In this video:

1. Basics
2. Geometrical Probability
3. Addition Theorem (venn diag.)
4. Conditional Probability
5. Independent Events
6. Total Probability Theorem (tree diag.)
7. Bayes’ Theorem (tree diag.)
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basics of Probability
Deterministic experiment Random Experiments

Same outcome every time. Possible outcomes are known.

 Sample Space & Event

It is subset of sample space

Example:

Getting an odd outcome in throwing a dice.

A = { 1, 3, 5}

S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
 Definition of Probability

Number of favourable outcomes

P(A) =
Total Number of outcomes

NOTE : 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
A pair of fair dice is rolled. Find the probability of getting a total of 6.
 Outputs of the first dice

1 2 3 4 5 6
Outputs of the second dice

1 (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)

2 (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)

3 (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)

4 (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)

5 (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)

6 (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)

The letters of the word ‘ASSASSIN’ are written down at random in a
row. The probability that no two S occur together is

A. B.

C. D. None of these
Let 𝛚 be a complex cube root of unity with 𝛚 ≠ 1. A fair die is
thrown three times. If r1, r2 and r3 are the numbers obtained on the
die, then the probability that 𝛚r1 + 𝛚r2 + 𝛚r3 = 0 is
JEE Adv. 2010

A. 1/18 B. 1/9

C. 2/9 D. 1/36
 Complement of Event

The complement of an event ‘A’ with respect to a sample space S is the

set of all elements of ‘S’ which are not in A. It is usually denoted by A′, Ā
or AC .

NOTE: P(A) + P(Ā) = 1

There are four letters and four addressed envelopes. The chance
that all letters are not dispatched in the right envelope is

A. B.

C. D.
 Odds in Favour and Odd Against

Number of favourable cases

Odds in favour of an event =
Number of unfavourable cases

Number of unfavourable cases

Odds against an event =
Number of favourable cases
A pair of fair dice is rolled. Find the odds against getting a
total greater than or equal to 9.

A. 5 : 1 B. 13 : 5

C. 3 : 1 D. 5 : 13
 Types of Events

Equally likely events:

Events are equally likely if they have same probability of
occurrence.

Example: ‘Getting odd outcome’ and ‘getting even outcome’ in

single throw of a dice.
 Types of Events

Mutually exclusive or disjoint events :

Events are said to be mutually exclusive or disjoint if the
occurrence of any one of them prevents the occurrence of all the
others.

Example: ‘Getting odd outcome’ and ‘getting even outcome’ in

single throw of a dice.
 Types of Events

Exhaustive set of event:

If set of events (say A, B and C) is such that their union is the sample
space of that random experiment then this set of events is called
exhaustive set of events.

Example: In a single throw of a dice

A: Getting Odd outcome
B: Getting Even outcome
C: Getting Prime outcome
 Types of Events

Independent events:
Events are said to be independent if the happening (or non-happening) of
one event is not affected by the happening (or non-happening) of others.

Example: If two dice are thrown together, then getting an even number on
first is independent to getting an odd number on the second.
geometrical Probability
A square is inscribed inside a circle. If a point is selected inside the
circle then what is the probability that the point also lies inside the
square.
 Geometrical Probability

Favourable Length
1. 1-D: P(A) =
Total Length

Favourable area
2. 2-D: P(A) =
Total area

Favourable volume
3. 3-D: P(A) =
Total volume
If p is chosen at random in [0, 5] what is the probability of the

equation to have imaginary roots?

[JEE Main 2022
27 Jun Shift-2]
Addition theorem of Probability
A card is selected from a deck of playing cards then find the
probability that it is a red card or a king.
 Venn Diagram and Probability
If A and B are two events of a random experiment, then,

1 P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)

 Venn Diagram and Probability
If A, B and C are three events of a random experiment, then,

P (A ∪ B ∪ C) =
2 P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A ∩ B) - P(B ∩ C) - P (A ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B ∩C)
 NOTE:

1. If A and B be mutually exclusive events, then

P(A ⋃ B) = P(A) + P(B).

2. If A, B and C be three mutually exclusive events, then

P(A ⋃ B ⋃ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)
A and B are events such that P(A ∪ B) = 3/4, P(A ∩ B) = 1/4,
P(Ā) = 2/3, then P(Ā ∩ B)
A. 5/12 B. 3/8

C. 5/8 D. 1/4
A. 1/12 B. 1/6 C. 1/15 1/9
For three events A, B and C,
P(Exactly one of A or B occurs) = P(Exactly one of B or C occurs)
= P(Exactly one of C or A occurs) = 1/4 and
P(All the three events occur simultaneously) = 1/16. Then the
probability that at least one of the events occurs, is : 2017 M

A. B.

C.
Conditional probability
Conditional Probability
 Conditional Probability: Definition

Let A and B be two events associated with a same sample space S. The conditional
probability of an event A given B, where B has already

occurred, is denoted as

And is defined as
Let X and Y be two events such that P(X) = 1/3 , P(X | Y) = 1/2
and P(Y | X) = 2/5 , Then

A. B. C.

(JEE Adv. 2017)

If E' and F' are the complementary events of events E and F
respectively and if 0 < P(F) < 1, then find the value of
P(E/F) + P(E'/F).
Multiplication Principle

P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P(B/A)

Multiplication Principle

P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = P(A) . P(B/A) . P(C/A ∩ B)

Independent events
 Independent Events

Two events are said to be independent if the occurrence (or

non-occurrence) of one event does not affect the other.

If A and B be two independent events, then

P(A/B) = P(A)
 Independent Events

If A and B be two independent events, then

P(A ∩ B) = P(A) • P(B).
 Independent Events

If A, B and C be two independent events, then

P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = P(A) • P(B) • P(C).
Let A and B be two events such that

JEE Main 2014

Where A stands for the complement of the event A. Then the

events A and B are
A. independent but not equally likely.
B. independent and equally likely.
C. mutually exclusive and independent.
D. equally likely but not independent.
 Independent Events

If A and B be independent events, then (A and B') ,

(A' and B) and (A' and B') also are independent events
P(A ∩ B') = P(A).P(B')

P(A' ∩ B)= P(A').P(B)

P(A' ∩ B') = P(A').P(B')

Let E and F be two independent events. The probability that exactly
one of them occurs is 11/25 and the probability of none of them
occurring is 2/25. IfP(T) denotes the probability of occurrence of the
event T, then
JEE Adv. 2011
A. B.

C.
Let Ec denote the complement of an event E. Let E, F, G be pairwise
independent events with P(G) > 0 and P(E ∩ F ∩ G) = 0. Then
P(Ec ∩ Fc | G) equals
JEE Adv. 2007
A. P(E c) + P(Fc) B. P(E c) - P(Fc)

C. P(Ec) - P(F) P(E) - P(Fc)

Four persons can hit a target correctly with probabilities

respectively. If all hit at the target independently, then

(JEE Main 2019)
the probability that the target would be hit, is

A. B. C.
Three children A, B, C in order throw a pair of dice with the challenge
that whoever throws a doublet first will win. They continue playing
indefinitely until someone wins. If A starts the game then their
respective probabilities of winning.
Total probability theorem
Box-1 contains 3 Red and 7 Blue balls and Box-2 contains 6 Red and
4 Blue balls. A dice is rolled. If the outcome is a multiple of 3, a ball
is drawn from box-1 otherwise ball is drawn from box-2.

What is the probability that the ball drawn is red in colour?

Box 1

Box 2
Box-1 contains 3 Red and 7 Blue balls and Box-2 contains 6 Red and 4
Blue balls. A ball is randomly selected from box-1 and placed in box-2.
Now, a ball is drawn from box-2.

What is the probability that the ball drawn is red in colour?

Box 1 Box 2
 Box 2

Box 1

Box 2
Bayes’ theorem
Box-1 contains 3 Red and 7 Blue balls and Box-2 contains 6 Red and 4 Blue
balls. A dice is rolled. If the outcome is a multiple of 3, a ball is drawn from
box-1 otherwise ball is drawn from box-2.

If the ball finally drawn is red in colour then find the probability that it was
drawn from box-1.

Box 1

Box 2
Box-1 contains 3 Red and 7 Blue balls and Box-2 contains 6 Red and 4
Blue balls. A ball is randomly selected from box-1 and placed in box-2.

Now, a ball is drawn from box-2 and is found to be blue in colour then
what is the probability that the ball drawn from box-1 was red in colour?

Box 1 Box 2
 Box 2

Box 1

Box 2
There are three bags B1, B2, and B3. The bag B1 contains 5 red and 5 green
balls, B2 contains 3 red and 5 green balls, and B3 contains 5 red and 3 green
balls. Bags B1, B2 and B3 have probabilities 3/10, 3/10 and 4/10 respectively
of being chosen. A bag is selected at random and a ball is chosen at random
from the bag. Then which of the following options is/are correct? (JEE Adv. 2019)
A. Probability that the selected bag is B3 and the chosen ball is green
equals 3/10
B. Probability that the chosen ball is green, given that the selected
bag is B3, equals 3/8.
C. Probability that the selected bag is B3, given that the chosen ball
is green, equals 5/13
D. Probability that the chosen ball is green equals 39/80
A computer producing factory has only two plants T1 and T2. Plant T1 produces
20% and plant T2 produces 80% of the total computers produced. 7% of
computers produced in the factory turn out to be defective. It is known that
P( computer turns out to be defective given that is produced in plant T1) =
10.P(computer turns out to be defective given that it is produced in plant T2),
where P(E) denotes the probability of an event E.
A computer produced in the factory is randomly selected and it does not turn
out to be defective. Then the probability that it is produced in plant T2 is

(JEE Adv. 2016)

A. B. C.
 TAKING
TEST EXPERIENCE
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