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Irawaddy - Eia Report Special Investigation Hydropwer Ayeyawady Irrawaddy Bassin Engl NR 1
Irawaddy - Eia Report Special Investigation Hydropwer Ayeyawady Irrawaddy Bassin Engl NR 1
"(+
(SPECIAL INVESTIGATION)
ON
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT OF
AYEYAWADY RIVER BASIN ABOVE MYITKYINA,
KACHIN STATE, MYANMAR
_____________________________________
Biodiversity And Nature Conservation Association (BANCA)
October, 2009
Yangon
MYANMAR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
Part - I
Acronyms and abbreviations i
Glossary oI major terms used in part I, Part II & Part III oI ths report iii
Acknowledgements xxii
Executive summary xxiii
1. Introduction 1
2. Importance oI EIA introduction 6
3. Terms oI reIerence oI EIA between CISPDR and BANCA 8
4. Importance oI biological impact assessment (BIA) 8
5. National environment policy oI Myanmar 9
6. International environmental conventions, protocols and agreements 9
7. Relevant Myanmar's resource management Laws 11
8. Biodiversity richness in northern Myanmar 12
9. Potential impacts on biodiversity 21
10. Immediate compensatory measures 21
11. Potential impacts on aquatic ecology & Iisheries and water quality 27
12. Potential impacts on livelihoods, public health & saIety 28
13. Trans-boundary wildliIe and timber trade 29
14. Background oI hydropower development in Kachin state 32
15. Series oI dams in Kachin state 33
16. Recommendations and mitigating measures 56
17. Conclusion : Toward sustainable development oI Myanmar 60
ReIerences 62
Appendix 1 64
Appendix 2 66
Appendix 3 67
Appendix 4 68
Appendix 5 69
Appendix 6 70
Appendix 7 71
3
Chapter Page
Part - II
- BrieI history 72
- DiIIiculties 73
- Team members oI EIA special investigation team 74
1. Introduction 77
2. Study areas 82
3. Materials and methods 83
4. Results 86
5. Conclusions and discussion 159
6. Conservation measures required 163
7. General recommendations 164
ReIerences 165
Appendix 1 173
Appendix 2 176
Appendix 3 177
Appendix 4 177
Appendix 5 178
Appendix 6 178
Appendix 7 178
Appendix 8 179
Appendix 9 180
Appendix 10 180
Appendix 11 181
Appendix 12 182
Appendix 13 182
Appendix 14 182
Appendix 15 182
Appendix 16 183
Appendix 17 183
Appendix 18 184
Appendix 19 185
Appendix 20 185
5
Chapter Page
Part - II
Appendix 21 186
Appendix 22 187
Appendix 23 187
Appendix 24 191
Appendix 25 192
Appendix 26 193
Appendix 27 194
Appendix 28 195
Appendix 29 195
Appendix 30 196
Appendix 31 197
Appendix 32 198
Appendix 33 207
Appendix 34 211
Appendix 35 214
Appendix 36 219
Appendix 37 222
Appendix 38 224
Appendix 39 226
EIA Ornithological Report on Hydropower Development of
Ayeyarwady River Basin above Myitkyina, Kachin State
1 Introduction 227
2 Ornithological investigation 227
3 History oI ornithology in the Kachin state 228
4 InIormation and status oI birds 229
5 PAS (Protected area system) in Myanmar 235
6 Birds oI global importance in the study areas 235
7 Ornithology survey team 239
8 Materials and methods 239
9 Results 241
10 SigniIicant records 245
11 Conclusions 261
7
Chapter Page
Part - II
12 On going threats 261
13 Discussion 261
14 Recommended mitigation measures 263
15 Irrelavent issues 264
9
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Part - I
1.
Proposed watershed area and protected area management. 23
2.
Proposed alternative dam sites 24
3.
AIIected villages & roads and Non- aIIected villages 26
4.
WildliIe trade at Laisa 30
5.
WildliIe trade at Laisa 30
6.
WildliIe trade at Laisa 31
7.
Myitsone hydropower project 34
8.
Small scale gold mining 37
9.
Hydraulic mining in Tianzup village 38
10.
Hydraulic mining in Shangaw village 38
11.
Suction dredging on the Mayhka 39
12.
Bucket dredges on the Malihka 39
13.
Lasa hydropower project 41
14.
Gold mining: Water pollution caused by gold mining 43
15.
Chibwe hydropower project 44
16.
Charcoal bags in truckload in Chibwe Township 45
17.
A truckload oI rattan in Chibwe Township 46
18.
ShiIting cultivation in Chibwe Township 46
19.
Yenam Hydropower project 48
20.
ShiIting cultivation 49
21.
Khaunglanghpu hydropower project 50
22. Critically endangered species, Schi:othorax grahami (Regan), recorded
in Kaunglanghpu Dam area
51
23.
Wusok and Pisa hydropower projects 53
24.
Water pollution oI Ngawchang Hka 55
25.
Illegal logging in Wusok area 55
11
Figure Page
Part - II
1.
Map oI the study sites oI mammal team at Myitsone Ilooded area 150
2.
Map oI the study sites oI mammal team at Lasa Ilooded area 150
3.
Map oI the study sites oI mammal team at Chibwe Ilooded area
150
4.
Map oI the study sites oI mammal team at Wusok Ilooded area
150
5.
Map oI the study sites oI mammal team at Pisa Ilooded area
150
6.
Map oI the study sites oI mammal team at Khaunglanhpu Ilooded area
150
7.
Map oI the study sites oI mammal team at Yenam Ilooded area.
150
8.
Horns oI Gaur Bos gaurus hanging on a hunter's house at Myitsone 151
9.
Skin oI Large Indian civet Jiverra :ibetha drying in the sun at Lasa 151
10.
Skin oI dhole Cuon alpinus observed at Lasa 151
11.
Anderson`s squirrel Callosciurus quinquestriatus Iound in Chibwe 151
12.
Skin oI Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa observed in Yenam 151
13.
Skin oI marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata observed in Chibwe 151
14.
Skin oI Iishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus seen at Chibwe 152
15. Assam macaque Macaca assamensis captured by camera trap at Wusok
(Courtesy He Bing, Chinese researcher)
152
16.
Shortridge`s langur Trachvpithecus shortridgei Iound in Lasa 152
17.
Skin oI Black muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons Iound in Yenam 152
18.
Dung oI Asian elephant Elephas maximus observed 152
19.
Scales oI Chinese pangolin Manis pentadactvla observed in Chibwe area 152
20.
HerpetoIauna survey sites oI Myintsone Ilooded area. 153
21.
HerpetoIauna survey sites oI Lasa Ilooded area 153
22.
HerpetoIauna survey sites oI Chibwe Ilooded area. 153
23.
HerpetoIauna survey sites oI Wusok Ilooded area 153
24.
HerpetoIauna survey sites oI Pisa Ilooded area. 153
25.
HerpetoIauna survey sites oI Khaunglanhpu Ilooded area 153
26.
HerpetoIauna survey sites oI Yenam Ilooded area 153
27.
White-lipped Pitviper Trimeresurus albolabris Iound in Myitsone 154
28.
Limbless lizard Ophisaurus gracilis in Chibwe 154
29.
Rhacophorus sp.1 Iound in Chibwe 154
30.
Megophrv sp.6 Iound in Chibwe 154
13
Figure Page
Part - II
31.
Monocellate cobra Nafa kaouthia Iound in Chibwe 154
32.
Limnonectes sp.1 Iound in Chibwe 154
33.
Keeled box turtle Pvxidea mouhotii Iound in Lasa. 154
34.
Fea`s horned Irog Brachvtarsophrvs feae Iound in Khaunglanhpu 154
35.
The relationship between herpetoIauna species abundance and elevations
oI study areas (days oI observation shown in brackets against place
names)
155
36.
Insect (ButterIly) survey sites oI Myitsone Ilooded area. 156
37.
Insect (ButterIly) survey sites oI Lasa Ilooded area 156
38.
Insect (ButterIly) survey sites oI Chibwe Ilooded area. 156
39.
Insect (ButterIly) survey sites oI Wusok Ilooded area 156
40.
Insect (ButterIly) survey sites oI Pisa Ilooded area. 156
41.
Insect (ButterIly) survey sites oI Khaunglanhpu Ilooded area 156
42.
Insect (ButterIly) survey sites oI Yenam Ilooded area 156
43.
Papilio paris observed in Lasa. 157
44.
Euploea diocletianus Iound in Lasa 157
45.
Graphium antiphates Iound in Lasa. 157
46.
Triodes aeacus Iound in Chibwe 157
47.
Choaspes xanthopogon Iound in Khanunglanhpu. 157
48.
Dodona dipoea Iound in Khaunglanhpu 157
49.
The relationship between butterIly species abundance and elevations
(max) oI study areas (days oI observation shown in brackets against place
names)
158
50. Distribution oI total number oI butterIlies observed during the survey
among various microhabitats (as percentages oI total observed)
158
EIA Ornithological Report on Hydropower Development of
Ayeyarwady River Basin above Myitkyina, Kachin State
1
The relationship between bird Iamilies, species abundance and elevations
(max) oI study areas
269
2
Distribution oI birds observed during the survey among various
microhabitats
271
3
Distribution oI birds observed during the survey among various
microhabitats (as percentages oI total observed) in Myitsone area
271
4
Distribution oI birds observed during the survey among various
microhabitats (as percentages oI total observed) in Lasa area
272
5
Distribution oI birds observed during the survey among various
microhabitats (as percentages oI total observed) in Chebwe area
272
15
Figure Page
6
Distribution oI birds observed during the survey among various
microhabitats (as percentages oI total observed) in Wusot area
272
7
Distribution oI birds observed during the survey among various
microhabitats (as percentages oI total observed) in Pisa area
273
8
Distribution oI birds observed during the survey among various
microhabitats (as percentages oI total observed) in Khaunglanphu area
273
9
Distribution oI birds observed during the survey among various
microhabitats (as percentages oI total observed in Renam area)
273
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Part - I
1.
International and Regional Conventions and Protocols 10
Part - II
1.
List oI Iauna group 85
2.
List oI mammal team in all survey areas 119
3.
Study areas oI mammal team 120
4.
Numbers oI species in orders in all seven survey areas 122
5. Mammal species Irequency and per cent showing in conservation status oI
IUCN Red List Data
123
6. Summary oI inIormation on mammal species recorded in the seven study
areas
123
7.
List oI herpetoIauna team in all survey areas 135
8.
Study areas oI herpetoIauna team 136
9. List oI herpetoIauna Iamilies and respective number oI species in all
survey areas
138
10. Summary oI inIormation on herpetoIauna species recorded in diIIerent
study areas
138
11.
Distribution oI total numbers oI herpetoIauna recorded among
microhabitats in each survey area (Iigures given as percentages oI total in
that area)
139
12. Conservation status oI herpetoIauna species recorded in all proposed
dams' study areas
139
13.
List oI insect team in all survey areas 145
14.
Study areas oI insect team 146
15. List oI butterIly Iamilies and respective numbers oI species in all survey
areas
148
16. Summary oI inIormation on butterIly species recorded in the seven study
areas
149
17. Distribution oI total numbers oI butterIlies recorded among microhabitats
in each survey area (Iigures given as percentages oI total in that area)
149
18.
Conservation status oI mammal species in each survey area 162
19.
Conservation status oI herpetoIauna species in each survey area 162
EIA Ornithological Report on Hydropower Development of
Ayeyarwady River Basin above Myitkyina, Kachin State
1. Schedule oI ornithology team in all surveyed areas 264
2. Study sites and habitats in Myitsone area 265
18
Table Page
3 List oI bird Iamilies and respective numbers oI species in all survey areas 267
4 Summary on inIormation oI bird species recorded in the seven study areas 268
5
Distribution oI birds recorded among microhabitats in each survey area
(Iigures given as percentages oI total in that area)
269
6 Recorded threatened species in all study sites 270
7 New records Ior north Myanmar Irom all sites 271
,/01+2+$
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
BANCA Biodiversity And Nature Conservation Association
BIA Biological Impact Assessment
BOT Build, operate, and transIer
CAS CaliIornia Academy oI Science
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CISPDR Changjiang Institute oI Survey, Planning, Design & Research
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species oI Wild Fauna and
Flora
CMS Convention on Migratory Species
CPD Center oI Plant Diversity
CPI China Power Investment Corporation
CR Critically Endangered
DBH Diameter at Breast Height oI a plant
DD Data DeIicient
DHPI Department oI Hydroelectric Power Implementation
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EN Endangered
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
EW Extinct in the Wild
EX Extinct
FD Forest Department
GPS Global Positioning System
IUCN The World Conservation Union (International Union Ior Conservation oI
Nature and Natural Resources)
IVI Important Value Index; a quantitative analysis oI dominant species and their
relative values oI Irequency, density and basal area were calculated and
summed up to get important value index.
KIA Kachin Independent Army
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt hour
LC Least Concerned
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MOGE Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise
MW Megawatts
mg/l Milligram per liter
NCNPP Nature Conservation and National Park's Project
i
NCEA The National Commission Ior Environmental AIIairs
NDAK New Democratic Army oI Kachin
NP National Park
NT Near Threatened
NTFP Non Timber Forest Product
NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
NWCD Nature and WildliIe Conservation Division
PAS Protected Areas System
ppm Parts per Million
SI Smithsonian Institution
TCM Traditional Chinese Medicine
TKM Traditional Korean Medicine
TRAFFIC WildliIe trade monitoring network
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
USNM Naatural Museum oI atural History, Smithsonian Institution
uS/cm Micro siemens Per Centimeter
VU Vulnerable
WCD World Commission on Dams
WCS WildliIe Conservation Society
WS WildliIe Sanctuary
WWF World Wide Fund For Nature
GLOSSARY OF MA1OR TERMS USED IN PART I, PART II AND PART III OF
THIS REPORT
Abatement Reducing the degree or intensity oI, or eliminating
pollution.
ii
Absorption
Accident site
Acid deposition
Acute toxicity
Adit
Aerobic
Agricultural Pollution
Air Pollution
The passage oI one substance into or through another; an
operation in which one or more soluble components oI a gas
mixture are dissolved in a liquid.
The location oI and unexpected occurrence, Iailure, or loss,
either at a plant or along a transportation route, resulting in
a release oI hazardous materials.
A complex chemical and atmospheric phenomenon that
occurs when emissions oI sulIur and nitrogen compounds
and other substances are transIormed by chemical processes
in the atmosphere, oIten Iar Irom the original sources, and
then deposited on earth in either a wet or a dry Iorm.
The ability oI a substance to cause poisonous eIIects
resulting in severe biological harm or death soon aIter a
single exposure or dose; also any severe poisonous eIIect
resulting Irom a single short-term exposure to a toxic
substance.
A tunnel used, made Ior geological investigations.
LiIe or processes that require, or are not destroyed by the
presence oI oxygen.
A liquid and solid wastes Irom Iarming, including runoII
and leaching oI pesticides and Iertilizers; erosion and dust
Irom plowing; animal manure and eareassess; and crop
residues and debris.
The presence oI contaminant or pollutant substances in the
air that do not disperse properly and interIere with human
health or welIare or produce other harmIul environmental
eIIects.
Algae
Ambient Air
A major division oI the plant kingdom consisting oI simple
non-vascular photosynthetic plants which a unicellular,
colonial, Iilamentous, or thalloid body, and being aquatic in
marine or Ireshwater or Iound in damp habitats on land.
Algae are a large and diverse group oI simple, typically
autotrophic organisms, ranging Irom unicellular to
multicellular Iorms. The largest and most complex marine
Iorms are called seaweeds. They are photosynthetic, like
plants, and "simple" because they lack the many distinct
organs Iound in land plants. For that reason they are
currently excluded Irom being considered plants.
Any unconIined protion oI the atmosphere; open air,
surrounding air.
Amphidromous Amphidromous Iish move between Iresh and saltwater
during their liIe cycle, but not to breed.
iii
Anadromous Anadromous Iish live in the ocean mostly, and breed in
Ireshwater.
Aquaculture Aquaculture is the Iarming oI Ireshwater and saltwater
organisms including Iish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic
plants. Unlike Iishing, aquaculture, also known as
aquaIarming, implies the cultivation oI aquatic populations
under controlled conditions.
Aquatic
Aquifer
Atmosphere
(as a measurement)
Bacteria
(singular bacterium)
Aquatic means relating to water; living in or near water or
taking place in water.
An underground geological Iormation or group oI
Iormations, containing usable amounts oI groundwater that
can supply wells and springs.
A standard unit oI pressure representing the pressure exerted
by a 29.92 inch column oI mercury at sea level at 45 degree
latitude and equal to 1000 grams per square centimeter.
Microscopic living organism that can aid in pollution
control by consuming or breaking down organic matter in
sewage or by similarly acting on oil spills or other water
pollutants.
Benthos
Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD)
Benthos are the organisms which live on, in, or near the sea
or inland water bed, also known as the benthic zone.
A measure oI the amount oI oxygen consumed in the
biological processes that break down organic matter in
water. The greater the BOD, the greater the degree oI
pollution.
Biodiversity
Biological Oxidation
Biological Treatment
All living things on Earth (plants, animals and micro-
organisms), and the diIIerences that make each species
unique.
The way bacteria and microorganism Ieed on and
decompose complex organic materials; used in selI-
puriIication oI water bodies and in activated sludge
wastewater treatment.
A treatment technology that uses bacteria to consume waste
and thus break down organic materials.
Cadmium (Cd)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
A heavy metal element that accumulates in the environment.
A colourless, odorless, nonpoisonous gas that results Irom
Iossil Iuel combustion and is normally apart oI the ambient
air.
iv
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carcinogen
Carnivores
A colourless, odorless, poisonous gas produces by
incomplete Iossil Iuel combustion.
Any substance that can cause or contribute to the production
oI cancer.
A carnivore is an animal that is adapted to eat meat and not
plant.
Catadromous Catadromous Iish live in the Ireshwater, and breed in the
ocean.
Catchment The action oI collecting water, especially the collection oI
rainIall over a natural drainage area.
Catchment Area The area oI land, in square kilometers (km
2
) or hectares
(ha), that drains to a speciIic point on a river.
Chemical oxygen demand
(COD)
Chinese EIA Law
Chloroflurocarbons
(CFCs)
Chromium
Chronic toxicity
A measue oI the oxygen require to oxidize all compounds in
water, both organic and inorganic.
Law oI the People's Republic oI China on Appraising oI
Environment Impacts
A Iamily oI inert, nontoxic and easily liqueIied chemicals
used in reIrigeration air conditioning, packaging, and
insulation or as solvents and aerosol propellants.
A heavy metal.
The capacity oI a substance to cause long term poisonous
human healh eIIects.
CITES Appendix I It includes just over 800 species threatened with extinction,
and trade in specimens oI these species is permitted only in
exceptional circumstances (e.g., scientiIic study).
CITES Appendix II It includes some 29,000 species that are not necessarily
threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be
controlled in order to avoid levels oI utilization that would
be incompatible with their survival.
CITES Appendix III
Coagulation
It contains 200-odd species that are protected in at least one
country which has then asked other CITIES Parties Ior
assistance in controlling the trade.
A clumping oI particles in waste water to settle out
imputities; oIten induced by chemicals such as lime, alum
and iron salts.
Confluence The junction oI two or more rivers Ilowing together
v
Contaminant
Corrosion
Any physical, chemical, biological, radiological substance
or matter that has an adverse aIIect on air, water, or soil.
The dissolving and wearing away oI metal caused by a
chemical reaction the occurs between water and the pipes
that the water contracts, or when chemicals touching a metal
surIace, or when two metals are in contact.
Critically Endangered
(CR)
Organisms with a conservation status oI critically
endangered have an extremely high risk oI becoming extinct
in the wild or completely extinct in the immediate Iuture.
Critically Endangered
Species
A species considered to be Iacing an extremely high risk oI
extinction in the wild, assessed using the IUCN Red List
Categories and Criteria.
Cumulative Increasing or growing by an accumulation or successive
addition oI parts or elements.
Dam A concrete or earthen barrier constructed across a river and
designed to control water Ilow or create a reservoir
Data Deficient (DD) Data DeIicient (DD) is a category applied by the IUCN to a
species when the available inIormation is not suIIicient Ior a
proper assessment oI conservation status to be made. This
does not necessarily indicate that the species has not been
extensively studied; but it does indicate that little or no
inIormation is available on the abundance and distribution
oI the species.
Data Deficient Species A species Ior which there is inadequate inIormation to make
a direct, or indirect, assessment oI its risk oI extinction
based on its distribution and/or population status. Data
deIicient species are research priorities, but not necessarily
conservation priorities.
Decomposition
Degradation
Diadromous
The breakdown oI matter by bacteria and Iungi; canges the
chemical makeup and physical appearance oI materials.
The process by which a chemical reduced to a less complex
Iorm.
Diadromous Iish travel between salt and Ireshwater
Discharge A concrete or earthen barrier constructed across a river and
designed to control water Ilow or create a reservoir.
Dissolved oxygen Oxygen saturation or dissolved oxygen (DO) is a relative
measure oI the amount oI oxygen that is dissolved or carried
in a given medium. It can be measured with a dissolved
oxygen probe such as an oxygen sensor or an optode in
liquid media, usually water.
vi
Dissolved solids Disintegrated organic and inorganic material contained in
water.
Diversion The transIer oI water Irom a stream, lake, aquiIer, or other
source oI water by a canal, pipe, well, or other conduit to
another watercourse or to the land, as in the case oI an
irrigation system
Downstream Situated or moving in the direction in which a stream or
river Ilows
Drawdown The release oI water Irom a reservoir Ior power generation,
Ilood control, irrigation or other water management activity
Ecology The study oI interrelationships oI organisms to their
environment (or surroundings). Ecology considers
individual organisms, populations, and communities, as well
as large units oI landscape such as Iorests, estuaries and
river basins. For an EIA, the ecosystem can be considered to
be an appropriate unit oI analysis concerned with a
community and its environment, both living and non-living.
Ecoregion According to WWF (2002), ecoregion means, a large area oI
land or water that contains a geographically distinct
assemblage oI natural communities that share a large
majority oI their species and ecological dynamics, share
similar environmental conditions, and interact ecologically
in ways that are critical Ior their long-term persistence.
Ecosystem A community and its environment (living and nonliving
considered collectively) (may range in extent Irom very
small to very large units).
An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting oI all plants,
animals and micro-organisms (biotic Iactors) in an area
Iunctioning together with all oI the physical (abiotic) Iactors
oI the environment.
Ecotourism
Effluent
Tourism directed towards threatened natural environments,
especially to support conservation eIIorts and observe
wildliIe.
Wastewater treated or untreated that Ilows out oI a treatment
plant, sewer, or industrial outIall; generally reIers to wastes
discharged into surIact water.
vii
Electrical conductivity
Emission
Emission factor
Emission standard
Electrical conductivity or speciIic conductance is a measure
oI a material's ability to conduct an electric current. The
conductivity oI a solution oI water is highly dependent on
its concentration oI dissolved salts and sometimes other
chemical species which tend to ionize in the solution.
Electrical conductivity oI water samples is sued as an
indicator oI how salt-Iree, ion-Iree, or impurity-Iree the
sample is; the purer the water, the lower the conductivity
(the higher the resistivity). Conductivity measurements in
water are oIten reported as "SpeciIic Conductance", which
is the conductivity oI the water were it measured at 25C.
Pollution discharged into the atmosphere Irom smokestacks,
other vents, and surIace areas oI commercial or industrial
Iacilities, Irom residential chimneys; and Irom motor
vehicle, locomotive, or aircraIt exhausts.
The relationship between the amount oI pollution produced
and the amount oI raw material processed.
The maximum amount oI air polluting discharge legally
allowed Irom a single soure, mobile or stationary.
Endangered (EN) A species is Endangered when the best available evidence
indicates that meets any oI the criteria A to E Ior
Endangered, and it is thereIore considered to be Iacing a
very high risk oI extinction in the wild.
Endangered Species A species considered to be Iacing a very high risk oI
extinction in the wild, assessed using the IUCN Red List
Categories and Criteria.
Endemic Bird Area - EBA One oI 218 discrete biogeographic regions holding at least
two restricted-range birds, as assessed by BirdliIe
International.
Endemic species A species that is restricted to a particular geographic area
and thus are Iound nowhere else on earth.Species that are
endemic to small geographic ranges are known as restricted-
range species.
A species oI animal or plant native to, or limited to, a
speciIic geographical area
Environmental awareness
and education
Activities designed to inIorm, disseminate ideas, promote
debates, and inspire changes to generate a lasting change oI
behavior in Iavor oI conservation.
Environment The total oI all those physical, chemical, biological and
social economic Iactors that impinge on an individual, a
community or a population
viii
Environmental audit An analysis oI the technical, procedural and decision
making aspects oI an EIA carried out sometime aIter a
proposal has been implemented.
Environmental Impact A change in eIIect on an environmental resource or value
resulting Irom human activities including project
development, oIten called an "eIIect".
Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA)
A Iormal process to predict the environmental consequences
oI human development activities and to plan appropriate
measures to eliminate or reduce adverse eIIects and
augment positive eIIects.
Environmental
Management
Management and control oI the environment and natural
resources systems in such a way so as to ensure the
sustainability oI development eIIorts over a long-term basis
Environmental
monitoring
Observation oI eIIects oI development projects on
environmental resources and values
Environmental planning All planning activities with the objective oI preserving or
enhancing environmental values or resources
Erosion Wearing away oI rock or soil by the gradual detachment oI
soil or rock Iragments by water, wind, ice, and other
mechanical, chemical, or biological Iorces
Euryphagous
Eutrophication
Evapotranspiration
Exposure
Feeding on a large variety oI Iood
The slow aging process during which a lake, estuary, or bay
evolves into a bog or marsh and eventually disappears.
The loss oI water Irom the soil both by evaporation and by
transpiration Irom the plants growing in the soil.
A potential health threat to the living organisms in the
environment due to the amount oI radiation or pollutant
present in the environment.
Fauna
Fertilizer
All the animals oI an area or a period oI time
Materials such as nitrogen and phosphours that provide
nutrients Ior plants.
Flapship species These are popular, charismatic species that serve as symbols
and rallying points to stimulate conservation awareness and
action.
Flood Plain Area bordering a river which is Ilooded when the river rises
over its normal banks.
Flora All the plants growing in a particular area
ix
Fluorocarobon (FCs)
Fly ash
Any oI a number oI organic compounds analogous too
hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are
replaced by Iluorine.
Noncombustible residual particles Irom the combustion
process carried by Ilue gas.
Food chain Food chains describe the eating relationships between
species within an ecosystem or a particular living place.
Food web Food webs describe the transIer oI energy between species
in an ecosystem.
Greenhouse effect
Gregarious
The warming oI the Earth's atmosphere caused by a buildup
oI carbon dioxide or other trace gases; many scientists
believe that this buildup allows light Irom the sun's rays to
heat the Earth but prevents a counterbalancing loss oI heat.
Gregarious bamboo Ilowering means simultaneous
Ilowering oI bamboos in the whole Iorests; oI animals that
travel in herds or packs
Groundwater SubsurIace water and underground streams that can be
collected with well, or that Ilow naturally to the earth`s
surIace though springs.
Habitat The local environment, in which an organism normally lives
and grows.
Habitat diversity The number oI kinds oI habitat in a given unit area.
Hatchery: A hatchery is a Iacility where eggs are hatched under
artiIicial conditions, especially those oI Iish or poultry. It
may be used Ior ex-situ conservation purposes, i.e. to breed
rare or endangered species under controlled conditions;
alternatively, it may be Ior economic reasons.
Heavy metals
Herbivores
Metallic elements with atomic number greater than 20, such
as mercury and lead.
An herbivore is an animal that is adapted to eat plants and
not meat.
Hotspot
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Terrestrial biodiversity hotspot - Regions that harbor a great
diversity oI endemic species and have been signiIicantly
impacted and altered by human activities.
Chemical compounds that consist entirely oI carbon and
hydrogen.
x
Hydroelectricity/Hydroele
ctric power
Hydrogen sulfide (HS)
The production oI electric power through use oI the
gravitational Iorce oI Ialling water.
Gas emitted during organic decomposition and as a by-
product oI oil reIining and burning.
Hydrology Science that deals with the transportation and distribution oI
water in the atmosphere, on and beneath the earth's surIace.
Hypolimnion The hypolimnion is the dense, bottom layer oI water in a
thermally stratiIied lake. It is the layer that lies below the
thermocline.
Impact assessment
Impoundment
A process oI predicting and evaluating the eIIects oI an
action or series oI actions on a deIined target. Ideally impact
assessment provides a systematic analysis oI the enduring or
signiIicant changes in a system resulting Irom a given action
or set oI activities and then helps to determine iI observed
changes are positive or negative and intend or not.
A body oI water or sludge conIined by a dam, dike,
Iloodgate, or other barrier.
Indicator species
Indirect discharge
Infiltration
Inorganic chemicals
Insecticide
The presence or Iluctuation oI an indicator species is
believed (or hoped) to reIlect either that oI other species in
the community or a change in the environment. However, it
is uncertain that any species can serve as consistently good
indicator. In addition, when using indicator species, it is
important to note that speciIic conservation action targeted
at an indicator species is likely to change its indicator
ability.
Introduction oI pollutants Irom a nondomenstic source into
a publicly owned waste treatment system.
The penetration oI water through the ground surIace into
subsurIact soil or the penetration oI water Irom the soil into
sewer or other pipes through deIective joints, connections,
or manhole walls.
Chemical substances oI mineral origin, not oI basically
carbon structure.
A pesticide compound speciIically used to kill or control the
growth oI insects.
Inundate
Irrigation
To Ilood; overIlow
Technique Ior applying water or wastewater to land areas to
supply the water and nutrient needs oI plants.
xi
IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species
A system containing taxonomic, conservation status, and
distribution inIormation on taxa that have been valuated
using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, which is
designed to determin the relative risk oI global extinction,
and which aims to catalogue and highlight those taxa that
are Iacing a higher risk global extinction.
Key biodiversity area An area comprising critical habitat Ior the survival oI
globally threatened and geographyically concentrated
species, that can be managed Ior conservation.
Keystone species These are species whose impacts on their community are
greater than expected Irom their relative abundance. A
subset oI these are engineer species, which actually modiIy
their ecosystem. While conservation oI these species, will
be very important Ior achieving corridor-scale conservaion
outcomes, they are not necessarily targets Ior species -scale
conservation in themselves.
kilowatt (kW) The electrical unit oI power, which equals 1,000 watts or
1.341 horsepower
kilowatt-hour (kWh) A basic unit oI electrical energy that equals one kilowatt oI
power applied Ior one hour.
Lacustrine Lacustrine means "oI a lake" or "relating to a lake".
Landslide
Leaching
A movement oI earth and rocks down a steep slope
The process by which soluble constituents are dissolved and
carried down through the soil by a perIolating Iluid.
Least Concerned Species A species is Least Concerned when it has been evaluated
against the criteria and does not qualiIy Ior Critically
Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened.
Widespread and abundant species are included in this
category.
Lentic Standing water. Lentic reIers to standing or still water.
Lentic ecosystem Lentic ecosystems are the ecosystems oI lakes, ponds and
swamps.
Lotic Running water. Lotic reIers to Ilowing water.
Lotic ecosystem Lotic ecosystems are the ecosystems oI rivers, streams and
springs.
Macrophyte A macrophyte is an aquatic plant that grows in or near water
and is either emergent, submergent, or Iloating. In lakes
macrophytes provide cover Ior Iish and substrate Ior aquatic
invertebrates, produce oxygen, and act as Iood Ior some Iish
and wildliIe.
xii
Megawatts (MW)
Methane
A megawatt is one million watts or one thousand kilowatts,
a measure oI electrical power or generation capacity.
A colorless, nonpoisonous, Ilammable gas created by
anaerobic decomposition oI organic compounds.
mg/l A milligram per litre is a measurement oI concentration
used to measure how many milligrams oI a certain
substance are present in one litre oI liquid.
Microbes
Mitigation
Microscopic organisms such as algae, viruses, bacteria,
Iungi, and protozoa, some oI which cause disease.
The act oI alleviating or making less severe
Millenium Development
Goals (MDGs)
Have targeted the integration oI environmental and
sustainable development considerations into country
policies and programs and the reversal oI the integration oI
the loss oI environmental resources.
Mitigating measures
Monitoring
Nitrate
Nitric oxide (NO)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Nitrogenous wastes
ModiIications oI actions that (1) avoid impacts by not
taking a certain action oI parts oI an action; (2) minimize
impacts by limiting the degree or magnitude oI the action
and its implementation; (3) rectiIy impacts by repairing,
rehabilitating, or restoring the aIIected environment; (4)
reduce or eliminate impacts over time by preservation and
maintenance operations during the liIe oI the action; or (5)
compensate Ior impacts by replacing or providing substitute
resources or environments.
Periodic or continuous surveillance or testing to determine
the level oI compliance with statutory requirements or
pollutant levels in various media or in humans, animals, and
other living things.
A compound containing nitrogen that can exist in the
atmosphere or as a dissolved gas in water and can have
harmIul eIIects on humans and animals.
A gas Iormed by combustion under high temperature and
high pressure in an internal combustion engine.
The result oI nitric oxide conbining with oxygen in the
atmosphere; a major component oI photochemical smog.
Animal or vegetable residues that contain signiIicant
amounts oI nitrogen.
Non-Governmental
Organization
Private organizations that pursue activities to relieve
suIIering, promote the interests oI the poor, protect the
environment, or undertake community development, (World
Bank Operational Directive 10.70)
xiii
Nonpoint sources Pollution sources that are diIIuse and do not introduced into
a receiving stream Irom a speciIic outlet.
Near Threatened Species A species is Least Threatened when it has been evaluated
against the criteria but does not qualiIy Ior Critically
Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to
qualiIy Ior a threatened category in the near Iuture.
Nutritent Any substance assimilated by living things that promotes
growth.
Oak Any Iagacedus tree or shrub oI the genus Quercus bearing
the acorn as Iruit
Oceanodromous Oceanodromous Iish migrate within salt water only
Omnivores
Organic
Organic
chemicals/compounds
Organophosphates
Oxidation
An omnivore is an animal that is adapted to eat both plants
and animals as their primary Iood source.
ReIerring to or derived Irom living organisms.
Animal- or plant- produced substances containing mainly
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Pesticide chemicals that contain phosphorus; used to control
insects.
1) The addition oI oxygen, which breaks down organic
waste or chemicals such as cyanides, phenols, and organic
sulIur compounds in sewage by bacterial and chemical
means. 2) Oxygen combining with other elements. 3) The
process in chemistry whereby electrons are removed Irom a
molecule.
Oxydative Redox
Potential (ORP)
Reduction potential (also known as redox potential,
oxidation/reduction potential or ORP) is the tendency oI a
chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be
rediced. Each species has its own intrinsic reduction
potential; the more positive the potential, the greater the
species' aIIinity Ior electrons and tendency to be reduced. In
aqueous solutions, the reduction potential is the tendency oI
the solution to either gain or llose electrons when it is
subject to change by introduction oI a new species. A
solution with a higher (more positive) reduction potential
than the new species will have a tendency to gain electrons
Irom the new species (i.e. to be reduced by oxidizing the
new species) and a solution with a lower (more negative)
rediction potentia will have a tendency to o9se electrons to
the new species (i.e. to be oxidized by reducing the new
species). Just as the transIer oI hydrogen ions between
chemical species determines the reduction potential oI an
aqueous solution. Like pH, the reduction potential
represents an intensity Iactor.
xiv
Ozone (O
3
)
Ozone depletion
Found in two layers oI the atmosphere, the troposphere and
the strasphere. In the troposphere (the layer extending 7 to
10 miles up Irom the Earth's surIace), ozone is a chemical
oxidant and major component oI photochemical smog. In
the stratosphere (the atomospheric layer beginning 7 to 10
miles above the Earth's surIace), ozone is a Iorm oI oxygen
Iound naturally that provides a protective layer shielding the
Earth Irom the harmIul health eIIects oI ultraviolet radiation
on humans and the environment.
Destruction oI the stratospheric ozone layer that shields the
Earth Irom ultraviolet radiation harmIul to biological liIe.
Parastatal
Particulates
A government owned company
Fine liquid or solid particles, such as dust, smoke, mist,
Iunes, or smog, Iound in air or emissions.
Pathogen
Pathogenic
An organism or substance which causes disease
Capable oI causing disease.
Periphyton
Permeability
Pesticide
Phenols
Phosphates
Phosphorus
Photosynthesis
Periphyton is a complex mixture oI algae, cyanobacteria,
heterotrophic microbes, and detritus that is attached to
submerged surIaces in most aquatic ecosystems. It serves as
an important Iood source Ior invertebrates, tadpoles, and
some Iish.
The rate at which liquids pass through soil or other
materials in a speciIied direction.
Substance or mixture oI substances intedded Ior preventing,
destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.
Organic compounds that are by-products oI petroleum
reIining, tanning, and textile, dye, and resin manuIacturing.
Certain chemical compounds containing phosphorus.
An essential chemical Iood element that can contribute to
the eutrophication oI lakes and other water bodies.
The manuIacture oI carbohydrates and oxygen by plants
Irom carbon dioxide and water in the presence oI
chlorophyll, using sunlight as an evergy source.
Phytobenthos The Ilora oI the sea bottom or the bottom oI inland waters.
Phytobenthos are plants belonging to the benthos.
Phytoplankton Wandering plants in the water. Phytoplankton are the
autotrophic component oI the plankton community.
xv
pH pH is a measure oI the acidity or basicity oI a solution. It is
deIined as the cologarithm oI the activity oI dissolved
hydrogen ions (H