Network & Internet Concepts
Why Learn About Telecommunications and Networks?
Need to access data wherever it resides:
Fast, reliable communications
Exchange messages
Upload/download data and software
Route business transactions
Connect to remote databases
Send output to printers
Telecommunications: electronic transmission of signals for communications
Telephone, radio, and television
Communications can be Synchronous or Asynchronous
Synchronous communications: receiver gets message instantaneously
Asynchronous communications: receiver gets message after some delay
2
INTRANET
A network inside an organization that uses Internet technologies to provide
an Internet-like environment within the enterprise for information sharing,
communications, collaboration, and the support of business processes
Business Value of Intranets
Communications and Collaboration
includes email, voicemail, paging, faxes,
and groupware
Web Publishing easy, attractive and lowcost way of publishing and accessing
multimedia business information
Business Operations and Management
platform for developing and deploying
critical business applications to support
business operations and managerial
decision making across the internetworked enterprise
EXTRANET
Network links that use Internet technologies to interconnect the intranet of a
business with the intranets of its customers, suppliers, or other business
partners
Business Value of Extranets
INTERNET
A network made up of millions of smaller private networks each with the
ability to operate independent of, or in harmony with, all the other millions of
networks connected to the Internet
Business Use of the Internet
Intranets and Extranets
Extranet: network based on Web technologies that links selected
resources of a companys intranet with its customers, suppliers, or
other business partners
Virtual private network (VPN): secure connection between two points
across the Internet
Intranet: internal corporate network built using Internet and World
Wide Web standards and products
Used by employees to gain access to corporate information
Reduces the need for paper
Telecommunications and Network Applications
Voice Mail
Users can send, receive, and store verbal messages for and from other people around the
world
Call management systems can be linked to corporate e-mail and instant messaging systems
Call center
Physical location where an organization handles customer and other telephone calls
Telecommuting
Saves money on office and parking space and office equipment
Reduces traffic congestion and air pollution
Telecommuters must work independently, manage time well, and balance work and home
life
Videoconferencing
Enables people to hold a conference by combining voice, video, and audio transmission
Reduces travel expenses and time
Increases managerial effectiveness through faster response to problems, access to more
people, and less duplication of effort in multiple sites
Systems usually combine video and phone call capabilities with data or document
conferencing
7
Telecommunications and Network Applications (Cont..)
Electronic Data Interchange
Intercompany, application-to-application communication of data in a standard format
Permits recipient to perform a standard business transaction, such as processing purchase
orders.
Public Network Services
Give personal computer users access to vast databases, the Internet, and other services
Usually an initial fee plus usage fees
Fees are based on services used; can range from under $15 to over $500 per month
Electronic Funds Transfer
Transfers money from one bank account directly to another without the use of paper
money
Distance Learning
Use of telecommunications to extend the classroom
Instructors create course home pages on the Internet
Students access the course syllabus and instructor notes on the Web page
Student e-mail mailing lists allow students and the instructor to e-mail one another
Chat groups allow students to form virtual teams
Network Topologies
Star ties end user computers to a central computer
Ring ties local computer
processors together in a ring on
a relatively equal basis
Bus local processors share
the same communications
channel
TCP/IP Models
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a five layer
telecommunications protocol used by the Internet
10
Telecommunications Network Components
11
Types of Telecommunications Networks
Wide Area Network (WAN)
network that covers a large
geographic area
Local Area Network (LAN)
network connecting
information processing devices
within a limited physical area
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
secure network that uses the
Internet as its main backbone
network, but relies on network
firewalls, encryption, and
other security features of its
Internet and intranet
connections and those of
participating organizations
12
Types of Telecommunications Networks
Client/Server PCs and
workstations, called clients are
interconnected by local area
networks and share application
processing with network servers
Network Computing Thin clients
provide a browser-based user
interface for processing small
application programs
Peer-to-Peer file-sharing
software connects each PC to a
central server or to another
online users PC
13
Client/Server Computing on the Internet
Client computers running Web browser and other software can
access an array of services on servers over the Internet
These services may all run on a single server or on multiple
specialized servers
14
Peer-to-Peer
15
IP Addressing
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Figure 4-12
27
Telecommunications Media
Twisted-Pair Wire copper
wire twisted into pairs
Coaxial Cable sturdy
copper or aluminum wire
wrapped with spacers to
insulate and protect it
Fiber Optics one or more
hair-thin filaments of glass
fiber wrapped in a
protective jacket
28
Internet work Processors
Switch makes connections between telecommunications
circuits in a network
Router intelligent communications processor that
interconnects networks based on different protocols
Hub a port switching communications processor
Gateway connects networks using different communications
architectures
29
Telecommunications Hardware
Modems convert digital signals from a computer into analog
frequencies that can be transmitted over ordinary telephone lines
How a Modem Works
30
Communications Processors
31
Basic Communications Channel Characteristics
Communication channels can be classified as:
Simplex channel: transmits data in only one direction
Half-duplex channel: transmits data in either direction,
but not simultaneously
Full-duplex channel: permits data transmission in both
directions at the same time
32
Transmission Media Types
Communications signals guided along a solid medium
Guided Transmission Media Types
33
Transmission Media Types
Communications signal broadcast over airwaves as a form of electromagnetic radiation
Wireless Technologies
34
How the Internet Works
Internet transmits data from one computer (called a host) to another
If the receiving computer is on a network to which the first computer is
directly connected, it can send the message directly
If the receiving computer is not on a network to which the sending
computer is connected, the sending computer relays the message to
another computer that can forward it
Data is passed in chunks called packets
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): widely used transport layer protocol
that is used in combination with IP by most Internet applications
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): assigned address on the Internet for
each computer
Accessing the Internet
Connect via LAN server
Connect via Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)/Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Connect via an online service
35
How the Internet Works
Internet Growth
36
Internet Service Providers
Internet service provider (ISP): any company that provides
individuals or organizations with access to the Internet
Most charge a monthly fee
Many ISPs and online services offer broadband Internet
access through digital subscriber lines (DSLs), cable, or
satellite transmission
Web browser: software that creates a unique, hypermediabased menu on a computer screen, providing a graphical
interface to the Web
Menu consists of graphics, titles, and text with hypertext links
Popular Web browsers: Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape
Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Computers Safari
37
The World Wide Web
Also called the Web, WWW, or W3
Menu-based system that uses the client/server model
Organizes Internet resources throughout the world into a
series of menu pages, or screens, that appear on your
computer
Hypermedia: tools that connect the data on Web pages,
allowing users to access topics in whatever order they wish
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): standard page
description language for Web pages
Extensible Markup Language (XML): markup language for
Web documents containing structured information, including
words, pictures, and other elements
38
Web browser & Web Services
Web browser: software that creates a unique, hypermediabased menu on a computer screen, providing a graphical
interface to the Web
Menu consists of graphics, titles, and text with hypertext links
Popular Web browsers: Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape
Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Computers Safari
Important components used in Web service applications:
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
WSDL (Web Services Description Language)
UDDI (Universal Discovery Description and Integration)
39
Summary
Internet: collection of interconnected networks, all freely exchanging
information
Internet Protocol (IP): communication standard that enables traffic to be
routed from one network to another as needed
Packets: Internet data passed in chunks
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): widely used transport layer protocol
that is used in combination with IP by most Internet applications
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): assigned address on the Internet for
each computer
World Wide Web: menu-based system that organizes Internet resources
into a series of menu pages, or screens, that appear on your computer
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): standard page description language
for Web pages
Search engine: Web search tool
Internet and Web applications: e-mail, instant messaging, Internet cell
phones, Web logs, newsgroups, Web shopping, etc.
Network issues: management, service, speed, privacy, fraud, security, and
unauthorized Internet sites
40
