Ebusiness Technology Web and more

History of the Internet

Early 1960s US DoD Research Project
– Nuclear attack concerns (Control weapons systems)
– Computers connected using telephone lines
➢Single connection risk
• Communicate using
multiple channels
(packets)
1969- Packet network
connected four computers
– ARPANET: earliest
network (later Internet)
– Academic & Research use (1970s and 1980s) 2
 New Uses for the Internet
1970s: Commercial uses
■ E-mail, Mailing lists
■ Remote file transfer and computer access
1979: Usenet- Read and post articles (topic areas)
❏ Game-playing software created
❏ Research and academic communities
1979 – 1989- US DoD networking software improved
● Wider academic and research institution use
● Security problems recognized/fixed
1980s: Personal computer use explosion
● Academic and research networks merged
3
 Commercial Use of the Internet
1989- Commercial e-mail providers
↲ Larger firms built networks (leased telephone lines)
1991- Easing of commercial Internet activity restrictions
1995: Privatization of the Internet
↲ Internet based on four Network Access Points (NAPs)
■Now we use Internet Exchanges (IX)
↲ Network access providers
■Sell Internet access to larger customers (B.) and ISPs
■ISPs Sell to smaller firms and individuals
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 Internet Exchanges

Growth of the Internet

 The Web
The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an
information system where documents and other web resources are identified
by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs, such as https://example.com/),
which may be interlinked by hypertext, and are accessible over the Internet.[1]
[2]
The resources of the Web are transferred via the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and may be accessed by users by a
software application called a web browser and are published by a software
application called a web server.

↲ Internet hosts: directly connected computers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web
 The Web ... Emergence of the World Wide Web

■Web software: Largest single traffic category

■ Outpaces: E-mail, file transfers, other data transmission traffic

■New way of information storage and retrieval

■Key technological Web elements
■ Hypertext (HTML)
■ Graphical user interfaces
■Web servers (today)
■ Serves Hypertext on the Web
 HTML & The Web Browser
Emergence of the World Wide Web

• Set of codes (tags) attached to text

• Describes relationships among text elements
• Hypertext link (hyperlink, Page-linking system)
• Points to another location
• Same or another HTML document
Web browser Software with GUI
• Processes the HTML sent by host (server)
• No specification of text element appearance
● New technology CSS
• Presents program control functions
• Pictures, icons, other graphical elements
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 Emergence of the World Wide Web

Growth of the Internet

Growth of the World Wide Web

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 Packet-Switched Networks
• Circuit switching
– Combination of telephone lines and closed switches
connecting them to each other as in telephones
– Single path (electrical) between caller and receiver
– Sending data a large distance/internet (LAN, WAN)
➢Connected circuit failure, data loss, resend, BW
requirement
–Packet switching: move data between two points Connection
• Disassemble/Reassemble data into packets State?

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Sending an Email ...
Head
er?

?
Path

Ch
a nn
el?

Connection
State?
Async.

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 Internet Protocols- TCP/IP
• IP Address
– IPv4: 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
– IPv6: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:
8a2e:0370:7334
• The Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN)
● Domain Names
➢Top-level domain (TLD): rightmost
● IANA Department- IP Address
● DNS Server
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– Message (dis)assembly into packets for transmission 12
 Internet Protocols- TCP/IP ...
Internet Protocol (IP) Address
– Labels packet with origination and destination addresses
– Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)~ Since 1970
• 32-bit number identifying host/node computers
• Four billion different addresses (232 = 4,294,967,296)
– Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)~ Since 1998
• 2128, or approximately 3.4×1038 addresses
• Not interoperable with IPv4!
• 340 Billion Billion Billion Billion

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 IP Shortage and NAT as a rescue
Network Address Translation

↲ One Internet-routable IP address of a NAT gateway

can be used for an entire private network.

LAN NAT translation table

Private IP

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Sender
Adeyl Khan

Receiver
Nusrat F.

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 Country Code Top-Level
Domain (ccTLD)

kachchi.bd
.edu.bd
.gov.bd
ac.bd

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Commonly used domain names
Router-based architecture of the Internet

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 Routing Packets
• Router computers- routers, gateways, border
routers
– Gateway from LAN ...
– The Internet Protocol Suite- IP, TCP, UDP
– UDP- User Datagram Protocol- connectionless

• Routing algorithms (within Routers)

– Programs on routing computers
– Decide how best to forward each packet
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 Routing Packets ...
• Routing table (configuration table) information
– Includes lists of connections
– Routing algorithms applied to routing tables
– Includes rules for:
• Specifying connection to use first
• Handling heavy packet traffic and network congestion
• Variety of rules and standards for creating packets
• Hubs, switches, bridges (Networking Devices)
– Move packets 19
Protocols for Web Pages

Client/server architecture
vS. P2P

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 Protocols ...
• Request a Web Page from your Web browser
● Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
◆Internet Web page file delivery rules
● Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
■ Combination: protocol name, domain name, file name
•Electronic mail (e-mail)
• Client/server structure
• Software- E-mail server, E-mail client
• Protocol: POP, IMAP, SMTP SPAM
• Binary file Handling: MIME
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 HTML
XML
HTML v5

.. Web browser

World Wide Web

Consortium (W3C)

EDI
CSS
Development of markup languages HTML and XML
Editors
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EDI-XML

<order>
<ite>
Name
…
</ite>

<item>
Name
…
</item>
</order>
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Text marked up with HTML tags
And displayed in a web browser

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Linear vs. nonlinear paths through documents
25
HTML vs XML 26
 Extensible Markup Language (XML)
• Strength of XML
– Users may define their own tags (weakness as well)
• Solution to user tag definitions
– Common XML tags standards
• Data-type definitions (DTDs) or XML schemas
– 2001: W3C released set of rules for XML documents
➢XML vocabulary: set of XML tag definitions
• XML files not intended to display in browser
– Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)
• Contains formatting instructions
– XML parsers: format XML file for device screen
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 Network across Organizational Boundaries
Cost
Intranet Within organization. Security
Extranet Private network with …
Scaling
Leased (phone) line! Bandwidth
Internet Public network Capability
VPN Virtual Tunnel (Encrypted)
Encrypts packet content, places inside another packet
Extranets are manifested as virtual private networks (VPNs)

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 Internet access providers (IAPs) or ISPs
• Common connection options
– various types of broadband connections
– leased lines, wireless
• Distinguishing factor
– Cost ...
– Bandwidth
■ Symmetric/Asymmetric connections-
Upstream/downstream bandwidth

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 Bandwidth History
Voice-Grade Telephone Connections
• Plain old telephone service (POTS)
– Uses existing telephone lines, analog modem
• Bandwidth between 28 and 56 Kbps
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) protocol Communication
Medium
– Use DSL modem (type of network switch)
• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
– First technology developed using DSL protocol suite
•Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)
•High-speed DSL (HDSL)
•Cable modems 30
 Leased-Line Connections
Large organizations require very high bandwidth
• More bandwidth and expensive technologies
• Connection Lines
★ T1 line (DS1)- 24 DS0 lines (1.544 Mbps)
★ T3 (DS3): 44.736 Mbps
★ Optical fiber (instead of copper wire)
★ OC3 (optical carrier 3): 156 Mbps
★ OC192: 10 Gbps
★ OC-3840: 200 Gbit/s
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32
 Wireless Connections
↲ Costs and accuracy improving
↲ Many wireless network types to connect Internet-
capable phones, game consoles, and computers
↲ Bluetooth for Personal area networks (PANs)
■ Short distances, low bandwidth
■ Devices can discover one another and exchange information
automatically
↲ Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi) • Roaming
■ Wireless access point (WAP) • Hot-spots
■ Limited range ~ a floor • Repeaters
■ 802.11a (54 Mbps), 802.11g (54 Mbps) • Mesh routing
■ 802.11n: (450 Mbps range), 802.11ac (2+Gbps) 33
 Cellular telephone networks
Wireless Connections

• BTS- base transceiver station

– Send/Receive signals using antennas

• Three miles apart in grid!

– Original design: voice communications
– Third-generation (3G) cell phones
– 4G, 5G ...
– Short message service (SMS) protocol/software
– Mobile commerce or m-commerce
• Describes resources people might want to access (and34
 35
2009- Internet connection options
 Internet Next and the Semantic Web
•Goal: blending technologies and
information
– Have words on Web pages
tagged (using XML) with their meanings
•Uses software agents (intelligent programs)
– Read XML tags, determine meaning of words in contexts
•Resource description framework (RDF) for Interchange
– Set of XML syntax standards
•Development of Semantic Web will take many years
– Start with ontologies/naming for specific subjects
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 2. E-COMMERCE
FUNDAMENTALS
A Little More Technology
 Web Server Basics
• Basic technologies for Websites
● Server software and hardware
● Utility function software
• Client/server architectures
• Server Computer
– Have more memory
– Larger, faster disk drives
– Redundancy (Power, HDD, RAM ...)
Web Server - Web browser software
Email Server- Email Client (web based)
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Platform Neutrality
of the Web

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 Dynamic Content Generation
Web Server
– Static page~ does not change
Web Application
–Dynamic page~ changes based on user, ...
– Gives user an interactive experience
• Client-side scripting (javascript)
– Software operates on the Web client (browser)
– Software changes Web page display in response to a user’s actions
– Software examples: JavaScript or Adobe Flash
•Server-side scripting (php, asp, jsp)
– Software operates on a Web server
– Program creates Web page in response to request for specific information
from a Web client

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 2. E-COMMERCE
FUNDAMENTALS
 Summary
• Early development of Internet technology began in
the 1960s through research projects
– Commercial use began with e-mail
– Privatization of the Internet completed in 1995
• Packet-switched networks form the Internet
– Uses routing, IP addressing
• Technologies supporting the Internet, Web, and
electronic commerce
– Protocols, programs, languages, architectures
– TCP/IP
E- Business, Ninth Edition 43
 Summary (cont’d.)
• HTML defines structure and content of Web pages
• Extensible Markup Language (XML)
– Uses markup tags to describe the meaning or
semantics of text
• Networking technologies
– Internets, intranets, extranets
– Extranet types
• Public network, private network, virtual private network
E- Business, Ninth Edition 44
 Summary (cont’d.)
• Internet service provider connection types
– Basic telephone connections, broadband cable,
satellite microwave transmission, DSL, wireless
(fixed-point, mobile)
• Internet2 experimental test bed
– Creating, perfecting future high-speed networking
technologies
• Semantic Web project
– Goal of making research data widely available
– May enable Web interaction using intelligent software45
E- Business, Ninth Edition
agents
 Processing requests for Web pages from an XML database
E- Business, Ninth Edition 46
 Learning Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
• The origin, growth, and current structure of the Internet
• How packet-switched networks are combined to form the Internet
• How Internet protocols and Internet addressing work
• The history and use of markup languages on the Web, including
SGML, HTML, and XML
• How HTML tags and links work on the World Wide Web
• The differences among internets, intranets, and extranets
• Options for connecting to the Internet, including cost and
bandwidth factors
• Internet2 and the Semantic Web 47
 Learning Objectives ...
• Computer network
○ Technology allowing people to connect computers
○ Internet
■ Interconnected global computer networks (large)
■ Type of internet (lowercase “i”)
• Basic technology structure
○ Supports networks, the Internet, and e-commerce
• World Wide Web (Web)
○ Subset of Internet computers
■ Contents easily accessible
○ Includes easy-to-use interfaces
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