1.

2 Method of enumeration

We develop counting techniques that are useful in determining the number of

outcomes in the events.
The sample space of rolling two dice

There are 6*6*=36 outcomes

 The sample space of tossing a coin then roll a dice

There are 2*6=12 outcomes

 The sample space of rolling three dices

There are 6*6*6=216 outcomes

 The sample space of tossing three coins

There are 2*2*2=8 outcomes

Three children are born to a family and we note the birth order with respect to gender
Four children are born to a family and we note the birth order with respect to gender
 Multiplication principle:

Suppose that an experiment E₁ has n₁ outcomes and experiment E₂ has n₂ possible outcomes. Then the
composite experiment E₁ E₂ (first E₁ then E₂).

 And so on, the composite experiments E1E2…Em has n₁ n₂ … nm outcomes.

Example: Toss 3 coins & 2 dice. How many possible outcomes you find.

Coin Coin Coin Die Die

2 choices 2 choices 2 choices 6 6
choices choices

2 *2*2*6*6
 sample

Order Unorder

With Without With Without

replacement replacement replacement replacement

 Sampling without replacement occurs when an object is not replaced after it has been selected.
 Sampling with replacement occurs when an objects is selected and then replaced before the next object is selected.
Definition:

• If r objects are selected from a set of n objects, and if the order of selection is noted, then the selected set
of r objects is called Ordered Sample Size r.

• If we have 𝒏 position are to be filled with 𝒏 different objects. By multiplication

principle we have 𝒏 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒏 − 𝟐 … 𝟐 𝟏 = 𝒏! (called 𝒏 factorial).

Remember 𝟎! = 𝟏.

3! = 𝟑 ∗ 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏 = 𝟔

• The number of possible ordered sample of size r taken from a set of n objects
is

𝒏𝑷𝒓 when sampling without replacement.

𝒏!
𝒏𝑷𝒓 = 𝒏 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒏 − 𝟐 … 𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏 =
𝒏−𝒓 !
𝒏𝑷𝒓 is called permutation of 𝒏 objects taken 𝒓 at a time.

Note: 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒓 → 𝒏𝑷𝒏 = 𝒏! .
𝟓!
5𝑷3=
𝟓−𝟑 !

𝟓𝟎!
50𝑷7=
𝟓𝟎−𝟕 !
 Ordered samples

Without
With replacement
replacement

𝒏𝑷𝒓
𝑛𝑟
EXAMPLE: How many 4-letter code words are possible using the letters H,O,P,E if
(a) the letters may be repeated (with replacement)
(b) the letters may not be repeated (without replacement)

with replacement

4 choices 4 choices 4 choices 4 choices

44
(H,O,P,E) (H,O,P,E) (H,O,P,E) (H,O,P,E)

without replacement

4 choices 1 choice 𝟒𝑷4

3 choices 2 choices
(H,O,P,E)

4.3.2.1=P(4,4)=4!
Example: the number of possible four-letter code word selecting from the 26 letters
in the alphabet in which all four letters are different.

26 25 24 23 𝟐𝟔𝑷4
choices choices choices choices

Example: the number of ways of selecting a president, a vice president, a secretary

& a treasurer in a club consisting of 10 people.

10 𝟏𝟎𝑷4
9 choices 8 choices 7 choices
choices

EXAMPLE: The number of ordered samples of 5 cards that can be drawn without
replacement from a standard deck of 52 playing cards is

52 51 50 49 48
𝟓𝟐𝑷5
choices choices choices choices choices

P(52,5)= (52)(51)(50)(49)(48) = 52!/47!= 311,875,200

EXAMPLE: How many 4-letter code words are possible if
(a) the letters may be repeated (with replacement) 264

(b) the letters may not be repeated (without replacement) P(26,4)

EXAMPLE: A die is rolled 5 times. The number of possible ordered samples is

(a)the numbers may be repeated (with replacement)
65 = 7776
(b) the numbers may not be repeated (without replacement)
P(6,5)=720
r=5 positions are to be filled with objects selected from n different objects

Example: Find the number of possible four letter code words using the four letters
{a, b, c, d}. if the letters may be repeated.
Sampling without replacement
Often the order of selection is not important and interest centers only on the selected set
of 𝑟 objects.
The number of possible samples of 𝑟 objects selected from 𝑛 objects when sampling
without replacement and the ordered not important is
𝑛 𝑛!
𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟𝑛 = 𝑟
= 𝑟! and is called a combination of 𝑛 objects taken 𝑟 at time
𝑛−𝑟 !
“𝑛 choose 𝑟”

𝑛
𝑘
is called the binomial coefficient.
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
Remember: 0
= 1, 𝑛
= 1, 1
= 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘
= 𝑛−𝑘

10 10! 26 26!
10𝐶3 = 𝐶310 = = 26𝐶5 = 𝐶526 = =
3 3! 10 − 3 ! 5 5! 26 − 5 !

52 52! 6 6!
52𝐶3 = 𝐶352 = = 6𝐶3 = 𝐶36 = =
3 3! 52 − 3 ! 3 3! 6 − 3 !
 EXAMPLE: (1) Number of possible 5 cards drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards
𝟓𝟐
𝑪𝟓𝟐
𝟓 =
𝟓
(2) Number of possible 13 cards drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards =
𝟓𝟐
𝑪𝟓𝟐
𝟏𝟑 = 𝟏𝟑

Example: let we select five cards from a standard deck

The number of possible 5-card hands that are all spades (called it event A)
𝟏𝟑
𝑪𝟏𝟑
𝟓 =
𝟓

B: the set of outcomes in which exactly three cards are kings & exactly 2 cards are queen.
𝟒 𝟒
𝑪𝟒𝟑 𝑪𝟒𝟐 =
𝟑 𝟐

C: the set of outcomes in which exactly 2 kings, 2 queens & one jack.
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝑪𝟒𝟐 𝑪𝟒𝟐 𝑪𝟒𝟏 = others
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
D: the set of outcomes in has four ones.
𝟒 𝟒𝟖
𝑪𝟒𝟒 𝑪𝟓𝟐−𝟒
𝟓−𝟏 =
𝟒 𝟏
 𝑛
Note: 𝑘
is called the binomial coefficient.

The binomial expansion :

Example 10
10 𝑟 10−𝑟 10 = 810
෍ 3 5 = 3+5
𝑟
𝑟=0

Note Example 5 5
=
3 2
 Using the binomial expansion

Let a=1 and b=-1

𝑛
𝑛
෍ −1𝑟 1𝑛−𝑟 = 1 + −1 𝑛 = 0𝑛
𝑟
𝑟=0

Using the binomial expansion

Let a=1 and b=1

𝑛
𝑛 𝑟 𝑛−𝑟 𝑛
෍
𝑟
1 1 = 1+1 = 2𝑛
𝑟=0
In how many ways you can rewrite the word 𝑆𝐸1 𝐸2

𝑆𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸1 𝑆𝐸2 𝐸1 𝐸2S 𝑆𝐸2 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝑆𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸1S

3! = 6

In how many ways you can rewrite the word 𝑆𝐸𝐸

𝑆𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝑆𝐸 𝐸𝐸S

The same
3!
=3
2!
Suppose that a set of n objects where n1 are similar; n2 are similar; … ; nk are similar and
n= n1+…+ nk then the number of different arrangements can be made from these objects
are:
𝒏 𝒏!
n1 n1 multinomial coefficient. 𝑪𝒏𝒏𝟏, …,𝒏𝒌 = 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 … 𝒏𝒌
= (𝒏
𝟏 !)(𝒏𝟐 !)… (𝒏𝒌 !)

n3 n4

EXAMPLE: how many different letter arrangements can be made from the letters
(a) PROPOSE
𝟕 𝟕!
𝑪𝟕𝟐,𝟏,𝟐,𝟏,𝟏 = =
𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟏 𝟐! 𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟏! 𝟏!

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏!
(b) MISSISSIPPI 𝑪𝟏𝟏
𝟏,𝟒,,𝟒,𝟐 = =
𝟏, 𝟒, , 𝟒, 𝟐 𝟏! 𝟒! 𝟒! 𝟏!

𝟓 𝟓!
(c) FLUKE 𝑪𝟓𝟏,𝟏,𝟏,𝟏,𝟏 = 𝟏,𝟏,𝟏,𝟏,𝟏
= = 𝟓!
𝟏! 𝟏! 𝟏! 𝟏! 𝟏!
Example: In orchid show, seven orchids are to be placed along one side of the green
house. There are four lavender and three white orchids. Consider only the color of the
orchids. Find the number of arrangement.

𝟕 𝟕!
𝑪𝟕𝟒,𝟑 = =
𝟒, 𝟑 𝟑! 𝟒!

Example: If the colors of flower are white, lavender, yellow, mauve, crimson, orange
and pink. Find the number of arrangement.

𝟕 𝟕!
𝑪𝟕𝟏,𝟏,𝟏,𝟏,𝟏,𝟏,𝟏 = =
𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏 𝟏! 𝟏! 𝟏! 𝟏! 𝟏! 𝟏! 𝟏!

Example: Find the number of arrangement for nine orchids in line where the flower
colors are 3 white, 4 lavender and 2 yellow.

𝟕 𝟕!
𝑪𝟕𝟒,𝟑,𝟐 = =
𝟒, 𝟑, 𝟐 𝟑! 𝟒! 𝟐!
The number of possible sample of size 𝑟 that can be selected out of 𝑛 objects when the
order is irrelevant & the sampling with replacement is
𝑛+𝑟−1 𝑛+𝑟−1 !
𝑪𝒏+𝒓−𝟏
𝒓 = =
𝑟 𝑟! 𝑛 − 1 !

The summary

sample

Order Unorder

With Without With Without

replacement replacement replacement replacement

𝒏𝒓 𝒏𝑷𝒓 𝑪𝒏+𝒓−𝟏
𝒓 𝑪𝒏𝒓
 Q1.2-4. The “eating club” is hosting a make-your-own sundae at which the
following are provided:
(a)(HW) How many sundaes are possible using one flavor of ice cream
and three different toppings?

T T T
𝑪𝟒𝟏 𝑪𝟔𝟑 =80
flavor
(b)(HW) How many sundaes are possible using one flavor of ice cream
and from zero to six toppings?
6
4 6
෍
1 𝑖
𝑖=0

= 4 × 26 = 256

T T T
T T T T T T T
T T T T T T T
T T Flavor
Flavor Flavor Flavor Flavor Flavor T Flavor
T
4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6
4 6 4 6
1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
1 0 1 1
(c) How many different combinations of flavors of three scoops of ice cream are possible if
it is permissible to make all three scoops the same flavor?

Interesting to count the number of possible samples of size r=3 that can be selected out
of n=4 objects when the order is irrelevant and when sampling with replacement.
𝑛+𝑟−1 4+3−1 6
= = = 20
𝑟 3 3
Number of repetition=r
Q1.2-1. A boy found a bicycle lock for which the combination was unknown. The correct
combination is a four-digit number, d1d2d3d4, where di, i = 1, 2, 3, 4, is selected from 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. How many different lock combinations are possible with such a lock?

8 choices 8 choices 8 choices 8 choices

84
(1,…,8) (1,…,8) (1,…,8) (1,…,8)

Q1.2-3. How many different license plates are possible if a state uses
(a)Two letters followed by a four-digit integer (leading zeros are permissible and the
letters and digits can be repeated)?
𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 26, 𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2, 262
𝑛 = 10, 𝑟 = 4, 104 26 26 10 10 10 10
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
26 × 104 = 6,760,000
2

(b) Three letters followed by a three-digit integer? (In practice, it is possible that
certain “spellings” are ruled out.) 𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 26, 𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 3, 263
𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 10, 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 3, 103 26
26 26 10 10 10
263 × 103 = 17,576,000
 Tℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
1.2-7. In a state lottery, four digits are drawn at random one 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 Sample space 104
at a time with replacement from 0 to 9. Suppose that you win
if any permutation of your selected integers is drawn. Give
the probability of winning if you select
(a) 6, 7, 8, 9 This is an event A. there
4! 24 are 4! methods to get a
= = 0.0024
104 104 lottery with
(6,7,8,9)
(b) 6, 7, 8, 8
4
1,1,2 12 This is an event A. there
= 4 = 0.0012 4!
104 10 are 2! methods to get a
lottery with
(c) (HW) 7, 7, 8, 8 (6,7,8,8)
4
2,2 6
= 4 = 0.0006
104 10

(d) (HW) 7, 8, 8, 8
4
1,3 4
= 4 = 0.0004
104 10
 Default the rolling with replacement
The sample space of rolling two dice and order is important

62 outcomes

The sample space of rolling two dice if we cannot repeat the numbers

6𝑃2 = 30
outcomes
The sample space of rolling two dice if the order of numbers is not important

7 7!
(6 + 2 − 1)𝐶2 = = = 21
2 2! 5!
The sample space of rolling two dice if the order of numbers is not important and you
cannot repeat the numbers

6 6!
6𝐶2 = = = 15 outcomes
2 2! 4!
1. 2 - 13 . A bridge hand is found by taking 13 cards at random and without replacement
from a deck of 52 playing cards. Find the probability of drawing each of the following hands

(a) One in which there are 5 spades, 4 hearts, 3 diamonds, and 1 club.

𝑪13 13 13 13
5 𝑪4 𝑪3 𝑪1
52 = 0.00539
𝑪13

(b) One in which there are 5 spades, 4 hearts, 2 diamonds, and 2 clubs.
𝑪13 13 13 13
5 𝑪4 𝑪2 𝑪2
52 = 0.00882
𝑪13
(c) One in which there are 5 spades, 4 hearts, 1 diamond, and 3 clubs.

𝑪13 13 13 13
5 𝑪4 𝑪1 𝑪3
52 = 0.00539
𝑪13
(c) One in which there are exactly 3 jacks
𝟒𝟖 3J
𝑪𝟒3 𝑪10 Jack (4)
Others 10
52 (52-4)
𝑪13 others

(d) at least 10 spades 10 Spades 11 Spades 12 Spades 13 Spades

𝑪13 𝟑𝟗
10 𝑪3 𝑪13 𝟑𝟗
11 𝑪2 𝑪13 𝟑𝟗
12 𝑪1 𝑪13 𝟑𝟗
13 𝑪0
+ + +
𝑪52 𝑪52
13
𝑪52
13 𝑪52
13
13

(d) at least 11 red cards 11 Red 12 Red 13 Red

𝑪𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟔
11 𝑪2 𝑪𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟔
12 𝑪1 𝑪𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟔
13 𝑪0
+ +
𝑪52
13 𝑪52
13 𝑪52
13

(e) at most 3 kings 3 kings 2 kings 1 kings 0 kings

𝑪𝟒3 𝑪𝟒𝟖
10 𝑪𝟒2 𝑪𝟒𝟖
11 𝑪𝟒1 𝑪𝟒𝟖
12 𝑪𝟒0 𝑪𝟒𝟖
13
52 + 52 + 52 + 52
𝑪13 𝑪13 𝑪13 𝑪13
(HW)1.2-2. In designing an experiment, the researcher can often choose many different
levels of the various factors in order to try to find the best combination at which to
operate. As an illustration, suppose the researcher is studying a certain chemical reaction
and can choose four levels of temperature, five different pressures, and two different
catalysts.

(a) To consider all possible combinations, how many experiments would need to be
conducted?

4 × 5 × 2 = 40
4 5 2
1 1 1

(b) Often in preliminary experimentation, each factor is restricted to two levels. With the
three factors noted, how many experiments would need to be run to cover all possible
combinations with each of the three factors at two levels? (Note: This is often called a 23
design.)

𝑛 = 3, 𝑟 = 2, 𝑛𝑟 = 23=8
With replacement and order
 1.2-11. Three students (S) and six faculty members (F) are on a panel
discussing a new college policy.

(a) In how many different ways can the nine participants be lined up at a table
in the front of the auditorium?
𝟗!

(b) How many lineups are possible, considering only the labels S and F?
𝟗
= 𝟖𝟒
𝟑, 𝟔

(c) For each of the nine participants, you are to decide whether the participant did
a good job or a poor job stating his or her opinion of the new policy; that is, give
each of the nine participants a grade of G or P. How many different “scorecards”
are possible?
9
9
෍ = 29 = 512
𝑖
𝑖=0
 1. 2 - 8 . How many different varieties of pizza can be made if you have the
following choice: small, medium, or large size; thin ‘n’ crispy, hand-tossed, or pan
crust; and 12 toppings (cheese is automatic), from which you may select from 0 to
12?
12
3 3 12
෍ = 9 × 212 = 36,864
1 1 i
i=0

Select one size Select topping from 12 type

Select one type of pizza

(small, medium, thin ‘n’ crispy, Select from 12

or large) hand-tossed, or toppings
pan crust
EXAMPLE: A coin is flipped 10 times and the sequence of heads and tails is observed. The
number of possible 10-tuplets that result in four heads and six tails is=

𝑪𝟏𝟎
𝟒

(HW)1. 2 - 5 . How many four-letter code words are possible using the letters in IOWA if
( a ) The letters may not be repeated?
( b ) The letters may be repeated?

𝑎. 𝑃44 = 4! = 24

𝑏. 𝑛𝑟 = 44 = 256
 The sample space of rolling two dices

• A is the event that the sum of the numbers shown on the two dice is 5, and B is the
event that at least one of the dice shows up a 3. find 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
A = {(1, 4), (2, 3), (4, 1), (3, 2)}, and

B = {(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (1,3), (2, 3), (4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3)}

A ∩ B = {(2, 3), (3, 2)} P(A ∩ B) =2/36

• Let E1 = event of getting sum ≤ 3. find P(E2)

E2 = [(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)] P(E2) =3/36