SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME

SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING MASTERS DEGREE IN ASTRONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

LES OF COMBUSTION IN SUPERSONIC REGIME FOR SCRJ APPLICATIONS

SUPERVISOR Prof. Claudio Bruno ASSISTANT SUPERVISOR Ph.D Antonella Ingenito Ph.D Donato Cecere Academic Year 2009/2010

STUDENT Luigi Romagnosi

Goals of thesis
The analysis of mechanisms of vorticity and turbolent production in the field with the ultimate goal to optimize the mixing and anchor the supersonic flame Validation of results using measurments from the HyShot project [Rif. Report on the Hyshot Scramjet Experiments in the T4 Shock Tunnel, M. Frost, A. Paull, H. Alesi]

X-51 A Waverider

New concept space launcher

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Contents
Introduction - Ramjet Scramjet - How SCRJ model engine works - HyShot scramjet program

Numerical approach
- Mathematical model and simulation set-up - Closure models (SGS / EDC) - Numerical scheme (Weno35)

Simulation results
- Description of the fluid dynamic field - Study of the vorticity production and diffusion terms - Combustion analysis Conclusions and future developments
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Why studying SCRAMJET?

SCRAMJET = Supersonic Combustion RAMJET RAMJET is the evolution of the turbojet which, based on the idea of Ren Lorin (1913), have no rotating parts. The absence of compressor and turbine allows higher temperature in the combustion chamber. RAMJET SCRAMJET RAMJET limits: C.C works in the subsonic conditions sharp slowdown of the flow in the air intake high temperature in the C.C limit on the maximum flight speed (M 5) Solution: keep a supersonic flow in the combustion chamber (SCRJ)

How a SCRJ model engine works

Air intake

Combustion chamber

Future: advantages: High flight speed (M=6-12) No need for carrying oxidizer on board: SCRJ uses air (for new concept launcher) Drawbacks:
Thrust plate

Must be accelerated up to M=6 Low residence time in c.c.(10 -3 10 -4 s) mixing is critical

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HyShot scramjet program

HyShot is a research project developed at the University of Queensland Centre for Hypersonics (UQ) in order to demonstrate the feasibility of supersonic combustion via flight tests (jointly with US and UK) Trajectory data:
1st stage (Terrier) tburnout = 6.4 s V = 4000 km/h h = 3.7 km 2nd stage (Orion) tburnout = 27 s V = 8300 km/h h = 56 km Apogee: h = 314 km Test Fuel: H2 tinjection = 6 s h = 35 - 23 km M = 7.6 7.4
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Mission profile:

Simulation of HyShot combustion chamber

305 mm x 100 mm

300 mm x 75 mm x 9.8 mm

200 mm x 75 mm

Simulation Data from UQ ground testing in the T4 SWT (h = 28 km ; AOA = 0):

= 0.426 Pressure [Pa] Mach Density [kg/m3] Temperature [K] Sound speed [m/s] Air 82110 2.79 0.2358 1229 682.9 Hydrogen 307340 1 0.3020 250 1204.4

Flow speed [m/s]

1905.291

1204.4

Mathematical model and simulation set-up

Reactive N-S:

No. nodes = 50106 (448 x 128 x 878)

Species transport equations: Eqn of state:

Solver: Explicit and compressible Method: Finite difference (placed variables) Numerical scheme: Runge-Kutta 3rd order (time integration) Hybrid: Finite differences 4th order - WENO35 (spatial integration) SGS Model: Fractal Riemann problem solver: HLLC/HLLE Boundary conditions: NSCBC (Navier-Stokes Characteristic Boundary Condition) Kinetic scheme: 9 involved species and 37 chemical reactions
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SGS (SubGrid Scale) closure models

Fractal nature of turbulence:
Hp: large Re inertial range below
(eddy viscosity) with

Combustion model (EDC):

V* = *V

fine structures
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WENO35 numerical scheme

WENO (Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory) is the evolution of a scheme introduced for the first time in 1987, developed by Harten, Osher, Engquist and Chakravarthy. WENO35 has third order accuracy where the variables are discontinuous, and fifth order where smooth.
with

(candidate stencils for the reconstruction)

Case: r = 3 (5 cells) Lagrange polynomials:

Accuracy: 2r-1 (smooth) r (not smooth)

with

If the solution is smooth in all Sk:

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WENO35 validation
PROGRESSIVE WAVE

REGRESSIVE WAVE

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Simulation results (1/2)

900 m/s

Barrel shock Mach disk

H2 expands and (vorticity generated by baroclinic effect)

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Simulation results (2/2)

M=2.40.6

T=250310 K

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Study of (vorticity)
Vorticity transport equation:

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Baroclinic term (1/3)

It is the only true source term of vorticity (as is not a function of )

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Baroclinic term (2/3)

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Baroclinic term (3/3)

3
2 1

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Vortex Stretching (1/2)

The vortex stretching promotes the turbulence energy cascade through the combined effect of stretching and tilting:
For example, to simplify matters: Incompressible fluid div(u)=0

Rigid rotation does not contribute to vortex stretching

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Vortex Stretching (2/2)

UZ = 200 - 1800 m/s

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Compressibility term (1/2)

Compressibility plays a dual role: I. Reduces molecular mean free path shortens chemical time II. Increases molecular collisions lower species interdiffusion (important for diffusion flames)

Mean free path:

Reaction rate [kg/m3s]:

k = ATb e EA/RT (Arrheniuss kinetic theory)

Kelvins Theorem: A = cost L (Compressible fluid) L (Incompressible fluid)

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Compressibility term (2/2)

div(u)<0

div(u)>0
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Viscous terms (1/3)

Viscous terms are f(), diffuse vorticity and create small-scale vortices close to the wall.
Dimensionaless form of vorticity equation: with NB: If Re 1 then VISCOUS FORCES INERTIAL FORCES temperature rise Re 1

wall friction

chemical reactions u flow slows down close to the wall

Linked to the second Lighter particles are subjected Vortices directed in a general direction derivatives of the decelerations due to to greater are redirected along a definite vorticity. It produces stress. It produces viscous direction when subjected to viscous vorticity in opposition to opposition to the vorticity in gradients in the other two directions the vortex stretching baroclinic term
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Viscous terms (2/3)

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Viscous terms (3/3)

VS

Boundary layer separation at z = 53 mm caused by p=8000 Pa in ~1 mm

COMPETITION BETWEEN MASTER-SLAVE VORTICES

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Vorticity and Mixing (1/3)

= 105 106 Hz Vt = 1000 m/s d = 2 mm = 10-5 Pas Re = 60000 = 500000 rad/s K = LRe-3/4 0.5 m t = TRe-1/2 50 ns tm

DIFFUSION FLAME???

= 0.3 kg/m3

NOTE: NO KOLMOGOROV BUT FM (COMPRESSIBILITY)

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Vorticity and Mixing (2/3)

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 = 80000 300000 rounds per second

H2 core very cool (T=250 k) heating and consumption from the outside Redistribution of H2 along the walls (tilting of spanwise vorticity) increase in heat transfer surface air/wall-H2
Competition between master slave vortices instability of flame surface in favor of mixing

Vorticity and Mixing (3/3)

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Main chemical species

YOH 1.5 %

YH2 0.2 %

YH2O 10 %

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Simulation: validation
AIR INTAKE THRUST PLATE

COMBUSTION CHAMBER

no. 16 pressure transducers spaced 13 mm apart. The first is located 9 cm downstream of the combustor chamber entrance.

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Conclusions
The LES simulation of the HyShot II combustion chamber highlights some interesting aspects:
this simulation predicts complete combustion in supersonic regime (flame anchors already 2 cm upstream of the injectors) crossflow injection allows rapid fuel-oxidant mixing; the baroclinic effect caused by the expansion of the H2 jet produces high energy vortical structures

the baroclinic contribution is of the same order of magnitude of the vortex stretching and compressibility terms (1010 rad/s2).
the hydrogen low density contributes to the production of vorticity (B is inversely proportional to the square of ) combustion efficiency is very high (only 0.2% of the total mass at the combustion chamber exit is H2)
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Future developments
Target: Looking for the right balance between mixing and thrust produced

How much fuel injected affects vorticity production (for example, kerosene: RP-1 800 kg/m3 vs H2 0.09 kg/m3)
What is the thrust contribution by fuel momentum (for example, vary the angle and the injection pressure) How much the injector geometry affects the mixing (fluid jet destabilization, injecting from slits)

What is the increase of entropy in different configurations (search for the optimum set-up that gives minimum S). This simulation shows a S of about 37/mol K through the combustion chamber
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