall distance travelled = total time of travel

Speed

Average speed
Average speed does not tell the variations during the journey. On most trips, the speed at any instant is often different from the average speed.

Speed

Instantaneous speed
= speed at any instant

Instantaneous speed

The word speed alone instantaneous speed Instantaneous speed } distance travelled in an extremely short time interval Simulation

Speed

Instantaneous speed

Speedometer tells the car s speed at any instant!

Velocity
a speed in a given direction or rate of change of displacement. direction

Velocity is...

velocity magnitude (speed)

a vector quantity

Velocity

Speed with direction

MTR drivers concern speed only.

speed = 90 km h

Pilots concern velocity (direction & speed).

speed = 300 km h direction = west

Velocity

Average velocity

overall displacement Average velocity = total time of travel

direction of overall direction of velocity = displacement

Velocity

Instantaneous velocity
The velocity at any instant is called instantaneous velocity.

If a car moves at a constant velocity... its average and instantaneous velocities have the same value.

Q1 The world record...

The world record of women 100-m race is 10.49 s. What is the average speed? Average speed = ( 100 ) 10.49
1

= 9.53 m s 1 or 34.3 km h

Q2 In an orienteering event...
In an orienteering event, Maria and Karen reach their control points at the same time.
start, 10:00 am Maria, 10:30 am

Karen, 10:30 am

Who runs in a higher average velocity?

Q2 In an orienteering event...
Who runs in a higher average velocity? A B C D Maria. Karen. Undetermined since their paths are unknown. Incomparable since they run along different directions.

Q3 True or false:
Average speed of an object its average velocity.

u magnitude of
(T/F)

Note: The distance travelled is equal to magnitude of displacement only if it is a straight-line motion. Speed is usually larger than the magnitude of velocity.

Q4 True or false:
A man takes a walk starting from rest and ending at rest. It is possible for him to attain an average speed of 5 km h1 but he never goes faster than 5 km h1. (T/F)

Acceleration

When a car moves faster and faster, its speed is increasing (velocity changed).

Acceleration

When a car moves slower and slower, its speed is decreasing (velocity changed).

Acceleration

When a car changes direction, its velocity changes too.

Acceleration
direction speed

Acceleration measures the change in velocity

Acceleration = (velocity per unit time overall change in velocity = total time taken Unit: m s
1

/s =ms

vector quantity

Acceleration

If a car accelerates at 2 m s 2, what does that mean?

t=0

v=0 t = 1 s v = 2 m s 1, (v = 2 m s 1 t = 2 s v = 4 m s 1, (v = 2 m s 1
5m

1m

3m

t=3s v = 6 m s 1, (v = 2 m s 1

Example 1
Airport Express takes 0.35 h to go from HK station to Airport station (34 km). Ave. speed = 34 km/0.35 h = 97 km h Complete table.
Distance between stations / km Journey time between stations / s Ave. speed between stations / km h 1 HK p Kln p Tsing Yi Kln 2.6 153 (c) 8.9 (b) 90 Tsing Yi p Airport (a) 762 105
1

Example 1
(b) Kln p Tsing Yi: Time = distance / ave. speed = 8.9 / 90 = 0.0989 h = 356 s
HK p Kln p Tsing Yi Kln Distance between stations / km Journey time between stations / s Ave. speed between stations / km h 1 2.6 153 (c) 8.9 (b) 90 Tsing Yi p Airport (a) 762 105

(a) Tsing Yi p Airport: Distance = ave. speed v time = 105 v 12.7 = 22.2 km
HK p Kln p Tsing Yi Kln Distance between stations / km Journey time between stations / s Ave. speed between stations / km h 1 2.6 8.9 762 s = (762/3600) h 153 (b) = 12.7 h (c) 90 Tsing Yi p Airport (a) 762 105

Example 1

(c)

Example 1
HK p Kln: Ave. speed = distance / time = 2.6 / 0.0425 = 61.2 km
HK p Kln p Tsing Yi Kln Tsing Yi p Airport (a)

Distance between stations / km Journey time between stations / s Ave. speed between stations / km h 1

2.6 153 (c)

8.9

(b) 762 153 s = (153/3600) h =90 0.0425 h 105

Example 2
A man walks from A to B at 1 km h 1, and returns at 2 km h 1.
A 1 km h
1

B
1

2 km h

Average speed for the whole trip = ?

Example 2
A 1 km h
1

B
1

2 km h

Suppose AB = 1 km whole journey = 2 km

1 km 1 km  Time for whole trip = 1 1 km h 2 km h 1

= 1 h + 0.5 h = 1.5 h Ave. speed = distance / time = 2/1.5km h 1.33

1

Example 3
A car travels 7 km north and then 3 km west in 10 minutes. Find (a) average speed, 3 km Ave. speed B C = distance travelled time taken = (7 + 3) km = 60 km h (10/60) h
1

7 km

Example 3
A car travels 7 km north and then 3 km west in 10 minutes. Find (b) ave. velocity?
C 3 km B 7 km

AC = AB  BC
2 2

! 7  3 = 7.62 km

tan U = 3/7 U

=23.2o

U
A

Example 3
A car travels 7 km north and then 3 km west in 10 minutes. Find (b) ave. velocity? AC = 7.62 km, U =23.2o Size of ave. velocity =
displacement time
1

3 km

B 7 km

7.62 km = (10/60) h

= 45.7 km h

U
A

Ave. velocity is 45.7 km h 1, 23.2 north of west.

Example 4
The Ferrari 348 can go from rest to 100 km h 1 in 5.6 s. What is its ave. acceleration (in m s 2)? Ave. acceleration 100 km h = 5.6 s = 4.96 m s
2 1

(100/3.6) m s 5.6 s

Q1 A running student...
A running student is slowing down in front of a teacher. With reference to the sign convention, Velocity of student: positive / negative +ve

Acceleration of student: positive / negative

Q2 When time is measured...

Unit of time: hour (h) Unit of distance/displacement: kilometer (km) Quantity Speed Velocity Change in velocity Acceleration Unit ______ km h 1 ______ km h 1 ______ km h 1 km h 2 ______ Scalar/Vector _____ scalar _____ vector _____ vector vector _____

Q3 In 2.5 s, a car speeds up...

In 2.5 s, a car speeds up from 60 km h 65 km h 1...
1

to

while a bicycle goes from rest to 5 km h 1. Which one has the greater acceleration? They have the same acceleration!

Q4 A car is moving in positive...

A car is moving in +ve direction. What happens if it moves under a ve acceleration? The car will slow down. What happens if it moves under a ve deceleration? The car will move in +ve direction with increasing speed.