, ,

(ARC)
,
,
.
,
NEMO (
II) .
.
2009

DDC
294.337
B-435

,
. ,
,
.
The Alliance of Religions and Conservation, The House, Kelston Park, Bath BA1 9AE,
UK, or email to info@arcworld.org
:
:
. .


ISBN: 978-99929-962-0

...................

: , , ..............

1: ............................................ 9
2:
....................................14
3:
................. 22
4: ...........................................................25
5: ...............27
:
:
:

.........................................

31

....................................................

42

......................................................

58

1.

.....

58

..................................

61

..........................................

62

4. ............

64

5.

69

2.
3.

..............

:
,
. .

.
.
, ,

. .
1996 1
,
. 1.3
,
.
1990
,
,
,

, ,
.


.

.

,
.
. ,
,
,

. ,

.


,
1 , , 2002 (77-82)

, .
.



. /ARC-
.
R- , TF-
, , ,

,
.
. ,

(NEMO)- .

.

.
140
2.5 .
,
. 2005
N

.

.


.
ARC, ,

(
)
.

. 2005 50
40
, ,
. 2006
50 ,
.

.
.
.

.
.
. .

,
, ,
,
.

.
,
.
.
,


.
,
,

.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.

-
.

XIII XX
. I
2
. 1920 1990 70
1930-
,
.

.
1992
,
. 1.5
. 40
4/10 6
, .


.
2005 157 ,
70 , 7 , 6
2349 , 223 , 349
6 .
1
.
5000 , 2400

.
. 27
150 , .


.

10

4 .
. ,
.


.
.
(1162-1227)

. XIII
.
,
, ,
.
100000
.
120000 .
1000000 30000
.

, . VI
. ,
,

.
.
, , , ,
.
,
. ,
.

.
. ,
, , , , .

.

11

. .


.
.
, , , , , ,
, . ,
, ,
.

.

.
.

.

, ,
. :
,

.
. ,
.

.
,

.
,
.

.

12

XX

XX 1000 .
.
, ,

. 1921
,
,
. 1937 1944

.
. 40000
10
,
. ,
. 1944

.
.

. 1960 ,

. 1970
.
1990
.
200
.
,

.

XXI

.

.

.
.

.

.
.

13

. .

, .

.
, ,
( )

.


.

1990 .

. .
1. . 36 .
2. . , ,
, , .
, .

.
.
. .
.
. 1990 ( )
,

. 21
.

.
.

2001 . 14 .
.
.

14

.
XIV
,
.
, ,
. ,
. , ,
, .
.
. 2002 ARC-
.
.

. .

.
,
.
. ,
.

.
, , ,
,
.

.

.
, ,
.

. .
.

15

.
,
.

.
.
: ,
.
.
.

. .
.

.
. ,
.
,
.

.
,
.
.
.

.
.
. .

.

.
:
, ,
.


.
.
.
2 , ( 64-8),
( 81-2)

16

,
,
,

. :

.

.


.




. .


.

.
.

.
. ,
.
, .
, , ,
, ,
.


.



.

3 ( 27-30)

17

, ,
. .
.
,
, , .
,
.

,
, .
.
,
.

. :
,
, , ,
,
.
.


.

18

. XIII



600 280
.
.
.
,
, ,
, , ,

,

4.
:
.

.
,
.5

, , ,
, .

.
- .
.

.
. 2008


.
, .

4 : IV
, ,
.
5 . ( 24-5)

19

,
. , ,

.
:
1. (
.)
2. (
.)
3. ,

20

, , , , , ,
, (
,
.)
4. (
.

.)
5.
6. (
.)

, .

.

.
.

. .

,
, . 1240 ( )

. XVIII
. ,
. ,

. ,
6.

. 1996 16
3- UNESCO- .

. 1778
. 3000

. 1750
.

6 , ( 59-64, 72)

21

1.2

95500
3 .

.

, , ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
, , .8

.
80
.9
.
,
, .

.
,
.

.

. .



.

.

.

.
7 http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/936/
8 , ( 51-3)
9 Monkhsaikhan, D. (pp 44-8); Northern Buddhist Conference on Ecology and Development (pp 55-8)

22

,
.
,
. 20
. ,
. 70
.
.
,
. .
.
. . 1999
, (WWF)-


.
.
,

.

. 1999
.
WWF-


.

. :

23

,
.

. WWF ARC
. .
. .

.
,
.


. ,
.
.
,
.10

.

,
,
.
.
,


.

.

2005
,
.
250 ,
,
. , , , ,
, ,
, WWF, ARC .
10 . M ( 44-8); ,
( 55-8)

24

.
ARC- ARC . ,
. ARC-
. www.buddhistecology.org 11
2008 TF-
. TF
2004 .
21 50 ,

. .


. (
.)

11 http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/UB_conference.pdf

25

. :


N
.


.
.
2007

.
,

. .

, , ,
.
2009 ARC-
, ,
,
.
.
.
2008 2005


. 6
,
.
.


.
.

26

.
.




.
.

.
.
.

.
,
.
.
,

.
.

2008 10 .
.
,
( , ,
), , ,
, , ,
,
ARC/- .
www.arcworld.org . 2009
11

.
.

27

,
.
,

. ,
.

.

.

, ,
.
. ( ) .

(Venerable)
(Your Eminence)
. .
.
,
. .

.

.
. .

.

28

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.

, .
. .

.
.
.
.

. .

.
.


, ,
.
.


.

.

.

.

29

. ,

.

.


.
. ,
.
.
.

. . ,
, , .
.
.

.

.
. , ,
.
.
.
.
.

.

. .
.

.



. ,
, .
.
.
. ,

30

.
,
.
.

.
.
, .
.

31

:

,
.

1.

850 ,
.
.

ARC,

.


.
.
, .
70
. ,
.
.
.
,
.
.

.
.

1.

2000
WWF, ARC-

,

.

32

. 2001
(
),
.
2. :
2001, 2001, ,
2004
3. ,
.
4. . ARC, WWF-
.
5. , .
6. .
7. .

.
, .
( 4 1 )
8.
.
9.
.
. N
.
.
11. , , , .
12.
, , ,
.
.


1838 .

.
5000 , ,
, .

33

. 1938
1944

.
, ,
, ,
, ,
.

.
,

.
1912 26.5
.

. 1996
.
1990
.


, .
21
1969
.

.
: +976-11-360337 : +976-11-360354 : +976-99834099
: mbcgandan@magicnet.mn, munkhbaatar_mgl@yahoo.com.
: +976-11-300974 : +976-11-360354 : +97699117415 : byambajav@gandan.mn.

2. ARC, ,

.
6 . 62 1000
1939

34

. 1990-
.
.
30 .
Erdene Zuu Endeavor (EZE) , ,
. EZE 2005
. ARC,
, .
1.
2005 30

.
2.

.

.

.
2005 4 7 50 UNESCO-
40
,
, . 2006
50 ,
.
.


, ,
,
.
3.
, .
,
.
. 2000
.
. 2007
800 ,
.

.

35

4.
.
,

. ARC-
,
.

. : +976-99097711 :
baasansuren@erdenezuu.mn.
5.
,
. EZE-

.

.


.
.

. .
6.
,



.

, . :
+976-99097711 : baasansuren@erdenezuu.mn.

3. N

2005 10 140
N

. 2.5

70 .

36

N

.
,
,
.


.
,

.
.
,
,

,

.
,
.
1996 16 , 8 .
1996 2003 .


,
. ,

. ,

. .

.

. ,
. .
:
. . : +976-121-22578 : +976-99110461 : Buddhist_mng@yahoo.com. .

37

4.

. .
80
. .
,

.

. 2005
1000 , 1000 , 2007
1000 .
,
.
,
, .
.

. , ,

.
.
.

. .
.

.
1990 100 .
, ,
. 1998
. ,
, , , .
:
. : +97611-352006.

38

5.

. 60
. 2002
- ,
, .

.
2003 ARC, WWF-
. (
.)
. 2004
ARC- WWF-
.


.
- . ,
.


. (
). 1726
. 1930-

.
1990 .

6.

.
100 . 2003

, ,
,

.

. .
.

39

,
.


. Meo - 25000


.

1820 , ,
.

, , ,
. 4 , 1
, 80 , 500 .

. 108
.

. 1938 1990
.
-
, , ,
.

7.

,
(1639-1704)
,
. , ,
.
.
,
. 1990


.
2005

.
100
.

40

2006
.
14 .


. ,
.
.
.

. :
.
.
,
.
,
.

.
. ,
2004
.

. 2002
DRA- .
20
2003 85000 .

bayangreen@yahoo.com. : +976-99449889
8.

1818 . 1990
17 .
ARC- .
, , ,
, , , ,
.
ARC/WWF-

.

41

.
:
: +976-014541260
9.



12.
.
10.

.
. .
.

. .

42

:
,
:

1.

.
2006

.
.

,
, , .

. , ,
, .

.

.
, , ,
.
1- ,
,

.
GEF-
. ,

5 12
- .

.

(NEMO):

2005
.
6 NEMO
. 2006
5
2007

43

. , (2008
), ,
20072010 NEMO 2
,
.
NEMO , , -
.
,
( ) ,
,
.

. : ,

. .
www.worldbank.org/nemo

.



. .

,
. ARC,
WWF .
:


. .

ARC, WWF- .
.

.
5
GEF-
- .
, , ,
, .

44

,
.


,

. ,

.
.
,
, 1992
UNESCO-
.
2005 ,
. .
:
,
.
.

.
.

ARC-
.
:
, MCS , 5 . -4, -210644.
: . : +976-11-312-647 207. : +97611-312-645 : sjamba@worldbank.org

2. (ARC)

ARC , ,

. ARC
.

. ,

.

45

WWF- 1995
.
, , , , , , , , , ,
11
. ARC 1996
.
. ARC-
. 2000
.
www.worldbank.org/faithsandenvironment
.
ARC- .
1. -
,
,
,
, WWF, .
.
.
(2006),
(2006) .
2.
ARC-
. ,
,

. 2004 . WWF .
3.

.
-
.
4.
2004

.
,
.

46

5.
WWF-
.
6.
WWF-
.
,
.
7.
2005 ,
. (
) TTF-
.
.

ARC, The House, Kelston Park, Bath, BA1 9AE, UK; : +44 (0)1225 758 004
: +44 (0)1225 442 962 : www.arcworld.org : info@
arcworld.org

3. (WWF)

1992 .


. ,
, UNDP ( ),
(GTZ)
. ,
, . WWF
, , , , ,
, , ,

. 2000 WWF

R, . R-
.
, ,


.
.
. WWF, RC-

47

,
.
, 2000
. 2001
.

WWF- . A -4, 8- ,
, , : : info@wwf.mn : www.
wwf.mn/english/index-e.htm : . -. :
chimed@wwf.mn www.wwf.mn/english/wwf-contact-us.htm
.

4. (ADRA)

, , ,
, .


.

(ADRA-) : +976-11-315730,
311970 : www.adra.org.mn. : director@adra.org.mn

5.

1990

. ,
. 2006 ,
, ,

.

, ,
.
,

.
,
, .
.

48

.

.

.

, -18, 1003,
13, . : +976-11-323413, 330524 : +976-11311497 : .
: general@asiafound.mn. : www.asiafoundation.org

6.

1991 .
, , , , ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
.

-. MCS 2 , 4,
46, . : + 976-11-329836, : +976-11-311795.
: adbmnrm@adb.org. : www.adb.org/MNRM.
: A

7.Tributery Fund (TTF)

2004 . ,
.

. TF
, ,
, ,
.


.

. World Bank/IFC- GEF- 1
.
, .

49

. (TTF),


. .

. 13
5
. 8


.
.
. 10
.
.

. ,
.
. ,
, .
2006 146 2008 92 .
2008 10
. ,
, , , ,
.
:
The Tributary Fund, P.O. Box 608, Bozeman, Montana 59715, USA. Tel; 406-5855560; www.thetributaryfund.org. Executive Director: Betsy Gaines Quammen. E-mail:
betsy@thetributaryfund.org. . : . . :
+976-11-325601 : chimgee@taimen.org, info@taimen.org :
www.taimen.org

8.

, ,



.

USAID/Ulaanbaatar, PSC 461, Box 300; FPO AP 96521-0002. : +976-11312390 Desk Officer: Calista Downey. : (202) 712-1002; : cdowney@
usaid.gov. : www.usaid.gov

50

9.

2003
, ,

. 20 , 400
ARC, WWF, ,
. 2006
,
. ,
,

.
, ,

. 2007



.

. : +976-99759896

10.

.
, (NEMO),
, ,
100 . 2006
,
.

,
.
.


. N
. :
, .

.

51

. ,
JAICA-
.

. 2 .
52, , . : +976-51-263341
: +976-11-321401 : mne@mongol.net

11.

2003, 2004
. 2004 4100 , , ,
720
120 . 9
Nike .
.

.

12.

2006 , ( )
.
,
,
. 2003, 2004 WWF-
.

52

:
:

1.

1975 (1935-84) ,
, ,

. 141 31
, , . 1999


,
. ,
, ,
.

,

.
.
,

,
.

. 4-
.
14 .
:


,
.
,
.
WWF-
.

, .

.

53

:
. 219.
13. : +11-321580 : +99114428 : +11-314115 :
center@fpmtmongolia.mn. :
. 562. .
: (1372) 28856, goldenlight@mongol.net. :

. 219. : +11-330463 : +11-314115 :
khulan@fpmtmongolia.mn. :

2.

2002

. 1995 14

.
.
, , , ,

.

.
.
-
.
,
.

.
.
:
. 467. 23.
. : +976-11-304838 : +976-11-304898 : jampaling_
asral@yahoo.com. www.jampaling.org/mongolia.html. www.madeinmongolia.net.
.

54

3.

1985
,
. ,
, 1990
.
1993
,
,
.
2004 2008
,
.
:
Tibet Foundation, 2 St. Jamess Market, London, SW1Y 4SB, UK. : +44 (0)
20 7930 6001 : office@tibet-foundation.org. : www.tibetfoundation.org
. : +976-99196587
: phuntsogtsering@yahoo.com

4.

2004
. ,

.

.
:
. . 3 . . .
/Fax: +976-317983, : tilopa_mon@yahoo.de.
: www.webmongolia.com/jan.

55

1.1

1.2

56

1.3

57

1.4

1.5

58

:
1:

.


.

.



.



.

,

.



XVI

.



.

.

XVI .

, .



.



.

, ,

.

, ,

,



.







.
253 .

.

.



.

.
36 .

.

.

59

60

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
, ,
.
, . ,
.
.
.
.

.
.
, ,
.
, .
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
,
.
,
, .
.
(1635-1723)
,
.

.

ABE

Association of Buddhists for the Environment

ADB

Asian Development Bank

ADRA

Adventist Development and Relief Agency

ARC

Alliance of Religions and Conservation

BEAD

Buddhist Environment and Development

CAFOD

Catholic Fund for Overseas Development

CEO

Chief Executive Officer

EZE

Erdene Zuu Endeavor

FPMT

Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition

GTZ

German Agency for Technical Cooperation

JAICA

Japan International Cooperation Agency

MNET

Ministry of Nature and Environment

NEMO

World Banks Netherlands-Mongolia Trust Fund

for the Environmental Reform

NGO

Non-Governmental Organisation

PCF

Processed-chlorine-free (paper)

TTF

The Tributary Fund

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

US

United States

USAID

United States Agency for International Development

WWF

Worldwide Fund for Nature

61

2: :
90 2005
2/3 . 2005 3000
2.3
. 1.7
37 . 2003 223 ,
49 , 6 .
.
.
1 . , 77
, 20
.

2005 2004 12.7

5.6 .
20 , 35 ,
35 , 10
. 2.1
2.4 . 44 , 3
, 2 51
.
,

.

62

2:



(1635-1723)

.
,

, ,

.
(2-9- ):

.
. 8

. 9
.

5 16
. 1927-1941
.
1990
.

. .

. 2000
2003 86 .

.
,
.

.
.
.

63

,

-
-
- .
1959 .
1991
.
-
.

. .
.

.
- .
. 1979
7 . 2003, 2006
.
- . 1970



. 1999
.

64

3:

600 :

1. ( )

1. ()
2. ()
3. ()

2. ( )

1. (13 , )
2. ()
3. ()
4. ( 30)
5. ( 50)
6. (, , )
7.
8.
9.
10. , ( ; -,
)
11.
()

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

3.

()
()
, ()
(o)
, , ()
()
()
()

65

9. , , ()
10. , ()
11. , , ()
12. - ()
13. , , ().
14. (-)
15. ()
16. ( )
( )
( , )
()
17. (-A)
18. , , ()
19.
20. ()
21. ( ),
()

66

5:

67

...................................................................

I. 7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

.....................................

....................................................................
.............................................................................
, .....................
.....................................................................................
..........................
, Eco-twinnings ..................
...........................................................................

II. ?

......................................................................................

III.
IV.

7
8
12
16
19
22
24
26
28

.............................................................

29

...............................................................................................................

30

2008 .
.
ARC- www.
arcworld.org .

68

,
(ARC) ,

ARC ,

.


,
.


.
1986

,
. ARC

.
RC


.

69

ARC-UN- 8
( ARC )
,
1995 . ARC
,
.



.
www.arcworld.org .

, ,

. ,
, ,
. ,
.
, , ,

. ,
, ,
()-
.
?

,

.
.

, .
,
.
, .
,
:
, ,
, , ,
,
,
.

,
, ,

.

70


I. 7
7 .
. ,
, ,

.

, .
1. - , ,
,
2. - ,
, ,
3. - , ,
,

4.
5.
6. , eco-twinning (
),
/ /
7.

1.

)
,
? :
?
, ?
,
.
.

,
, .


. 2006 ARC

. 10

. ,
()
.
)
,

71


? ,
?
15
.
, 1991 ,
, ,
.
, 75
. .

5000 .


.

.
)
?
, ,
, ,
? ?
,
?


.
e-coli 12 .
4 e-coli
.
.
)
,
, , , , ,
, , ,

?
.

? ,
,
?
) , ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
,

72


,
? ,

.

.
.
40000 ( 1000
. )


.
,
?
)

30
.
.
?
27

.
5.3 5
.
,
.



.
, - ,
, ,
.
www.eclof.org .

2.

50
, .
)
,
?
, ?

73



? , ,
?

,
.

. 2005 40
,
, , .
2006

.

.

.

. 2008 4- 7-13
.
2
, , ,


.

.
?
)
,
? ,
,
? ?
)
,
? , , ?
?


.

.
)


?

74


2007
, ,
.

.
2000
.

.

,
.
.
?
,
.
)

, ?
,
- , ,
.
, ,
.
140
200 2500

, . 2005
-
-

.
,

,
.
-
1980-
.

,
, ,

.

3. - ,
,
.

75


)

, ?

?
)
, ?
, ?

?

?
) ,
, ,
, ,
,
?
)
,
? :
-- ,
, ,
.

. ,

,

.
,
.
, ,
,

. :

.
)

, ?
?
)
,
?
, ,

76


?
?
)
.
, ,
?

.
: ,
,
. ,
.
.
.

4.

)
,
,
,
, ?

, ?
.
)

? ?
?
.
,
.
,


.

?


.
,
.
) ,
, ,
.

77


.
,
.


. 1986-2001
3.2- 1.2 .
)

.
,
?
?
,
? ?
)

?

. 2004 Tuv HaAretz
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
, , ,
. 2008 8, 1 Tuv HaAretz .
.

?
2000 -

.
. 34 ( )


. 66

, .

.

5.

) ?

78



? , ,
?
, ?
, ,
?
)
?
?

?
)

.
, ,
,
?
)
,
( , , , )
, ,
?
?
2002 ARC,

.

.

.
12 ,
.
,
.

.

)
,
, ,

? , ?

?
ARC ,

79



.

.
,
ARC-
, .
6. , eco-twinning (
),

A)

?
?

.

,
,
.

.
,
,
.
.
-
ARC
EMF- --
.
)

?

. , ,
, ,
.
,
, .
, .


.
,
.
?

80

)
,

.
.
?

?
, ?

?
?
7.
)

?
Tu BShabat
,
.

Tisha BAv
.
)


.
)

.
.

, , .

, , , ,
.

. ,
.

.
1987

.

81


.

.
, ,
. 1993
1000 .
)

. ,
, , ,
.
, , -
, .
II. ?

.

.

.
, .
. ,
, . ,

,
, .
,
?
? 2009 7
.


,
. ,
. 2009 11
,
.
.
III.
The Alliance of Religions and Conservation (ARC)
The House, Kelston Park, Bath
BA1 9AE, United Kingdom
Tel: 01225 758004
E-mail: info@arcworld.org
Website: www.arcworld.org

82

Hind, B., (2000). The Revival of Buddhism in Mongolia at http://www.chezpaul.org.uk/

buddhism/mirror/mfn/mongolia/
Monkhsaikhan, D. (Ed.), (2004). Sutras for the Worship of Sacred Sites, Ulaanbaatar: Alliance
of Religion and Conservation, World Bank & World Wide Fund for Nature.
Moses, L. W., (1977). The political role of Mongol Buddhism, Indiana University Uraliac Altaic
series, Vol. 133, Bloomington: Asian Studies Research Institute.
Northern Buddhist Conference on Ecology and Conservation, Ulaanbaatar, (2005). Ulaanbaatar:
Alliance for Religions and Conservation
Palmer, M. and V. Finlay (2003). Faith in Conservation: New Approaches to Religions and the
Environment, Washington, D.C.: World Bank
Sukhbaatar, O. (2002). Sacred sites of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar: World Wide Fund for Nature
& Alliance of Religion and Conservation
Thrift, E, & G. Verboom (Eds) (2005). Northern Buddhist Conference on Ecology and
Conservation, Ulaanbaatar, Ulaanbaatar: Alliance of Religions and Conservation
Verboom, G., A History of Religion in Mongolia at www.mongoluls.net/mongolian-religion/
monrelihis.shtml
World Bank (2006). Faiths and the Environment: World Bank Support 2000-05, Washington,
D.C.: World Bank
Worden, R. L. & A. M. Savada (eds.) (1989). Mongolia A country study, Washington D.C.:
Library of Congress at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mntoc.html

83

:
ARC-
(2006), (2006)
5
,
.

:
2004 ,
,
.

, ,
. 2006
,
.
:
, .
(ARC)
. ARC
.
2002
. 2008
TTF-

.

.
:
2000
.

84

:
.
1998-2002, 2003-2004

. 2006 XIV

.

.
:

.
2001
,
.
. :

.
.

85

86