COMMUNICATIONS

AND NETWORKS

Communications

The process of sharing data, programs, and information between two or more computers

Communications Today
Numerous applications depend on communication systemsE-mail, Instant messaging (IM), Internet telephone, and Electronic commerce Connectivity uses computer networks to link people and resources Going wireless has been the most dramatic change

Communication Systems
Four basic elements
Sending and receiving devices Communication channel Connection devices Data transmission specifications

Connection Device Signals

Types of signals
Analog Digital

Communication Channels
Channels carry data from one computer to another Two categories of communication channels
Physical connection
Wireless connection

Physical Connections
Telephone lines

Coaxial cable

Fiber-optic cable

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Wireless Connections
Infrared, Broadcast Radio, Microwave

Infrared Broadcast radio

Wi-FI (wireless fidelity)/802.11

Microwave
Stations Bluetooth

Microwave dish

Wireless Connections - Satellites

Satellite
Uplink/Downlink Global Positioning System

Global positioning
Network of 24 satellites Owned by the Defense Department

Global positioning system (GPS)

Devices used to determine location Provides navigational support

Connection Device Types

Types of modems
External
Internal PC Card Wireless

Multiplexers
Frequency Division Multiplexing

 Time Division Multiplexing

Connection Services
Dial-Up services Leased lines T1, T2, T3 and T4 Digital subscriber line (DSL)
Uses existing phone lines One type widely used is ADSL

Cable modems
Uses existing TV cable Provides speeds as fast as DSL at a lower cost

Satellite/air connection services

Seven times faster than dial-up Slower than DSL & cable modem

Bandwidth
Measurement of the capacity of the channel Categories
Low bandwidths or Voiceband Medium band Broadband
Used for high capacity transmission Used by DSL, cable, and satellite

Protocols
Set of communication rules Standard for Internet: TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol)
Identifies devices Reformats information

Networks
A computer network is a communication system Connects two or more computers Allows information exchange

Network Terms
Computer Networks Connect Computers
Node Client Server Hub Network interface cards (NIC) Network operating system (NOS) Distributed processing Host computer Network manager

Network Types
Local area networks Home networks
WLAN

Metropolitan area networks Wide area networks

Network Architecture
Architecture describes how a network is arranged Arrangement is called topology Types of network topology
Star Bus Ring Hierarchical

Star Network
Smaller computers linked to a central unit Central unit is called the network hub Control is maintained by polling

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Bus Network
Each device handles its own communication control There is no host computer Has a common connecting cable called a backbone

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Ring Network
Each device is connected to two other devices No central file server or computer Useful in a decentralized environment

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Hierarchical Network
Several computers linked to a central host Computers are hosts to other computers Useful in centralized organizations

Strategies
Strategy is a way of coordinating the sharing of information and resources Common network strategies
Terminal Client/server Peer-to-peer

 Intranets

Internets and Extranets

Private network within an organization Provides information to employees

Extranets
Private network that connects organizations Used to allow suppliers and others access

Firewalls
Security system Protects against external threats

APPLICATIONS
Voice Communication

- Standard Phone Service - Voice mail , recognition & conferencing system - Intercom System

Data Communication

- Online Transaction & Fund Transfer Systems - Hardware & Software sharing - Files & Database Transfers

APPLICATIONS
Text and Messaging Communication

- E-mail - Computer conferencing systems - Electronic bulletin boards

Monitoring and Control

- Security surveillance & monitoring - Card-key security systems

 THANKS ANY QUERIES?..

PRESENTATION BY: NUPUR JAIN