Signal Attenuation

Propagation Loss Oxygen Rain Absorption UE Antenna

Car
Active through the air. Absorption Loss. Loss. Applicable Gain.
Penetration
Antenna Frequency and Applicable at at frequencies
Loss. 0 dB assumed.
System environment frequencies between 10 GHz
(AAS) Typically 9 dB
dependent. around 60 GHz and 200 GHz.

Lsa = Lp + LBL + LCPL + LBPL + Lo + Lfo + Lra – Ga,BS + Ga,UE [dB]

Body Loss Building Foliage Loss.
Base Station
when holding Penetration Loss. Frequency
Antenna Gain.
the UE against Frequency and and foliage
Antenna Dependent on
the head. building material depth
Reference antenna type.
Typically 3 dB dependent. dependent.
Point
(i.e. no feeder losses)

© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -0

 Propagation Loss
General Transmission Loss Formula: Lp = A + Blogd + Clogf + Dd + a(hm) [dB]

RMa: Rural macro-cellular environment with

continuous wide area coverage supporting high
speed vehicles
UMa: Urban macro-cellular environment with
base stations above rooftop level

UMi – Street canyon: Urban micro-cellular

environment with base stations below rooftop
level
Indoor – Office: Typical office environment
comprised of open and closed areas
Radio Wave Propagation Guideline
UMa – NLOS: (8/100 56-HSC 105 50/1-T)
Lp = 13.54 + 39.08logd + 20logf + 0d – 0.6(1.5-1.5) [dB]
= 13.54 + 39.08logd + 20logf [dB]
Where d is here given in [m] and f is given in [GHz]
© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -1
 Building Penetration Loss
𝐿 =𝐿 +𝐿 Where:
Ltw is the material penetration loss when the signal goes through a building wall
Lin is the loss inside the building depending on the depth into the building.
,
𝐿 =𝐿 − 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑝 10
where
Lnpi is an additional loss added to the external wall loss to account for non-perpendicular incidence [dB].
N is the number of building materials in the wall.
pi is the proportion in percent of a certain building material in the wall.
Lmaterial,i is penetration loss for the wall material according to the table below:
3GPP examples:
Low loss model: modelling a wall consisting of 30%
glass and 70% concrete. The model is applicable for
RMa propagation model.

High loss model:modelling a wall consisting of 70%

IRR glass and 30% concrete. The model is
applicable for UMa and UMi – Street Canyon.
© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -2
Building Penetration Loss Example Calculations
Example 1: What is the building penetration loss at 3.5 GHz (assuming Lnpi = 0 dB and Lin = 0 dB)?
Low loss model:
. . . Applicable for RMa
𝐿 = 5 − 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.3 10 + 0.7 10 = 13 dB propagation model.

High loss model:

= 27 dB Applicable for UMa and
. . .
𝐿 = 5 − 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.7 10 + 0.3 10
UMi – Street Canyon propagation models.

Example 2: What is the building penetration loss at 28 GHz (assuming Lnpi = 0 dB and Lin = 0 dB)?
Low loss model:
.
𝐿 = 5 − 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.3 10 + 0.7 10 = 18 dB Applicable for RMa
propagation model.

High loss model:

= 38 dB Applicable for UMa and
.
𝐿 = 5 − 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.7 10 + 0.3 10
UMi – Street Canyon propagation models.
© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -3
Oxygen Absorption Loss

Oxygen Oxygen
Absorption Absorption
Loss May be Loss May be
neglected neglected

© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -4

Foliage Loss
Lfo = min (0.2f0.3 R0.6, Amax) dB Where:
f is the frequency in [MHz],
R is foliage depth in [m]
Amax is the maximum loss in [dB], currently set to 40 dB.
The model is valid for 0 < R < 400 m and 200 MHz < f < 95 GHz.

Propagation through vegetation

R
For high base antenna heights, the propagation will most likely occur above the
treetops instead of through the vegetation as shown here. Therefore, it may be
overly pessimistic to determine R from a direct path through the vegetation.
© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -5
 Rain Absorption Loss
8
Maximum
7
Rain attenuation [dB/m]

6
5 Rain
Absorption
4 Loss May be
3 neglected

2
1

1 10 100 200 1000

Frequency [GHz]
© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -6
Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS) Narrow Beam

A dual-polarized antenna element

Consisting of two antenna elements
Wide Beam
A Subarray of dual-polarized antenna elements
A subarray always has two radio chains 2T2R

An antenna
array of
Common Beam
subarrays
In this case 32
subarrays
each with
2T2R making
a total of
64T64R

© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -7

 Antenna Gain Digital Beam Forming
Digital Beam Forming Analog Beam Forming
V
V
TX
V
V
TX
V
Digital V
TX
Streams precoding V
TX V
TX Streams
(Baseband) V
V
TX
V
V
TX

Mid-band (1 GHz ≤ fc ≤ 6 GHz) High-band (fc > 6 GHz)

The weights applied to each antenna signal are A Grid of Beams (GoB) is produced across the cell’s
controlled by the baseband, enabling the coverage area. UEs within the cells are served by the
creation of beams at almost at any azimuth or “best” beam. Beam-switching is used as UEs move
elevation, maximizing the SINR for a given UE. from the coverage of one beam to another.
Whilst analog Beam Forming has some advantages (reduced feedback requirements) the SINR benefits
are on average, less than that achieved by digital beamforming.
© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -8
Digital Beam Forming Base Station Antenna Gain
Ga,NB = Gsa + GBF [dBi]
Example Calculation:
Gsa is the subarray gain [dBi], calculated as: 32 subarrays
Gsa = Gelem + 10log10(Nelem,sub,pol) 2 elements per
Where: polarization in one
Gelem is the maximum gain for one antenna element [dBi]. subarray
Nelem,sub,pol is the number of antenna elements per 7.7 dBi gain per element
polarization in one subarray.
Gsa = 7.7 + 10log10(2) = 10.7 dBi
GBF is the beamforming gain [dB], calculated as: GBF = G2xlog2(Nsubarrays) [dB]
GBF = G2xlog2(Nsubarrays) [dB] Uplink GBF = 2.5log2(32) = 12.5 dB
Where: Downlink GBF = 2log2(32) = 10 dB
G2x is the antenna doubling gain. The antenna doubling
gain is defined as the amount the antenna gain increases
Uplink Ga,NB = 10.7 + 12.5 = 23.2 dBi
when doubling the number of antenna elements (Current
best estimate: 2.5 dB for UL and 2 dB for DL).
Nsubarrays is the number of subarrays in the AAS Downlink Ga,NB = 10.7 + 10 = 20.7 dBi

© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -9

Analog Beam Forming Base Station Antenna Gain
Ga,NB = Gsa + GBF - Lstr- Las [dBi]

Gsa is the subarray gain [dBi], calculated as: The median straddle
Gsa = Gelem + 10log10(Nelem,sub,pol) loss (Lstr)is the
Where: difference between
Gelem is the maximum gain for one antenna element [dBi]. maximum antenna gain
Nelem,sub,pol is the number of antenna elements per and 50-percentile
polarization in one subarray. antenna gain.
Estimated to be 1 dB
GBF is the beamforming gain [dB], calculated as:
GBF = G2xlog2(Nsubarrays) [dB]
Where:
G2x is the antenna doubling gain.
(A value of 3dB is used for UL and DL).
Nsubarrays is the number of subarrays in the AAS The angular
spread loss (Las)
Lstr is the median straddle loss estimated as 3 dB
Las is the angular spread loss for link budget
© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -10
calculations.
 Ericsson Radio System

2G 3G 4G 5G

5G Plug-ins
M-IoT

Radio
Radio + Small cell RAN Compute
Baseband Transport Radio site system Software ENM Services

© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -11

 5G Non Stand Alone Deployment
Distributed RAN (D-RAN) Centralized RAN (C-RAN)

(e)CPRI (e)CPRI
Short Baseband
distance Baseband
Radio Unit Radio Unit Hotel (BBH)
Backhaul

Backhaul
Fronthaul
(e)CPRI EPC (e)CPRI EPC
Short Baseband
distance
Radio Unit Radio Unit

(e)CPRI
(e)CPRI
Short Baseband
distance
Radio Unit Radio Unit
© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -12
 Baseband 6630
Technical Specification:
- Number of NR Cells 3
- Maximum RF Bandwidth 100 MHz
- DL MIMO Layers 4
- Maximum Connected Users 50
- Maximum throughput per cell 1.45 Gbps (DL) / 108 Mbps (UL)
- MIMO Support 4 layers (DL) / 1 layer (UL)
- Interfaces:

© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -13

 AIR 5121 (High Band)
Technical Specification:
- Frequency 27.5–28.35 GHz (B261)
- Carrier Bandwidth 50 or 100 MHz
- Number of carriers Up to 8
- Antenna Branches 512 TX and 512 RX
- Beam Forming Analogue 8 beams
- Total EIRP* 55 dBm (316 W)
- MU-MIMO Support Up to 8 layers
- SU-MIMO Support Up to 8 layers
- Weight 14 kg

*EIRP = Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power. (i.e. Includes antenna gain)

© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -14

 AIR 5331 (High Band)
Technical Specification:
- Frequency 37–40 GHz (B260)
- Carrier Bandwidth 50, 200 or 200 MHz
- Number of carriers Up to 8
- Antenna Branches 768 TX and 768 RX
- Beam Forming Analogue 8 beams
- Total EIRP* 60 dBm (1000 W)
- MU-MIMO Support Up to 8 layers
- SU-MIMO Support Up to 8 layers
- Weight 14 kg

*EIRP = Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power. (i.e. Includes antenna gain)

© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -15

 AIR 3239 (Mid Band)
Technical Specification:
- Frequency 3500–3700 (B78C)
- Carrier Bandwidth 20 or 100 MHz
- Number of carriers Up to 3
- Antenna Branches 32 TX and 32 RX
- Beam Forming Digital
- Nominal O/P Power 100 W
- MU-MIMO Support 12 layers in the downlink,
6 layers in the uplink
- SU-MIMO Support 6 layers in the downlink
- Weight 14 kg

© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -16

 AIR 6488 (Mid Band)
Technical Specification:
- Frequency B41 (2496–2690 MHz)
B41K (2515–2675 MHz
B42 (3400–3600 MHz
B42F (3420–3600 MHz)
B42G (3410–3600 MHz)
B43 (3600–3800 MHz)
B78B (3500–3600 MHz)
B78H (3542–3700 MHz)
- Carrier Bandwidth up to 100 MHz
- Number of carriers 1
- Antenna Branches 64 TX and 64 RX
- Beam Forming Digital
- Nominal O/P Power 200 W in Bands B42F and B42G, 80W in other bands
- MIMO Support Up to 16 layers
- Weight 45 kg
© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -17
 Router 6672 (Backhaul)

Interfaces:

© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -18

 Router 6675 (Backhaul)

Interfaces:

© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -19

 Fronthaul 6020 Components
Fronthaul 6622 Main Characteristics:
- Indoor active unit
- 18-λ Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(DWDM) transponder with SFP+ up to 10 Gbps
- Hardware-ready for 6x 25-Gbps extension services
- Integrates management and controller functions
Fronthaul 6322

Main Characteristics:
- Outdoor active unit
- Combines a 9-λ Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(DWDM) transponder and one or more passive filters
(for example, OAD (Optical Add-Drop)-09-S,OAD-03-S)
- Possible to connect one or more Fronthaul 6322 unit(s)
to the Fronthaul 6622 main unit

© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -20

 Fronthaul 6080 Active Components
PMU Main Characteristics:
- The Photonic Management Unit (PMU) Connects Optical
Supervision Channel (OSC) to active units
(for example,TPS-03, TPS-06)
- Remote OSC connectivity using optical SFP or local
management using Ethernet
TPS 06
Main Characteristics:
- 6-λ Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
transponder with SFP/SFP+ up to 10 Gbps

TPS 03
Main Characteristics:
- 3-λ Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
transponder with SFP/SFP+ up to 10 Gbps

© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -21

 Fronthaul 6080 Active Components (Continued)
Fronthaul 6682 Main Characteristics:
- Main indoor unit
- Supports up to 24 CPRI services

Main Characteristics:
Fronthaul 6688 - Remote indoor unit
- Supports up to 24 CPRI services
- Combines DWDM passive filters and TPS-03 or TPS-06 transponders
- Combines a PMU, 4x TPS-06 transponders and passive DWDM filters
- Possible to connect one or more Fronthaul 6688 unit(s) to the
Fronthaul 6682 main unit
Fronthaul 6388
Main Characteristics:
- Remote outdoor unit
- Combines TPS-03 with passive filters
- Can support up to 6 CPRI services
- Combines a PMU, 4x TPS-06 transponders, and passive DWDM
- Possible to connect one or more Fronthaul 6388 unit(s) to the
Fronthaul 6682 main unit
© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -22
 Fronthaul 6080 Passive Components
Fronthaul 6681 Main Characteristics:
- Main indoor unit, rack-mounted
- Can terminate up to 24 (e)CPRI services
- Consists of a 24-λ optical MUX/DEMUX (OMD-24-S)
- Can be connected with an additional filter module
Fronthaul 6689
Main Characteristics:
- Remote indoor unit, rack-mounted
- Consists of a set of 6x DWDM passive filters
- Can collect up to 24 (e)CPRI services
- Possible to connect one or more Fronthaul 6689 unit(s) to the
Fronthaul 6387 Fronthaul 6681 main unit

Main Characteristics:
- Remote outdoor unit, pole-mounted and rail-mounted ERS cabinet
- Can collect up to 9 (e)CPRI services
(for example, up to 2 OAD-3-S or 1 OAD-9-S)
- Possible to connect one or more Fronthaul 6387 unit(s) to the
Fronthaul 6681 main unit
© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -23
 Fronthaul 6080 Passive Components (Continued)
Fronthaul 6385
Fronthaul 6389
© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -24
Main Characteristics:
- Remote outdoor unit, pole-mounted
- Can collect up to 3 (e)CPRI services
- Possible to connect one or more Fronthaul 6385 unit(s)
to the Fronthaul 6681 main unit
Main Characteristics:
- Remote outdoor unit with pole-mounted or rail-mounted
ERS cabinet
- Can collect up to 21 CPRI services
(for example, up to 6OAD-3-S, or up to 2 OAD-9-S + 1 OAD-3-S)
- Possible to connect one or more Fronthaul 6389 unit(s) to the
Fronthaul 6681 main unit
 Fronthaul 6080 Passive Components
Fronthaul 6681 Main Characteristics:
- Main indoor unit, rack-mounted
- Can terminate up to 24 (e)CPRI services
- Consists of a 24-λ optical MUX/DEMUX (OMD-24-S)
- Can be connected with an additional filter module
Fronthaul 6689
Main Characteristics:
- Remote indoor unit, rack-mounted
- Consists of a set of 6x DWDM passive filters
- Can collect up to 24 (e)CPRI services
- Possible to connect one or more Fronthaul 6689 unit(s) to the
Fronthaul 6387 Fronthaul 6681 main unit

Main Characteristics:
- Remote outdoor unit, pole-mounted and rail-mounted ERS cabinet
- Can collect up to 9 (e)CPRI services
(for example, up to 2 OAD-3-S or 1 OAD-9-S)
- Possible to connect one or more Fronthaul 6387 unit(s) to the
Fronthaul 6681 main unit
© Ericsson AB 2019 | | LZU1082803 R1A | Figure -25