Presented By:Nirupama Kar PGT Physics Kendriya Vidyalaya No.

1 Bhubaneswar (Resource Person)

 Introduction  The causes of oscillation  Relation between SHM & Uniform Oscillation  Kinematics of SHM  Force & Energy in SHM  Basic differential equation of SHM  Method of finding time period of SHM  Combinations of SHM( Lissajous Figures )  Forced & Damped Oscillation

A particle has oscillatory (vibrational) motion then it moves periodically about stable equilibrium position. When particle is moved away from the equilibrium position and released, a force comes into play to pull it back towards equilibrium position. But by that time it has picked up some kinetic energy and over source, sopping somewhere on the other side and is again pulled back towards equilibrium. The most important oscillatory motion is called Simple
Harmonic Motion (SHM).

Consider a particle free to move on x-axis, is being acted upon a force given by:-

F=-kxn
Here k is a positive constant

(i) For n = Even integer (motion is not oscillatory), Force is always along negative x-axis. (ii) For n = Odd integer (motion is oscillatory), Force is Negative x-axis for x>0 Positive x-axis for x<0 Equal to 0 for x=0 (iii) For n = 1 (motion is SHM)

 The red ball moving in a circle at constant speed projects simple harmonic motion on the blue ball. Remember from circular motion that v = 2 r/T Heres the tricky bit = angular frequency (# of radians per second) = 2 /T so v = 2 r/T or v = r

 x (displacement)= rcos = rcos t, = t Remember, ac = v2/r. We just found that v = r . So, ac = (r )2/r = 2r ax = - 2r cos t and we just showed that rcos t = x so ax = - 2x Acceleration is always directed towards the rest position (hence sign) and independent of time.

In SHM acceleration is given by:a=- 2x Applying the equation of motion F=ma We have: = k/m k=force constant
K=Kinetic Energy U=Potential Energy Total Energy(E) =

The simple pendulum is another example of simple harmonic motion The force is the component of the weight tangent to the path of motion Ft = - m g sin a.k.a. restoring force Using Newton's second law: F = m a = - m g sin Assumption: is small < 15o then; sin ~ tan = x/L

 recall : 4T 2 x x ! g a !  2 T L L T ! 2T g

x ma !  mg L x a ! g L

4T 2 x a !  2 T

Some exercise questions( also Reduced mass) to be discussed in class.

Fnet=kxbv ma+kx+bv=0 For small damping constant b, the solution of this differential equation yields : x=A0ebt/2msin( bt+ ) The amplitude of the oscillation is a decreasing function in time, which tends to become zero : A=A0e bt /2m

FORCED: When a body oscillates under the influence of an external periodic force, not with its own natural frequency but with the frequency of the external periodic force, its oscillations are said to be forced oscillations. RESONANCE: It is a particular case of forced oscillations in which the frequency of the driving force is equal to the natural frequency of the oscillator itself and the amplitude of oscillations is very large.

THANK YOU