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  • Additional Screen-Off Formulas

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    Sush Rutha
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    This document outlines three screening-off formulas for determining whether one variable screens off another. The first formula compares the probabilities of an event given both variables to the probabilities given the presence and absence of each variable. The second formula compares the probabilities given both variables to just one variable. The third formula compares the probabilities given both variables to the probabilities given each variable separately. In all cases, screening off is demonstrated when the presence of one variable still impacts probabilities while the other variable no longer does.

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    This document outlines three screening-off formulas for determining whether one variable screens off another. The first formula compares the probabilities of an event given both variables to the probabilities given the presence and absence of each variable. The second formula compares the probabilities given both variables to just one variable. The third formula compares the probabilities given both variables to the probabilities given each variable separately. In all cases, screening off is demonstrated when the presence of one variable still impacts probabilities while the other variable no longer does.

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    11 views1 page

    Additional Screen-Off Formulas

    Uploaded by

    Sush Rutha
    This document outlines three screening-off formulas for determining whether one variable screens off another. The first formula compares the probabilities of an event given both variables to the probabilities given the presence and absence of each variable. The second formula compares the probabilities given both variables to just one variable. The third formula compares the probabilities given both variables to the probabilities given each variable separately. In all cases, screening off is demonstrated when the presence of one variable still impacts probabilities while the other variable no longer does.

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    of 1

    Phil 125

    Fall 2010 Additional Screening-Off Formulas

    R. Feleppa

    I. The Causal Reasoning handout emphasizes the following screening-off formula: To show A screens off B: P (E / A . B ) P (E / A . B ) = _ P (E / A . B ) _ P (E / A . B ) The presence/absence of A still makes a difference The presence/absence of B no longer makes a difference

    II. This also shows that A screens off B: _ _ _ P (E / A . B ) P (E / A . B ) _ _ _ P (E / A . B ) = P (E / A . B )

    The presence/absence of A still makes a difference The presence/absence of B no longer makes a difference

    III. This also shows that A screens off B: P (E / A . B ) P (E / A . B ) = P (E / B ) P (E / A ) The presence/absence of A still makes a difference * The presence/absence of B no longer makes a difference **

    * That is, the group designated by A . B excludes non-As. The group designated by B includes non-As. That the probabilities for A.B and for B differ shows that including and excluding non-As makes a difference. ** That is, the group designated by A . B excludes non-Bs. The group designated by A includes non-Bs. That the probabilities for A.B and for A dont differ shows that including and excluding non-Bs makes no difference.

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