2.

Probability Addition Theorem

LECTURE 3 A B

C
 2.0

Nishant Vora
B.Tech - IIT-Patna
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Example Four persons can hit a target correct with probabilities 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/8.
If all hit at the target independently, then the probability that the target
would be hit, is

A. 25/192 B. 7/32

C. 1/192 D. 25/32

(JEE M 2019)
Addition theorem on Probability
If A and B are two events associated with an experiment then

1. P(A U B) is probability of occurrence of at least one event

2. P(A ∩ B) is probability of occurrence of both A and B
3. P(A) is probability of occurrence of A
4. P(B) is probability of occurrence of B

P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)

A B
P(at least one event will occur)
= P(AUB)
= P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)

A B
P(exactly one event will occur)
= P(A) + P(B) - 2 P(A∩B)

A B
P(only A occurs)
= P(A) - P(A∩B)

A B
Note:

I. If A and B are mutually exclusive events then

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) {∵P(A ⋂ B) = 0}
II. If A and B are exhaustive events then P(A ∪ B) = 1
Example A die is thrown. Let A be the event that the number obtained is greater
than 3. Let B be the event that the number obtained is less than 5. Then
P(A ∪ B) is

A. 3/5 B. 0

C. 1 D. 2/5

(JEE 2008)
Example Two students Anil and Ashima appeared in an examination. The
probability that Anil will qualify the examination is 0.05 and that
Ashima will qualify the examination is 0.10. The probability that
both will qualify the examination is 0.02. Find the probability that
a. Both Anil and Ashima will not qualify the examination
b. At least one of them will not qualify the examination and
c. Only one of them will qualify the examination.

A B
P(A ∪ B ∪ C)=
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A ∩ B) - P(B ∩ C) - P(A ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C)

A B

C
Note:

I. If A, B and C are mutually exclusive events then

P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)
II. If A and B are exhaustive events then P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = 1
P(exactly two events A, B, C occur)
= P(A ∩ B) + P(A ∩ B) + P(A ∩ B) - 3 P(A ∩ B ∩ C)

A B

C
P(exactly one of the events A, B, C occur)
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - 2P(A ∩ B) - 2P(B ∩ C) - 2P(A ∩ C) + 3P(A ∩ B ∩ C)

A B

C
Example For three events A, B and C
P(Exactly one of A or B occurs) = P (Exactly one of B or C occurs)
= P(Exactly one of C or A occurs) = 1/4 and
P(All the three events occur simultaneously) = 1/16
Then the probability that at least one of the events occurs, is:

(JEE M 2017)
A. 3/16 B. 7/32

C. 7/16 D. 7/64
Example Events A, B, C are mutually exclusive events such that

The set of possible

values of x are in the interval

A. [0, 1] B.

C. D.
(JEE M 2003)
Example If M and N are any two events , then which one of the following
represents the probability of the occurrence of exactly one of them?

A. P(M) + P(N) - 2P(M ∩ N) B. P(M) + P(N) - (M ∩ N)

C. D.

(JEE Adv. )
Example If P(A) = 3/5 and P(B) = 2/3 then the range of values of P(A ∩ B) is

A. B.

C. D.
Example A and B are events such that P(A ∪ B) = 3/4, P(A ∩ B) = 1/4, P(Ā) = 2/3
then P(Ā ∩ B) is
A. 5/12 B. 3/8
(JEE M 2002)
C. 5/8 D. 1/4

A B
Example If P(B) = 3/4, P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = 1/3 and P(Ā ∩ B ∩ C) = 1/3, then P(B ∩ C) is

A. 1/12 B. 1/6
(JEE 2003)
C. 1/15 D. 1/9

A B

C
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