Ngy son: Chng 1: Mt s khi nim v lp trnh v ngn ng lp trnh Tit 1: 1: Khi nim v lp trnh v ngn ng lp trnh I.

Mc tiu: 1. Kin thc: - Bit c khi nim v lp trnh. - Hiu kh nng ngn ng lp trnh bc cao, phn bit c vi ngn ng my v hp ng. - Phn bit c hai loi chng trnh dch l bin dch v thng dch. 2. K nng - Bit vai tr ca chng trnh dch - Hiu ngha nhim v ca chng trnh dch 3. Tthi : - thc c tm quan trng ca mn hc v c thi hc tp nghim tc, lun t tm hiu hc tp. II. Phn chun b 1. Chun b ca gio vin: - Gio n, SGK, sch gio vin, sch bi tp, 2. Chun b ca hc sinh: - V ghi, sch gio khoa, sch bi tp, dng hc tp. III. Hot ng dy hc 1. n nh lp 2. Kim tra bi c: 3. Bi Mi 3. 1. t vn Trong chng trnh lp 10 cc em c bit n mt s khi nim: ngn ng lp trnh, chng trnh dch; trong bi hc hm nay chng ta i tm hiu thm mt s khi nim mi. 3. 2. Ni dung bi mi
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1.Hot ng 1 * Gio vin a ni dung bi ton tm phng trnh bc nht ax + b = 0. V kt lun nghim ca phng trnh bc nht - Hy xc nh cc yu t

1. Quan st ni dung bi ton v theo di yu cu ca gio vin.

- Input : a, b- output : x=-b/a . V nghim, V s

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Input v Output ca bi ton ? - Hy xc nh cc bc tm output?

nghim. Bc 1 : Nhp a, b. Bc 2 : Nu a<>0 kt lun c nghim x=-b/a. Bc 3 : Nu a=0 v b<>0, kt lun v nghim. Bc 4 : Nu a=0 v b=0, kt lun v s nghim .

- Din gii; h thng cc bc ny c gi l thut ton . - Nu trnh by thut ton vi mt ngi nc ngoi, em s dng ngn ng no d din t? - Nu din t thut ton ny cho my hiu, em s dng ngn ng no? - Din gii : Hot ng din t mt thut ton thng qua mt ngn ng lp trnh c gi l lp trnh . - Yu cu hc sinh c sch gio khoa v cho bit khi nim lp trnh .

- Ngn ng Ting Anh . - Em dng ngn ng lp trnh.

- Lp trnh l vic s dng cu trc d liu v cc lnh ca ngn ng lp trnh c th m t d liu v din t cc thao tc ca thut ton. - Ta c mt chng trnh.

- Hi : Kt qu ca hot ng lp trnh? * Pht phiu hc tp. Yu cu cc em ghi cc loi ngn ng lp trnh m em bit (S dng - Ngn ng my. k thut ng no vit) - Hp ng. - Ngn ng bc cao. - c ni dung mt s phiu hc tp cho c lp cng nghe. - Ngn ng my : Cc lnh c m ha bng cc k hiu 0 1. Chng trnh c vit trn ngn ng my - Hi : Em hiu nh th no v c th c np vo b nh v thc ngn ng my, hp ng v hin ngay. ngn ng bc cao? - Ngn ng bc cao : Cc lnh c m ha bng mt ngn ng gn vi
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* Tham kho sch gio khoa v s dng vn hiu bit v tin hc in phiu hc tp .

ngn ng Ting Anh. Chng trnh vit trn ngn ng bc cao phi c chuyn i thnh chng trnh trn ngn ng my mi c th thc hin c. - Hi : Lm th no chuyn mt chng trnh vit t ngn ng bc cao sang ngn ng my? - Hi : V sao khng lp trnh trn ngn ng my khi phi mt cng chuyn i m ngi ta thng lp trnh bng ngn ng bc cao? - Phi s dng mt chng trnh dch chuyn i. - Lp trnh bng ngn ng bc cao d vit hn v cc lnh c m ha gn vi ngn ng t nhin. - Chng trnh vit bng ngn ng bc cao c th thc hin trn nhiu loi my khc nhau; Ngn ng bc cao gn vi ngn ng t nhin hn, thun tin cho ngi lp trnh. - Lp trnh trn ngn ng my rt kh, thng cc chuyn gia lp trnh mi lp trnh c. HS suy ngh tr li cu hi

2.Hot ng 2. Em mun gii thiu v trng mnh cho mt ngi khch du lch quc t bit ting Anh, c hai cch thc hin : Cch 1 : Cn mt ngi bit ting Anh, dch tng cu ni ca em sang ting Anh cho ngi khch. Cch 2 : Em son ni dung cn gii thiu ra giy v ngi phin dch dch ton b ni dung sang ting Anh ri c cho ngi khch. - Hy ly v d tng t trong thc t v bin dch v thng dch t ting Anh sang ting Vit.

Ch lng nghe v d ca gio vin v tho lun tm v d tng t .

2. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu

- Khi th trng mt chnh ph tr li phng vn trc mt nh bo quc t, h thng cn mt ngi thng dch dch tng cu ting Vit sang ting Anh. - Khi th tng c mt bi din vn ting Anh trc Hi ngh, h cn mt ngi phin dch chuyn vn bn ting Vit thnh ting Anh. 2. Nghin cu sch gio khoa v suy ngh tr li.
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sch gio khoa v s dng cc v d trn cho bit cc bc trong tin trnh thng dch v bin dch.

- Bin dch : Bc 1 : Duyt, pht hin li, kim tra tnh ng n ca lnh trong chng trnh ngun. Bc 2 : Dch ton b chng trnh ngun thnh mt chng trnh trn ngn ng my. (Thun tin cho cc chng trnh n nh v cn thc hin nhiu ln). - Thng dch : Bc 1 : Kim tra tnh ng n ca lnh tip theo trong chng trnh ngun. Bc 2 : Chuyn lnh thnh ngn ng my. Bc 3 : Thc hin cc cu lnh va c chuyn i . (ph hp vi mt trng i thoi gia ngi v my). Nh vy: Trong thng dch, khng c chng trnh ch lu tr, trong bin dch c chng trnh ngun v chng trnh ch c th lu tr li s dng v sau.

IV. nh gi cui bi. 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Khi nim lp trnh v ngn ng lp trnh. - C ba loi ngn ng lp trnh : Ngn ng my, hp ng v ngn ng bc cao. - Khi nim chng trnh dch. - C hai loi chng trnh dch l bin dch v thng dch. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Mi loi ngn ng lp trnh ph hp vi nhng ngi lp trnh c trnh nh th no? - K tn mt s ngn ng lp trnh bc cao c s dng k thut bin dch v mt s ngn ng lp trnh c s dng k thut thng dch. - Tr li cc cu hi 1, 2, 3, sch gio khoa trang 13. - Xem bi hc thm 1 : Em bit g v ngn ng lp trnh? sch gio khoa trang 6 - Xem trc bi hc : Cc thnh phn ca ngn ng lp trnh .
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Ngy son: Tit 2: 2. Cc thnh phn ca ngn ng lp trnh I. Mc tiu: 1. Kin thc: - Nm c cc thnh phn ca mt ngn ng lp trnh ni chung - Bit c mt s khi nim nh: tn, tn chun, tn dnh ring. - Bit cc quy nh v tn, hng v bin trong mt ngn ng lp trnh c th 2. K nng - Phn bit c tn chun vi tn dnh ring v tn t t. - Nh cc qui nh v tn, hng v bin. - Bit t tn ng, nhn bit tn sai. 3. Thi - thc c tm quan trng ca mn hc v c thi hc tp nghim tc. II. Phn chun b 1. Chun b ca gio vin: - Giao n, SGK, sch gio vin, sch bi tp,
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2. Chun b ca hc sinh: - V ghi, sch gio khoa, sch bi tp , dng hc tp. III. Hot ng dy hc 1. n nh lp - kim tra s s: .................................................................................. 2. Kim tra bi c : Cu hi 1: Th no l ngn ng my, hp ng v ngn ng bc cao? Cu hi 2: Th no l thng dch v bin dch? Ly v d minh ha 3. Ni dung bi mi.
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Hot ng 1: Cc thnh phn c bn GV: Dn dt vo bi - din t mt ngn ng t nhin ta cn - Suy ngh v tr li: phi bit nhng g? + Ch ci + C php + ngha ca iu cn din t. - Cc ngn ng lp trnh ni chung thng c chung mt s thnh phn nh:Dng nhng k hiu no vit chng trnh, vit theo quy tc no? vit nh vy c ngha l g? Mi ngn ng lp trnh c mt quy nh ring v nhng thnh phn ny - Mi ngn ng lp trnh thng c ba thnh phn c bn l: bng ch ci ,c php v ng ngha. Bng ch ci : L tp cc k hiu dng - GV: Gii thiu bng ch ci GV treo vit chng trnh bng ph 1 (SGK Trang 9) ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQR STUVWXYZ. abcdefhgijklmnopqrst uvwxyz. H m : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . K hiu c bit : + - * / = < > [ ] . , _ ; # ^ $ & ( ) { } : - GV: Gii thiu c php C php C php ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau L b quy tc vit chng trnh
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cng khc nhau ngn ng pascal dng cp t Begin- End gp nhiu lnh thnh mt lnh nhng trong C++ dng cp k hiu {}. - GV: Gii thiu ng ngha. Ng ngha Xc nh ngha thao tc cn phi thc hin, ng vi t hp k t da vo ng cnh ca n. V d: Xt 2 biu thc A+B (1) A,B l cc s thc. HS tr li. I+J (2) vi I,J l cc s nguyn Khc nhau: Du cng trong (1) l cng 2 Hi HS: V ng ngha 2 biu thc trn c s thc cng trong (2) l cng trong 2 s khc nhau khng? nguyn - GV: Mi ngn ng khc nhau cng c ng ngha khc nhau Tm li: - C php cho bit cch vit mt chng trnh hp l, cn ng ngha xc nh ngha ca cc t hp k t trong chng trnh. - Cc li c php c chng trnh dch pht hin v thng bo cho ngi lp trnh bit. chng trnh khng cn li c php th mi c th dch sang ngn ng my. - Li ng ngha c pht hin khi chy chng trnh 2. Hot ng 2: Mt s khi nim * GV: Trong cc ngn ng lp trnh ni chung,cc i tng s dng trong chng trnh u phi t tn tin cho vic s dng. Vic dt tn trong cc ngn ng khc nhau l khc nhau,c ngn ng phn bit ch hoa,ch thng, c ngn ng khng phn bit ch hoa, ch thng. - Ngn ng lp trnh pascal khng phn bit ch hoa ch thng nhng mt s ngn ng lp trnh khc(nh C++) li phn bit ch hoa, ch thng - Hy nghin cu sch gio khoa, trang 10, nu quy cch t tn trong Turbo Pascal? * Treo tranh cha cc tn ng sai, yu cu hc sinh chn tn ng .

Mi i tng trong chng trnh u phi c t tn theo quy tc ca ngn ng lp trnh - Trong ngn ng turbo pascal tn l mt dy lin tip khng qu 127 k t bao gm: ch s, ch ci hoc du gch div bt u bng ch ci hoc gch di
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A A BC 6Pq R12 X#y 45 - Tiu kt cho vn ny bng vic khng nh li cc tn ng .

+ Tn dnh ring : L nhng tn c ngn ng lp trnh quy nh dng vi ngha xc nh, ngi lp trnh khng c dng vi ngha khc . + Tn chun : L nhng tn c ngn ng lp trnh quy nh dng vi mt ngha no , ngi lp trnh c th nh ngha li dng n vi ngha khc. + Tn do ngi lp trnh t : L tn c dng theo ngha ring ca tng ngi lp trnh, tn ny c khai bo trc khi s dng. Cc tn dnh ring.

* Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa (trang 10 11 ) bit cc khi nim v tn ginh ring, tn chun v tn do ngi lp trnh t . - Chia lp thnh 3 nhm, mi nhm trnh by hiu bit ca mnh v mt loi tn v cho v d .

Tn dnh ring : Program type Tn chun : Abs Interger Byte Tn t t : Xyx Tong - Quan st kt qu ca nhm khc v nhn xt, nh gi v b sung. - Theo di b sung ca gio vin hon thin kin thc . * c lp suy ngh v tr li . - Hng s : 50 60.5 - Hng xu : Ha Noi A - Hng logic : False - Hng s hc l cc s nguyn v s thc, c du hoc khng du . - Hng xu : L chui k t trong b m ASCII, c t trong cp du nhy. - Hng logic : L gi tr ng (true) Hoc sai ( False) . * Quan st bng v tr li . - Hng s : - 32767, 1.5E+2 - Hng xu : QB 50
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- Treo tranh chu mt s tn trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal c chun b sn : Program Abs Interger Type Xyx Byte tong - Pht ba trong v bt cho mi nhm v yu cu hc sinh mi nhm thc hin : + Xc nh tn ginh ring. + Xc nh tn chun . + Xc nh tn t t . - Thu phiu hc tp ca ba nhm, chiu kt qu ln bng, gi hc sinh nhm khc nhn xt b sung .

- Tiu kt cho vn ny bng cch b sung thm cho mi nhm a ra tr li ng . 3. Hot ng 3 . * Yu cu hc sinh cho mt s v * Nghin cu sch gio khoa v d v hng s, hng xu v hng tr li . logic. - Bin l i lng c t tn dng lu tr gi tr. Gi tr ny c th c thay i trong qu - trnh by khi nim v hng trnh thc hin chng trnh s, hng xu v hng logic . u phi c khai bo . - V d hai tn bin l : Tong, xyz . * c lp tham kho sch gio khoa tr li . * Ghi bng : Xc nh hng s - C thch c t gia cp v hng xu trong cc hng sau : du { } hoc (* *) dng - 32767 gii thch cho chng trnh r QB rng d hiu . 50 - {Lenh xuat du lieu} 1.5E+2 - L tn do ngi lp trnh t . * Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa, cho bit khi nim bin . - Khng. V l dng ch - Cho v d mt bin . thch . * Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v hco bit chc nng ca ch thch trong chng trnh. - Cho mt v d v mt dngch thch . - Hi : Tn bin v tn hng l tn ginh ring hay tn chun hay tn do ngi lp trnh t ? - Hi :Cc lnh c vit trong cp du {} c c TP thc hin khng? V sao? IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc .
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- Thnh phn ca ngn ng lp trnh : Bng ch, c php v ng ngha. - Khi nim : Tn, tn chun, tn dnh ring, tn do ngi lp trnh t, hng, bin v ch thch. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh . Chng 2 : Chng trnh n gin I. Mc tiu ca chng . 1. Kin thc : Hc sinh cn nm c: - Cu trc chung ca mt chng trnh v cu trc ca mt chng trnh Pascal . - Cc kin thc c bn v kiu d liu chun, cc php ton, biu thc, cu lnh gn, th tc vo/ra n gin. - Cch son tho, bin dch thc hin v hiu chnh chng trnh trong mi trng Turbo Pascal. 2. K nng . - Bit khai bo bin. - Bit vit ng cc biu thc n gin trong chng trnh. - Bit khi ng v thot khi Turbo Pascal. - Bit son tho, dch v thc hin mt s chng trnh Pascal n gin theo mu c sn. - Bc u lm quen vi lp trnh gii mt s bi ton n gin. 3. Thi . - Nghim tc trong hc tp khi tip xc vi nhiu quy nh nghim ngt trong lp trnh. - c thc c gng trong hc tp vt qua nhng kh khn giai on u khi hc lp trnh. - Ham mun gii cc bi tp bng lp trnh, thy c li ch ca lp trnh phc v tnh ton. II. Ni dung ca chng. Ni dung ch yu ca chng l : - Cu trc chung ca mt chng trnh. - Mt s kiu d liu chun: Kiu nguyn, thc, k t, logic. - Php ton, biu thc s hc, biu thc quan h, biu thc logic, hm s hc. - Khai bo bin, lnh gn, t chc vo/ra d liu n gin. - Son tho, dch, thc hin v hiu chnh chng trnh. Cu trc chng trnh mt s kiu d liu chun khai bo bin I. Mc tiu 1. Kin thc. - Bit c cu trc chung ca mt chng trnh. - Bit c mt s kiu d liu chun: Nguyn, thc, k t, logic.
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- Bit c cu trc chung ca khai bo bin. 2. K nng. - S dng c kiu d liu v khai bo bin vit c mt chng trnh n gin. II. dng dy hc 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My vi tnh v my chiu projector dng chiu cc v d. - Tranh c cha mt s khai bo bin hc sinhc hn ng sai . - Mt s chng trnh mu vit sn. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc 1. Hot ng 1 : Tm hiu cu trc chung v cc thnh phn ca chng trnh. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c chng trnh c hai phn v ni dung ca tng phn. b. Ni dung: - Cu trc chng trnh c hai phn: Phn khai bo v phn thn. - Phn khai bo : Khai bo tn chng trnh, khai bo th vin s dng, khai bo hng, khai bo bin v khai bo chng trnh con. - Phn thn chng trnh : Bao gm dy cc lnh c t trong cp du hiu m u v kt thc. M u Cc cu lnh; Kt thc c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Pht vn gi : Mtbi tp lm vn em thng vit c my phn? Cc phn c th t khng? V sao phi chia ra nh vy? 2. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa tr li cc cu hi sau: - Mt chng trnh c cu trc my phn? - trong phn khai bo c nhng khai bo no?

1. Lng nghe v suy ngh tr li : - C ba phn. - C th t : M bi, thn bi, kt lun. - D vit, d c, d hiu ni dung. 2. Nghin cu sch gio khoa, tho lun v tr li. + Hai phn : [<phn khaibo>] <Phn thn chng trnh> - Khai bo tn chng trnh, khai bo th vin chng trnhcon,
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- Yu cu hc sinh ly v d khai bo tn chng trnh trong ngn ng Pascal. - Yu cu hc sinh ly v d khai bo th vin chng trnh con trong ngn ng Pascal. - Yu cu hc sinh ly v d khai bo hng trong ngn ng Pascal. - Yu cu hc sinh ly v d khai bo bin trong ngn ng Pascal. - Yu cu hc sinh cho bit cu trc chung ca phn thn chng trnh trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. 3. Tm hiu mt chng trnh n gin. - Chiu ln bng mt chng trnh n gin trong ngn ng C++ . # include <stdio.h> void main() { Printf(Xin chao cac ban); } - Hi : Phn khai bo ca chng trnh? - Hi : Phn thn ca chng trnh, lnh prnt c chc nng g? - Chiu ln bng mt chng trnh n gin trong ngn ng Pascal. Program VD1 ; Var x,y:byte; t:word; Begin t:=x+y; Writeln(t); readln;

khai bo hng, khai bo bin v khai bo chng trnh con. Cu trc : Program ten_chuong_trinh ; - V d : Program tinh_tong ; - Cu trc : Uses tn_th_vin; - V d : Uses crt ; - Cu trc : Const tn_hng = gi_tr; - V d : Const maxn=100; Cu trc : Var tn_bin=kiu_d_liu; - V d : Var a, b, c : integer; Begin Dy cc lnh; End. 3. Quan st tranh v tr li.

- Phn khai bo ch c mt khai bo th vin stdio.h - Phn thn {} - Lnh printf dng a thng bo ra mn hnh.

- Khai bo tn chng trnh : Program VD1; - Khai bo bin : Var x,

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End - Hi : Phn khai bo ca chng trnh?

- Hi : Phn thn ca chng trnh? C lnh no trong thn chng trnh? 4. Yu cu hc sinh ly mt v d v mt chng trnh Pascal khng c phn tn v phn khai bo.

y:byte ;t:word; Var x, y:byte; t:word; - Cn li l phn thn. - Lnh gn, lnh a thng bo ra mn hnh. 4. Tho lun v tr li Begin Writeln(Hello); Readln; End.

2. Hot ng 2 : Tm hiu mt s d liu chun. a. Mc tiu : - Bit c tn ca mt s kiu d liu chun, bit c gii hn biu din ca mi loi kiu d liu . b. Ni dung: - Kiu s nguyn: Byte: 0..255 Integer: -32768..32767 Word: 0..65535 Longint: -2148473648..214873647 - Kiu s thc: Real: 2.9E-39..1.7E38 Extended: 3.4E..1.1E4932 - Kiu k t: L cc k t thuc bng m ASCII, gm 256 k t c nh s t 0 n 255. - Kiu logic: L tp hp gm hai gi tr True v Flase, l kt qu ca php so snh. c. Cc bc tin hnh.
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. t vn : Trong ton hc, thc hin c tnh ton ta cn phi c cc tp s. l cc tp s no? - Din gii: Cng tng t nh vy, trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal, lp trnh gii quyt cc bi ton, cn c cc tp hp,

1. Ch , Lng nghe v suy ngh tr li: - S t nhin, s nguyn, s hu t, s thc.

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mi tp hp c mt gii hn nht nh. - Cc em c th hiu nm na: Kiu d liu chun l mt tp hu hn cc gi tr, mi kiu d liu cn mt dung lng b nh cn thit lu tr v xc nh cc php ton c th tc ng ln d liu. 2. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa, tr li cc cu hi sau: - C bao nhiu kiu d liu chun trong ngn ng Pascal? - trong ngn ng Pascal, c nhng kiu nguyn no thng dng, phm vi biu din ca mi loi? - trong ngn ng Pascal, c nhng kiu s thc no thng dng, phm vi biu din ca mi loi? - trong ngn ng Pascal, c bao nhiu kiu k t? - trong ngn ng Pascal, c bao nhiu kiu logic, gm cc gi tr no? 3. Gio vin gii thch mt s vn cho hc sinh: + V sao phm vi biu din ca cc loi kiu nguyn khc nhau? + Mim gi tr ca cc loi kiu thc, s ch s c ngha? 4. Pht vn: Mun tnh ton trn cc gi tr : 4 6 7.5 ta phi s dng d liu g?

- Lin tng cc tp s trong ton hc vi mt kiu d liu trong Pascal?

2. Nghin cu sch gio khoav tr li. - C 4 kiu: Kiu nguyn, kiu thc, kiu k t v kiu logic. - C 4 loi: Byte, word, integer v longint. - C 2 loi: real, extended. - C 1 loi: Char. - C mt loi: boolean, gm 2 phn t: True v False. 3. Ch lng nghe v ghi nh .

4. Suy ngh v tr li. Kiu Real

3. Hot ng 3: tm hiu cch khai bo bin. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c rng mi bin dng trong chng trnh u phi c kaho bo tn v kiu d liu. - Hc sinh bit c cu trc chung ca khai bo bin trong ngn ng Pascal, khai bo c bin khi lp trnh. b. Ni dung:
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Trong ngn ng lo trnhPascal, cu trc chung ca khai bo bin l Var. tn_bin_1: Kiu_d_liu_1; tn_bin_2: Kiu_d_liu_2; ............................... tn_bin_n: Kiu_d_liu_n; Nu c nhiu bin c cng kiu d liu, c th khai bo ghp, khi cc bin phn cch nhau bng du phy. Kiu_d_liu l mt trong cc kiu d liu chun ca Pascal. c. Cc bc tin hnh.
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu 1. Nghin cu sch gio khoa v sch gio khoa v cho bit v sao tr li. phi khai bo bin? - Mi bin dng trong chng trnh u phi c khai bo tn bin v kiu d liu ca bin. Tn bin dng xc lp quan h gia bin v a ch b nh - Cu trc chung ca khai bo ni lu gi gi tr ca bin. bin trong ngn ng Pascal. - Var <danh sch bin>: - Cho v d khai bo mt <kiu d liu>; bin nguyn v mt bin kiu k Var x: word; t. y: char; 2. Treo tranh c cha mt s 2. Quan st tranh v chn khai khai bo v yu cu hc sinh chn bo ng. khai bo ng trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal? Var x, y, z: word; Var n 1: real; x, y, z: word; X: longint; i: byte; h: integer; i: byte; 3. Treo tranh c cha mt s 3. Quan st tranh v tr li. khai bo bin trong Pascal. - C 5 bin. - Hi: C bao nhiu bin tt c, - tng b nh cn cp pht. B nh phi cp pht l bao nhiu? x (2 byte); y (2 byte); z (4 Var x, y: word; byte); z: longint; h (2 byte); i (1 byte); tng 11 h: integer; byte i: byte; IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc
15

- Mt chng trnh gm c hai phn: Phn khai bo v phn thn. - Cc kiu d liu chun: Kiu s nguyn, kiu s thc, kiu k t, kiu logic. - Mi bin trong chng trnh phi c khai bo. Cu trc chung ca khai bo bin trong Pascal: Var tn_ bin: tn_kiu_d_liu; 2. Cu hi v bo tp v nh - Lm bi tp 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, schs gio khoa, trang 35. - Xem trc ni dung bi: Php ton, biu thc, lnh gn, sch gio khoa, trang 24. - Xem ni dung ph lc B, sch gio khao , trang 129: Mt s kiu d liu chun, mt s th tc v hm chun. Php ton, biu thc, lnh gn I. Mc tiu 1. Kin thc - Bit c cc php ton thng dng trong ngn ng lp trnh. - Biu din t mt hnh thc trong ngn ng lp trnh. - Bit c chc nng ca lnh gn. - Bit c cu trc ca lnh gn v mt s hm chun trng dng trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. 2. k nng - S dng c cc php ton xy dng biu thc. - S dng c lnh gn vit chng trnh. II. dng dy hc 1. Chun b ca gio vin - Sch gio khoa, tranh cha cc biu thc trong ton hc. - Tranh cha bng cc hm s hc chun, tranh cha bng chn tr. - my vi tnh v my chiu Projector. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc 1. Hot ng 1 : Tm hiu mt s php ton. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c tn cc php ton, k hiu ca cc php ton v cch s dng ca cc php ton i vi mi kiu d liu. b. Ni dung: - Cc php ton s hc: + - * / DIV MOD. - Cc php ton quan h: <, <=, >, >=, =, <>. Dng so snh hai i lng, kt qu ca cc php ton ny l True hoc Flase. - Cc php ton logic: NOT, OR, AND, thng dng to cc biu thc logic t cc biu thc quan h n gin.
16

c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. t vn : m t cc thao tc trong thut ton, mi ngn ng lp trnh u s dng mt s khi nim c bn: Php ton, biu thc, gn gi tr. 2. Pht vn: Hy k cc php ton em c hc trong ton hc. - Din gii: Trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal cng c cc php ton nhng c din t bng mt cch khc. - Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v cho bit cc nhm php ton.

1. Ch lng nghe.

2. Suy ngh v tr li : - Php: Cng, tr, nhn, chia, ly s d, chia ly nguyn, so snh. - Cc php ton s hc: + - * / div mod - Cc php ton quan h: <, <=, >, >=, =, <> - Cc php ton logic: And, Or, Not. - Ch s dng c cho kiu nguyn. - Thuc kiu logic.

- Hi : Php Div, Mod c s dng cho nhng kiu d liu no? - Hi: Kt qu ca php ton quan h thuc kiu d liu no? 2. hot ng 2: Tm hiu biu thc. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit khi nim v biu thc s hc, biu thc quan h v biu thc logic. Bit cch xy dng cc biu thc . - Bit c mt s hm s hc chunn trong lp trnh. b. Ni dung: - Biu thc s hc l biu thc nhn c t cc hng s, bin s v hm s lin kt vi nhau bng cc php ton s hc. - Th t thc hin biu thc s hc: trong ngoc trc, ngoi ngoc sau. trong dy cc php ton khng cha ngoc th thc hin t tri sang phi theo th t ca cc php ton: Nhn, chia, chia ly nguyn, chia ly d thc hin trc v ccs php ton cng, tr thc hin sau. - Hm s hc chun thng dng. Hm bnh phng: SQR(X) Cn bc hai: SQRT(X) Kiu i s I hoc R I hoc R Kiu hm s Theo kiu ca i s R
17

Gi tr tuyt i: ABS(X) Sin(X) Cos(X) logarit t nhin lnx ln(x) Ly tha ca s e ex exp(x) I I I I

I hoc R hoc hoc hoc hoc R R R R

Theo kiu ca i s R R R R

- Hai biu thc c cng kiu d liu c lin kt vi nhau bi php ton quan h cho ta mt biu thc quan h. <biu_thc_1> <php_ton_quan_h> <biu_thc_2> - Th t thc hin.: + tnh gi tr cc biu thc. + Thc hin php ton quan h. - Cc biu thc quan h lin kt vi nhau bi php ton logic ta c biu thc logic. Biu thc logic n gin l gi tr True hoc Flase. c. Cc bc tin hnh.
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Nu vn : trong ton hc ta 1. Suy ngh v tr li. c lm quen vi khi nim biu - Gm hai phn: Ton hng v thc, hy cho bit yu t c bn ton t. xy dng nn biu thc. - Biu thc s hc. - Nu trong mt bi ton m ton hng l bin s, hng s hoc hm s v ton t l cc php ton s hc th biu thc c tn gi l g? 2. Quan st v tr li. 2. Treo tranh c cha biu thc 2*a+5*b+c ton hc ln bng, yu cu: S x*y/(2*z) dng cc php ton s hc, hy ((x+y)/(1 (2 /z)))+(x*x/(2*z)) biu din biu thc ton hc sau thnh biu thc trong ngn ng lp trnh. 2a+5b+c xy 2z x+y + x2 1- 2 2z - Thc hin trong ngoc trc; z Ngoi ngoc sau. Nhn, chia, - Nghin cu sch gio khoa v cng, tr sau. t vic xy dng cc biu thc trn, hy nu th t thc hin cc 3. Suy ngh v tr li. php ton. Hm tri tuyt i, hm cn bc
18

3. Nu vn : trong ton hc ta lm quen vi mt s hm s hc, hy k tn mt s hm ? - Trong mt s ngn ng lp trnh ta cng c mt s hm nh vy nhng c din t bng mt cch khc. - Treo tranh cha bng mt s hm chun, yu cu hc sinh in thm cc thng tin nh chac nng ca hm , kiu ca i s v kiu ca hm s. - cho biu thc: -b + hy biu din biu thc trn sang biu thc trong ngn ng lp trnh . 4. Nu vn : Khi hai biu thc s hc lin kt vi nhau bng php ton quan h ta c mt biu thc mi, biu thc gi l biu thc g? - Hy ly mt v d v biu thc quan h? - Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v cho bit cu trc chung ca biu thc quan h? - Th t thc hin ca biu thc quan h? - Cho bit kt qu ca php ton quan h thuc kiu d liu no hc? 5. Nu vn : Cc biu thc quan h c lin kt vi nhau bi php ton Logic c gi l biu thc Logic. - Hy cho mt s v d v biu thc logic. - trong ton hc ta c biu thc 5<=x<=11, hy biu din biu thc ny trong ngn ng lp trnh. - Th t thc hin biu thc logic.

hai, hm sin, hm cos.

- Quan st tranh v, nghin cu sch gio khoa v ln bng in tranh. - Suy ngh, ln bng tr li. (-b+sqrt(b*b 4*a*c))/(2*a) 4. Suy ngh v tr li. - Gi l biu thc quan h. - V d: 2*x<y - Cu trc chung: <BT1> <php ton qh> <BT2> + Tnh gi tr biu thc + Thc hin php ton quan h. - Kiu logic. 5. Ch theo di dn dt ca gio vin v suy ngh tr li. - V d: (A>B) or ((X+1)<Y) v (5>2) and ((3+2)<7). - Biu thc trong ngn ng lp trnh : (5<=x) and (x<=11). + Thc hin cc biu thc quan h. + Thc hin php ton logic. - Kiu logic. - Hc sinh suy ngh v tr li bng cch in vo bng.

19

- Kt qu ca biu thc logic c kiu d liu g? - Treo tranh c cha bng chn tr ca A v B, yu cu hc sinh in gi tr cho A and B; A or B; not A. 3. Hot ng 3 : Tm hiu lnh gn. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit chc nng ca lnh gn trong lp trnh. Bit c cu trc chung ca lnh gn trong ngn ng Pascal. Vit c lnh ng khi lp trnh. b. Ni dung: - Lnh gn dng tnh gi tr mt biu thc v chuyn gi tr vo mt bin. - Cu trc: Tn bin : =biu_thc; - S thc hin ca my: + tnh gi tr ca biu_thc. + t gi tr vo tn_bin. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

- Gii thiu mt s v d v - Quan st v d v suy ngh lnh gn trong Pascal nh sau: tr li. x:=4+8; - Gii thch: Ly 4 cng 8, em kt qu t vo x. Ta c x=12. - Hi : Hy cho bit chc nng + Tnh gi tr ca biu thc. ca lnh gn? + Gn gi tr tnh c v tn - Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu mt bin. sch gio khoa v cho bit cu <tn_bin>:=<biu_thc>; trc chung ca lnh gn trong ngn ng Pascal. - Hy cho mt v d tnh x:=(-b+sqrt(b*b 4*a*c))/(2*a); nghim ca phng trnh bc hai. -b - Gii thiu thm v d: Cho chng trnh. Var i,z:integer; Begin z:=4;
20

i:=6; z:=z 1; i:=i+1; writeln(i=,i); writeln(z=,z); readln; End. - Hi: Chng trnh in ra mn hnh gi tr bng bao nhiu? - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh kim nghim kt qu t suy lun.

- In ra mn hnh: z=3 v i=7. - Quan st kt qu ca chng trnh.

IV. nh gi cui bi. 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Cc php ton trong Turbo Pascal: S hc, quan h v logic. - Cc biu thc trong Turbo Pascal: S hc, quan h v logic - Cu trc lnh gn trong Turbo Pascal: tn_bin :=biu_thc; 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh - Lm bi tp 5, 6, 7, 8, sch gio khoa, trang 35 36; - Xem ph lc A, sch gio khoa trang 121: Mt s php ton thng dng v gi tr php ton logic.

Cc th tc chun vo/ra n gin I. Mc tiu 1. Kin thc - Bit c ngha ca cc th tc v/ra chun i vi lp trnh. - Bit c cu trc chung ca th tc vo/ra trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. 2. K nng. - Vit ng lnh vo/ra d liu. - Bit nhp ng d liu khi thc hin chng trnh. II. dng dy hc 1. Chun b ca gio vin - Sch gio khoa, tranh cha cc biu thc trong ton hc, my chiu Projector, my vi tnh, mt s chng trnh vit sn. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc 1. Hot ng 1: tm hiu th tc nhp d liu v t bn phm.
21

a. Mc tiu: - Gip hc sinh thy c s cn thit ca th tc nhp d liu. - Bit c cu trc chung ca th tc nhp d liu. b. Ni dung: - Dng a nhiu b d liu khc nhau cho cng mt chng trnh x l. - Nhp: Read/Readln(<tn_bin_1>,...,<tn_bin_k >); c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. nu vn : Khi gii quyt mt bi ton, ta phi a d liu vo my tnh x l, vic a d liu bng lnh gn s lm cho chng trnh ch c tc dng vi mt d liu c nh. chng trnh gii quyt c nhiu bi ton hn, ta pah s dng th tc nhp d liu. - Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v cho bit cu trc chung ca th tc nhp d liu trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal: - Nu v d: Khi vit chng trnh gii phng trnh ax+b=0, ta phi nhp vo cc i lng no? Vit lnh nhp? 2. Chiu mt chng trnh Pascal n gin c lnh nhp gi tr c hai bin. - thc hin chng trnh v thc hin nhp d liu. - Hi : Khi nhp gi tr cho nhiu bin, ta phi thc hin nh th no?

1. Ch lng nghe dn dt ca gio vin.

- Nghin cu sch gio khoa v suy ngh tr li. Read(<tn_bin_1>,...,<tn_bi n_k>); Readln(<tn_bin_1>,...,<tn_bi n_k>); - Phi nhp gi tr cho hai bin: a, b. - Vit lnh: Readln(a,b); 2. Quan st chng trnh v d ca gio vin. - Nhng gi tr ny phi c g cch nhau t nht mt du cch hoc k t xung dng. - Ln bng thc hin nhp theo yu cu ca gio vin.

- Yu cu hc sinh thc hin nhp d liu cho chng trnh. 2. Hot ng 2: Tm hiu th tc a d liu ra mn hnh. a. Mc tiu: - Gip hc sinh thy c s cn thit ca th tc a d liu ra mn hnh. - Bit c cu trc chung ca th tc a d liu ra mn hnh. b. Ni dung:
22

- Dng a kt qu sau khi s l ra mn hnh ngi s dng thy. - Xut: Write/Writeln(<tham_s_1>,...,<tham_s_k); c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Dn dt: sau khi x l xong, kt qu tm c ang c lu trong b nh. thy c kt qu trn mn hnh ta s dng th tc xut d liu. - Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v cho bit cu trc chung ca th tc xut d liu trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. - Nu v d: Khi vit chng trnh gii phng trnh ax+b=0, ta phi a ra mn hnh gi tr ca nghim b/a, ta phi vit lnh nh th no? 2. Chiu mt chng trnh Pascal n gin Program vb; Var x, y, z:integer; Begin Writeln(nhap vao hai so:); Readln(x, y); z:=x+y; write(x:6, y:6, z:6); readln; end. - Thc hin chng trnh v thc hin nhp d liu hc sinh thy kt qu trn nn mn hnh. - Hi : Chc nng ca lnh Writeln(); - Hi: ngha ca : 6 trong lnh Write(...) - Hi: Khi cc tham s trong lnh Write() thuc kiu Char hoc real th quy nh v tr

1. Ch lng nghe dn dt ca gio vin.

- Nghin cu sch gio khoa v tr li. Write(<tn_bin_1>,...,<tn_bi n_k>); Writeln(<tn_bin_1>,...,<tn_b in_k>); - Vit lnh : Writeln(-b/a);

2. Quan st chng trnh v d ca gio vin.

- Vit ra mn hnh dng ch v a con tr xung dng. - Dnh 6 v tr trn mn hnh vit s x, 6 v tr tip vit s y v 6 v tr tip vit s z. - Khi cc tham s c kiu k t, vic quy nh v tr ging kiu nguyn.
23

nh th no? - Cho v d c th vi 2 bin c kiu Char v r kiu real.

- Khi cc tham s c kiu thc th phi quy nh hai loi v tr : V tr cho ton b s thc v v tr cho phn thp phn. - V d : Write(c:8); Write(r:8:3);

IV. nh gi cui bi. 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Nhp d liu : Read/Readln(<tn_bin_1>,...,<tn_bin_k>); - Xut d liu : write/writeln(<tham_s_1>,...,<tham_s_k>); 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh - bng thc hnh trn my: + Hy so snh s ging nhau v khc nhau gia Write(); v writeln(); + Hy so snh s ging nhau v khc nhau gia Read(); v Readln(); + Tm hiu chc nng ca lnh Readln; Writeln; - c trc ni dung bi: Son tho, dch, thc hin v hiu chnh chng trnh, sch gio khoa, trang 32.

Son tho dch, thc hin v hiu chnh chng trnh I. Mc tiu. 1. Kin thc. - Bit c cc bc hon thnh mt chng trnh. - Bit cc file chng trnh c bn ca Turbo Pascal 7.0 2. k nng. - Bit khi ng v thot h son tho Turbo Pascal. - Son c mt chng trnh vo my. - Dch c chng trnh pht hin li c php. - Thc hin c chng trnh nhp d liu v thu kt qu, tm li thut ton v sa li. II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin - my vi tnh c ci phn mm Turbo Pascal 7.0, my chiu Projector, my chiu vt th. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc .
24

1. Hot ng 1: Lm quen vi Turbo Pascal 7.0 a. Mc tiu: - Bit c cc file chng trnh c bn ca Turbo Pascal 7.0. Bit cch khi ng v thot Turbo Pascal 7.0. b. Ni dung: - Chuyn vo th mc cha file Turbo.exe - G turbo.exe v enter. (Nu mi trng Win th ch cn bm biu tng Turbo Pascal) c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. t vn : s dng c 1. Tham kho sch gio khoa v Turbo Pascal, trn my phi c cc tr li . file chng trnh cn thit. Tham Turbo.exe kho sch gio khoa v cho bit Turbo.tpl tn cc file chng trnh ? Graph.tpu Egavga.bgi v cc file *.chr 2. Trnh din cch khi ng 2. Hc sinh quan st v ghi nh. Turbo Pascal thng qua my chiu Projector. - Gii thiu mn hnh son tho chng trnh: Bng chn, con tr, vng son tho...

2. Hot ng 2: Tp son tho chng trnh v dch li c php. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit cch to v lu mt file chng trnh. Bit cch dch v tm li c php. b. Ni dung: - G cc lnh ca chng trnh (ging nh trong h son tho vn bn). - Lu file chng trnh trn a bm F2. - Bin dch li c php : bm ALT_F9. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
25

hng dn ca gio vin

Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Son mt chng trnh lm v d, lu chng trnh, dch li. - Dng my chiu vt th minh ha thap tc lu file chng trnh v bin dch. 2. Son mt chng trnh, hi cc li c php trong chng trnh, gi hc sinh dch li v sa. Program vd1 var x:integer; Begin Write(Nhap mot so nguyen duong); readln(x); y:=sqrt(x); write(y); End.

1. Quan st v ghi nh. - Lu: F2 - Dch li: ALT_F9 2. Quan st v pht hin li sa li cho chng trnh. Program vd1; var x,y:integer; Begin Write(Nhap mot so nguyen duong); readln(x); y:=sqrt(x); write(y); End.

3. Hot ng 3: Tp thc hin chng trnh v tm li thut ton hiu chnh. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit cch thc hin mt chng trnh, bit cch nhp d liu v tm li thut ton hiu chnh. b. Ni dung: - Thc hin chng trnh: Bm CTR_F9 - Xy dng test. - Nhp d liu, thu kt qu, i chng vi kt qu ca test. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Thc hin chng trnh - 1. Quan st gio vin thc hin v c vit trn, nhp d liu, gii tham kho sch gio khoa. thiu kt qu. - Dng my chiu vt th minh ho thao tc thc hin chCTRL_F9 ng trnh. - Hi : Nhm phm dng thc hin chng trnh? - Yu cu hc sinh nhp d liu 2. Quan st yu cu ca gio vin
26

v thc hin chng trnh. v c lp suy ngh tm 2. Gii thiu chng trnh gii test phng trnh ax+b=0. a b x Var 0 0 VSN Begin Readln(a, b); If a<>0 then write(-b/a) else write(PTVN); Readln; End. - Yu cu hc sinh tm test chng minh chng trnh ny sai. IV. nh gi cui bi. 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Khi ng Turbo. Son tho chng trnh. Dch li c php. Thc hin chng trnh. Tm li thut ton v hiu chnh. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Vit chng trnh nhp vo mt s v tnh bnh phng ca s . - Vit chng trnh nhp di bn knh v t icnhs chu vi din tch ca hnhtrn tng ng. - Lm cc bi tp 9, 10, sch gio khoa, trang 36. - c trc ni dung ca phn bi tp v thc hnh s 1, sch gio khoa, trang 33. - Xem ph lc B, sch gio khoa, trang 122: Mi trng Turbo Pascal. - Xem ph lc B, sch gio khoa, trang 136: Mt s thng bo li.

Bi thc hnh s 1 I. Mc tiu. 1. Kin thc - Bit c mt chng trnh Pascal hon chnh. - Lm quen vi cc dch v ch yu ca Turbo Pascal trong vic son tho, lu chng trnh, dch chng trnh v thc hin chng trnh. 2. k nng - Son c chng trnh, lu ln a, dch li c php, thc hin v tm li thut ton v hiu chnh - Bc u bit phn tch v hon thnh mt chng trnh n gin trn Turbo pascal. 3. Thi
27

- T gic, tch cc v ch ng trong thc hnh. II. dng dy hc 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - Phng my vi tnh c ci y Turbo Pascal, my chiu projector hng dn. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh - Sch gio khoa, sch bi tp v bi tp vit nh. III. Hot ng dy hc 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu mt chng trnh hon chnh. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c mt chng trnh hon chnh. - Bit son mt chng trnh. - Bit lu, bit dch, thc hin chng trnh. - Bit tm li v sa li. b. Ni dung: - Cho chng trnh sau: Program giai_pt; Uses CRT; var a,b,c,d,x1,x2:read; Begin clrscr; write(nhap a b c); Readln(a,b,c); d:=b*b 4*a*c; x1:=(-b sqrt(d))/(2*a); x2:=(-b + sqrt(d))/(2*a); writeln(x1=,x1:6:2,x2=,x2:6:2,); Readln; End. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Chiu chng trnh ln bng. Yu cu hc sinh thc hin cc nhimj v: - Son chng trnh vo my. - Lu chng trnh. - dch li c php. - Thc hin chng trnh. - Nhp d liu 1 -3 2. Thng bo kt qu. - Tr v mn hnh son tho. - Thc hin chng trnh. - Nhp d liu 1 0 2. Thng bo kt qu. - Hi: V sao c li xut hin?

1. Quan st bng, c lp son chng trnh vo my. F2 Alt_F9 Ctrl_F9 x1=1.00

x2=2.00

Enter Ctrl_F9 Thng bo li Do cn bc hai cu mt s m Readln(a, b, c); x1:=(-b-sqrt(b*b-4*a*c))/(2*a);

28

-Sa li chng trnh khng dng bin d.

x2:=(-b+sqrt(b*b-4*a*c))/(2*a); writeln(x1=,x1:6:2, x2=,x2:6:2,);

2. Hot ng 2: Rn luyn k nng lp chng trnh. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh son c chng trnh v lu chng trnh vo a. Bin dch v thc hin c chng trnh. Nhp c d liu v kim nh kt qu ca chng trnh. b. ni dung: - Vit chng trnh tnh din tch hnh c m t mu, vi a c nhp vo t bn phm. v hnh trn tnh din tch c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. nh hng hc sinh phn tch bi ton. - D liu vo: - D liu ra: - Cch tnh: 2. Yu cu hc sinh son chng trnh v lu ln a. - Quan st hng dn tng hc sinh trong lc thc hnh.

1. Phn tch theo yu cu ca gio vin. - D liu vo - D liu ra Tnh din tch a (s1) Tnh din tch a s hnh trn c bk hnh vung cnh

a 2 (s2)
s:=sl-s2; 2. Thc hin cc yu cu ca gio vin. - Son tho chng trnh. - Bm phm F2, g tn file

3. Yu cu hc sinh nhp d liu v thng bo kt qu. a=3 a=-3

lu. - Bm phm ALT_F9 dch li c php. - Bm phm CTRL_F9 thc

29

hin chng trnh. - thng bo kt qu cho gio vin. 3. Nhp d liu theo yu cu. - Vi a=3, ta c:s=9(Pi2)=10.26 - Vi a=-3, kt qu khng ng, v di cnh phi l mt s dng. IV. nh gi cui bi. 1. Nhng ni dung hc - Cc bc hon thnh mt chng trnh: + Phn tch bi ton xc nh d liu v, d liu ra. + Xc inh thut ton. + Son chng tnh vo my. + Lu gi chng trnh. + Bin dch chng trnh. + Thc hin v hiu chnh chng trnh. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh - Vit chng trnh nhp vo di ba cnh ca mt tam gic v tnh chu vi, din tch ca tam gic . - Cho chng trnh sau: Program bt1; Var r,s1,s2,s:real; Begin write(nhap r); readln(r); s1:=4*r*r; s2:= r*r*pi; s:=s1 s2; write(s:6:2); readln; End. Hi : chng trnh thc hin cng vic g, kt qu in ra mn hnh l bao nhiu? - Lm bi tp 7, 8, 9, 10, trang 36. + Son chng trnh. + Dch li v thc hin. + Nhp d liu v kim tra kt qu. - c trc ni dung bi: Cu trc r nhnh, sch gio khoa, trang 38. - Xem ph lc B, sch gio khoa, trang 122: Mi trng Turbo Pascal.
30

Chng 3:

T chc r nhnh v lp

I. Mc tiu ca chng. 1. Kin thc : Hc sinh cn: - Hiu cc khi nim r nhnh v lp trong lp trnh. - Bit thc hin cc cu lnh r nhnh v lp ca ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. - Bc u hnh thnh c k nng lp trnh c cu trc. 2. k nng. - C kh nng phn tch bi ton n gin chn kiu cu trc iu khin ph hp tng thao tc. - Bit din t ng cc cu lnh, son c chng trnh gii cc bi ton n gin p dng cc loi cu trc iu khin nu trn. 3. Thi - Tip tc xy dng lng yu thch gii ton bng lp trnh trn my vi tnh. - Tip tc rn luyn cc phm cht cn thit ca ngi lp trnh nh: Xem xt gii quyt vn mt cch cn thn, sng to ... iu ny th hin trong sut qu trnh phn tch bi ton, la chn d liu, chon cu trc iu khin, vit chng trnh, dch, sa li, kim th, ci tin chng trnh. II. Ni dung ch yu ca chng. - Gii thiu cc loi cu trc iu khin trong lp trnh cu trc l r nhnh v lp. Khi nim bc u v lp trnh c cu trc. - Gii thiu lnh ghp Begin End, lnh r nhnh If Then, lnh lp For Do v While Do th hin cc loi cu trc iu khin trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal.

Cu trc r nhnh I Mc tiu 1. Kin thc. - Hc sinh bit c ngi ca cu trc r nhnh. - Hc sinh bit c cu trc chung ca cu trc r nhnh. - Bit cch s dng ng hai dng cu trc r nhnh trong lp trnh: dng thiu v dng . 2. K nng. - Bc u s dng c cu trc r nhnh If ... then ... else ... trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal vit chng trnh gii quyt c mt s bi ton n gin.
31

II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My vi tnh, my chiu Overhead, my chiu Projector, ba trong, bt d, chng trnh mu gii phng trnh bc hai ax2 + bx + c = 0. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Shc gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu ngha ca t chc r nhnh. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c ngha ca t chc r nhnh. Nm c cu trc chung ca t chc r nhnh. V c s gii phng trnh bc hai ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a<>0) b. Ni dung:

S cu trc r nhnh

c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

32

1. Nu v d thc tin minh ha 1. ch theo di cc dn dt v cho t chc r nhnh: v d ca gio vin suy ngh Chiu mai nu tri khng ma An tm v d tng t. s i xem bng, nu tri ma th An s xem ti vi nh. - Yu cu hc sinh tm thm mt s v d tng t. - Nu i tuyn bng Vit Nam thng i Indonesia th s c tip tranh huy chng vng vi Thi Lan, nu khng - Yu cu hc sinh a ra cu thng Indonesia th Vit Nam s trc chung ca cc din t . tranh huy chng ng vi - Yu cu hc sinh ly mt v Mianmar. d c cu trc chung dng khuyt - Nu ... th ... nu khng ... v a ra cu trc chung . th ... 2. Nu cc bc kt lun - Nu lm xong bi tp sm An nghim ca phng trnh bc hai s sang nh Ngc chi. ax2 +bx+c = 0. Nu ... th ... 2. Theo di v thc hin yu cu ca gio vin. + Tnh delta. + Nu delta<0 th kt lun phng trnh v nghim. + Nu delta>=0 th kt lun phng trnh c nghim: x = (-b+sqrt(delta))/(2a) x = (-b sqrt(delta))/(2a) - Thc hin v s (ging nh phn ni dung) - Nhn xt, nh gi v b sung nhng thiu st ca nhm khc. 3. Quan st hnh v ca cc nhm khc v ca gio vin ghi nh

- Chia nhm lp thnh 3 nhm v yu cu v s thc hin ca cc bc trn ba trong. - Chn hai bi chiu ln bng, gi hc sinh thuc nhm khc nhn xt nh gi kt qu v b sung. 3. Tiu kt cho hot ng ny bng cch b sung v chnh xc bi tp ca hc sinh.

2. Hot ng 2: Tm hiu cu trc lnh r nhnh IF THEN ELSE trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c cu trc chung ca lnh IF. Bit c s thc hin ca my khi gp lnh IF. V c s thc hin cho lnh IF. b. Ni dung: - Dng thiu:
33

Cu trc: IF<iu kin> then <lnh>; iu kin: l mt biu thc quan h hoc biu thc logic. lnh: l mt lnh no ca Pascal. S thc hin ca my: + Tnh gi tr ca <iu kin> + Nu <iu kin> c gi tr ng th thc hin <lnh> S cu trc r nhnh

- Dng : Cu trc : If <iu kin> then <lnh 1> else <lnh 2>; iu kin: l mt biu thc quan h hoc biu thc logic. lnh 1, lnh 2: L mt lnhno ca Pascal. S thc hin ca my: + Tnh gi tr ca <iu kin> + Nu <iu kin> c gi tr ng th thc hin <lnh 1>, ngc li th thc hin <lnh 2>

S cu trc r nhnh

c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gi khoa v da vo cc v d ca t chc r nhnh a ra cu chc chung ca lnh r nhnh. 2. Nu vn trong trng hp khuyt: Khi khng d cp dn vic g sy ra nu iu kin khng tho mn, ta c cu trc nh th no? 3. Yu cu hc sinh v s thc hin ca lnh r nhnh dng

1. Nghin cu sch gio khoa v tr li. If <iu kin> then <lnh 1> else <lnh 2>; 2. Hc sinh ch lng nghe v tr li: - Khi ta c lnh khuyt. If <iu kin> then <lnh>; 3. V s thc hin nh c trnh by trong phn ni dung.
34

khuyt v dng u ln bng. 4. Gi s cn thit ca lnh ghp. a cu trc ca lnh ghp. - Khi gii thch v lnh, lnh 1, lnh 2, gio vin ni: Sau then v else cc em thy ch c php t mt lnh. Trong thc t, thng li l nhiu lnh . - Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v cho bit cu trc ghp cclnh thnh mt lp.

4. Theo di dn dt ca gio vin tr li - Ta phi nhm nhiu lnh thnh mt lnh - Cu trc ca lnh ghp Begin <cc lnh cn ghp>; End;

3. Hot ng 3: Rn luyn k nng vn dng lnh If. a. mc tiu: - Bc u bit s dng ng lnh IF lp trnh gii quyt mt s bi ton n gin. b. Ni dung: - V d 1: Vit chng trnh nhp vo di hai cnh ca mt hnh ch nht v tnh chu vi, din tch ca hnh ch nht . - V d 2: Tm nghim ca phng trnh bc hai. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Nu ni dung, mc ch yu cu ca v d mt. Vit chng trnh nhp vo di hai cnh ca mt hnh ch nht v tnh chu vi, din tch ca hnh ch nht . - Chng trnh ny cc em vit, hy cho bit c hn ch no trong chng trnh ca cc em? - Hng gii quyt ca cc em nh th no?

1. Ch dn dt ca gio vin.

- Yu cu hc sinh v nh tip tc hon thin chng trnh. 2. Nu ni dung ca bi tp, mc ch yu cu ca bi tp. Tm nghim ca phng trnh 2. Ghi bi, ch mc ch bc hai. yu cu ca bi tp.

- Khi nhp di m th dn n chng trnh tr li chu vi, din tch m. iu ny khng c trong thc t. - Dng lnh r nhnh kim tra gi tr ca di cnh nhp vo. - Nu di dng th tnh din tch ngc li th thng bo di sai.

35

- Hy nu cc bc chnh tr li nghim ca phng trnh bc hai.

- Trong bi ton ny ta cn bao nhiu lnh r nhnh. Dng no? - T chc lp thnh 3 nhm, yu cu hc sinh vit chng trnh hon thin ln ba trong. - Thu phiu tr li, chiu ln bng, gi hc sinh nhm khc nhn xt nh gi. - Chun ha li chng trnh cho c lp bng chng trnh mu gio vin.

+ Tnh delta. + Nu delta<0 th kt lun phng trnh v nghim. + Nu delta>=0 th kt lun phng trnh c nghim: x = (-b+sqrt(delta))/(2a) x = (-b sqrt(delta))/(2a) - C th s dng hai lnh r nhnh dng khuyt, cng c th s dng mt lnh dng . - Tho lun v vit chng trnh ln ba trong. - thng bo kt qu vit c. - Nhn xt, nh gi v b sung nhng thiu st ca cc nhm khc. - Ghi chp ni dung chng trnh ng l gio vin kt lun.

IV. nh gi cui bi. 1. Nhng ni dung hc - Cu trc chung ca cu trc r nhnh. - S thc hin ca my khi gp cu trc r nhnh IF. - S thc hin ca cu trc r nhnh IF. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Tr li cu hi 1, 2, 4, Sch gio khoa, trang 50. - Vit chng trnh nhp vo hai s bt k v in ra mn hnh gi tr ln nht ca hai s. - Vit chng trnh gii phng trnh ax4 + bx2 + c = o. - Xem trc ni dung bi: Cu trc lp, sch gio khoa, trang 42. - Xem ni dung ph lc B, sch gio khoa trang 131: Lnh r nhnh v lp. - Xem ni dung ph lc C, sch gio khoa trang 139: Lnh r nhnh v lp .

Cu trc lp (tit 1/2) I. Mc tiu 1. Kin thc

36

- Bit c ngha ca cu trc lp. - Bit c cu trc chung ca lnh lp for trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. - Bit s dng ng hai dng lnh lp For trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. 2. k nng - Bc u s dng c lnh lp For lp trnh gii quyt c mt s bi ton n gin. II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My vi tnh, my chiu Overhead, ba trong, bt d, my chiu Projector, sch gio khoa, sch gio vin. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu ngha ca cu trc lp. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh thy c s cn thit ca cu trc lp trong lp trnh. b. Ni dung: Bi ton 1: Vit chng trnh tnh tng S = 1/a+ 1/a+1 + 1/a+2 + ....+ 1/a+100. Bi ton 2: Mt ngi c s tin l S, ng ta gi tin tit kim ngn hng vi li sut 1,5%/thng. Hi sau 12 thng gi tit kim (khng rt tin li hng thng), ng ta c s tin l bao nhiu? c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Nu bi ton t vn nh 1. Ch quan st bi ton t bi ton 1. vn . - Hy xc nh cng thc ton - Rt kh xc nh c cng hc tnh tng? thc. - Gi phng php: Ta xem S nh l mt ci thng, cc s hng - Theo di gi . nh l nhng ci ca c dung tch khc nhau, khi vic tnh tng trn tng t vic cc ca nc vo trong thng S. - C bao nhiu ln nc vo - Phi thc hin 100 ln nthng? c. - Mi ln mt lng l bao - Mi ln 1 nhiu? Ln th i bao nhiu? a+i - Phi vit bao nhiu lnh? - Phi vit 100 lnh. 2. Nu bi ton t vn nh 2. Ch quan st v tr li cc
37

bi ton 2. - Em hiu nh th no v cch tnh tin gi tit kim trong bi ton 2.

- T , hy lp cng thc tnh tin thu c sau thng th nht. - Ta phi thc hin tnh bao - Phi thc hin tnh 12 ln nh nhiu ln nh vy? vy. - Dn dt: Chng trnh c vit nh vy s rt di, kh c - Tp trung theo di gio vin v d sai st. Cn c mt cu trnh by. trc iu khin vic lp li thc hin cc cng vic trn. - Trong tt c cc ngn ng lp trnh u c mt cu trc iu khin vic thc hin lp li so vi s ln nh trc. 3. Chia lp thnh 4 nhm. 2 3. Tho lun theo nhm vit nhm vit thut ton gii quyt thut ton: bi ton 1, 2 nhm vit thut ton Bc 1: N < 0; S < 1/a; gii quyt bi ton 2 ln ba Bc 2: N < N+1; trong. Bc 3: nu : N>100 th chuyn n bc 5. Bc 4 : S < S+1/(a+N), Quay li bc 2. Bc 5 : a S ra mn hnh ri kt - Thu kt qu, chiu kt qu ln thc. bng. Gi hc sinh nhm khc - Thng bo kt qu vit c. nhn xt nh gi. - Nhn xt, nh gi kt qu ca nhm khc. - Theo di v ghi nh. - Chun ha li thut ton cho hc sinh ln cui.

cu hi. - Vi s tin S, sau mi thng s c tin li l 0,015*S. - S tin ny c cng vtng s tin ban u tnh li cho thng tip theo. - S: = S + 0,015*S;

38

2. Hot ng 2: Tm hiu lnh lp For ca ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c cu trc chung ca lnh FOR. Hiu c ngha ca cc thnh phn trong lnh. Bit c s thc hin ca my khi gp FOR. V c s thc hin . b. Ni dung: - Dng tin: Cu trc: For <bin m>:=<gi tr u> To <gi tr cui> Do <lnh cn lp>; Bin m: L bin kiu nguyn, k t hoc min con. Gi tr u, gi tr cui l biu thc cng kiu vi bin m. Gi tr u phi nh hn hoc bng gi tr cui. S thc hin ca my: Bc 1: Tnh gi tr u, gn cho bin m. Bc 2: Nu bin m <= gi tr cui th thc hin lnh cn lp S cu trc lp

- Dng li: Cu trc : for <bin m>:=<gi tr cui> Downto <gi tr u> Do <lnh cn lp>; Gi tr u phi ln hn ho bng gi tr cui. S thc hin ca my: Bc 1: tnh gi tr u, gn cho bin m. Bc 2: Nu bin m>=gi tr cui th thc hin lnh cn lp

39

S cu trc lp

c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu shc gio khoa v cho bit cu trc chung ca For? - Gii thch: < Bin m>: L bin kiu nguyn, k t. - Hi : ngha ca <Gi tr u> <Gi tr cui>, Kiu d liu ca chng. - Hi: Trong bi ton gi tit kim, <Gi tr u> <Gi tr cui> l bao nhiu? - Hi : Trong bi ton tnh tng <Gi tr u> <Gi tr cui> l bao nhiu? - Dn dt : Nhng lnh no cn lp li ta t sau Do. - Hi : Khi nhiu lnh khc nhau cn lp li ta vit nh th no? - Hi : Trong bi ton gi tit kim, lnh no cn lp li? - Hi : Trong bi ton tnh tng, lnh no cn lp li? - Hi : Em c nhn xt g v gi tr ca <Gi tr u> <Gi tr cui> ? - Dn dt: Khi lnh For c gi l For tin. Ngn ng lp trnh Pascal cn c mt dng For khc gi l For li. 2. Yu cu: Hy trnh by cu trc chung ca For li. - Hi : So snh <Gi tr u> <Gi tr cui> ? - Hi : Trong hai bi ton trn,

1. c sch gio khoa v tr li For <Bin m>:=<gi tr u> To <Gi tr cui> Do <lnh cn lp>; - Dng lm gii hn cho bin m. - Cng kiu vi <Bin m> <Gi tr u> l 1; <Gi tr cui> l 12. <Gi tr u> l 1; <Gi tr cui> l 100.

- Phi s sng cu trc lnh ghp . S : = S + 0,015*S; 1 a+i <Gi tr u> <Gi tr cui> S:=S+

2. Nghin cu sch gio khoa, suy ngh, so snh vi cu trc ca For tin tr li. For <bin m>:=<gi tr cui> Downto <gi tr u> Do <lnh cn lp>; <Gi tr u> <Gi tr cui> - S dng dng For tin l ph
40

dng lnh For no l ph hp?

hp .

3. Hot ng 3: Rn luyn k nng vn dng lnh lp For. a. mc tiu: - S dng ng lnh lp For gii quyt c mt bi ton n gin. b. Ni dung: V d 1: Vit chng trnh tnh tng S = 1/a+ 1/a+1 + 1/a+2 + ....+ 1/a+100. V d 2: Mt ngi c s tin l S, ng ta gi tin tit kim ngn hng vi li sut 1,5% mi thng. Hi sau 12 thng gi tit kim, ng ta c s tin l bao nhiu? c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Nu ni dung bi ton 1. Mc 1. Ch lng nghe v tr li cc tiu l xc nh c nhng vic yu cu ca gio vin. chnh cn lm. - Gi tr u l 1, Gi tr cui + Xc nh gi tr u, gi tr l 100. cui. + Xc nh lnh cn lp li. - Yu cu hc sinh tip tc S:=S+ 1 hon thnh chng trnh nh. a+i 2. Nu ni dung bi ton2, mc tiu l vit c chng trn hon thin. - nh hng nhng vn - Cng tho lun v vit chng chnh. trnh theo nhm. - Chia lp thnh 3 nhm. Yu cu hc sinh vit chng trnh ln giy ba trong. - Quan st chng trnh gio vin - Thu phiu hc tp, chiu ln hng dn v ghi nh. bng, gi hc sinh nhm khc nhn xt v nh gi. - Chnh xc ha bi lm ca hc sinh bng chng trnh mu. IV. nh gi cui bi. 1. Nhng ni dung hc.
41

2. Ch lng nghe ni dung v yu cu.

- Cu trc chung ca lnh lp For. S thc hin ca lnh ca lnh lp For. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Gii bi tp 5.a, 6, sch gio khoa, trang 51. - Xem trc phn ni dung ca cu trc lp c s ln cha xc nh While ... - Xem ni dung ph lc B, sch gio khoa trang 131 : Lnh r nhnh v lp. - Xem ni dung ph lc C, sch gio khoa trang 139 : Lnh r nhnh v lp.

Cu trc lp (tit 2/2) I. Mc tiu . 1. Kin thc. - Bit c ngha ca cu trc lp c s ln lp cha xc nh . - Bit c cu trc chung ca lnh lp While trong ngn ng Pascal. - Bit c s thc hin ca my khi gp lnh lp While. 2. K nng. - Phn bit c s ging v khc nhau gia cu trc lp For v While. - S dng ng lnh lp While trong lp trnh. - Bc u bit la chn ng dng lnh lp lp trnh gii quyt c mt s bi ton n gin. II . dng dy hc 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My vi tnh, my chiu Overhead, Projector, sch gio khoa, sch gio vin. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1 : Tm hiu ngha ca cu trc lp c s ln cha xc nh . a. Mc tiu: - Bit c s cn thit phi c cu trc lp c s ln cha xc nh trong lp trnh. b. Ni dung: Bi ton 1: Vit chng trnh tnh tng: S = 1/a + 1/a+1 + 1/a+2 + ..... + 1/a+N + ... cho n khi 1/a+N <0,0001.

42

Ba ton 2: Mt ngi c s tin l S ng, ng ta gi tit kim ngn hng vi s li sut 1,5% thng. Hi sau bao nhiu thng ngi c s tin ln hn S1 ng? c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Hot ng 1. a. Chiu ni dung ca bi ton 1.

a. Ch lng nghe, quan st v suy ngh tr li. - Bi trc: CHo gii hn N. - Hi : S khc nhau ca bi ton -Bi ny: Cho gii hn S. ny vi bi ton vit tit trc? - Cha xc nh ngay c. - Hi : Lp li bao nhiu ln? - n khi iu - Hi : Lp n khi no? kin 1/a+N < 0,0001 c tha mn. b. Chiu ni dung ca bi ton 2. b. Ch lng nghe, quan st v suy ngh tr li. - Hi : S khc nhau trong bi - Bi trc : Bit s thng, hi s ton ny vi bi ton gii trong tin. tit trc? - Hi: S ln lp ca lnh? - Bi ny: Bit s tin, hi s - Hi : Lp n khi no? thng. - Cha bit trc, chnh l s thng cn tm . c. Tiu kt vn : Qua hai v - n khi s tin thu c > S1 d ta thy c mt dng bi ton ddng. c s lp li ca mt s lnh nhc. Theo di v ghi nh kt lun ng khng bit trc s ln lp. Cn ca gio vin. c mt cu trc iu khin lp li mt cng vic nht nh khi tha mn mt iu kin no . 2. Hot ng 2: Tm hiu cu trc lnh lp While trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c cu trc chung ca lnh While. Hiu c ngha ca cc thnh phn trong lnh. Bit c s thc hin ca my khi gp While. V c s thc hin . b. Ni dung: Cu trc: While<iu kin>Do <lnh cn lp); iu kin : L biu thc quan h hoc biu thc logic. S thc hin uc my: Bc 1: Tnh gi t ca <iu kin>. Bc 2: nu<iu kin> C gi tr ng th:
43

V hnh cu trc lp While c. Cc bc tin hnh :

hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v cho bit cu trc chung ca lnh lp While. - Gii thch: + <iu kin>: L biu thc quan h hoc biu thc logic, l iu kin lp li. - Hi : trong bi ton 1: iu kin lp li l g? - Hi : Trong bi ton 2: iu kin lp li l g? + <Lnh cn lp>: L cc lnh cn phi lp li. - Hi : Trong hai bi ton trn lnh cn lp l g?

1. Tham kho sch gio khoa v tr li. - Cu trc chung While <iu kin> Do <lnh cn lp>; 1/a+M >0,0001

S < S1

S:= S + 0,015*S tnh s tin. t:= t + 1; tnh s thng. - Hi: Mt s khc nhau trong lnh cn lp ca For v While l g? - Da vo cu trc chung, hy cho bit my s thc hin tnh <iu kin> trc hay thc hin <lnh cn lp> trc? 2. Yu cu hc sinh v s cu trc ln bng. - Gi hc sinh nh gi nhn xt. - Tiu kt cho vn bng cch treo s mu v gii thch. S := S + 1/(a + i) tnh tng. i := i + 1; tng t s. - While phi c lnh tng bin ch s. - Quan st, suy ngh v tr li: + tnh biu thc iu kin trc. + Thc hin lnh cn lp sau. 2. Ln bng v s cu trc ca lnh While. - Nhn xt ng sai v b sung.

3. Hoat ng 3: rn luyn k nng vn dng lnh lp While. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bc u bit s dng ng lnh While lp trnh gii quyt mt s bi ton n gin. b. Ni dung:
44

V d 1: Mt ngi c s tin l S, ng ta gi tit kim ngn hng vi li sut 1,5% /thng. Hi sau bao nhiu thng ngi c s tin ln hn S1 ng? V d 2: Vit chng trnh nhp vo hai s nguyn dng a v b. Tm c s chung ln nht ca hai s . c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Nu ni dung bi ton 1. Mc tiu l vit chng trnh hon thin. - nh hng cc vn chnh. + Xc nh iu kin tip tc lp. + Xc nh cc lnh cn lp. - Chia ra lm 3 nhm. Yu cu hc sinh vit chng trnh hon thin ln ba trong. - thu phiu tr li, chiu kt qu bng my Overhead. - Gi hc sinh nhm khc nhn xt v nh gi. - Chnh xc ha chng trnh cho c lp. 2. Nu ni dung ca bi ton 2. Mc tiu l phn tch xc nh <iu kin> v <lnh cn lp>. - Ly mt v d c th khi tm c s chung ca hai s 15 v 25. m n 15 25 15 10 5 10 5 5 Tr li: 5 l c s chung ln nht. - Hi: iu kin tip tc lp l g? - Hi : cc lnh cn lp li l g?

1. Ch lng nghe v suy ngh tr li cc cu hi nh hng ca gio vin. - iu kin: S < S1 S:= S + 0,015*S tnh s tin. t:= t + 1; tnh s thng. - Tp trung lm vic theo nhm vit c chng trnh hon thin. - nh gi ng sai v b sung. - ghi nh nhng phn gio vin su cha. 2. Tp trung theo di thy c nhng cng vic cn thc hin.

- Yu cu hc sinh vit chng

- iu kin : m<> n - Lnh cn lp: m:=m-n; hoc n:=n-m; - Thut ton: B1: Nu m=n th UC=m, dng. B2: Nu m>n th m:=m-n ngc li n:=n-m; Quay li B1.
45

trnh hon thin bi ton nh. - Yu cu hc sinh ch ra hai cu hi cn t ra khi gp bi ton dng ny.

- Suyngh v tr li: + iu kin no lp li? + Nhng lnh no cn lp li?

IV. nh gi cui bi. 1. Nhng ni dung hc - ngha ca cu trc lp c s ln cha xc nh. - Cu trc chung ca lnh lp While trong ngn ng Pascal. - S thc hin ca lnh lp While. - S thc hin ca my khi gp lnh lp While. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Gii bi tp 4, 5b, 7, 8, sch gio khoa trang 51. - Vit chng trnh tnh tng: S = 1/a + 1/a+1 + 1/a+2 + ..... + 1/a+N + ... cho n khi 1/a+N <0,0001. - c li lnh r nhnh IF v lm cc bi tp lin quan, chun b cho tit sau thc hnh. - Xem ni dung bi thc hnh s 2, sch gio khoa trang 49. - Xem ni dung ph lc B, shc gio khoa trang 131: Lnh r nahnhs v lp . - Xem ni dung ph lc C, sch gio khoa trang 139: Lnh r nhnh v lp.

Bi thc hnh s 2 I. Mc tiu. 1. Kin thc. - Nm chc cu trc v s thc hin ca cu trc r nhnh. 2. K nng - Rn luyn k nng s dng cu trc r nhnh trong vic lp trnh gii mt s bi ton c th. - Lm quen vi cc cng c phc v v hiu chnh chng trnh. 3. thi - T gic, tch cc v hc ng trong thc hnh. II. dng dy hc 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - Phng my vi tnh, my chiu Projector hng dn.
46

2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa, sch bi tp v bi tp vit nh. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Lm quen vi mt chng trnh v cc cng c hiu chnh chng trnh. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh hiu c ni dung chng trnh v kt uq sau khi thc hin chng trnh. Bit cc cng c dng hiu chnh chng trnh khi cn thit nh : Thc hin tng bc v xem kt qu trung gian. b. Ni dung: - ba s nguyn dng a, b, c c gi l b s Pitago nu tng bnh phng ca hai s bng bnh phng ca s cn li. Yu cu: Vit chng tnh nhp t bn phm ba s nguyn dng a, b, c v kim tra xem chng c l b s Pitago hay khng?
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. gi hc sinh nu khi nim v b s Pitago.

- Yu cu: ly mt v d c th . - Hi : kim tra b ba s a, b, c bt k c phi l b Pitago, ta pah kim tra cc ng thc no? 2. Chiu chng trnh mu ln bng. thc hin mu cc thao tc: lu, thc hin tng lnh chng trnh, xem kt qu trung gian, thc hin chng tnh v nhp d liu. - Bm F2, g tn file v enter. - Yu cu hc sinh g chng trnh mu vo my. - bm F7, nhp cc gi tr a=3, - Yu cu hc sinh lu chng b=4, c=5. trnh ln a vi tn Pytago.pas. - Chn menu Debug m - Yu cu hc sinh thc hin ca s hiu chnh. tng lnh ca chng trnh. - Quan st qu trnh r nhnh - Yu cu hc sinh xem cc kt ca tng b d liu vo v tr li. qu a2, b2, c2. - Yu cu hc sinh t tm thm mt s b a b c khc v so snh.

1. Theo di dn dt cu ch sinh nu khi nim v b s Pitago: Tng bnh phng ca hai s bng bnh phng ca s cn li. V d v b s Pitago: 5 4 3 a2 = b2 + c2. b2 = a2 + c2. c2 = a2 + b2. 2. Son chng trnh vo my theo yu cu ca gio vin.

47

2. Hot ng 2: Rn luyn k nng lp trnh hon thin mt bi ton. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c hiu , phn tch yu cu ca . T chn c cu trc d liu v lnh ph hp lp trnh. b. Ni dung: - Vit chng tnh gii phng trnh ax + b = 0. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Nu ni dung, mc ch, yu cu cu bi ton. - Hi : Bc u tin gii bi ton ? - Hi : xc nh ta phi t cc cu hi nh th no? Gi hc sinh t cu hi v gi hc sinh tr li cho cu hi ?

- Yu cu hc sinh phc ha thut ton. 2. Yu cu hc sinh g chng trnh vo my. - Gio vin tip cn tng hc sinh hng dn v sa sai. 3. Yu cu hc sinh nhp d liu. - Nhp d liu vi test 1 2 -2 4. Yu cu hc sinh xc nh cc testcase, nhp d liu, i snh kt qu.

1. ch theo di vn t ra ca gio vin. - Xc nh input. output v thut gii. - Mc ch ca gii phng trnh? + Kt lun s nghim v gi tr nghim x. - tnh c nghim x cn cc i lng no? + Cn cc i lng : a b. - C cc bc x l no tnh c x? 2. c lp son chng trnh v my. - Thng bo kt qu vit c. 3. Nhp d liu theo test ca gio vin v thng bo kt qu ca hcng trnh. 4. Tm testcase. 0 0 VNV 0 3 VN 2 3 -1.5 Nhp d liu v thng bo kt qu.

IV. nh gi cui bi. 1. Nhng ni dung hc Cc bc hon thnh mt chng trnh. - Phn tch bi ton xc nh d liu vo, d liu ra, thut ton. - Soan chng trnh vo my.
48

- Lu d chng trnh. - Bin dch. - Thc hin v hiu chnh chng trnh. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Vit chng trnh nhp vo di ba cnh cuat mt tam gic v tnh chu vi, din tch ca tam gic . - Cho chng trnh sau: Program max; var a, b, max:integer; Begin Write(nhap vao hai so bat ki); readln(a, b); If max:=a; If max<b then max:=b; Writeln(max); Readln; End. Hi: Chng trnh thc hin chng trnh g, kt qu in ra mn hnh l bao nhiu? - Vit chng tnh nhp vo ba s bt k v tm gi tr b nht ca ba s . - Xem trc ni dung bi: kiu mng, sch gio khoa, trang 53.

Luyn tp I. Mc tiu. 1. Kin thc. - Cng c li hco hc sinhnhng kin thc lin quan n t chc r nhnh v lp : Cu trc lp, s thc hin, s thc hin ca my khi gp lnh lp. 2. K nng. - Rn luyn k nng vn dng v linh hot trong cng vic la hcn cu trc r nhnh v cu trc lp ph hp gii quyt bi ton t ra. 3. Thi . - T gic tch cc, ch ng trong gii quyt cc bi tp. II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My chiu Projector, my vi tnh gii thiu v d minh ha, mt s chng trnh mu. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc.
49

1. Hot ng 1: Nhc li kin thc hc v t hcc r nhnh v lp . a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh nm c cu trc r nhnh v lp, s thc hin ca my. Phn c c s ging v khc nhau gia lnh lp For v lnh lp While. b. Ni dung: - R nhnh If <btk> then <lnh 1> Else <lnh 2>; If <btk> then <lnh >; - Lp For For <bin m>:=<gi tr u> To <gi tr cui> Do <lnh>; For <bin m>:=<gi tr u> downto <gi tr cui> Do <lnh>; - Lp While While <iu kin> Do <lnh>; c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Yu cu hc sinh nhc li cu 1. c lp suy ngh tr li trc r nhnh. If <btk> then <lnh 1> - Chiu chng trnh tm gi Else <lnh 2>; tr ln nht ca hai s, trong If <btk> then <lnh >; c s dng lnh r nhnh dng . Var a b: Integer; Begin readln(a, b); If a>b then write(a) esle write(b); read; - In ra mn hnh gi tr ln end. nht . - Hi: Chng trnh thc hin Var a, b : Integer; cng vic g? Begin - Yu cu hc sinh vit li chReadln(a, b); max:=b; ng trnh bng cch s dng If a>b then max:=a; lnh r nhnh dng thiu. Write(max); readln; end. 2. Suy ngh v tr li. 2. Yu cu hc sinh nhc li cu For <bin m>:=<gi tr trc ca cc lnh lp hc. u>; To <gi tr cui> Do <lnh>; - Chiu ln bng hai chng While <iu kin> Do <lnh trnh chun b sn, trong cn lp>;
50

mt chng trnh s dng lnh lp For v mt chng trnh s dng lp while. - Yu cu: So snh s ging v khc nhau ca hai dng lnh .

- Quan st, suy ngh v tr li .

- Ging: u l lnh lp. - Khc: For lp vi s ln xc nh trc trong khi While lp vi s ln cha xc nh. 2. Hot ng 2: rn luyn k nng vn dng t chc lp. a. mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit s dng lnh lp gii quyt bi ton c th. Linh hot trong vic chn la cu trc lp. V d 1 : Vit chng trnh tnh gi tr biu thc Y = V d 2: Vit chng trnh tnh gi tr ca tng X(N) = 13 + 33 + 53 + ........+ (2N + 1)3, vi N ln lt 0, 1, 2, 3, ,........ , chng no X(N) c nh hn 2 x 109. a ra cc gi tr X(N) ra mn hnh. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Tm hiu bi tp 1 v gii quyt. - Chiu ni dung v d 1 ln bng. - Hi: C th khai trin biu thc Y thnh tng ca cc s hng nh th no? - Nhn vo cng thc khai trin, cho bit N ly gi tr tng on no? - Hi : Ta s dng cu trc iu khin lp no l ph hp? - Chia lp lm ba nhm, yu cu vit chng trnh ln ba trong. - Thu phiu tr li, chiu kt qu ln bng. - Gi hc sinh nhm khc nhn xt nh gi v b sung. 2. Tm hiu ni dung v d 2 v nh hng hc sinh gii quyt nh. - Chiu ni dung v d 2 ln bng - Hy cho bit N nhn gi tr trong on no? Xc nh c

1. Quan st v suy ngh gii quyt bi ton. Y = 1/2 + 2/3 + 3/4 + ... + 50/51 1..50 - S dng cu trc lp c s ln xc nh. - Tho lun theo nhm vit chng trnh ln ba trong. - bo co kt qu ca nhm. - Nhn xt, nh gi v b sung cc thiu st ca nhm khc 2. Quan st v theo di nhng nh hng ca gio vin. - Cha xc nh c cn cui. - Dng cu trc lp c s ln cha xc nh . - Ghi nh lm bi tp v nh .

51

cha? - Hi : Dng cu trc iu khin no l thch hp? - Yu cu hc sinh v nh lp trnh trn my, tit sau np lo cho gio vin. IV. nh gi cui bi. 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - C hai cu trc lp: + Lp For: S ln lp xc nh. + Lp While: S ln lp cha xc nh. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Cho chng trnh c vit bng lnh For. Var x, i:word; nt:boolean; Begin Readln(x); nt :=true; For i :=2 to x 1 do if x mod i = 0 then nt:=false; If nt = true then write(x,la so nguyen to) else write(x, khong phai snt); readln; End. - Hy vit li chng trnh trn trong lnh lp For c thay bng lnh lp Whlie. Hy cho bit, trong bi ton trn s dng lnh lp no l tt hn.

Chng 4.

Kiu d liu c cu trc

I. Mc tiu ca chng 1. Kin thc: Hc sinh cn: - Hiu c khi nim kiu d liu c cu trc. - Bit c ngn ng lp trnh cho php to ra cc kiu d liu c cu trc trn c s cc kiu d liu chun. - Mt kiu d liu c cu trc c xy dng t nhng kiu d liu c s theo mt s k thut to kiu do ngn ng lp trnh quy nh . - Kiu d liu xc nh bi hai yu t: Phm vi i tng v cc thao tc trn nhng i tng ny. 2. K nng - Bit cch m t kiu d liu trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal.
52

- Bit cch s dng ng cc thao tc vao/ra d liu cho bin thuc kiu d liu c cu trc. - Bit cch s dng ng cc php ton trn cc thnh phmc s ty theo kiu ca cc thnh phn c s. 3. Thi . - tip tc xy dng lng yu thch gii bi ton lp trnh trn my vi tnh. - Tip tc rn luyn cc phm cht cn thit ca ngi lp trnh nh: thc chon v xy dng kiu d liu khi th hin nhng i tng trong thc t, thc rn luyn k nng s dng cc thao tc trn mi kiu d liu c cu trc, hng th tm hiu cc thut ton thng gp trn cc m hnh d liu. Lun mun ci tin chng trnh nhm nng cao hiu qu chng trnh. II. Ni dung ch yu ca chng Chng ny trnh by ba kiu d liu c cu trc quan trng: - Kiu mng mt chiu v mng hai chiu. - kiu xu k t. - kiu bng ghi.

kiu mng (tit 1/2) I. Mc tiu. 1. Kin thc - Bit c mt kiu d liu mi l kiu mng mt chiu. Bit c mt lai bin c ch s. - Bit cu trc to kiu mng mt chiu v chc khai bo bin kiu mng mt chiu. 2. K nng - To c kiu mng mt chiu v s dng bin mng mt chiu trong ngnng lp trnh Pascal gii quyt mt s bi ton c th. II. dng dy hc 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My chiu Projector, my vi tnh gii thiu v d v minh ha. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc. 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu ngha ca mng mt chiu. a. Mc tiu:
53

Bit c ngha v s cn thit ca kiu mng mt chiu trong vic gii quyt mt s bi ton. Bit c khi nim kiu mng mt chiu. b. ni dung: - V d: Nhp vo nhit (trung bnh) ca mi ngy trong tun . Tnh v in ra mn hnh nhit trung bnh ca tun v s lng ngy trong tun c nhit cao hn nhit trung bnh tnh c. - Chng trnh minh ha. Program nhiet do tuan; Var t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, tb:real; dem:integer; Begin Write(Nhap vao nhiet do cua 7 ngay:); readln(t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7)/7; dem:=0; if t1>tb then dem:=dem+1; if t2>tb then dem:=dem+1; if t3>tb then dem:=dem+1; if t4>tb then dem:=dem+1; if t5>tb then dem:=dem+1; if t6>tb then dem:=dem+1; if t7>tb then dem:=dem+1; Write(nhiet do trung binh tuan:,tb); Writeln(So ngay nhiet do cao hon nhiet do trung binh tuan:,dem): readln; End. - Mng mt chiu l dy hu hn cc phn t co cng kiu d liu. Cc phn t trong mng c cng chung mt tn v phn bit nhau bi ch s. m t mng mt chiu cn xc nh c kiu ca cc phn t v cch nh s cc phn t ca n. - Hu ht cc ngn ng lp trnh u c quy tc cho php xc nh: tn kiu mng, s lng phn t, kiu d liu ca tng phn t, cch khia bo mt bin mng v cch tham chiu n tng phn t ca tng mng. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Chiu bi v chng 1. Quan st trn mn hnh, suy trnh v d ln bng. ngh v tr li. - Hi: Khi N ln th chng - Phi khai bo qu nhiu bin. trnh trn c nhng hn ch nh Chng trnh phi vit rt di. th no? - Dn dt: khc phc nhng hn ch trn, ngi ta thng ghp chung 7 bin trn thnh
54

mt dy v t cho n chung mt tn v nh cho mt phn t mt ch s. 2. Yu cu hc sinh tham kho sch gio khoa v hi: Em hiu nh th no v mng mt chiu? - Hi: m t mng mt chiu, ta cn xc nh nhng yu t no?

2. Nghin cu sch gio khoa tr li. - Mng mt chiu l dy hu hn cc phn t c cng kiu d liu. Cc phn t trong mng c cng chung mt tn v phn bit nhau bi ch s. - m t mng mt chiu cn xc nh c kiu ca cc phn t v cch nh s cc phn t ca n.

2. Hot ng 2: To kiu mng mt chiu v khai bo bin mng. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c cch to kiu d liu mng mt chiu trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal, bit cch khai bo bin v tham chiu n tng phn t ca mng. b. Ni dung: - to kiu d liu mng mt chiu: TYPE tn_kiu_mng = Array[kiu_ch_s] Of kiu_thnh_phn; + Kiu_ch_s: Thng l mt on s nguyn(hoc l mt on k t) xc nh ch s u v ch s cui ca mng. + Kiu_thnh_phn: L kiu d liu chung ca mi phn t trong mng - Khai bo bin mng mt chiu: VAR tn_bin:tn_kiu_mng; - Tham chiu n tng phn t: Tn_bin [ch s] c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu 1. Tham kho sch gio khoa v sch gio khoa v hco bit cch tr li. to kiu d liu mng mt chiu - TYPE tn_km= Array[kieeru trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. cs] Of kiu_thnh_phn; - Tm mt v d minh ha. - V d: Type - Gi hc sinh khc, Hi: mmc=array[1..100] of integer; ngha ca lnh bn va vit? - To mt kiu d liu mi c - Chiu ln bng mt s khia tn mmc, gm 100 phn t, c bo kiu mang mt chiu kiu nguyn. Type - Quan st bng v hcn khai Arrayr=array[1..200] of real; bo ng. Arrayr=array[byte] of real; Arrayr=array[1..200] of real; Arrayb=array[-100..0] of Arrayb=array[-100..0] of boolean; boolean;
55

- Hi: Nhng khai bo no ng? 2. Yu cu hc sinh cho bit cch khai ba bin v mt v d khai bo mt bin mng ng vi 2. Tham kho sch gio khoa v kiu d liu va to. tr li - Gi hc sinh khc, hi: VAR tn_bin:tn_km; ngha ca lnh bn va vit? - V d : Var a:mmc; - Dung lng b nh ca bin a - Khai bo mt bin mng mt chim l bao nhiu? chiu. - Ch cho hc sinh v cch t tn kiu d liu v tn bin, - a chim 200 byte trong b trnh nhm ln. nh. 3. Gii thiu cch tham chiu n tng phn t ca mng mt chiu. Yu cu hc sinh ly mt v d. 3. Theo di hng dn ca gio vin v c lp suy ngh tr li. a[1] l phn t v tr 1 ca mng a. a[i] l phn t v tr i ca mng a. 3. Hot ng 3: Rn luyn k nng s dng kiu mng mt chiu. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh s dng c bin kiu mng mt hciu gii quyt mt bi ton n gin. b. Ni dung: Bi ton: Gii quyt bi ton phn t vn trong hot ng 1, trong c s dng bin mng mt chiu. c. cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Gii thiu bi. 1. Quan st bi, theo di - Chiu bi ln bng. nhng yu cu cn gii quyt - Yu cu hc sinh xc nh d ca d bi. liu vo, d liu ra. - Vo: 7 s l gi tr nhit ca 7 ngy trong tun. - Ra: S ntb l nhit trung bnh trong tun v s nch l s ngy c nhit cao hn nhit - Hi: Nu khng s dng bin trung bnh. mng mt chiu, ta c th gii - c. quyt c bi ton khng? Kh - Chng tnh di dng, kh
56

khn g khng? sa i.... 2. nh hng: S dng kiu mng mt chiu gii quyt bi ton. 2. Theo di s hng dn ca gio - Yu cu hc sinh khai bo vin kiu mng. - Yu cu hc sinh khia bo Type tuan=array[1..7] of real; bin mng. Var ndtuan : tuan; - Nhp gi tr cho mng a. - Yu cu hc sinh tm cc - Tnh trung bnh cng gi tr nhim v chnh cn gii quyt. ca mng. - m s phn t c gi tr ln 3. Chia lp thnh 3 nhm. Yu hn trungbnh cng c c. cu vit chng trnh ln giy 3. Tho lun theo nhm vit ba trong. chng trnh. - Bo co kt qu vit c. - Thu phiu tr li, chiu ln - Nhn xt, nh gi v b bng. Gi hc sinh nhm khc sung nhng thiu st ca nhm nhn xt nh gi. khc. 4. Chun ha chng trnh cho 4. Quan st v ghi nh. hc sinh. IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Cch to kiu mng mt chiu v cch khia bo bin. TYPE tn_kiu_mng= Array[kiu_ch_s] Of kiu_thnh_phn; VAR tn_bin:tn_kiu_mng; - Tham chiu n tng phn t: Tn_bin[ch s] 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Vit chng trnh nhp vo mt mng gm n s nguyn( 1<=n<=100), mi s c gi tr tuyt i khng uq 300. Tnh tng gi tr cc phn t c gi tr chia ht cho k. - tr li cc cu hi 1_4, lm bi tp 5, 6, 7, sch gio khoa, trang 79. - c trc ni dung v kiu mng hai chiu, sch gio khoa trang 59.

Kiu mng (tit 2/2) I. mc tiu. 1. Kin thc. - Bit c mt kiu d liu mi l kiu mng hia chiu.
57

- Bit c cch to kiu mng hai chiu, cch khai bo bin, tham chiu n tng phn t ca mng. 2. K nng. - To c kiu mng hai chiu v khai bo bin mng hai chiu trongngn ng lp trnh Pascal. S dng ng bin mng gii quyt mt s bi ton c th . II. dng dy hc 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My vi tnh, my chiu Projector, sch gio khoa, my chiu Overhead, phiu hc tp. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng : Tm hiu ngha ca kiu mng hai chiu a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c ngha v s cn thit ca kiu mng hai chiu trong vic gii quyt mt s bi ton. b. Ni dung: Bi ton: Vit chng trnh in ra mn hnh bng cu chng c dng nh sau: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81

- Khi nim : Mng hai chiu l mt bng cc phn t c cng kiu d liu. - Hu ht cc ngn ng lp trnh u c quy tc cho php xc nh tn kiu mng hai chiu, s lng phn t ca mi chiu, kiu d liu ca tng phn t, cch khai bo mt bin mng v cch tham gia chiu n tng phn t ca mng. b. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Gii thiu v d trong sch gio khoa. Tnh v a ra mn hnh bng cu chng. - Hi: S dng kin thc v mng mt chiu, hy a ra cch

1. Ch theo di yu cu v dn dt ca gio vin. - S dng 9 mng mt chiu, mt mng lu mt hng ca bng.

58

s dng kiu mng lu tr bng cu chng. - Vi cch lu tr nh vy ta phi khai bo bao nhiu bin mng? - C nhng kh khn g? - khc phc cc kh khn ny, ta xem mt bng mt chiu l mt phn t, ta ghp 9 mng mt chiu thnh mt mng hai chiu. - Yu cu hc sinh nhn xt v mng hai chiu. 2. Cc yu t xc nh mng hai chiu. - Hi: m t kiu mng hai chiu, ta cn xc nh nhng yu t chnh no?

- Khai bo 9 mng mt chiu. - Khai bo nhiu bin, vit chng trnh nhp xut d liu di.

- Nu xem mi hng ca mng hai chiu l mt phn t th ta c th ni mng hai chiu l mng mt chiu m mi phn t l mng mt chiu. 2. Cc yu t xy dng mng hai chiu: - Tn kiu mng. - S phn t trn mt dng, s phn t trn mt ct. - Kiu d liu chung ca mi phn t.

2. Hot ng 2: Tm hiu v kiu mng hai chiu. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit cch to kiu d liu mng hai chiu, bit khai ba bin mng trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal, bit tham chiu n tng phn t ca mng. b. Ni dung: - To kiu d liu mng hai chiu: TYPE tn_kiu_mng=Array[ch_s_dng,ch_s_ct] Of kiu_thanh_phn; - Khai bo bin mng hai chiu: VAR tn_bin:tn_kiu_mng; - Tham chiu n tng phn t: Tn_bin[ch_s_dng,ch_s_ct] c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v cho bit cch to kiu d liu mng hai chiu. - Yu cu hc sinh tm v d minh ha. - Gi mt hc sinh khc, hi: ngha ca lnh m bn va vit? 2. Yu cu hc sinh cho bit

1. Tham kho sch gio khoa v tr li. - TYPE tn_kmhc=Array[csd,csc] Of kiu_thnh_phn; - V d: Type mhc=array[1..10,1..5] of integer; - Lnh trn dng to mt kiu mng hai chiu c tn l mhc gm 10 dng v 5 ct, cc
59

cch khai bo bin v mt v d khia ba mt bin mng hai chiu ng vi kiu d liu va to . 3. gii thiu cch tham chiu n tng phn t ca mng mt hciu. Yu cu hc sinh ly mt v d.

phn t c kiu d liu l integer. 2. Tham kho sch gio khoa v tr li. - VAR tn_bin:tn_kmhc; - V d: V a:mhc; 3. Quan st cu trc chung v suy ngh tm v d. a[1,2] l phn t dng s 1, ct s 2 ca mng a. a[i,j] l phn t dng s i, ct s j ca mng a.

3. Hot ng 3: Rn luyn k nng s dng kiu mng hai chiu. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh s dng c bin kiu mng hai chiu gii quyt mt bi ton n gin. b. Ni dung: - Gii quyt bi ton t vn trong hot ng 1. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. gii thiu bi. - Chiu bi ln bng. - Yu cu hc sinh xc nh cch thc t chc d liu. - Yu cu hc sinh ch ra cc nhim v chnh ca bo ton cn gii quyt. 2. Chia lp thnh 3 nhm. Yu cu vit chng trnh ln giy ba trong. - Thu phiu tr li, chiu ln bng. Gi hc sinh nhm khc nhn xt nh gi. 3. Chun ha chng trnh cho hc sinh bng cch chiu chng trnh mu hc sinh quan st v thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. 4. Chiu chng trnh v d 2, sch gio khoa, trang 62 hc sinh quan st.

1. Quan st bi, theo di nhng yu cu cn gii quyt ca bi. - Dng mt mng hai chiu. - in gi tr cho[i,j]=i*j - Xut gi tr a[i,j] theo tng dng. 2. Tho lun theo nhm vit chng trnh. - Bo co kt qu khi hon thnh. - Nhn xt, nh gi v b sung nhng thiu st ca cc nhm khc. 3. ghi nh ni dung c chnh sa.

4. Quan st chng trnh v ch gii thch ca gio vin.

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- Thc hin chng trnh - t ra mt s cu hi thc hc sinh thy c kt qu ca n. mc. - Gio vin cn gii thch mt s ch c th hc sinh cha hiu v yu cu hc sinh v nh tm hiu thm. IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - To kiu d liu mng hai chiu: TYPE tn_kiu_mng=Array[kiu_ch_s_dng, kiu_ch_s_ct] Of kiu_thnh_phn; - Khai bo kiu mng mt chiu: VAR tn_bin:tn_kiu_mng; - Tham chiu n tng phn t: Tn_bin[ch_s_dng, ch_s_ct] 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh - Lm cc bi tp s 8, 9, sch gio khoa trang 79, 80. - Xem trc ni dung ca bi thc hnh 3, sch gio khoa, trang 63. Bi thc hnh s 3 I. mc tiu. 1. Kin thc. - Cng c li cc kin thc c bn v kiu d liu mng. 2. K nng - Nng cao k nng s dng mt s lnh keu d liu mng mt chiu trong lp trnh, c th: + Khai bo kiu d liu mng mt chiu. + Nhp/xut d liu cho mng. + Duyt qua tt c cc phn t ca mng x l tng phn t. - Bit gii mt s bi ton c bn thng gp: + Tnh tng cc phn t tha mn iu kin no . + m s cc phn t tha mn iu kin no . + Tm phn t ln nht, nh nht. 3. Thi - Gp phn rn luyn tc phong, t duy lp trnh: T gic, tch cc, ch ngv sng to trong tm kim kin thc. II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - Phng my tnh, my chiu Projector minh ha. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. hot ng dy hc .
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1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu cch s dng lnh v kiu d liu mng mt chiu qua chng trnh c sn. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh hiu c chng trnh c sn cu a, bit c kt qu chy chng trnh ny, t tm ra cch gii quyt cu b. b. Ni dung: a Tm hiu, g chng trnh vo my v chy th: Program Sum 1; Uses Crt; Const nmax:=100; Type Myarray = Array[1..nmax] of integer ; Var A:myarray; s, n, i, k:integer; Begin Clrscr; Randomize; Write(nhap n=); readln(n); For i:=1 to n do a[i]:=random(300) random(300); For i:=1 to n do Write(A[i]:5); Writeln; Write(;nhap k=); readln(k); s:=0; For i:=1 to n do if a[i] mod k=0 then s:=s+a[i]; Write(tong can tinh la,s); readln; End. b Thm cc lnh mi vo chng trnh nhm sa i chng trnh trong cu a d chng trnh thc hin m s dng v s lng s m ca mng. Posi, neg:integer; Posi:=0;neg:=0; If a[i] >0 then Posi:=posi+1 Else if a[i] <0 then neg:=neg+1; Write(pi:4,neg:4); c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. tm hiu chng tnh cu a, sch gio khoa, trang 63 v chy th chng trnh. - Chiu chng trnh ln bng .

1. Quan st, ch v tr li. - Khai bo th vin chng trnh con Crt s dng c th tc
62

- Hi: Khai bo Uses CRT; c Clrscr; ngha g? - Hi: Myarray l tn kiu d - Tn kiu d liu. liu hay tn bin? - Hi: Vai tr ca nmax v n c - nmax l s phn t ti a c g khc nhau? th cha ca bin mng a.n l s phn t thc t ca a. - Hi: Nhng dng lnh no - Lnh khai bo kiu v khai dng to bin mng a? bo bin. - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. - Quan st chng trnh thc Hi: Lnh hin v kt qu trn mn hnh. gn a[i]:=random(300) - Lnh sinh ngu nhin gi tr random(300) c ngha g? cho mng a t 299 n 299. - Hi: Lnh Fori:=1 to n do Write(A[i]:5);c ngha g? - In ra mn hnh gi tr ca - Hi : Lnh For Do cui cng tng phn t trong mng a. thc hin nhim v g? - Cng cc phn t chia ht cho - hi: Lnh s:=a+a[i]; c k. thchin bao nhiu ln? - Thc hin li chng trnh ln - C s ln ng bng s phn cui hc sinh thy kt qu. t a[i] chia ht k. 2. Sa chng trnh cu a - Quan st gio vin thc hin c chng trnh gii quyt bi chng trnh v kt qu trn mn ton cu b. hnh. 2. Quan st v ch theo di cc - Chiu ln mn hnh cc lnh cu hi ca gio vin: cn thm vo chng tnh cu - Quan st cc lnh v suy a. ngh v tr cn sa trong chng - Hi: ngha ca bin Posi v trnh cu a. neg? - Hi: Chc nng ca lnh: - Dng lu s lng m c. If a[i] >0 then posi:=posi+1 - m s dng hoc m s else if a[i] <0 then m. neg:=neg+1; - Yu cu hc sinh thm vo v tr cn thit chng trnh - Ch ra v tr cn thm vo m c s. trong chng trnh. - Yu cu hc g ni dung v lu - Lu chng trnh. Thc hin li vi tn caub.pas. thc hin ch- chng trnh v thng bo kt ng trnh v bo co kt qu. qu. 2. Hot ng 2: rn luyn k nng lp trnh. a. Mc tiu:
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- Vit c chng trnh hon thin bng cch s dng lnh v ki d liu mng mt chiu. b. Ni dung: - Vit chng trnh tm phn t c gi tr ln nht ca mng v in ra mn hnh ch s v gi tr ca phn t tm c. Nu c nhiu phn t c cng gi tr ln nht th ch a ra phn t c ch s nh nht. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. ly mt v d thc tin: Ngi m tm vin si c kch thc ln nht trong mt dy cc vin si gi cho hc sinh thut ton tm gi tr ln nht. - Yu cu: Nu thut ton tm phn t c gi tr ln nht. 2. Tm hiu chng trnh tm ch s v gi tr ln nht. - Chiu chng tnh v d, sch gio khoa, trang 64. - Hi: Vai tr ca bin j trong chng trnh? - Hi: Nu mun tm phn t nh nht, cn sa ch no? - Hi: Nu mun tm phn t ln nht vi ch s ln nht ta sa ch no? 3. t yu cu mi: Vit chng trnh a ra cc ch s ca cc phn t c gi tr ln nht. - Hi: Cn gi li on chng trnh tm gi tr ln nht khng? - Hi: Cn thm lnh no na?

1. Theo di v tr ca gio vin.

- So snh ln lt t tri sang phi, gi li ch s ca phn t ln nht. 2. Quan st chng trnh, suy ngh v tr li. - Gi li ch s ca phn t c gi tr ln nht. - Php so snh a[i] <a[j] - Chuyn th t duyt t n-1 v 1. 3. Theo di yu cu, suy ngh cc cu hi nh hng vit chng trnh. - C.

- Lnh in ra cc ch s c - Hi: V tr thm cc lnh gi t bng gi tr ln nht tm ? c. - Yu cu: Vit chng trnh - Sau khi tm c gi tr ln hon thin. nht. - Son chng trnhvo my. - Yu cu hc sinh nhp d liu Thc hin chng trnh v thng vo ca gio vin v bo kt qu. bo kt qu. - nh gi kt qu ca hc sinh. - Nhp d liu vo v thng bo cho gio vin d liu ra.
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IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc. Mt s thut ton c bn: + Tm tng cc phn t tha mn iu kin no . + m s cc phn t tha mn iu kin no . + Tm phn t ln nht, nh nht. 2. Cu hi v ba tp v nh. - Vit chng trnh nhp mt mng mt chiu A[1..20] v nhp mt s x. m s lng s trong A c gi tr bng x. - Xem ni dung ca bi thc hnh s 4, sch gio khoa, trang 65.

Bi thc hnh s 4 I. mc tiu 1. Kin thc. - Cng c li cc kin thc c bn khi lp trnh vi kiu d liu mng. - Lm quen vi thut ton sp xp n gin. 2. K nng. - Rn luyn k nng s dng kiu d liu c cu trc, k nng din t thut ton bng chng trnh s dng d liu kiu mng. - Rn luyn k nng nhn xt, phn tch v xut cch gii bi ton sao cho chng trnh chy nhanh hn. 3. Thi . - T gic, ch ng trong khi thc hnh. II. dng dy hc 1. Chun b ca gio vin - Phng my vi tnh, my chiu Projedtor hng dn. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa, chng trnh c vit sn. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu chng trnh din t ca thut ton sp xp. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh hiu chng trnh v thut ton sp xp n gin. b. Ni dung: Bi ton 1: Vit chng trnh sp xp cc phn t ca mng theo th t khng gim. - Chng trnh minhha: Uses CRT; Const nmax=250; type arrint=array[1..nmax] of integer; Var n, i, j, y:integer;
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a:arrint; Begin clrscr; Randomize; Write(nhap n=); Readln(n); For i:=1 to n do a[i]:=random(300) random (300); For i:=1 to n do write(a[i]:5); Writeln; For i:=n dowto 2 do For i:=1 to i 1 do If a[i] >a[i+1] then Begin t:=a[i]; a[i]:=a[i+1]; a[i+1]:=t; End; Writeln(day so sau khi sap xep); For i:=1 to n do write(a[i]:7); Writeln; readln; End. - Yu cu: Soan chng trnh vo my, chy th vi cc gi tr khac nhau ca n. Rt ra nhn xt v thi gian thc hin ca hcng trnh. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Gi cho hc sinh thut ton sp xp tng dn. - Ly mt v d thc tin: Ngi m sp xp mt dy cc vin bi theo kch thc khng gim. - Yu cu: Vch ra cc bc sp xp cc phn t ca mt mng khng gim.

1. CH theo di nhng dn dt ca gio vin tr li cu hi.

2. Tm hiu chng trnh v d, sch gio khoa, trang 65. - Chiu chng trnh v d ln bng. - Hi: Vai tr ca bin i, j trong - Bin i, j dng lm ch s. chng trnh? Mi vng lp For - Mi vng lp For ng vi mi trong on chng trnh sp xp php duyt ln lt.

- Ln lt ly tng phn t t tri qua phi. - C mi phn t ta em so snh ln lt vi cc phn t ng bn phi ca n. - Nu nh hn th i ch. 2. Quan st chng trnh, suy ngh cu hi v tr li.

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c ngha g? - Hi: Ba lnh tg:=a[i]; a[i]:=a[i+1]; a[i+1]:=tg; c ngha g? - Thc hin chng trnh, nhp d liu hc sinh thy kt qu chng trnh. - Hi: Chng trnh lm cng vc g? 3. Sa chng trnh gii quyt bi ton cu b. - t yu cu mi: Khai bo thm bin nguyn Dem v b sung vo chng trnh on lnh cn thit bin Dem tnh s ln thc hin tro i trong thut ton. In kt qu tm c ra mn hnh. - Hi: on chng trnh no dng thc hin tro i gi tr? - Yu cu hc sinh vit lnh m s ln tro i. - Hi: Lnh ny c vit v no trong chng trnh? - Yu cu hc sinh son chng trnh? - Yu cu hc sinh nhp d liu vo ca gio vin v thng bo kt qu. - nh gi kt qu ca hc sinh.

- Dng i gi tr ca hai phn t a[i] vi a[i+1]. - Quan st gio vin thc hin chng trnh. - Chng trnh sp xp dy s theo th t khng gim. 3. Quan st yu cu mi, ch nh hng gii quyt ca gio vin.

tg:=a[i];a[i]:=a[i+1];a[i+1]:=tg; - Dem := Dem+1; - Ngay sau on tro i. - Son chng trnh vo my, thc hin chng trnh v thng bo kt qu. - Nhp d liu theo yu cu ca gio vin, thc hin chng trnh v thng bo kt qu sau khi thc hin.

2. Hot ng 2: Rn luyn k nng nhn xt, phn tch v xut cch gii bo ton sao cho chng trnh chy nhanh hn. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit s dng kiu mng lp trnh gii mt bi ton. Bit nhn xt, phn tch xut phng php gii hay. b. Ni dung: Cho mng A gm n phn t. Vit chng trnh to mng B[1..n], trong B[i] l tng gi tr ca i phn t u tin ca mng A. Chng trnh minh ha: Const nmax=100; Type myarray=array[1..nmax] integer;
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Var

n, i, j:integer; a,b:arrint;

Begin Randomize; Write(nhap n=); Readln(n); For i:=1 to n do a[i]:=random(300) random(300); For i:=1 to n do write(a[i]:5); Writeln; For i:=1 to n do Begin B[i]:=0; For j:=1 to i do B[i]:=B[i]+A[j]; End; For i:=1 to n do write(B[i]5); Readln; End. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Xc nh bi ton. - Chiu bi ln bng. - Yu cu: Xc nh d liu vo, d liu ra? - Gi hc sinh xut thut ton th. 2. gii thiu chng trnh cha ci tin. - Chiu chng trnh din t thut ton. - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh bit thi gian thc hin chng trnh v kt qu ca chng trnh. - Hi: Trong chng trnh phi thc hin bao nhiu php ton cng? - Hi: C cch no ci tin? - Lnh ny c thay lnh no trong chng trnh? Vit v tr no? 3. Yu cu: Vit chng trnh hon thin.

1. Quan st bi v tr li cu hi. - Vo: Mng A gm n phn t. - Ra: Mng B gm n phn t. - Ti v tr i ta tnh tng gi tr cc phn t t 1 n i. 2. Quan st chng trnh trn bng. - Quan st gio vin thc hin, nhn xt v thi gian thc hin chng trnh. - Phi thc hin n(n+1)/2 php cng. - tnh bc th i, ta s dng kt qu tnh bc th i 1 . B[i]:=B[i-1]+A[i]; - Thay on lnh For j:=1 to i do B[i]:=B[i]+A[j]; 3. Son chng trnh vo my, thc hin chng trnh v thng bo kt qu.
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- Nhn xt v thi gian thc hin ca chng trnh ny so vi chng trnh trc khi ci tin. 4. Tiu kt: Cng mt bi ton, c nhiu cch gii quyt khc nhau. Ngi lp trnh cn chn cch sao cho my thc hin nhanh nht. IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Thut ton sp xp n gin. - Mt bi ton c th c nhiu cch vit thnh mt chng trnh. Cn chn cch c s php tnh t nht. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Xem li tt c cc kin thc hc, bao gm: Lnh c bn, lnh iu khin, kiu d liu c bn, kiu d liu c cu trc. - Tit sau kim tra thc hnh, thi gian 45 pht.

n tp hc k 1 I. mc tiu. 1. Kin thc. - Hc sinh nm c ton b kin thc hc t u nm hc n nay. 2. K nng - Rn luyn k nng nhn xt, phn tch mt bi ton. II. dng dy hc 1. Chun b ca gio vin - My chiu qua u, ba trong, sch gio khoa. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa, mt s chng trnh bi tp. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Nhc li kin thc c hc. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh nh li c cc kin thc l thuyt hc. b. Ni dung: - Khi nim v lp trnh v ngn ng lp trnh. - C hai loi chng trnh dch: Bin dch v thng dch.
69

- Cc thnh phn ca ngn ng lp trnh: Bng ch ci, c php v ng ngha. - Cc khi nim: Tn, hng v bin, ch thch. - Cu trc ca chng trnh Pascal: Phn khai bo v phn thn. - Cc kiu d liu chun: S nguyn, s thc, k t, logic. - Php ton, biu thc, lnh gn. - T chc vo/ra. - Cu trc r nhnh. - Cu trc lp. - Kiu mng. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

t cu hi gi hc sinh t nhc li kin thc hc. - Em hiu nh th no v lp trnh v ngn ng lp trnh? - Cc loi chng trnh dch? - Cc thnh phn c bn ca ngn ng lp trnh? - Cc khi nim trong ngn ng lp trnh? - Cu trc chung ca chng trnh TP? - Nu tn cc kiu d liu chun? - Nu cc nhm php ton hc? - Cc loi biu thc? - Chc nng v s thc hin ca lnh gn? - Nu tn v chc nng ca mt s hm s hc? - T chc vo/ra. - T chc r nhnh. - T chc lp. - Kiu mng.

Ch , theo di tr li cc cu hi. - Lp trnh l qu trnh din t thut ton bng mt ngn ng lp trnh. - Bin dch v thng dch. - Bng ch ci, c php v ng ngha. - Khi nim tn, hng v bin, ch thch. - Gm hai phn: Phn khai bo v phn thn. - S nguyn, s thc, k t, logic. - Php ton s hc, php ton quan h, php ton logic. - Biu thc s hc, biu thc quan h v biu thc logic. - Dng tnh ton mt biu thc v gn gi tr cho mt bin. - Hm bnh phng, hm cn bc hai, hm gi tr tuyt i, hm sin, hm cos. - Lnh Read()/readln(); - Lnh write()/writeln(); - If <BTK> then <lnh 1> else <lnh 2>; For tin. For li.
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While <> do. - Array ... 2. Hot ng 2: Rn luyn k nng. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit nhn xt, phn tch v gii quyt hon chnh mt bi ton. b. Ni dung: Vit chng tnh nhp t bn phm mt s nguyn dng N (1<=N<=100) v mt dy s A gm N s nguyn A1, A2, .....AN . Cc s A1 c gi tr tuyt i ln hn 1000. Hy a ra mn hnh s lng cc s dng v s lng cc s m trong dy. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Xc nh bi ton. - Chiu ni dung bi ln bng. - Chia lp thnh 2 nhm. Nhm 1: Nu cu hi phn tch. Nhm 2: Tr li cu hi phn tch ca nhm 1. - Gio vin gp b sung cho c hai nhm.

2. rn luyn k nng lp trnh. - Chia lp thnh hai nhm. - Yu cu: Vit chng trnh hon thin ln ba trong. - Thu phiu hc tp, chiu kt - Tho lun theo nhm vit qu ln bng. Gi hc sinh ca chng trnh. nhm khc nhn xt nh gi v - Bo co kt qu. b sung. - Nhn xt, nh gi v b 3. Chun ha kin thc bng ch- sung nhng thiu st ca nhm ng trnh mu ca gio vin. khc. Thc hin chng trnh, nhp d 3. Theo di v ghi nh. liu hc sinh thy kt qu ca chng trnh. IV. nh gi cui bi
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1. Quan st, theo di bi v nh hng ca gio vin xc nh bi ton. - Nhm 1: + D liu vo. + D liu ra. + Cc nhim v chnh phi thc hin. - Nhm 2: + S N v N s nguyn. + S lng s chn C v s l L. + 1 Nhp d liu. 2 m s lng s chn, s l. 3 a kt qu ra mn hnh. 2. Lm vic theo nhm.

1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Gio vin yu cu hc sinh nhc li mt s ni dung chnh c n tp trong tit hc. 2. Cu hi v ba tp v nh. - Chun b kin thc cho tit sau kim tra hc k 1: Xem li ton b cc kin thc c n tp, c bit ch trng cu trc lp v r nhnh kiu mng.

Kim tra hc k 1 1. Mc tiu cn nh gi. - Kim tra kt qu tip thu ca hc sinh t u nm hc n nay. - nh gi k nng phn tch mt bi ton v t duy lp trnh trn giy. - C thi t gic, tch cc trong lm bi kim tra. 2. Mc ch yu cu ca . - Kin thc: Hc sinh nm c cc kin thc v kiu d liu c bn, kiu d liu c cu trc. Cc hm chun thng dng. Cu trc vo/ra d liu, cu trc r nhnh v lp. - K nng: C k nng phn tch bi ton, vit chng trnh. 3. Chun b. - Gio vin chun b kim tra. - Hc sinh chun b y kin thc c hc, n tp. 4. Ni dung bi v p n. - Cu trc : 2 cu kim tra hiu l thuyt, 1 cu lp trnh, thi gian lm bi 45 pht, hnh thc thi vit trn giy. - Ni dung : Cu 1: Hy phn bit k thut bin dch v thng dch. Cu 2: So snh s ging v khc nhau ca cu trc For v While. Cho chng trnh c s dng cu trc For nh sau: var i:byte Begin For i:=1 to 30 write(i:4); Readln; End. Hy vit li chng trnh bng cch thay cu trc For bng cu trc While. Cu 3: Vit chng trnh nhp mt mng mt chiu gm 20 phn t, m s phn t c gi tr m.
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- p n v biu im. Cu 1: (2 im) Bin dch: Bc 1: Duyt, pht hin li, kim tra tnh ng n ca lnh trong chng trnh ngun. Bc 2: Dch ton b chng trnh ngun thnh mt chng trnh trn ngn ng my. (thun tin cho cc chng trnh n nh v cn thc hin nhiu ln) - thng dch: Bc 1: Kim tra tnh ng n ca lnh tip theo trong chng trnh ngun. Bc 2: Chuyn lnh thnh ngn ng my. Bc 3: thc hin cc cu lnh va c chuyn i. (ph hp vi mt trng i thoi gia ngi v my) Cu 2: (4 im) - ging: For v While u cng l cu trc lp. - Khc : For l cu trc lp c s ln bit trc, ngc li while ; cu trc lp c s ln cha xc nh . Var i:byte Begin i:=1; While i<=30 do begin write(i:4); i:=i+1; End; Readln; End. Cu 3: (4 im) type mmc=array[1..20] of longint; Var a:mmc; s:byte; i:byte; Begin For i:=1 to 20 do begin write(a[[,i,]=); readln(a[i]) ; End; s:=0; For i:=1 to 20 do if a[i]<0 then s:=s+1; write(so luong dem duoc la,S); readln; end. 5. Hot ng dy hc
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1. Hot ng 1: n nh t chc. gii thiu bi. Cc bc tin hnh:

hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

- Gi hc sinh vo phng thi, nh s th t. - Pht cho hc sinh. - gii thch mt s vn cn thc mc.

- Ngi ng v tr c phn cng. - Nhn , c qua . Thc mc mt s vn cn thit.

2. Hot ng 2: c lp vit chng trnh. Cc bc tin hnh:

hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

- Thng xuyn c mt ti phng gim st, trnh hc sinh sao chp bi nhau. IV. nh gi cui bi Nhng vn cn lu : - Nhn xt, phn tch k .

- Vit chng trnh ln giy.

Kiu d liu xu(tit 1/2) I. Mc tiu. 1. Kin thc. - Bit c mt kiu d liu mi, bit c khi nim kiu xu. - Phn bit c s ging v khc gia kiu mng k t vi xu k t. - Bit c cch khai bo bin, nhp xut d liu, tham chiu n tng k t ca xu. - Bit cc php ton lin qua n xu. 2. K nng. - Khai bo c bin kiu xu trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. S dng bin xu v cc php ton trn xu gii quyt mt bi ton n gin. II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My vi tnh, my chiu Projector gii thiu v d. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh
74

- Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu v xu v cch s dng. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c ngha ca xu v mt s khi nim ca xu. Bit cch khai bo bin xu, nhp xut d liu cho bin xu v tham chiu n tng k t trong xu. b. Ni dung: - Xu k t l dy cc k t trong bng m ASCII, mi k t c gi l mt phn t ca xu. S lng cc k t trong xu c gi l di xu. Xu c di bng khng l xu rng. - Khai bo bin: VAR tn_bin : STRING[ di ln nht ca xu]; - Tham chiu n tng k t trong xu: tn_bin[ch_s] c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Tm hiu ngha ca xu 1. Quan st, suy nh\gh v tr k t. li. - Chiu bi ca bi ton t vn : Vit chng trnh nhp h tn ca 30 hc sinh trong lp. - Kiu mng mt chiu gm 30 - Hi: ta s chn kiu d liu k t. nh th no? Khai bo bin nh th - Khai bo mt bin mng A no? lu h tn ca mt hc sinh. Readln(A[1]0; Readln (A[2]) - Yu cu hc sinh: Vit on Readln(A[3]0; Readln (A[4]); lnh nhp v xut d liu ........ cho tng phn t. - Chng trnh c vit di dng. Khi nhp d liu, phi thc - Hi: C nhng kh khn g hin g nhiu phm. gp phi? - Dn dt: Cn c mt kiu d 2. Quan st cu trc khai bo v liu mi cho php ta nhp/ xut tham kho sch gio khoa. d liu cho xu bng mt lnh. 2. Tm hiu v kiu xu. - String l tn kiu xu. - Chiu ln bng cch khia bo - [n] l gi tr quy nh s lng bin xu trong ngn ng lp k t ti a m bin xu c th trnh Pascal. cha. - Hi: ngha ca t String, [n] - S k t ti a l 255.

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- Hi: Khi khai bo khng c[n] th s lng k t ti a l bao nhiu? - Yu cu hc sinh cho v d mt xu k t - Hi: Xu c bao nhiu k t? - Din gii: Mi k t c gi l mt phn t ca xu. S lng k t trong xu c gi l di ca xu. - Hi: Xu ch gm mt k t trng c vit nh th no? S lng k t bao nhiu? - Hi: Xu rng c vit nh th no? S lng k t bao nhiu? 3. Nhp/xut d liu cho bin xu trong ngn ng Pascal. - Gii thiu cu trc chung ca th tc nhp/xut d liu. - Yu cu hc sinh tm v d c th. - Hi: Khi vit lnh nhp/xut d liu cho bin xu, c g khc so vi bin mng cc k t. - Dn dt: Ta c th s dng lnh gn nhp gi tr cho bin xu. Cu trc chung: Tn_bin_xu:=hng_xu; - Yu cu hc sinh tm mt v d c th. 4. Tham chiu n tng k t ca xu. - Gii thiu cu trc chung. - Hi: C g ging v khc nhau so vi cch tham chiu n tng phn t ca mng. - Yu cu hc sinh tm mt v d. 5. Kim tra kin thc. - Chiu ni dung bi tp kim tra kin thc: Var st:string[1]; c:char; Begin c:=st[1]; {1}

- V d: HA NOI - Xu c 6 k t, du cch l mt k t.

- K hiu ca xu gm mt k t trng l . Xu n c di l 1. - K hiu ca xu rng l . Xu ny c di l 0. 3. Quan st bng tr li.

- V d: Readln(ho ten); - V d: Write(ho ten,hoten); - Vit mt lnh nhp nguyn cho c xu. Vit lnh gn hn, CHng trnh gn.

- V d:St:=HA NOI; 4. Quan st v suy ngha tr li. - Ging cu trc chung khi tham chiu tn bin[ch s] - V d: st[2] 5. Quan st chng trnh trn bng v c lp suy ngh. - Lnh {1} ng. - Lnh {2} sai. khng th gn mt xu cho mt k t .

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c:=st; {2} End. - Hi: Trong hai lnh {1} v {2}, Lnh no ng? - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh t kim nghim suy lun. 2. Hot ng 2: Tm hiu cc php ton lin quan n xu. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c cc php ton lin quan n xu. Din t c cc php ton trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. b. Ni dung: - Php ghp xu: K hiu l +, c s dng ghp nhiu xu thnh mt xu. - Cc php so snh; =, <>,>, <, <=,>=: Thc hin vic so snh hai xu. Xu A c xem l ln hn xu B nu nh k t khc nhau u tin gia chng k t tri sang trong xu A c ch s trong bng m ASCII l ln hn. Nu A v B l cc xu c di khc nhau v A l on u ca B th A nh hn B. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. gi nh cc php ton hc. - Hi: Hy nhc li cc php ton hc trn kiu d liu chun.

1. Ch theo di, suy ngh v tr li. - Php ton s hc. - Php ton so snh. - Php ton logic. 2. Quan st v d, suy ngh v tr li.

2. Tm hiu chc nng ca mt s php ton trong kiu xu qua mt s v d. - Chiu chng trnh v d: - Quan st chng trnh. Var st:string; Begin st:=Ha+ Noi; Write()st ; readln; End. - Hi: Kt qu ca chng trnh - Kt qu cho ta: st= HA NOI in ra mn hnh? - Thc hin chng trnh - Quan st kt qu chng hc sinh thy kt qu. trnh. - Yu cu hc sinh tm mt s v d khc. - V d: st:= HA NOI + Co
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- Hi: Chc nng ca php cng?

ho GUOM. Kt qu: st= HA NOI co ho GUOM - L php ton ni xu th hai vo cui xu th nht.

- Gii thiu thm mt s v d khc v yu cu hc sinh cho bit kt qu. st:= Ha Noi; st:= Ha + Noi; st:= Ha Noi; st:= Ha + Noi; st:= Ha Noi; st:= + Noi; st:= Ha Noi Vit Nam; st:= Ha Noi + Vit + Nam; - Chiu chng trnh v d v - Quan st chng trnh d php so snh xu. tnh kt qu. Var bo:boolean; Begin bo:= AB < AC; Write(bo); readln; End. - Kt qu l: TRUE - Hi: Kt qu ca chng trnh in ra mn hnh? - Quan st kt qu chng - Thc hin chng trnh trnh kim chng suy lun. hc sinh thy kt qu. - C cc php <, <=,>=, <>, - Hi: Cn c php so snh no = na? - Chiu cc v d v cc php so snh v yu cu hc sinh cho kt qu ca cc php so snh . - Kt qu True. AB < ABC - Kt qu: False. AC < ABC - Lu cho hc sinh: Mt xu c di nh hn c th ln hn (>) xu c di ln. IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Khai bo bin: VAR tn_bin: STRING[ di ln nht ca xu]; - Nhp xut gi tr cho bin xu: read/readln(); write/writeln(); - Tham chiu n tng k t trong xu: tn_bin[ch s]. - Php ghp xu: K hiu l: +, c s dng ghp nhiu xu thnh mt xu. - Cc php so snh: =, <>, >, <, <=, >=: thc hin vic so snh hai xu. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh.
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- Xem phn kin thc l thuyt cn li trong ba, bao gm cc hm v th tc lin quan n xu, sch gio khoa, trang 70 71.

Kiu d liu xu(tit 2/2) I. Mc tiu. 1. Kin thc. - Bit c li ch ca cc hm v th tc lin uqna n xu trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. - Nm c cu trc chung v chc nng ca mt s hm v th tc lin quan n xu ca ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. 2. K nng. - Nhn bit v bc u s dng c mt s hm v th tc gii quyt mt s bi tp n gin lin quan. II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My vi tnh, my chiu Projector gii thiu v d, sch gio vin. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng day hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu v mt s hm v th tc chun lin quan n xu trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c mt s hm v th tc lin quan n xu. Nm c cu trc chung, hiu c cc tham s ca cc hm v th tc chun. b. Ni dung: - Th tc Delete(st, vt, n) thc hin vic xa i tring xu st gm n k t, bt u t v tr vt. - Th tc insert(st1, st2, vt) thc hin vic chn xu st1 vo xu st2 bt u t v tr vt. - Hm Copy(st, vt, n) cho gi tr l mt xu k t c ly trong xu st, gm n k t lin tip bt u t v tr vt ca xu st. - Hm Length(st) cho gi tr l s lng k t ca xu st. - hm Pos(st1, st2) cho gi tr l v tr xut hin u tin ca xu st1 trong xu st2. - Hm Up Case(ch) cho gi tr l k t hoa tng ng vi k t ch. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
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hng dn ca gio vin

Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. gii thiu cu trc chung ca hm length(st) ln bng. - Hi: ngha ca Length v ca st? - Chiu chng trnh v d: Var st:tring; Begin st:= ha Noi; Write(length(st)); readln; End. - Hi: Kt qu ca chng tnh in ra mn hnh? - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. - Hi: Chc nng ca hm length() l g? - Chiu bi tp ng dng: Vit chng trnh nhp mt xu, in ra mn hnh s k t a c trong xu. 2. Gii thiu cu trc chung ca hm Upcase(ch). - Chiu chng trnh v d: Var ch:char; Begin ch:= h; Write(upcase(ch)); readln; End. - Hi: Kt qu ca chng trnh in ra mn hnh? - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. - Hi: Chc nng ca hm upcase()? - Chiu bi tp ng dng: Vit chng trnh nhp mt xu, in ra mn hnh xu dng in hoa.

1. Quan st cu trc chung. - Length: L tn hm, c ngha l di, st: l mt biu thc xu k t. - Quan st chng trnh d tnh kt qu.

- Kt qu l : 6 - Quan st kt qu ca chng trnh. - Hm cho s lng k t ca xu st.

2. Quan st cu trc chung ca hm Upcase. - Quan st chng trnh d tnh kt qu.

- Kt qu l : H - Quan st kt qu ca chng trnh. - Cho gi tr l ch in hoa ca ch. Var st:string; Begin readln(st); For i:=1 to length(st) do write(upcase(st[i])); End.
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3. gii thiu cu trc chung ca hm Pos(s1, s2).

- Chiu chng trnh v d: 3. Quan st cu trc chung ca Var vt:byte; hm Pos v cc v d bit Begin chc nng. vt:=Pos(cd, abcdefcd); Write(vt); readln; - Quan st chng trnh d End. tnh kt qu. - Hi: Kt qu ca chng trnh in ra mn hnh? - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. - Kt qu l: 3 - Hi: Chc nng ca hm Pos? - Quan st kt qu ca hcng - Thay tham s ca hm Pos trnh. trong chng trnh bng Pos(k, abc). Hi kt qu ca hm bng - Hm cho gi tr l mt s bao nhiu? nguyn l v tr ca xu st2 - Chiu bi tp ng dng: Vit trong xu st2. chng trnh nhp vo mt xu - Bng khng 0. st. Xt xem trong xu c du cch hay khng? Var st:tring; Begin readln(st); - Hi: C cch gii no khc? if pos( , st) <>0 then write(co) else write(khong); 4. Gii thiu cu trc chung ca End. hm copy(st, vt, n). - C th s dng For tm - Chiu chng trnh v d: du cch trong xu. Var st:string; 4. Quan st cu trc chung ca Begin hm coppy v v d bit st:=copy(bai tap, 3, 4); chc nng. Write(st); - Quan st chng trnh d readln; tnh kt qu. End. - Hi: kt qu chng trnh in ra mn hnh? - thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. - Hi: Chc nng ca hm - Kt qu l: i ta copy? - Quan st kt qu ca chng - Thay cc tham s ca hm trnh.
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copy trong chng trnh v d trn nh sau v hi kt qu in ra mn hnh: Copy(abc,1, 5) Copy(abc,5, 2) Copy(abc,1, 0) - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. 5. Gii thiu cu trc chung ca th tc delete(st, vt, n); - Chiu chng trnh v d: Var st:string; Begin st:= Ha Noi; delete(st,3,2); Write(st); readln; End. - Hi: Kt qu ca chng trnh in ra mn hnh? - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. - Hi: Chc nng ca th tc delete();

- Hm cho gi tr l mt xu k t c ly trong xu st, gm n k t bt u ti v tr vt. Cho gi tr l: abc Cho gi tr l xu rng Cho gi tr l xu rng - Quan st kt qu ca chng trnh kim nghim suy lun. 5. Quan st cu trc chung ca th tc delete v cc v d. - Quan st chng trnh d tnh kt qu.

st= Hai - Quan st kt qu ca hcng trnh.

- Thay lnh gn st:= Ha Noi; v th tc xa bi cc lnh sau v - Th tc thc hin vic xa i hi kt qu in ra mn hnh. trong bin xu st gm n k t, st:= abc; Delete(st,1,5); bt u t v tr vt. st:= abc; Delete(st,5,2); st:= abc; Delete(st,1,0); - Chiu bi tp v d: Vit chng trnh nhp mt xu v xa st:= ; xu rng. i cc du cch u xu. st:= abc; st:= abc;

Var st:string; Begin readln(st); 6. Gii thiu cu trc chung ca While st[1]= do delete(st, th tc Insert(st1, st2, vt); 1, 1); - Chiu chng trnh v d: Writeln(st); Var st1, st2:string; readln;
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begin End. st2:= Ha Noi; 6. Quan st cu trc chung ca st1:= ; th tc Insert. insert(st1, st2,3); Write()st; - Quan st chng trnh d readln; tnh kt qu. End. - Hi: Kt qu ca chng trnh in ra mn hnh? - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. - Hi chc nng ca th tc insert(); - Kt qu st2= Ha Noi - Thay lnh gn st2:= Ha Noi; v th tc chn bi cc lnh nh - Quan st kt qu ca chng sau v hi kt qu: trnh. st2:= ef; Insert(abc,st2, 5); st2:= ef; Insert(abc,st2, 0); - Th tc thc hin vic chn xu st1 vo trong bin xu st2 bt u ti v tr vt. st2= efabc; st2= abcef; 2. Hot ng 2: Rn luyn k nng vn dng v th tc. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit s dng hm v th tc gii quyt mt s bi ton n gin. Linh hot trong vic la chn hm hoc th tc. b. Ni dung. - Vit chng trnh nhp vo mt xu v xa i cc du tha c trong xu., ch li mt du cch gia hai t. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Xc nh bi ton. - Chiu ni dung bi ln bng. - Xc nh d liu vo, d liu ra. - Hi: Cc nhim v chnh khi gii quyt bi ton ny?

1. Quan st suy ngh tr li. - Vo: Mt xu k t bt k. - Ra: Mt xu ch c 1 k trng gia hai t. - Xa mi du cch tha u xu v cui xu. - Xa cc du cch tha Gia hai t.
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- Hm Pos(), th tc delete(); - Hi: trong bi ny, ta cn s dng nhng hm v th tc no? 2. Chia lp lm 3 nhm. Yu cu vit chng trnh ln ba trong. - Thu phiu tr li. Chiu kt qu ln bng. Gi hc sinh nhm khc nhn xt, nh gi v b sung. 3. Chiu chng trnh mu gio vin vit chnh xc ha cho hc sinh. 2. Tho lun theo nhm vit chng trnh. - Thng bo kt qu. - Nhn xt v b sung nhng thiu st ca nhm khc. 3. Quan st v ghi nh.

IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng hm v th tc lin quan n xu. - Th tc Delete(st, vt,n); - Th tc Insert(st1, st2, vt); - Hm Copy(st, vt,n) - Hm Length(st) - Hm Pos(st1, st2) - Hm UpCase(ch) 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Gii bi tp s 10 trang 80. - Vit chng trnh nhp mt xu. In ra mn hnh s t c trong xu. - Xem phn ni dung ca bi thc hnh s 5, sch gio khoa, trang 73. - Chun b mt s bi tp thc hnh.

Bi thc hnh s 5 I. Mc tiu. 1. Kin thc. - Khc su thm phn kin thc v l thuyt kiu xu k t, c bit l cc hm v th tc lin quan. - Nm c mt s thut ton c bn: To xu mi, mm s ln xut hin mt k t ... 2. K nng - Khai bo bin kiu xu. - Nhp, xut g tr cho bin xu. - Duyt qua tt c cc k t ca xu. - S dng c cc hm v th tc chun. 3. thi
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- Tch cc, ch ng trong thc hnh. II. dung dy hc 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My chiu Projestor hng dn. T chc trong phng my hc sinh c c k nng c bn khi lm vic vi kiu xu. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa, bi tp nh. III. Hot ng dy hc 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu mt chng trnh, xut phng n ci tin. a. Mc tiu: - Hiu c chng trnh, tnh c kt qu ca chng trnh. Bit xut phng n ci tin. b. Ni dung: - Nhp vo mt xu, kim tra xem n c phi l mt Palidrom hay khng? - Chng trnh Var i, x:Byte; a,p:string; Begin Write(nhap vao mot xau); readln(a); x:=length(a); p:= ; For i:=x downto 1 do p:=p+a[i]; If a=p then write(xau la Palidrom) else write(xau khong la Palidrom); Readln; End. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Tm hiu bi. 1. Quan st, c k . - gii thiu ni dung bi ln bng. - Din gii: Mt xu c gi l Palidrom nu ta c cc k t t phi sang tri s ging khi c t Phi: 12321 abccba tri sang phi. Khng phi: abcdea - Yu cu hc sinh cho hai v d v xu palidrom v mt v d 2. Quan st chng trnh, suy khng phi l palidrom . ngh phn tch hiu chng 2. tm hiu chng trnh gi . trnh. - Chiu chng trnh ln bng. - Kim tra mt xu c phi - Hi: Chng trnh sau y Palidrom hay khng? c chc nng lm g? Kt qu in - In ra: xau la Palidrom
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ra mn hnh nh thno? - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh kim nghim suy lun ca mnh. 3. Ci tin chng trnh. - Nu yu cu mi: Vit li chng trnh m khng s dng bin trung gian p. - Yu cu: Nhn xt v cc cp v tr i xng nhau trong mt xu palidrom? - Hi: k t th i i xng vi k t v tr no? - Hi: Cn phi so ssnh bao nhiu cp k t trong xu bit c xu ; palidrom? - Hi: Dng cu trc lp no so snh? - Yu cu hc sinh vit chng trnh hon chnh. - Yu cu hc sinh nhp d liu cho sn ca gio vin v thng bo kt qu. - Xc nhn nhng bi lm c kt qu ng.

Xau khong la palidrom - Quan st gio vin thc hin chng trnh, nhp d liu v kt qu ca chng trnh. 3. Ch theo di yu cu ca gio vin, tr li mt s cu hi dn dt. - Cc k t v tr ny ging nhau. - K t th i i xng vi k t th length() i +1 - So snh ti alength() div 2. - C th dng For hoc While. - Thc hin son tho chng trnh vo my theo yu cu ci tin ca gio vin. - Nhp d liu vo v thng bo kt qu.

2. Hot ng 2: Rn luyn k nng lp trnh. a.Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit phn tch yu cu vit mt chng trnh hon chnh. b. Ni dung. - Vit chng trnh nhp vo mt xu k t S v thng bo ra mn hnh s ln xut hin trong S ca mi ch ci ting Anh(khng phn bit ch hoa, ch thng). c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Gii thiu bi. - Chiu ni dung bi ln bng. Nu mc ch ca bi ton. - Chia lp thnh 2 nhm: + Nhm 1: t cc cu hi

1. Quan st v xc nh nhng cng vic cn thc hin. Nhm 1: - hi: D liu vo, d liu ra ca bi ton?
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phn tch. + Nhm 2: Tr li cc cu hi phn tch.

- Theo di nhng cu hi phn tch Ca nhm 1 v tr li cu hi phn tch ca nhm 2. - B sung v sa sai cho c nhm 1 v nhm 2.

- Nu cc nhim v chnh cn thc hin khi gii quyt bi ton. - Hi: Cu trc d liu phi s dng nh th no? - Ta phi s dng hm no? Nhm 2: - Vo: Mt xu S. - Ra: dy cc s ng vi s xut hin ca mi loi k t trong xu. - TT: Duyt t tri sang phi, thm mt n v cho k t c c. - Cu trc d liu: Dem[A..Z] - Dng hm Upcase(). 2. c lp son chng trnh vo my.

2. Yu cu hc sinh c lp vit chng trnh hon chnh theo thut ton pht hin - Tm test trn. - Nhp d liu ca gio vin v - Yu cu hc sinh lp trnh thc hin chng trnh xem xong sm tm mt s b test. kt qu. - Yu cu hc sinh nhp d liu vo theo test ca gio vin chn v thng bo kt qu sau - Thng bo kt qu cho gio khi thc hin chng trnh. vin. - Xc nhn kt qu ng ca hc sinh v sa sai cho cc em c kt qu sai. IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Mt s thut ton n gin lin quan n xu k t: Kim tra mt xu i xng, tm tn xut hin ca k t c trong xu. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Chun b ni dung cho tit l thuyt tit theo. c trpc ni dung bi kiu bn ghi, sch gio khoa, trang 74.

Kiu bn ghi I. Mc tiu. 1. Kin thc. - Bit c khi nim v kiu bn ghi.
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- Phn bit c s ging v khc nhau gia kiu bn ghi vi kiu mng mt chiu. 2. K nng. - Khai bo c kiu bn ghi, khai bo c bin kiu bn ghi trong ngn ng lp trnh pascal. - Nhp xut c d liu cho bin bn ghi. - tham chiu n tng trng ca kiu bn ghi. - S dng kiu bn ghi gii quyt mt s bi tp n gin. II. dng da hc 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My vi tnh, my chiu Projector gii thiu v d. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: gii thiu v kiu bn ghi. Ta mt kiu bn ghi trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c mt kiu d liu c cu trc: Kiu bn ghi. Bit c ngha ca kiu bn ghi. Phn bit c kiu bn ghi vi mng mt chiu. To c kiu bn ghi. M bi: D liu kiu bn ghi dng m ta cc i tng c cng mt s thuc tnh m cc thuc tnh c th c cc kiu d liu khc nhau. b. Ni dung: - Mi thng tin ca i c gi ; mt thuc tnh hay mt trng. Mi i tng c m t bng nhiu thng tin trn mt hng c gi l mt bn ghi. - m t cc i tng nh vy, ngn ng lp trnh cho php ta xc nh kiu bn ghi. Mi i tng c m t bng mt bn ghi. - Mt ngn ng lp trnh lun c mt quy tc xc nh : tn kiu bane ghi, tn cc trng, tn kiu d liu ca mi trng, cch khai bo bin v cch tham chiu n tng trng. - Khai bo kiu bn ghi: type <tn_kiu_bg> = record <Tn_trng_1>:<Kiu_trng_1>; ....................... <Tn_trng_n>:<Kiu_trng_n>; End: - Khai bo bin bn ghi: Var <Tn_bin>: <Tn_kiu_bg>; c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Tm hiu v kiu bn ghi. - Chiu bng kt qu thi tt

1. Quan st v d ca gio vin v tr li cc cu hi.

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nghip , sch gio khoa trang 74. - Hi: Trn bng c nhng thng tin g? - Hi: Bng cha thng tin ca bao nhiu i tng? - Yu cu: Hc sinh tm thm mt v d tng t. - Din gii: Mi thng tin ca i ch gi l mt thuc tnh hay mt trng. M i tng c m t bng nhiu thng tin trn mt hng c gi l mt bn ghi. - Din gii: m t cc i tng nh vy, ngn ng lp trnh cho php ta xc nh kiu bn ghi. Mi i tng c m t bng mt bn ghi. 2. Yu cu hc sinh nghin nu sch gio khoa v cho bit cch khai bo kiu bn ghi, khai bo bin kiu bn ghi trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. - Yu cu: Tm mt v d minh ha.

- H tn, ny sinh, gii tnh, im ca cc mn thi. - bng cha thng tin ca 3 i tng. - m t mt ngi tong danh b in thoi cn c cc thng tin: H tn, a ch, s in thoi.

2. Tham kho sch gio khoa nm c cu trc chung ca khai bo kiu bn ghi, khai bo bin bn ghi. - V d: Typekieu_nguoi=record hoten:string; diachi:sting; sdt:longint; End; Var nguoi:kieu_nguoi; - c lp suy ngh to kiu bn ghi v mng cc bn ghi. type kieu_hs=record Hoten, ngaysinh:string; toan, van:byte; sdt:read; End; Kieu_mbg=array[1..50] of kieu_hs; - Ging nhau: c ghp bi nhiu phn t. - Khc nhau: Mng mt chiu l ghp nhiu phn t c cng kiu d liu. trong khi bn ghi l ghp nhiu phn t c kiu d liu c th khc nhau.
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- gii quyt bi ton trong mc 1 ta phi khai bo mt mng cc bn ghi. Hy to kiu mng .

- Yu cu hc sinh phn bit s ging v khc nhau gia kiu bn ghi v kiu mng mt chiu.

2. Hot ng 2: Tm hiu v cch s dng kiu bn ghi trong ngn ng Pascal. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit cch tham chiu n tng trng ca bin bn ghi. Nhp/xut gi tr cho bin bn ghi. b. Ni dung: - Tham chiu n tng trng: Tn_bin_bg. Tn_trng. - Gn gi tr ch bin bn ghi: C hai cch: + Gn bin bn ghi cho bin bn ghi(cng kiu khai bo) + Gn gi tr cho tng trng. - Nhp/xut gi tr: Phi vit lnh nhp/xut ln lt vi tng trng. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. gii thiu cu trc chung tham chiu n tng trng ca bin bn ghi. Tn_bin_bg. Tn_trng. - Yu cu: Tm v d v tham chiu n tng trng ca bin bn ghi c khai bo trn. 2. gii thiu 2 cch gn gi tr cho bin bn ghi. + Gn nguyn c bin bn ghi(1) + Gn ln lt tng trng (2) - Yu cu: Ly v d minh ha cho tng trng hp. - Hi: trng hp (1) thc hin c trong trng hp no? 3. Nhp/xut gi tr cho bin bn ghi. - Din gii: Ta phi vit lnh nhp hoc xut gi tr cho tng trng. - Yu cu hc sinh: Vit lnh nhp gi tr cho ba trng hp ca bin bn ghi nguoi c khai bo. - yu cu hc sinh: Vit lnh in gi tr trng hoten ca bin bn ghi nguoi.

1. Quan st cu trc chung ca tham chiu n tng trng ca bin bn ghi. - v d: nguoi.hoten nguoi.diachi nguoi.sdt; 2. Quan st hai cch gn gi tr cho bin bn ghi tm v d c th. A :=B; A.ht:=B.ht; A.dtb :=B.dtb; ... - hai bin A, B phi c khai bo cng mt kiu bn ghi. 3. Ch theo di dn dt ca gio vin tm c v d. Readln(nguoi.hoten); Readln(nguoi.diachi); Readln(nguoi.sdt); Writeln(nguoi.hoten);

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3. Hot ng 3: rn luyn k nng lp trnh. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh s dng c kiu bn ghi gii mt s bi tp n gin. b. Ni dung: Vit chng trnh gii quyt bi ton sau: C mt lp gm N hc sinh (1<=N<=45). Vi mi hc sinh cn qun l cc thuc tnh: h v tn, im ton, im vn v xp loi. Gi s xp loi c xc nh theo quy tc sau: + Nu tng im ton v im vn nh hn 10 th xp loi D. + Nu tng im ton v im vn ln hn hoc bng 10 v nh hn 14 th xp loi C. + Nu tng im ton v im vn ln hn hoc bng 14 v nh hn 18 th xp loi B. + Nu tng im ton v im vn ln hn hoc bng 18 th xp loi A. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Chiu ni dung bi ln bng. - Hi: S dng kiu d liu nh th no gii quyt bi ton? - Yu cu hc sinh: M t thng tin v mt hc sinh bng kiu bn ghi. To mng cc bn ghi .

1. Quan st , ch phn tch tr li cu hi. - Mt mng cc bn ghi. Type Kieu_hs=record Hoten:string; toan,van,tong:byte; xeploai:char; end; Kieu_mhs=array[1..45] of kieu_hs; + Bc 1: to kiu d liu, khai bo bin. + Bc 2: Nhp d liu co mng cc bn ghi. + Tnh tng im ton v im vn. + da vo tng im xp loi. 2. tho lun theo nhm hon thnh chng trnh. - Thng bo kt qu. - Nhn xt, nh gi v b sung nhng sai st ca nhm khc. 3. Quan st v ghi nh.
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- Nu cc bc gii quyt bi ton ny.

2. Chia lp thnh ba nhm. Yu cu vit chng trnh ln ba trong. - thu phiu hc tp. Chiu kt qu ln bng. Gi hc sinh nhm khc nhn xt v nh gi. 3. Chiu chng trnh mu chnh xc ha li cho hc sinh.

IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Cch to kiu bn ghi, khai bo bin kiu bn ghi. - Tham chiu n tng trng ca bin bn ghi. - Nhp/xut gi tr cho bin bn ghi. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Bi tp: Vit chng trnh gii quyt bi ton qun l sau: Nhp h v tn, im ton(Toan), im l(Ly) ca 30 hc sinh trong lp. In ra mn hnh h tn, im trung bnh (DTB) ca 30 hc sinh vi DTB = (TOAN+LY)/2. - Xem ni dung ph lc B, sch gio khoa, trang 134: Cu lnh With.

Chng 5.

tp v thao tc vi tp

i. mc tiu ca chng. 1. kin thc Hc sinh cn nm c: - c im ca kiu d liu tp. - Khi nim v tp c cu trc v tp vn bn. - Cc thao tc x l tp: Gn tn tp, m/ng tp, c/ghi tp. - Hiu cc th tc khai bo tp: Gn tn tp, m tp c/ghi, ng tp. 2. Thi . - Thy c s cn thit v tin li ca kiu d liu tp. - C thc lu tr mt cch khoa hc, phng chng mt mt hoc nhim virus. - Gio dc thm thc tn trng bn quyn, khng sa cha v thc phn mm, khng sao chp phn mm cha mau bn quyn. II. Ni dung ch yu ca chng Ni dung ch yu l: - Phn loi tp. - Khai bo bin tp, thao tc vi tp: Gn tn tp, m/ng tp, c/ghi tp.

Kiu d liu tp.Thao tc vi tp I. Mc tiu 1. Kin thc:

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- Bit c c im ca kiu d liu tp. - Bit khi nim v tp c cu trc v tp vn bn. 2. K nng: - Khai bo ng bin kiu tp. - Thc hin c thao tc x l tp: Gn tn tp, m/ng tp, c/ghi tp. - S dng c cc th tc lin quan c/ghi d liu ca tp. 3. Thi : - Thy c s cn thit v tin li ca kiu d liu tp. - C thc lu tr d liu mt cch khoa hc. - Gio dc thm v thc tn trng bn quyn, khng sa cha, sao chp cc phn mm cha mua bn quyn. II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My vi tnh, my chiu Projector gii thiu v d. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. hot ng 1: Tm hiu c im ca kiu d liu tp. Phn loi kiu tp. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c c im ca kiu tp. Bit c hai loi tp: nh c cu trc v tp vn bn. b. M bi: Cc kiu d liu hc u c lu tr b nh trong , do d liu s b mt khi tt my. Khi gii quyt cc bi ton c d liu cn c lu li v x l nhiu ln cn c kiu d liu mi: kiu tp. c. Ni dung: - c im ca kiu tp: + c lu tr lu di b nh ngoi, khng b mt khi mt in. + Lng thng tin lu tr trn c th rt ln. - C hai loi tp: + Tp c cu trc l loi tp m cc thnh phn ca n c t chc theo mt cu trc nht nh. + Tp vn bn: L tp m d liu c ghi di dng cc k t theo m ASCII. Trong tp vn bn, dy k t kt thc bi k t xung dng hay k t kt thc tp to thnh mt dng. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

- Hi: Em hy cho bit d liu trong cc kiu d liu t trc n nay ta s dng c lu tr loi b nh no khi thc hin chng

- B nh RAM.

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trnh? - Mt d liu khi mt in. - Hi: V sao em bit c iu ? - Din gii: lu tr c d liu, ta phi lu n b nh ngoi thng qua kiu d liu tp. Mi ngn ng lp trnh u c cc - Khng mt thng tin khi tt thao tc: Khai bo bin tp, m my. tp, c/ghi d liu, ng tp. - Dung lng d liu c lu tr - Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu ln. sch gio khoa v hco bit c - C hai loi kiu tp: Tp c im cuat tn tp? C my loi cu trc v tp vn bn. kiu tp? + Tp c cu trc l loi tp m cc thnh phn ca n c t - Yu cu hc sinh trnh by chc theo mt cu trc nht khi nim tp c cu trc v tp nh . vn bn. + Tp vn bn: L tp m d liu c ghi di dng cc k t theo m ASCII. 2. Hot ng 2: Tm hiu cc thao tc c bn x l tp vn bn trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit cch khai bo bin. - Hc sinh bit v s dng c cc th tc x l vi tp. - Hc sinh bit x l c/ghi tp vn bn. b. Ni dung: - Khai bo bin tp vn bn: Var <tn_bin_tp>: Text; - Gn tn tp: Assign(<tn_bin_tp>,<tn_tp>); <tn_tp>: L bin xu hoc hng xu. - To tp mi ghi: Rewrite(>Tn_bin_tp>); - M tp c: Reset (>Tn_bin_tp>); - ng tp : Close(>Tn_bin_tp>); - c tp vn bn Read(<tn bin tp>, <Danh sch tn bin>); Hoc Readln(<tn bin tp>, <Danh sch tn bin>); - ghi tp vn bn Write(<tn bin tp>, <Danh sch kt qu>); Hoc Writeln(<tn bin tp>, <Danh sch kt qu>); c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. gii thiu cu trc chung ca khai bo bin tp. Var <Tn_bin_tp>: Text;

1. Quan st cu trc v suy ngh tr li.

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- Yu cu hc sinh tm v d c th . - Var f,g:text; 2. Gii thiu cc thao tc gn tn 2. Quan st v suy ngh tr tp, to tp mi ghi, m tp li cu hi. c, ng tp. Assign(<tn_bin_tp>,<tn_t p>); Rewrite(<tn_bin_tp>); Close(>Tn_bin_tp>); Assign(f5,B1.INP); - Yu cu: Ly v d minh ho Rewrite(f5); m tp ghi thng tin v m Close(f5); tp c thng tin. Assign(f5,B1.OUT); Rewrite(f5); Close(f5); 3. Quan st s v suy ngh 3. Chiu s lm vic vi tr li. tp ln bng, hnh 16, trang 86, - Ghi tp: Gn tn tp, to tp sch gio khoa. Yu cu hc sinh mi, ghi thng tin, ng tp. gii thch ngha ca s . - c tp: Gn tn tp, m tp, c thng tin, ng tp. 4. Quan st cu trc chung. 4. Gii thiu cu trc chung - Readln(f,x1,x2); c d liu ca th tc c/ghi d liu tp t bin tp f, t gi tr vo hai vn bn. bin x1 v x2. - Yu cu hc sinh ly v d - Writeln(g, tong la, x1+x2); minh ha. Ghi vo bin tp g hai tham s; dng ch tong la v gi tr tng x1+x2. IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Vic trao i d liu vi b nh ngoi c thc hin thng qua kiu d liu tp. C hai loi tp: Tp c cu trc v tp vn bn. - c th lm vic vi tp, cn phi khai bo bin tp: Var <Tn_bin_tp>: text; - Mi ngn ng lp trnh u c cc hm v th tc chun lm vic vi tp nh: Gn tn tp, to tp mi ghi, m tp c, ng tp. - trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal c cc th tc tng ng l: Assign(<tn_bin_tp>,<tn_tp>); Rewrite(>Tn_bin_tp>); Reset (>Tn_bin_tp>); Close(>Tn_bin_tp>); - c/ghi tp vn bn: Read(<tn bin tp>,<danh sch tn bin>);
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Readln(<tn bin tp>,<danh sch tn bin>); Write(<tn bin tp>,<danh sch tn bin>); Writeln(<tn bin tp>,<danh sch tn bin>); 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Tr li cc cu hi 1, 2, 3, 4, sch gio khoa, trang 89.

V d lm vic vi tp I.Mc tiu. 1. kin thc: - Cng c li kin thc hc v tp trong chng 5 thng qua v d. 2. K nng. - S dng c cc hm v th tc lin quan gii quyt cc bi tp. II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My chiu Projector gii thiu v d, phng my vi tnh. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: n tp kin thc l thuyt. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh nh c cc kin thc l thuet v kiu tp. b. Ni dung: - Gn tn tp, m tp, to tp mi, ng tp. - c/ghi tp vn bn. - Cc hm v th tc lin quan. c. Cc bc tin hnh :
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Gi hc sinh nh li cc kin thc hc v kiu tp. -Hi: Cch khai bo bin kiu tp? - Hi: C cc th tc c bn no khi lm vic vi tp?

1. Theo di dn dt ca gio vin v tr li. - Var <Tn_bin_tp>: Text; Assign(<Tn_bin_tp>,<tn_tp >); - Rewrite(>Tn_bin_tp>); - Reset (>Tn_bin_tp>); - Close(>Tn_bin_tp>); - Read/readln(<tn_bin_tp>, <Danh_sch_tn_bin>);
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- Hi: Hm v th tc no lin quan khi x l tp? 2. Gii thiu bng tng hpj cc hm v th tc ln bng, xem nh y l tng kt kin thc lin quan.

Write/writeln(<tn_bin_tp>, <Danh_sch_tn_bin>); - Eof(>Tn_bin_tp>) Seek(>Tn_bin_tp>,<bin_ngu yn>); 2. Quan st bng tng hp v ghi nh.

2. Hot ng 2: Tm hiu chng trnh v d. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh hiu c ni dung chng trnh.Bit c u vo v u ra ca chng trnh. b. Ni dung: V d 1, sch gio khoa, trang 87: Tnh khong cch gia cc im. V d 2, sch gio khoa , trang 87: Tnh in tr tng ng. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Tm hiu v d 1. - Gii thiu ni dung bi. - Chiu chng trnh v d ln bng v gi hc sinh tm hiu chng trnh. - Hi: Hm Eof(f) c chc nng g? - C th s dng cu trc For thay th while c khng? - Chng trnh ny thc hin cng vic g?

1. Theo di v quan st bi v chng trnh gi . - Hm cho gi tr True nu con tr tp nh v tr kt thc tp. - Khng. V khng bit s lng phn t ca tp. - Tnh v a ra mn hnh khong cch t tri ca thy hiu trng n tri ca mi gio vin.

- Thc hin chng trnh 2. Quan st ni dung bi, hc sinh thy c kt qu. quan st tranh m phng kt ni 2. Tm hiu chng trnh ca cc in tr v cc yu cu. v d 2. - Gii thiu bi. - Chiu tranh m phng kt ni cc in tr, hnh 17, trang 88, sch gio khoa. - Dng lu tr in tr tng - Hi: Cng thc tnh in tr ng ca 3 in tr theo 5 cch
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ca s II, III, IV. - Chiu chng trnh v d ln bng. - Hi: Mng a dng lu tr gi tr no?

ghp ni nh trong s . - Tnh kt qu ca 5 in tr tng ng. - Quan st kt qu ca chng trnh v so snh vi kt qu tnh ng. - Cho mt File d liu vo gm - Nhn xt v tnh chnh xc 2 dng. Yu cu hc sinh tnh kt v thi gian thc hin ca chng qu. trnh. - Thc hin chng trnh c file d liu vo trn hc sinh i chiu kt qu. 3. Hot ng 3: Rn luyn k nng lp trnh. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh s dng c cc th tc lin quan kiu tp gii quyt bi ton t ra. b. Ni dung: - Vit chng trnh to tp MYBOOK.DAT nh kiu bn ghi, mi bn ghi c cu trc: Record Ten_sach:String; Tac_gia:Tring[30]; Gia_tien:Longint; End; Yu cu: Ghi ra tp ny cc quyn shc ca em. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Chiu bi ln bng. Yu 1. Theo di bi, nh hng cu hc sinh t vit chng trnh, d liu vo, ra thut ton. chy th v bo co kt qu. 2. Quan st, theo di vic lp trnh ca tng hc sinh, c th gi cho mt s em cn yu. 3. yu cu hc sinh cng thc hin chng trnh vi b test gio vin chun b. Thng bo kt qu m chng trnh tm c. Xc nhn kt qu ng. IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc.
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2. Son chng trnh vo my, thc hin chng trnh v thng bo kt qu cho gio vin. 3. Nhp d liu theo yu cu.

- Cc thao tc x l tp: + Gn tn tp. + M tp. + to tp mi. + c/ghi thng tin ca tp. + ng tp. - Hm v th tc lin quan + Hm EOF(Tn_bin_tp) 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh - c trc ni dung bi. Chng trnh con v phn loi. Cch vit v s dng th tc.

Chng 6. Chng trnh con v lp trnh c cu trc I. Mc tiu ca chng 1. Kin thc Hc sinh cn nm c: - Mt s khi nim v chng trnh con, li ch ca vic vit chng trnh con.Phn bit c hai loi chng trnh con: Hm v th tc. 2. K nng. - Hc sinh bit cch khai bo chng trnh con cng vi cc tham s hnh thc ca chng. - Hc sinh bit cch s dng chng trnh chnh gi chng trnh con thc hin vi nhng tham s thc s. - Hc sinh c rn luyn k nng t chc chng trnh con trong lp trnh, kh nng din t mt s thut ton c bn, gp phn pht trin t duy thut ton. 3. thi . - Tip tc rn luyn cc phm cht ca ngi lp trnh nh tinh thn hp tc, sn sng lm vic theo nhm, tun th theo yu cu v mt vic chung. II. Ni dung ch yu ca chng Hai loi chng trnh con: Th tc v hm. Hai loi tham s: Tham s gi tr v tham s bin. Hai loi bin: bin ton cc v bin cc b.

Chng trnh con v phn loi I. Mc tiu.

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1. Kin thc: - Bit c khi nim chng trnh con. - Bit c ngha ca chng trnh con, s cn thit phi vit mt chng trnh thnh cc chng trnh con. - Bit c cu trc ca chng trnh con. - Phn bit c hai loi chng trnh con l hm v th tc. 2. K nng. - Nhn bit c cc thnh phn trong u ca th tc. - Nhn bit c hai loi tham s hnh thc trong u ca th tc. - Bit cch khai bo hai loi chng trnh con cng vi tham s hnh thc ca chng. - Bit cch vit li gi chng trnh con trong thn chng trnh chnh. 3. thi : - Rn luyn cc phm cht ca ngi lp trnh nh tinh thn hp tc, lm vic theo nhm, tun th yu cu v mt cng vic chung. III. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My vi tnh, my chiu Projector gii thiu v d, my chiu Overhead, ba trong, bt d. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu v chng trnh con v li ch ca vic s dng chng trnh con khi lp trnh. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c khi nim v chng trnh con v li ch ca vic vit chng trnh c s dng chng trnh con. b. M bi: Khi vit chng trnh gii cc bi ton phc tp, chng trnh thng rt di, ngi c rt kh nhn bit c chng trnh thc hin cng vic gi. Vn t ra l phi cu trc chng trnh nh th no d c, d hiu. Mt khc, vic gii quyt cc bi ton ln hn thng i hi phi phn thnh cc bi ton con. V vy, khi lp trnh cn phi chia chng trnh thnh cc chng trnh con. c. Ni dung: - Chng trnh con l mt dy lnh m t mt s thao tc nht nh v c th c thc hin nhiu v tr trong chng trnh. - Li ch ca vic s dng chng trnh con: + Chng trnh d c, d hiu, d kim tra pht hin li v sa sai. + C th giao cho nhiu ngi cng vit mt chng trnh. + Trnh vic phi vit lp li mt nhm lnh khi nhm lnh ny c thc hin nhiu ln khc nhau trong chng trnh. + Thun tin cho vic nng cp chng trnh. d. Cc bc tin hnh:
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hng dn ca gio vin

Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Tm hiu ngha v khi nim ca chng trnh con. - Chiu hai chng trnh gio vin chun b sn. Mt chng trnh c s dng chng trnh con, mt chng trnh khng s dng chng trnh con. Chng hn: Chng trnh tnh tng 4 ly tha: TLT=an+bm+cp+dq . - Gi hc sinh nhn xt v tnh ngn gn, r rng, tnh d c d hiu ca hai chng trnh . - Hi: Khi no nn vit chng trnh con? - Yu cu hc sinh c sch gio khoa, cho bit khi nim chng trnh con. - Chia lp thnh 3 nhm. Pht ba trong cho mi nhm. Yu cu hc sinh in cc li ch ca vic s dng chng trnh con.

1. Quan st bi v hai chng trnh v d.

- Nhn xt: Chng trnh c s dng chng trnh con c vit ngn gon, d hiu hn chng trnh vit khng s dng chng tnh con. - i vi cc bi ton ln, cn nhiu ngi cng vit. Chng trnh di, cn chia lm nhiu on. C nhiu on lnh lp li, ch nn vit mt chng trnh con. - Tham kho sch gio khoa tr li. - Nghin cu shc g io khoa, tho lun in phiu hc tp. + Trnh c vic phi vit lp i lp li cng mt dy lnh no trong chng trnh. + H tr vic thc hin vit cc chng trnh ln. + Phc v qu trnh tru tng ha . + M rng kh nng ngn ng. + Thun tin cho vic pht trin nng cp chng trnh. - Bo co kt qu. - Theo di b sung v gii thch ca gio vin. 2. Tham kho sch gio khoa v tr li.
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- Thu phiu hc tp. Chiu kt qu ln bng. - B sung v gii thch thm mt s li ch m hc sinh in cha y . (v cc em cn m h v chng trinhg con) 2. phn loi chng trnh con. - Hi: C my loi chng trnh con? Gi tn ca chng?

- Hi: tng lm quen vi hm v th tc cha? Ly mt s v d v hm v th tc c hc. - ngha ca hm v th tc chun?

- yu cu hc sinh tham kho sch gio khoa phn bit khi nim hm v th tc. 3. Cu trc ca chng trnh con. - Gii thiu cu trc chung ca chng trnh con. <Phn u> [<Phn khai bo>] <Phn thn> - Yu cu hc sinh so snh vi cu trc chng trnh chnh. - Yu cu hc sinh gii thch phn khai bo v phn thn chng trnh con. - Din gii: Phn u ca chng trnh con gm c tn chng trnh con, cc tham s ca chng trnh con. Cc tham s ny c gi l tham s hnh thc. 4. Thc hin chng trnh con. - Hi: s dng hm v th tc chun em thng vit u v vit nh th no? - Din gii: gi mt chng trnh con, ta cn phi c lnh gi n tng t lnh gi hm hay th tc chun, bao gm tn chng trnh con vi cc tham s(nu c) l c hng v bin

- Hai loi chng trnh con: hm v th tc. - s dng hm v th tc chun. - V d: Hm abs(), length(st). Th tc Delete(st,p,n); - Hm l thc hin mt s thao tc na v tr li v mt gi tr kiu n gin thng qua tn hm . - Th tc thc hin cc thao tc nht nh nhng khng tr v gi tr qua tn ca n. 3. Quan st cu trc ca chng trnh con.

- Ging cu trc chng trnh chnh. Khc ch phn u chng trnh l bt buc phi c. - Phn khai bo thng c th l khai bo bin, hng. - Phn thn l mt dy cc lnh thc hin nhim v nht nh ca chng trnh con.

4. Suy ngh v tr li - Vit trong chng trnh chnh. Vit th tc km cc tham s v kt thc l du chm phy(;). Vit hm trong lnh no hoc trong th tc. Hm khng c vit nh lnh.

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cha d liu vo/ra tng ng vi cc tham s hnh thc t trong cp ngoc. Cc hng v bin ny c gi l tham s thc s.

IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Chng trnh con ng vai tr quan trng trong lp trnh, c bit l trong lp trnh cu trc. - Cc li ch c bn ca chng trnh con: Dng chng trnh con s thun li cho vic t chc, vit, kim tra v s dng li chng trnh. - C hai loi chng tnh con. - Cu trc chng trnh con v v tr ca n trong chng trnh chnh: Chng trnh con c vit phn khai bo. CHng trnh con c phn u, phn khai bo v phn thn. - Chng trnh con c th c tham s hnh thc khi khai bo v c thay bng tham s thc s khi gi chng trnh con. - Chng trnh con c gi bng tn ca n. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - c trc ni dung vi: V d v cch vit v s dng chng trnh con, sch gio khoa, trang 96.

V d v cch vit v s dng chng trnh con I. Mc tiu. 1. Kin thc.

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- Bit c cu trc chung v v tr ca th tc trong chng trnh. - Phn bit c tham s gi tr v tham s bin. - Nm c khi nim v bin ton cc v bin ca b. 2. K nng: - Nhn bit c cc thnh phn trong u ca th tc. - Nhn bit c hai loi tham s hnh thc trong u ca th tc. - Bit cch khai ba hai loi chng trnh con cng vi tham s hnh thc cu chng. - S dng ng li gi chng trnh con trong thn chng trnh chnh. - Phn bit c khc nhau c bn ca hm v th tc. - Phn bit v s dng ng bin ton cc v bin cc b. 3. Thi : - rn luyn cc phm hct ca ngi lp trnh nh tinh thn hp tc, lm vic theo nhm, tun th yu cu v mt cng vic chung. II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - my vi tnh, my chiu Projector gii thiu v d. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu cu trc chung v v d ca th tc trong chng trnh chnh. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c cu trc chung ca mt th tc v v tr khai bo th tc trong chng trnh chnh. - Hc sinh bit khai nim v tham s ca chng trnh con. Bit tham s hnh thc v tham s thc s. - Hc sinh bit c khi nim v tham s gi tr v tham s bin. b. Ni dung: - Cu trc v v tr ca chng trnh con trong chng trnh chnh. Program tn_chng_trnh_chnh; Uses Khai bo th vin s dng; Const khai bo hng; type Khai bo kiu d liu; Var khai bo bin; procedure tn_th_tc(danh sch cc tham s); Cc khai bo ca th tc; Begin Cc lnh ca th tc; End; BEGIN
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Cc lnh ca chng trnh chnh; Li gi thc hin hm v th tc; END. - Tham s hnh thc: L cc tham s c a vo khi nh ngha chng trnh con. - Tham s thc s: L cc tham s c vit trong li gi chng trnh con. - Tham s bin: Khi khai bo buc phi c t kha Var trc. Khi gi chng trnh con, cc tham s hnh thc l tham bin ch c php thay th bng cc tham s thc s l bin. - Tham s gi tr: Khi khai bo khng c t kha Var trc. Khi gi chng trnh con, cc tham s hnh thc l tham s gi tr s c thay th bng cc tham s thc s l gi tr hoc bin. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Gii thiu v d m u. - Chiu chng trnh v d ln bng(v d VD thutuc1, trang 96). Gii thiu cho hc sinh cu trc th tc v tr khai bo ca th tc, li gi th tc. 2. Tm hiu cu trc th tc. - Hi: V tr ca th tc nm phn no trong chng trnh chnh? - Hi: Cu trc ca th tc gm my phn? - Hi: Phn bit s ging v khc nhau gia chng trnh con v chng trnh chnh? - Gii thiu cu trc chung ca th tc Procedure tn_th_tc(danh sch cc tham s); Cc khai bo ca th tc; Begin Cc lnh ca th tc; End; - Li gi th tc ta vit phn no trong chng trnh? 3. Tm hiu tham s hnh thc v tham s thc s. - Chiu v d 2, VD_thutuc2, sch gio khoa trang 98.

1. Quan st, theo di v d.

2. Quan st v d, suy ngh v tr li . - Nm phn khai bo, sau phn khai bin. - Ba phn: Tn th tc, khai bo ca th tc v phn thn ca . - Ging: Cu trc chung. - Khc: Trong phn tn: T kha t tn Procedure, c cc tham s. - Quan st v ghi nh cu trc chung.

Trong phn thn kt thc End; - Trong phn thn ca chng trnh chnh. 3. Quan st v d trn bng.

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- Yu cu hc sinh nhn xt v th tc ve_hcn ca v d ny vi v d trc. - Din gii: Khai bo ny cho php th tc ve_hcn thc hin v dc nhiu hnh ch nht c kch thc khc nhau. - Hi: Quan st chng trnh cho bit, trong chng trnh chnh ta v c tt c bao nhiu hnh ch nht. - Tham s chdai, chrong c gi l tham s hnh thc. - Trong li gi th tc cc tham s hnh thc c thay bng cc tham s thc s. - So snh cc tham s ca li gi ve_hcn(5,10); v ve_hcn(a,b); 4. Tm hiu tham s gi tr v tham s bin. - Din gii: Tham s c hai chc nng: a d liu vo cho chng trnh con hoc a d liu chng trnh con tm c ra. - Hi: Cc tham s trong v d 2 thuc loi no? - Chiu chng trnh VD_thambien 1, sch gio khoa trang 99. - Hi: cc tham s x, y thuc loi no? - Din gii: trong li gi th tc, cc tham s hnh thc c thay bng cc tham s thc s tng ng l tn cc bin cha d liu ra c gi l cc tham s bin. - Hi: x, y l tham s gi tr hay tham s bin? - Hi: C nhn xt g khi khai bo tham s hnh thc l tham gi tr v tham bin? - Chiu vd_thambien2 v gii thc hc sinh thy c s

- Th tc ve_hcn v d ny c cc tham s chdai, chrong

- V c 6 hnh ch nht.

- Tham s thc s trong th tc ve_hcn(5,10); l cc hng s cn trong thru tc ve_hcn(a,b); l cc bin. 4. Theo di v tr li.

- a d liu vo cho chng trnh con x l. - a d liu sau khi chng trnh con x l ra ngoi.

- L tham s bin. - Khi khai bo tham s bin ta t t kha var trc cc tham s .

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khc bit gia tham s gi tr v tham s bin. 2. Hot ng 2: Tm hiu cu trc chung v v tr ca hm trong chng trnh chnh. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c cu trc chung ca hm. Bit c v tr khai bo hm trong chng trnh chnh. - Hc sinh nm c khi nim v bin ton cc v bin cc b. - Khai bo ng bin ton cc v bin cc b. b. Ni dung: - Cu trc v v tr ca hm trong chng trnh. Program tn_chng_trnh_chnh; Cc khai bo ca chng trnh chnh; Function tn_ham(danh sch cc tham s): Kiu_d_liu_ca_hm; Cc khai bo ca hm; begin Cc lnh ca hm; Tn_hm:=biu_thc; End; BEGIN Cc knh ca hcng trnh chnh; Li gi thc hin hm v th tc; END. - Kiu_d_liu_ca_hm l kiu d liu ca kt qu ca hm v ch c th l mt trong cc kiu Integer, Read, Char, Boolean, String. - S dng hm: Ging nh s sng cc hm chun, vit tn ca hm cn gi v thay th cc tham s hnh thc bng cc tham s thc s trng ng. Li gi hm c th tham gia vo biu thc nh mt ton hng v thm ch l tham s ca li gi hm, th tc khc. - Bin cc b l nhng bin c nh hng trong chng trnh con, c khai bo trong chng trnh con. - Bin ton b l nhng bin c phm vi nh hng trong ton b chng trnh, c khai bo trong phn khai bo ca chng trnh chnh. c. C bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Nhc li kin thc c v hm chun. -Hi: Hy k tn mt s hm chun hc v cch s dng chng.

1. Suy ngh v tr li. - Hm ABC(), SQRT(), ROUD()... - Vit tn hm cn gi v cc tham s. - Li gi hm c vit trong biu thc nh mt ton hng, thm
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2. Gii thiu cu trc chung v v tr ca hm trong chng trnh chnh. - Hi: So snh s ging v khc nhau ca hm v th tc.

3. Tm hiu hm thng qua v d - Chiu chng trnh v d rutgon_phanso, sch gio khoa trang 101. - Hi: trong chng trnh c my hm. - Hm UCLN(x, y) dng lm g? - Hi: Li gi hm u? - Hi: C g khc vi th tc trong li gi hm.

ch l tham s ca mt hm khc. 2. Quan st cu trc chung. - Ging: C cu trc tng t, c cc tham s ... - Khc: Tn hm phi quy nh kiu d liu; Trong thn hm phi c lnh Tn_hm:=biu_thc; Bt u ca hm l t Function 3. Quan st v d v tr li. - Mt hm UCLN, dng tm c s chung ln nht ca hai s X, Y. -Lnh A:=UCLN(tuso,mauso); -Li gi hm phi c t trong mt lnh hoc trong mt li gi chng trnh con khc. - Quan st chng trnh v d - C mt hm c khai bo.

- Chiu chng trnh v d 2, Minbaso, sch gio khoa, trang - Hm c s dng hai ln. 102. - Kt qu ca hm li l u - Hi: trong chng trnh c vo cho chnh hm trong ln bao nhiu hm? Chc nng ca gi th hai. hm? 4. Quan st li cc v d. - C bao nhiu li gi hm trong chng trnh chnh? - Quan st chng trnh ca gio vin. 4. Tm hiu v bin cc b v bin ton b. - C cc bin: tuso, mauso, A, - Chiu chng trnh v d sondu. 2: rutgon_phanso ln bng. - Cc bin: tuso, mauso, A c - Hi: C nhng bin no c khai bo trong chng trnh s dng trong chng trnh? Cc chnh. bin c khao bo ch no - Cc bin: sodu c khai bo trong chng trnh? trong chng trnh con. - Din gii: Bin tuso, mauso, A c nh hng trong ton b ch108

ng trnh. Bin Sodu ch nh h- Bin cc b: C nh hng ng trong thn chng trnh con. trong chng trnh con, c khai - Yu cu hc sinh: Phn bit bo trong phn khai bo ca chs ging nhau v khc nhau ca ng trnh con. bin ton b v bin cc b. - Bit ton b: C phm vi nh hng trong ton b chng trnh, c khai bo trong phn khai bo ca chng trnh chnh. IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - C hai loi chng trnh con. - Cu trc chng trnh con v v tr ca n trong chng trnh chnh: Chng trnh chnh: Chng trnh con c vit phn khai bo. Chng trnh con c phn u, phn khai bo v phn thn. - Chng trnh con c th c tham s hnh thc khi khai bo v c thay bng tham s thc s khi gi chng trnh con. - Phn bit tham s hnh thc v tham s thc s. Cch s dng tham bin v tham tr. - Chng trnh con c gi bng tn ca n. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh.

Bi thc hnh s 6 I. Mc tiu. 1. Kin thc. - Cng c li cc kin thc v xu k t, chng trnh con. 2. K nng: - Rn luyn k nng x l xu bng vic to hiu ng ch chy trn mn hnh. - Nng cao k nng vit v s dng chng trnh con. II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun bi ca gio vin. - My vi tnh, t chc ta phng my hc sinh c c cc k nng c bn trong vic t chc v s dng chng trnh con trong lp trnh. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu vic xy dng hai th tc catdan(s1, s2) v cangiua(s) a. Mc tiu:
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- Hc sinh nm c chc nng ca hai th tc catdan() v cangiua(). Bit c ngha ca mi tham s trong tng chng trnh con . b. Ni dung: Th tc cantdan Type str79=string[79] Procedure cantdan(s1:str79; var s2:str79); Begin s2:=copy(s1,2,length(s1) 1)+s1[1]; End; Th tc cangiua Proceure cangiua(var s:str79); var i, n:integer; Begin n:=length(s); n:=(80 n) div 2; For i:=1 to n do s:= + s; End; c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Tm hiu hai th tc catdan(s1,s2) v cangiua(s). - Chiu ni dung th tc catdan(s1,s2); - Hi: u vo v u ra ca th tc nay? - Hi: Chc nng ca th tc l g? - Yu cu hc sinh cho v d minh ha. - Chiu ni dung th tc: cangiua(s); - Hi: u vo ca th tc? - Hi: Th tc thc hin cng vic g?

1. Quan st th tc catdan() v tr li cu hi ca gio vin. - Vo: u k t s1. - Ra: Bin xu k t s2. - Thc hin vic to xu s2 t xu s1 bng vic chuyn k t th nht n v tr cui ca xu. - S1= abcd th S2= bcda - Quan st, suy ngh v tr li. - u vo l mt xu k t S khng qu 79 k t. - Th tc thc hin thm vo trc xu s mt s k t trng khi a s ra mn hnh k t trong S ban u c cn gia ca dng gm 80 k t.

- Gio vin ch : C th nhc hc sinh nu khng khai bo s l 2. Quan st chng trnh trn tham bin th th tc ny khng bng v theo di dn dt ca
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c hiu lc g v lnh a s ra mn hnh khng nm trong th tc ny. 2. Tm hiu chng trnh ca cu b, sch gio khoa, trang 103, 104. - Chiu chng trnh ln bng. - Hi: Chc nng ca chng trnh. - Gii thiu cho hc sinh cc th tc chun: gty(x,y); delay(n); v keypressed; - Thc hin chng trnh gip hc sinh thy kt qu ca chng trinh.

gio vin. - Yu cu ngi s dng nhp mt xau k t. a xu ra mn hnh c dng dng ch chy gia mn hnh vn bn 25*80. - Quan st trn mn hnh i chiu vi kt qu m hc sinh t suy lun tnh c.

2. Hot ng 2: Rn luyn k nng lp trnh. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh vn dng c cc hiu bit v chng trnh con, thut ton va c cung cp gii quyt bi ton tng qut hn. b. Ni dung: - Vit chng trnh nhp mt xu k t v a ra dng ch chy dng bt k do chng trnh chnh quy nh. - Ni dung chng trnh ging nh chng trnh cu b, sch gio khoa, trang 103. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Tm hiu yu cu bi. - Chiu ni dung yu cu ln bng. - Yu cu hc sinh tm ra vn mi trong bi tp ny.

1. Quan st yu cu trn bng. - V c bn, ging nh nhim v m cu b lm. Ch khc l chng trnh cu b lun cho xu k t chy dng bt k. V vy phi truyn tham s quy nh dng chy cho th tc. - c lp vit chng trnh vo my v bo co kt qu th nghim. - Nhp d liu theo test ca gio vin v bo co kt qu.

- Yu cu hc sinh lp trnh trn my. - Yu cu hc sinh thc hin chng trnh v nhp d liu test. - nh gi kt qu lp trnh

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ca hc sinh. IV. nh gi cui bi Cu hi v bi tp v nh - Vit th tc chaychu(s,dong) nhn tham s l xu S gm khng qu 79 k t v mt bin nguyn Dong. In ra mn hnh dng ch xc nh bi S chy dng Dong. Vit chng trnh v thc hin c s dng th tc ny. - Chun b bi cho bi thc hnh s 7: Xem trc ni dung ca bi thc hnh s 7, sch gio khoa, trang 105.

Bi thc hnh s 7 I. Mc tiu. 1. Kin thc: - Cng c li cc kin thc v chng trnh con: Th tc, hm, tham s bin v tham s gi tr, bin ton b v bin cc b. 2. K nng: - S dng c chng trnh con gii quyt trn vn mt bi ton trn my tnh. II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - my vi tnh, t chc ti phng my hc sinh c c cc k nng c bn trong vic t chc v s dng cc chng trnh con trong lp trnh. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu vic xy dng cc hm, th tc v chng trnh thc hin cc vic lin quan n tam gic. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c cc hm v th tc trong chng trnh. Hiu c chc nng cu tng chng trnh con. Tnh c u vo v u ra ca chng trnh. b. Ni dung: Procedure daicanh(r:tamgiac; var a,b,c:real); nhn u va l mt bin r m t mt tam gic v u ra l di ba cnh a, b, c. Function chuvi(var r:tamgiac):real; Cho gi tr l chu vi ca tam gic r. Function dientich(var r:tamgiac):real; Cho gi tr l tam gic ca tam gic r.

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Procedure tinhchat(var r:tamgiac; var deu,can,vuong:boolean); nhn u vo l mt bin r m t tam gic v u ra l tnh cht ca tam gic: u, cn hoc vung. Procedure hienthi(var r:tamgiac); hin th ta ba nh ca mt tam gic trn mn hnh. Function kh_cach(p,q:diem):real; cho gi tr l khong cch gia hai im p, q. Cc chng trnh con c vit trong sch gio khoa, trang 106, 107. c. cc bc tin hnh:

hng dn ca gio vin

Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Tm hiu vic xy dng hm v th tc.

1. Quan st cc chng trnh con, cc lnh v cc khai bo tham s. - Chiu khai bo kiu d liu - Chc nng ca mi chng diem v tamgiac. Chiu cc hm trnh con: v th tc ln bng. daicanh(); tnh di ba cnh - Hi: Chc nng ca mi chng a, b, c ca tam gic r. trnh con? chuvi():real; cho gi tr l chu vi ca tam gic r. dientich():real; cho gi tr l din tch ca tam gic r. tinhchat(); khng nh tnh cht ca tam gic: du, cn hoc vung. hienthi(); hin thi ta ba nh ca mt tam gic trn mn - C cc tham s no? Tham hnh. s no dng tham s bin v Kh_cch():real; cho gi tr l tham no dng tham s gi tr. khong cch gia hai im. 2. Tm hiu chng trnh cu - Tham s bin r, a, b, c. b, sch gio khoa trang 106. - Tham s gi tr p, q. - Chiu chng trnh cub. - Hi: Chng trnh thc hin 2. Quan st chng trnh, d chng trnh g? tnh chc nng ca chng trnh. - Thc hin chng trnh gip hc sinh thy kt qu. - Thay tham bin thnh tham tr hc sinh thy c s sai khc. - Nhp vo ta ba nh ca tam gic v kho st tnh cht ca tam gic: cn, vung, u. In ra chu vi v din tch ca tam gic. - Quan st kt qu trn mn
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hnh i chiu vi kt qu t tnh c. - Quan st v ghi nh kt qu thy c hiu ng thay i ca tham tr v tham bin. 2. Hot ng 2: Rn luyn k nng lp trnh. a. Mc tiu: - Vit chng trnh c s dng chng trnh tnh c s lng tam gic u, s lng tam gic cn v s lng tam gic vung. b. Ni dung: - Vit chng trnh s dng cc hm v th tc c xy dng gii quyt cc bi ton sau: Cho tp d liu TAMGIAC.INP c cu trc nh sau: Dng 1: Ghi s nguyn N (1<=N<=100). N dng tip theo: Mi dng ghi 6 s thc xA yA xB yB xC yC l cc ta ca ba nh A, B, C ca mt tam gic. (-32000<=xA,yA,xB,yB,xC,yC<=32000) Yu cu: c d liu t tp TAMGIAC.INP, x l v a kt qu ra tp TAMGIAC.OUT gm 3 dng: Dng 1: Ghi s lng tam gic u. Dng 2: Ghi s lng tam gic cn(nhng khng u). Dng 3: Ghi s lng tam gic vung. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Phn tch yu cu ca bi. - Chiu ni dung yu cu ln bng. - Chia lp thnh 2 nhm. + Nhm 1: Nu cu hi phn tch gii quyt bi ton. + Nhm 2: Tr li cu hi phn tch ca nhm 1 tm ra cch gii quyt bi ton. - Gio vin gp b sung cho cu hi phn tch v tr li phn tch.

1. Quan st yu cu. - Nhm 1: t cu hi. + D liu vo. + D liu ra. + Cn sa nhng ch no trong chng trnh cu b. + Thut ton m s lng cc loi hnh tam gic. - Nhm 2: tr li cu hi phn tch. + Cho trong tp, phi vit lnh c d liu trong tp. + Ba s nguyn dng l s lng ca ba loi hnh tam gic. Ba s c ghi trn ba dng ca mt tp. + Cn thay on chng trnh nhp d liu bng mt chng
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2. Lp trnh. - Yu cu hc sinh lp trnh trn my. Gio vin tip cn tng hc sinh sa li cn thit. - Thng bo kt qu cho gio - Yu cu hc sinh nhp d liu vin vo ca gio vin v bo co kt qu ca chng trnh. - Nhp d liu ca gio vin v - nh gi kt qu ca hc sinh. bo co kt qu. IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Cch xy dng hm v th tc, cch khai bo tham s dng tham bin v tham tr. - Tm hiu mt s chng trnh con lin quan n tam gic. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh - Cho file d liu nh bi tp trong hot ng 2. - c bi c thm: Ai l lp trnh vin u tin? Sch gio khoa, trang 109. - Chun b bi cho tit hc l thuyt: Xem trc ni dung bi Th vin chng trnh con chun, sch gio khoa, trang 110.

trnh con c d liu t tp TAMGIAC.INP. Thay on chng trnh in kt qu ra mn hnh bng mt chng trnh con in ba s nguyn dng l s lng ba loi hnh ra tp TAMGIAC.OUT + Thut ton: Nu deu th d:=d+1 Ngc li nu can th c:=c+1; Ngc li th v:=v+1; 2. c lp vit chng trnh, thc hin chng trnh i vi test t to.

Th vin chng trnh con chun I. Mc tiu 1. Kin thc: - Bit c mt s th vin chng trnh con. 2. K nng: - Bc u s dng c cc th vin trong lp trnh. - Khi ng c ch ha.
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- S dng c cc th tc v im, ng knh, hnh trn, hnh ellipse, hnh ch nht. II. dng dy hc 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - my chiu Projector gii thiu v d. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu th vin CRT. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c mt s chng trnh con chun trong th vin. b. Ni dung: - Th vin CRT cha cc th tc lin quan n vic qun l v khai thc mn hnh v bn phm. - Th tc Clrcr: xa mn hnh. - Th tc Ttextcolor(c): t mu cho ch trn mn hnh, trong c l hng hoc bin c gi tr nguyn khng m xc nh mu. - th tc textbackground(c): t mu cho nn ca mn hnh. - Th tc Gotoxy(x,y): a con tr n v tr ct x dng y ca mn hnh vn bn. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Tm hiu th tc Clrscr. - Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa, k tn cc chng trnh con trong th vin CRT. - Chiu chng trnh sau: Begin clrscr; Readln; End. - Bin dch chng trnh. Hi: Ti sao xut hin li? Khc phc nh th no? - Thm Uses CRT; vo u chng trnh v thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. Ch cho hc sinh ghi nh mn hnh trc lc thc hin chng trnh ny. - Hi: Chc nng ca th tc Clrscr;

1. Tham kho sch gio khoa: Clrscr, textcolor, textbackground, gotoxy. - Quan st chng trnh.

- V s dng th tc nhng cha s dng th vin CRT. - Thm lnh USES CRT ; - Quan st gio vin thc hin chng trnh. - Xa mn hnh.

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2. Tm hiu th tc textcolor. - Chiu chng trnh v d: Uses CRT; begin Write(chua dat mau chu); textcolor(4); Write(Da dat mau chu la do); Readln; End. - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. - hi: Chc nng ca lnh textxolor(4); 3. Tm hiu th tc Textbackground. - Chiu chng trnh v d: uses CRT; Begin Textbackground(1); Writeln(da lat lai mau nen); Readln; End. - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. - Hi: Chc nng ca lnh Textbackground(1); 4. Tm hiu th tc gotoxy. - Chiu chng trnh v d: Uses CRT; Begin Writeln(Con tro dang dung o cot 10 dong 20); Gotoxy(10,20); Readln; End. - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. - Hi: Chc nng ca lnh Gotoxy(10,20);

- Quan st chng trnh.

- Quan st kt qu chng trnh - t mu ch thnh mu .

- Quan st chng trnh

- Quan st kt qu chng trnh. - t mu ch nn thnh mu xanh tri.

- Quan st chng trnh.

- Quan st kt qu chng trnh. - a con tr v v tr ct 10 dng 20.

2. Hot ng 2: Tm hiu th vin graph ca ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c cch khi ng v thot ch ha.
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b. Ni dung: - Th vin Graph cha cc chng trnh con phc v khai thc kh nng ha ca my tnh mc thng dng nh v im, ng, t mu ... - Cc thit b v hcng trnh h tr ha: + C hai ch n hnh: ha vn bn. + Bng mch iu khin mn hnh l thit b m bo tng tc gia b x l v mn hnh th hin cc ch phn gii v mu sc. + Turbo Pascal cung cp cc chng trnh iu khin (c phn m rng l BGI) tng ng vi cc loi card ha. Khi khi ng ch ha cn ch ra ng dn n chng trnh ny. + Ta mn hnh ha c nh gi s t 0. Ct c nh s t phi sang tri, dng c nh s t trn xung di. Gi tr ln nht ca ton dng v ta ct c gi l phn gii ca mn hnh. + thc hin c chc nng ha cn s dng cc th tc v hm trong th vin Graph. - Khi ng ch ha: Initgraph(dr,md:integer;pth:string); dr: L s hiu ca trnh iu khin BGI. md: L s hiu ca phn gii. pth: L ng dn n cc tp BGI. - Kt thc ch ha tr v ch vn bn: Closegraph; c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu 1. Tham kho sch gio khoa sch gio khoa tr li cc cu tr li. hi: - Hi: Cc dng d liu no c - Vn bn v hnh nh. th c hin th trn mn hnh? - Hi: Nhim v chnh ca card - Lm cu ni gia CPU v mn mn hnh? hnh khi th hin thng tin. - L ni n mn hnh c 640 - Hi: Khi ni mn hnh c dng v 480 ct. phn gii 640 x 480 l ni n iu g? 2. Quan st v theo di dn 2. a ra cu trc chung ca th dt ca gio vin. tc khi ng ha. Initgraph(dr,md:integer;pth:stri ng); - Gii thch cc thng s trong - Quan st gio vin thc hin. th tc cho hc sinh. - Cho hc sinh thy mt v d 3. Quan st v so snh gia khi ng ha. hai ch vn bn v ha.
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3. gii thiu th tc tr v ch vn bn Closegraph; - Yu cu hc sinh khi ng ch ha v chuyn v ch vn bn.

- Thay phin nhau thc hin vic chuyn i gia hai ch vn bn v ha.

3. Hot ng 3: Tm hiu cc th tc v im, ng v cc hnh thc c bn. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c cc th tc v im, ng v cc hnh c bn. Bit c tn th tc, cc tham s v chc nng ca tng th tc. b. Ni dung: - V im: Putpixel(x,y:integer;color:word); - V ng thng: Line(x1,y1,x2,y2:integer); Lineto(x,y:integer); Linere(dx,dy:integer); - V hnh trn: Circle(x,y:integer ;r:word); - V hnh elip: Ellipse(x,y:integer; stangle,endangle,xr,yr:word); - V hnh ch nht: Rectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2:integer); - t mu cho nt v: Setcolor(word); c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Tm hiu th tc Putpixel 1. Quan st cu trc chung - Chiu cu trc chung ca th tc: v suy ngh tr li cu Putpixel(x,y:integer;color:word); hi. - Chiu chng trnh v d. Use graph Begin - Quan st chng trnh. drive:=0; initgraph(drive,mode, c:\Tp\BGI); Putpixe1(12,40,15); readln; End. - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. - Quan st kt qu ca ch- Hi: Chc nng ca th tc ng trnh. Putpixel - V mt im c mu Col trn mn hnh ti ta 2. Tm hiu th tc Line (x,y). - Chiu cu trc chung ca th tc: 2. Quan st cu trc chung Line(x1,y1,x2,y2:integer); v suy ngh tr li cu - Chiu chng trnh v d trn nh- hi. ng thay lnh Putpixel(12,40,15); bng lnh line(1,1,20,20); - Quan st chng trnh.
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- Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. - Hi: Chc nng ca th tc Line 3. Tm hiu th tc Lineto - Chiu cu trc chung ca th tc: Lineto(x,y:integer); - Chiu chng trnh v d trn nhng thay lnh Putpixel(12,40,15); bng lnh lineto(20,20); - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy c kt qu. - Hi: Chc nng ca th tc Lineto. 4. Tm hiu th tc Lineto. - Chiu cu trc chung ca th tc: Linere(dx,dy:integer); - Hi: Chc nng ca th tc Linerel 5. Tm hiu th tc Circle, Ellipse, Rectangle. - Chiu cu trc chung ca cc th tc: Circle(x,y:integer; r:word); Ellipse(x,y:integer;stabgle,endangle,xr ,yr:word); Rectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2:integer); - Chiu chng trnh v d Use graph Begin drive:=0; initgraph(drive,mode, c:\Tp\BGI); Circle(12,40,30); Ellipse(50,50,30,120,50,100:word); Rectangle(100,100,200,200); readln; End. - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy c kt qu. - Hi: Chc nng ca cc th tc Circle, Ellipse, Rectangle.

- Quan st kt qu ca chng trnh. - V mt on thng t im c ta (x1,y1) n im c ta (x2,y2). 3. Quan st cu trc chung v suy ngh tr li cu hi. - Quan st chng trnh. - Quan st kt qu ca chng trnh. - V mt on thng t im hin ti n im c ta (x,y). 4. Quan st cu trc chung v suy ngh tr li cu hi. - V on thng ni im hin ti vi im c ta bng ta im hin ti cng vi dx, dy. 5. Quan st cu trc chung v suy ngh tr li cu hi.

- Quan st chng trnh.

- Quan st kt qu ca ch120

6. Tm hiu th tc Setcolor - Chiu cu trc chung ca cc th tc: Setcolor(m:word); - Chiu chng trnh v d Use graph Begin drive:=0; initgraph(drive,mode, c:\Tp\BGI); Circle(12,40,100); Setcolor(4); Circle(12,40,200); readln; End. - Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. - Hi: Chc nng ca th tc Lineto.

ng trnh. + Circle: V mt ng trn c tm ti (x,y) v bn knh r. + Ellipse: V cung ca ellipse c tm ti im x,y vi cc bn knh trc xr, yr, t gc khi u stangle n gc kt thc endangle. 6. Quan st cu trc chung v suy ngh tr li cu hi.

- Quan st chng trnh.

- Quan st kt qu ca chng trnh. - Setcolor(m: word): t mu cho nt v vi mu c s hiu m. 4. Hot ng 4: Tm hiu mt s th vin khc. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh bit c tn v chc nng ca th vin: System, Dos, Printer. b. Ni dung: - Th vin System cha cc hm s cp v cc th tc vo/ra m cc chng trnh u dng ti. - Th vin Dos cha cc th tc cho php thc hin trc tip cc lnh nh to th mc, thit lp ngy, gi h thng. - Th vin Printer cung cp cc th tc lm vic vi my in. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu shc gio khoa, nu tn cc th vin.

1. Cc th vin: System, Dos, Printer.

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2. Yu cu hc sinh nu chc nng ca mi th vin.

2. Chc nng mi th vin: - System: Cha cc hm v th tc vo/ra s cp. - Dos: Cha cc th tc nh to th mc, ng m file ... - printer: Cha cc th tc lin quan n my in.

5. Hot ng 5: Rn luyn k nng lp trnh. a. Mc tiu: - Bpc u hc sinh s dng c cc th tc ca th vin graph vit chng trnh v mt s hnh c bn. b. Ni dung: - Vit chng trnh b 20 hnh trn lng nhau c ta tmm l im chnh gia ca mn hnh, cc hnh c bn knh cch nhau 5 im nh. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Gii thiu ni dung yu cu ln bng. nh hng cch gii quyt vn cho hc sinh. - Th tc v c mt hnh trn cs tm l im chnh gia mn hnh. - Cn bao nhiu lnh nh vy, dng cu trc no iu khin. 2. chia lp lm 3 nhm. 01 nhm vit chng trnh trn my. 02 nhm vit ln ba trong. - Thu phiu tr li. Chiu ln bng , gi hc sinh nhm khc nhn xt nh gi. Sa chng trnh hon chnh cho hc sinh vit trn my. 3. thc hin chng trnh trn my hc sinh thy c kt qu.

1. Quan st yu cu ca gio vin. Circle(x,y:integet;r:word); - Cn 20 lnh, nn dng cu trc For chng trnh ngn gn. 2. Tho lun theo nhm vit chng trnh ln giy ba trong. - Bo co kt qu vit c. - Nhn xt, nh gi v b sung thiu st ca cc nhm khc. 3. Quan st kt qu trn mn hnh.

IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Th vin chng tnh con cung cp nhng chng trnh con chun nhm m rng kh nng ng dng.
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- Khi ng ch ha. Chuyn t ch mn hnh hoa sang ch mn hnh vn bn. - Th tc v im, ng, hnh c bn: Hnh trn, hnh ch nht, hnh ellipse. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - c bi c thm 4: m thanh, sch gio khoa, trang 118.

Bi thc hnh 8 I. Mc tiu 1. kin thc: - Hc sinh bit c kh nng ha ca Pascal. 2. K nng: - S dng c cc th tc v ha vit c mt chng trnh n ginn. II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My vi tnh, t chc ti phng my. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Tm hiu mt s chng tnh Pascal. a. Mc tiu: - Bit c mt s th tc, suy lun c kt qu ca chng trnh. b. Ni dung: - Chng trnh v cc ng gp khc ngu nhin nh th tc Lineto, mi on c mt mu ngu nhin. V tr bt u v l tm ca mn hnh. Kt thc vic v bng cch nhn mt phm bt k. c. Cc bc tin hh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Gii thiu chng trnh cu a. 1. Quan st ni dung chng - Chiu ni dung chng trnh trnh. ln bng(sch gio khoa, trang 115). - Hi: Hm Detectinit c chc - Cho gi tr khc khng nu c nng g? li khi ng ha. - Chuyn con tr ha n - Th tc Moveto(getmaxx div v tr tm ca mn hnh. 2, getmaxy div 2) thc hin - V cc ng gp khc ngu cng vic g? nhin nh th tc Lineto, mi - Chng trnh ny thc hin on c mt mu ngu nhin. V
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cng vic g?

- Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu ca chng trnh ny. 2. Gii thiu chng trnh cu b, sch gio khoa trang 116. - Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu - V hnh ch nht vi nt v chng trnh v cho bit chc mu vng. nng ca chng trnh. - V ng trn mu xanh l cy, tam 450, 100 v bn knh - Thc hin chng trnh 50. hc sinh thy kt qu ca n. - Quan st kt qu thc hin - Yu cu hc sinh thay i Chng trnh v kim nghim mt s tham s v mu v, ta suy lun. v thc hin li chng trnh. - Thc hin yu cu ca gio vin. Thc hin chng trnh bit c ngha ca cc th tc v tham s ca n.

tr bt u v l tm ca mn hnh. Kt thc vic v bng cch nhn mt phm bt k. - Quan st gio vin thc hin v kim nghim suy lun. 2. Quan st ni dung chng trnh.

2. Hot ng 2: Rn luyn k nng x l ha. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh s dng c cc thrutc x l ha v cng thc i trc ta lp trnh v c th hm s. b. Ni dung: - Vit chng trnh v mt hnh vung c di cnh 100 v ta nh gc trn tri l 50, 50. c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Gii thiu ni dung bi ln bng. nh hng phng php gii quyt vn : - T im gc trn tri, dng th tc linerel(0,100) v on thng n nh gc di tri. Tng t nh vy, thc hin v hnh vung. 2. Yu cu hc sinh c lp vit chng trnh ln my. - Yu cu hc sinh thc hin

1. Quan st ni dung bi, theo di nh hng phn tch yu cu ca gio vin.

2. c lp son tho chng trnh vo my. - Thng bo hon thnh lp

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chng tnh thy kt qu. - Tip cn tng hc sinh hng dn sa cha cc sai st cho hc sinh.

trnh. - Thc hin chng trnh.

IV. nh gi cui bi 1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Cc th tc x l ha. 2. Cu hi v ba tp v nh. - Vit chng trnh con v hnh vung c di cnh l d v ta nh trn tri l (x,y).

n tp cui nm I. Mc tiu 1. Kin thc. - Nm c ton b kin thc hc t u nm hc. 2. K nng: - Vn dng c cc lnh v kiu d liu hc lp trnh gii cc ba ton mt cch trn vn. II. dng dy hc. 1. Chun b ca gio vin. - My chiu Projector. 2. Chun b ca hc sinh. - Sch gio khoa. III. Hot ng dy hc . 1. Hot ng 1: Nhc li kin thc c hc. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh nm chc tt c cc kin thc l thuyt c bn c hc t u nm n nay. b. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. t cu hi gip hc sinh 1. theo di cc cu hi ca gio nh li kin thc c hc. vin v suy ngh tr li. - K tn cc loi ngn ng lp - Ngn ng my. trnh. - Hp ng. - Ngn ng bc cao : Pasacl, c,... - Phn bit hai k thut bin - Bin dch: dch v thng dch. - Thng dch:
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- trnh by cc thnh phn ca - Bng ch ci, c php v ng mt ngn ng lp trnh. ngha. - Nu cu trc chung ca mt - Gm 2 phn: Phn khia bo chng trnh Pascal. Cho mt v v phn thn. d n gin. Program vd; Var i:integer; Begin; i:=5; Writeln(i); Readln; End. - K tn cc kiu d liu n - S nguyn, s thc, k t, gin hc, gii hn ca cc kiu logic. , cc php ton tng ng ca - Php ton s hc, php ton tng kiu v cc hm lin quan. quan h, php ton logic. - Biu thc s hc, biu thc quan h v biu thc logic. - Hm bnh phng, hm cn - Vit cu trc chung ca lnh bc hai, hm gi tr tuyt i, gn v chc nng ca lnh. hm sin, hm cos. - Tn bin:=biu thc; - Vit cu trc chung ca th - Dng tnh ton mt biu tc nhp/xut d liu. thc v gn gi tr cho mt bin. - Nu cu trc chung ca lnh - Th tc Read()/readln(); r nhnh. - Th tc Write()/writeln(); If <BTK> - Nu cu trc chung ca lnh then lp. <lnh1>else<lnh2>; For i:=gt1 to gt2 do<lnh>; - Cch khai bo kiu mng, While<btdk> do <lnh> khai bo bin kiu mng v tham - Type tnkiu = Array[cs1 .. chiu n tng phn t ca cs2] of kiu_phn_t; mng. - Var tnbin: tnkiu; - Tnbin[ch s] - Cch khai bo bin xu, tham - Var tnbin:string; chiu n tng k t ca xu, - Tnbinxu[ch s] cc hm v th tc lin quan n - Hm: length(st), upcase(ch), xu. copy( st,p,n). - Th tc: Delete(st,p,n), str(n,st), Var(st,n,m1), - Cch to kiu bn ghi, khai Insert(s1,s2,n); bo bin kiu bn ghi v tham - Type tnkiubnghi=record chiu n tng phn t ca bin tntrng i: kiudliu i; bn ghi. End;
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Var Tnbinbnghi:tnkiubnghi; - Tnbinbnghi.tntrng 2. Hot ng 2: rn luyn k nng vit chng trnh. a. Mc tiu: - Hc sinh s dng kin thc tng hp gii quyt c mt bi ton t ra. b. Ni dung: - Vit chng trnh nhp vo mt dy s gm N phn t nguyn dng. In ra mn hnh c s chung ln nht ca dy s . c. Cc bc tin hnh:
hng dn ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh

1. Gii thiu ni dung bi ln bng. ng hng phng php gii quyt. - Cc nhim v phi thc hin: Nhp mt dy s. Tm c s chung ln nht ca hai s. Tm c s chung ln nht ca N s v in kt qu ra mn hnh. 2. Chia lp lm 3 nhm. Nhm 1: Vit chng trnh con nhp gi tr cho mt mng. Nhm 2: Vit chng trnh con tm c s chung ln nht ca 2 s. Nhm 3: Vit chng trnh chnh khi c chng trnh con nhp mang v tm c s chung ln nht ca hai s. - Thu phiu hc tp, chiu ni dung ln bng. Gi hc sinh cc nhm nhn xt nh gi ln nhau. - Yu cu hc sinh ghp cc chng trnh con c chng trnh chnh. - Thc hin chng trnh ton lp thy c kt qu. IV. nh gi cui bi

1. Quan st ni dung bi v suy ngh phng php gii theo nh hng phn tch ca gio vin.

2. Tho lun theo nhm vit chng trnh ln giy ba trong. - Thng bo kt qu cho gio vin khi hon thnh.

- Nhn xt, nh gi v b sung nhng thiu st ca nhm khc. - Tho lun ghp chng trnh. - Quan st thy kt qu ca bi tp.

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1. Nhng ni dung hc. - Khi nim v ngn ng lp trnh v ngn ng lp trnh Pascal. - Chng trnh Turbo Pascal n gin. - T chc r nhnh v lp. - Kiu d liu c cu trc. - kiu tp v cc thao tc x l trn tp. - Chng trnh con. - lp trnh x l ha v m thanh. 2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh. - Chun b kin thc cho tit sau kim tra cui nm: Xem li ton b cc kin thc n tp.

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