3G Americas HSPA-LTE Advanced

HSPA t o LTE- Advanced, Rysavy Research / 3G Americas, Sept ember 2009 Page 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I NTRODUCTI ON ...................................................................................................... 4
BROADBAND DEVELOPMENTS ................................................................................ 6
Wireless versus Wireline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Bandwidt h Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
WI RELESS DATA MARKET ..................................................................................... 10
Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
EDGE/ HSPA/ HSPA+ Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
St at ist ics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
WI RELESS TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTI ON AND MI GRATI ON ....................................... 14
1G t o 4G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3GPP Evolut ionary Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Spect rum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Core- Net work Evolut ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Service Evolut ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Device I nnovat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Net work I nt erfaces for Applicat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Mobile Applicat ion Archit ect ures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Broadband- Wireless Deployment Considerat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Feat ure and Net work Roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
COMPETI NG TECHNOLOGI ES ................................................................................ 33
CDMA2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
WiMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
I EEE 802. 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Wi- Fi and Municipal Wi- Fi Syst ems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
COMPARI SON OF WI RELESS TECHNOLOGI ES ....................................................... 40
Dat a Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
HSDPA Throughput in Represent at ive Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Release 99 and HSUPA Uplink Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
LTE Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Lat ency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Spect ral Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Cost , Volume and Market Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Compet it ive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

CONCLUSI ON ........................................................................................................ 62
APPENDI X: TECHNOLOGY DETAI LS ...................................................................... 64
EDGE/ EGPRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Evolved EDGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
UMTS- HSPA Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
UMTS Release 99 Dat a Capabilit ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
HSDPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
HSUPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Evolut ion of HSPA ( HSPA+ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
HSPA Voice Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3GPP LTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4G, I MT- Advanced and LTE- Advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
UMTS TDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
TD- SCDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
I MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Broadcast / Mult icast Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
EPC/ SAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Whit e Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................... 108
ADDI TI ONAL I NFORMATI ON .............................................................................. 112
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 112

Introduction
We are at t he dawn of a new decade t hat will bring t o mass market t he mobile broadband
innovat ions int roduced over t he last several years. 3G t echnology has shown us t he power
and pot ent ial of always- on, everyplace net work connect ivit y and has ignit ed a massive wave
of indust ry innovat ion t hat spans devices, applicat ions, I nt ernet int egrat ion, and new
business models. Already used by hundreds of millions of people, mobile broadband
connect ivit y is on t he verge of becoming ubiquit ous. I t will do so on a powerful foundat ion
of net working t echnologies, including GSM wit h EDGE, HSPA, and LTE. LTE in a fort hcoming
release will be one of t he first t echnologies t o meet t he requirement s of I nt ernat ional Mobile
Telephone ( I MT) Advanced, a proj ect of t he I nt ernat ional Telecommunicat ions Union ( I TU)
t hat t his year defined official 4G requirement s.
Through const ant innovat ion, Universal Mobile Telecommunicat ions Syst em ( UMTS) wit h
High Speed Packet Access ( HSPA) t echnology has est ablished it self as t he global, mobile-
broadband solut ion. Building on t he phenomenal success of Global Syst em for Mobile
Communicat ions ( GSM) , t he GSM- HSPA ecosyst em has become t he most successful
communicat ions t echnology family ever. Through a process of const ant improvement , t he
GSM family of t echnologies has not only mat ched or exceeded t he capabilit ies of all
compet ing approaches, but has significant ly ext ended t he life of each of it s member
t echnologies.
UMTS- HSPA, in part icular, has many key t echnical and business advant ages over ot her
mobile wireless t echnologies. Operat ors worldwide are now deploying bot h High Speed
Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access ( HSUPA) , t he
combinat ion of t he t wo t echnologies called simply HSPA. HSPA is t he most capable cellular-
dat a t echnology ever developed and deployed. HSPA, already widely available, follows t he
successful deployment of UMTS net works around t he world and is now a st andard feat ure.
HSPA is st rongly posit ioned t o be t he dominant mobile- dat a t echnology for t he next five t o
t en years. To leverage operat or invest ment s in HSPA, t he 3GPP ( Third Generat ion
Part nership Proj ect ) st andards body has developed a series of enhancement s t o creat e
HSPA Evolut ion, also referred t o as HSPA+ . HSPA Evolut ion represent s a logical
development of t he Wideband Code Division Mult iple Access ( WCDMA) approach, and it is
t he st epping st one t o an ent irely new Third Generat ion Part nership Proj ect ( 3GPP) radio
plat form called 3GPP Long Term Evolut ion ( LTE) . LTE, which uses Ort hogonal Frequency
Division Mult iple Access ( OFDMA) , will be ready for deployment in 2010. Simult aneously,
3GPP recognizing t he significant worldwide invest ment s in GSM net workshas defined
enhancement s t hat will significant ly increase EDGE dat a capabilit ies t hrough an effort called
Evolved EDGE.
Combined wit h t hese improvement s in radio- access t echnology, 3GPP has also spearheaded
t he development of maj or core- net work archit ect ure enhancement s such as t he I P
Mult imedia Subsyst em ( I MS) and t he Evolved Packet Core ( EPC) , previously called Syst em
Archit ect ure Evolut ion or SAE, as well as development s in Fixed Mobile Convergence ( FMC) .
These development s will facilit at e new t ypes of services, t he int egrat ion of legacy and new
net works, t he convergence bet ween fixed and wireless syst ems, and t he t ransit ion from
circuit - swit ched approaches for voice t raffic t o a fully packet - swit ched model.
The result is a balanced port folio of complement ary t echnologies t hat covers bot h radio-
access and core net works, provides operat ors maximum flexibilit y in how t hey enhance t heir
net works over t ime, and support s bot h voice and dat a services.
This paper discusses t he evolut ion of EDGE, HSPA enhancement s, 3GPP LTE, t he capabilit ies
of t hese t echnologies, and t heir posit ion relat ive t o ot her primary compet ing t echnologies. I t

explains how t hese t echnologies fit int o t he I TU roadmap t hat leads t o I MT- Advanced. The
following are some of t he import ant observat ions and conclusions of t his paper:
The wireless t echnology roadmap now ext ends t o I MT- Advanced wit h LTE- Advanced
being one of t he first t echnologies defined t o meet I MT- Advanced requirement s. LTE-
Advanced will be capable of peak t hroughput rat es t hat exceed 1 gigabit per second
( Gbps) .
Persist ent innovat ion creat ed EDGE, which was a significant advance over GPRS;
HSPA and HSPA+ , which are bringing UMTS t o it s full pot ent ial; and is now delivering
LTE, t he most powerful, wide- area wireless t echnology ever developed.
GSM- HSPA
1
has an overwhelming global posit ion in t erms of subscribers,
deployment , and services. I t s success will cont inue t o marginalize ot her wide- area
wireless t echnologies.
I n current deployment s, HSPA users regularly experience t hroughput rat es well in
excess of 1 megabit per second ( Mbps) under favorable condit ions, on bot h
downlinks and uplinks, wit h 4 Mbps downlink speed commonly being measured.
Planned enhancement s such as dual- carrier operat ion will double peak user-
achievable t hroughput rat es.
HSPA Evolut ion provides a st rat egic performance roadmap advant age for incumbent
GSM- HSPA operat ors. Feat ures such as dual- carrier operat ion, MI MO, and higher-
order modulat ion offer operat ors mult iple opt ions for upgrading t heir net works, wit h
many of t hese feat ures ( e. g. , dual- carrier, higher- order modulat ion) being available
as net work soft ware upgrades.
HSPA+ wit h 2x2 MI MO, successive int erference cancellat ion, and 64 Quadrat ure
Amplit ude Modulat ion ( QAM) is more spect rally efficient t han compet ing t echnologies
including Worldwide I nt eroperabilit y for Microwave Access ( WiMAX) Release 1. 0.
The LTE Radio Access Net work t echnical specificat ion was approved in 2008 for 3GPP
Release 8, which was fully rat ified in March, 2009. I nit ial deployment s will occur in
2010 and will expand rapidly t hereaft er.
The 3GPP OFDMA approach used in LTE mat ches or exceeds t he capabilit ies of any
ot her OFDMA syst em. Peak t heoret ical downlink rat es are 326 Mbps in a 20 MHz
channel bandwidt h. LTE assumes a full I nt ernet Prot ocol ( I P) net work archit ect ure,
and it is designed t o support voice in t he packet domain.
LTE has become t he t echnology plat form of choice as GSM- UMTS and CDMA/ EV- DO
operat ors are making st rat egic, long- t erm decisions on t heir next - generat ion
plat forms. I n June of 2008, aft er ext ensive evaluat ion, LTE was t he first and t hus far
only t echnology recognized by t he Next Generat ion Mobile Net work alliance t o meet
it s broad requirement s.
GSM- HSPA will comprise t he overwhelming maj orit y of subscribers over t he next five
t o t en years, even as new wireless t echnologies are adopt ed. The deployment of LTE
and it s coexist ence wit h UMTS- HSPA will be analogous t o t he deployment of UMTS-
HSPA and it s coexist ence wit h GSM.
3GPP has made significant progress on how t o enhance LTE t o meet t he
requirement s of I MT- Advanced in a proj ect called LTE- Advanced. LTE- Advanced is
expect ed t o be t he first t rue 4G syst em available.

1
This paper s use of t he t erm GSM- HSPA includes GSM, EDGE, UMTS, HSPA and HSPA+ .
UMTS- HSPA refers t o UMTS t echnology deployed in conj unct ion wit h HSPA capabilit y.

HSPA- LTE has significant economic advant ages over ot her wireless t echnologies.
WiMAX has developed an ecosyst em support ed by many companies, but it will st ill
only represent a very small percent age of wireless subscribers over t he next five
years.
EDGE t echnology has proven ext remely successful and is widely deployed on GSM
net works globally. Advanced capabilit ies wit h Evolved EDGE can double and
event ually quadruple current EDGE t hroughput rat es, halve lat ency and increase
spect ral efficiency.
Wit h a UMTS mult i- radio net work, a common core net work can efficient ly support
GSM, WCDMA, and HSPA access net works and offer high efficiency for bot h high and
low dat a rat es, as well as for bot h high- and low- t raffic densit y configurat ions. I n t he
fut ure, EPC/ SAE will provide a new core net work t hat support s bot h LTE and
int eroperabilit y wit h legacy GSM- UMTS radio- access net works.
I nnovat ions such as EPC/ SAE and UMTS one- t unnel archit ect ure will flat t en t he
net work, simplifying deployment and reducing lat ency.
Circuit - swit ched, voice- over HSPA, t hen moving t o voice over I nt ernet Prot ocol
( VoI P) over HSPA will add t o voice capacit y and reduce infrast ruct ure cost s. I n t he
meant ime, UMTS- HSPA enj oys high circuit - swit ched voice spect ral efficiency, and it
can combine voice and dat a on t he same radio channel.
This paper begins wit h an overview of t he market , looking at t rends, EDGE and UMTS- HSPA
deployment s, and market st at ist ics. I t t hen examines t he evolut ion of wireless t echnology,
part icularly 3GPP t echnologies, including spect rum considerat ions, core- net work evolut ion,
broadband- wireless deployment considerat ions, and a feat ure and net work roadmap. Next ,
t he paper discusses ot her wireless t echnologies, including Code Division Mult iple Access
2000 ( CDMA2000) and WiMAX. Finally, it compares t he different wireless t echnologies
t echnically, based on feat ures such as performance and spect ral efficiency.
The appendix explains in det ail t he capabilit ies and workings of t he different t echnologies
including EDGE, Evolved EDGE, WCDMA
2
, HSPA, HSPA Evolut ion ( HSPA+ ) , LTE, LTE-
Advanced, I MS, and SAE.
Broadband Developments
As wireless t echnology represent s an increasing port ion of t he global communicat ions
infrast ruct ure, it is import ant t o underst and overall broadband t rends and t he role bet ween
wireless and wireline t echnologies, as well as I nt ernet t rends. Somet imes wireless and
wireline t echnologies compet e wit h each ot her, but in most inst ances, t hey are
complement ary. For t he most part , backhaul t ransport and core infrast ruct ure for wireless
net works are based on wireline approaches, whet her opt ical or copper. This applies as
readily t o Wi- Fi net works as it does t o cellular net works.
Trends show explosive bandwidt h growt h of t he I nt ernet at large and for mobile broadband
net works in part icular. Cisco proj ect s global I P t raffic as nearly doubling every t wo years

2
Alt hough many use t he t erms UMTS and WCDMA int erchangeably, in t his paper we use WCDMA
when referring t o t he r adio int erface t echnology used wit hin UMTS and UMTS t o refer t o t he
complet e syst em. HSPA is an enhancement t o WCDMA.

t hrough 2012
3
, and mobile broadband t raffic growing at a CAGR of 131 percent bet ween
2008 and 2013, reaching 2 exabyt es
4
per mont h by 2013.
5

Wit h declining voice revenue, but increasing dat a revenue, cellular operat ors face a
t remendous opport unit y t o develop a mobile broadband business. Successful execut ion,
however, means more t han j ust providing high speed net works. I t also means nurt uring an
applicat ion ecosyst em, providing complement ary services, and supplying at t ract ive devices.
These are all areas in which t he indust ry has done well. An emerging challenge, however, is
managing bandwidt h, which will require a number of different approaches.
Wireless versus Wireline
Wireless t echnology is playing a profound role in net working and communicat ions, even
t hough wireline t echnology, such as fiber links, has inherent capacit y advant ages.
The overwhelming global success of mobile t elephony, and now t he growing adopt ion of
mobile dat a, conclusively demonst rat es t he desire for mobile- orient ed communicat ions.
Mobile broadband combines compelling high- speed dat a services wit h mobilit y. Thus, t he
opport unit ies are limit less when considering t he many diverse market s mobile
broadband can successfully address. Developed count ries cont inue t o show t remendous
upt ake of mobile broadband services. Addit ionally, in developing count ries, t here is no
doubt t hat 3G t echnology will cat er t o bot h ent erprises and t heir high- end mobile
workers and consumers, for whom 3G can be a cost - effect ive opt ion, compet ing wit h
digit al subscriber line ( DSL) for home use.
Relat ive t o wireless net works, wireline net works have always had great er capacit y, and
hist orically have delivered fast er t hroughput rat es. Figure 1 shows advances in t ypical
user t hroughput rat es wit h a consist ent 10x advant age of wireline t echnologies over
wireless t echnologies.

3
Source: Cisco, Approaching t he Zet t abyt e Era, June 16, 2008
4
One gigabyt e is 10
9
byt es. 1 t erabyt e is 10
12
byt es. 1 exabyt e is 10
15
byt es. 1 zet t abyt e is 10
18

byt es.
5
Source: Cisco Visual Net working I ndex: Global Mobile Dat a Traffic, Forecast Updat e, January 29,
2009

Fi gur e 1: Wi r el i ne and Wi r el ess Advances

The quest ion is whet her some of t he limit at ions of wireless t echnology, relat ive t o
wireline t echnology, may limit it s appeal and usage.
Bandwidth Management
Alt hough it is t rue t hat most 3G syst ems are now offering t hroughput s of about 1
Mbpswhich is comparable t o what many users experience wit h a basic DSL or cable-
modem servicet he overall capacit y of wireless syst ems is generally lower t han it is
wit h wireline syst ems. This is especially t rue when wireless is compared t o opt ical fiber,
which some operat ors in developed count ries ( such as t he U. S. ) are now deploying t o
peoples homes. Wit h wireline operat ors looking t o provide 50 t o 100 Mbps t o eit her
peoples homes or businesses via next - generat ion cable- modem services, very high-
speed DSL ( VDSL) or fiberespecially for services such as high- definit ion I P Television
( I PTV) t he quest ion becomes, I s it possible t o mat ch t hese rat es using wireless
approaches? The answer is yes from a purely t echnical perspect ive, but it is no from a
pract ical point of view. I t is only possible t o achieve t hese rat es by using large amount s
of spect rum, generally more t han is available for current 3G syst ems, and by using
relat ively small cell sizes. Ot herwise, it simply will not be possible t o deliver t he
hundreds of gigabyt es per mont h t hat users will event ually be consuming over t heir
broadband connect ions wit h wide- area wireless net works. Consider t odays high
definit ion ( HD) t elevision cont ent t hat demands 6 t o 9 Mbps of cont inuous connect ivit y,
wherein one subscriber could essent ially consume t he ent ire capacit y of a WiMAX or
HSPA cell sect or.
Thus, operat ors are bot h deploying and considering mult iple approaches for managing
bandwidt h. These include:
2010 2000 2005
100 kbps
10 kbps
1 Mbps
10 Mbps
100 Mbps
GPRS 40 kbps
UMTS 350 kbps
HSDPA 1 Mbps
HSPA+ 5 Mbps
LTE 10 Mbps
EDGE 100 kbps
ADSL 1 Mbps
ISDN
128 kbps
ADSL 3 to 5 Mbps
ADSL2+ 25 Mbps
FTTH 100 Mbps

- Mor e spect r um. Spect rum correlat es direct ly t o capacit y, and more spect rum is
becoming available globally for mobile broadband.
- I ncr eased spect r al ef f i ci ency . Newer t echnologies are spect rally more
efficient , meaning great er t hroughput in t he same amount of spect rum.
- Mor e cel l si t es. Smaller cell sizes result in more capacit y per subscriber.
- Femt ocel l s. Femt o cells can significant ly offload t he macro net work. Pricing
plans can encourage users t o move high- bandwidt h act ivit ies ( e. g. , movie
downloads t o femt ocell connect ions.
- Wi - Fi . Wi- Fi net works offer anot her means of offloading heavy t raffic.
- Of f - peak hour s. Operat ors can offer lower rat es or perhaps fewer rest rict ions on
large dat a t ransfers t hat occur at off- peak hours such as overnight .
- Qual i t y of ser v i ce. By priorit izing t raffic, large downloads can occur wit h lower
priorit y, t hus not affect ing ot her act ive users.
I t will t ake a creat ive blend of all of t he above as well as ot her measures t o make t he
mobile broadband market successful and t o enable it t o exist as a complement ary
solut ion t o wired broadband.
Table 1 summarizes t he st rengt hs and weaknesses of wireless versus wireline broadband
approaches.
Tabl e 1: St r engt hs and Weak ness of Br oadband Appr oaches
St r engt h Weak ness
Mobi l e br oadband
( EDGE, HSPA, LTE)
Const ant connect ivit y
Broadband capabilit y
across ext remely wide
areas
Good access solut ion for
areas lacking wireline
infrast ruct ure
Capacit y enhancement via
FMC
Excellent voice
communicat ions
Lower capacit y t han
wireline approaches
I nabilit y t o serve high-
bandwidt h applicat ions
such as I P TV
Wi r el i ne br oadband
( e.g., DSL, DOCSI S,
FTTH)
High- capacit y broadband
at very high dat a rat es
Evolut ion t o ext remely
high t hroughput rat es
Expensive t o deploy new
net works, especially in
developing economies
lacking infrast ruct ure

3GPP t echnologies clearly address proven market needs; hence t heir overwhelming success.
The 3GPP roadmap, which ant icipat es cont inual performance and capacit y improvement s,
provides t he t echnical means t o deliver on proven business models. As t he applicat ions for
mobile broadband cont inue t o expand, HSPA, HSPA+ , LTE and LTE- Advanced will cont inue
t o provide a compet it ive plat form for t omorrows new business opport unit ies.


Wireless Data Market
By May 2009, more t han 3. 7 billion subscribers were using GSM- HSPA
6
approaching an
ast onishing 50 percent of t he worlds t ot al 6. 8 billion populat ion.
7
By t he end of 2013, t he
global 3G wireless market is expect ed t o include more t han 2 billion subscribers, of which
1. 6 billion will use 3GPP t echnologies, represent ing 80% market share.
8
I n 2007, 3G
Americas President Chris Pearson st at ed, This level of wireless t echnology growt h exceeds
t hat of almost all ot her lifest yle- changing innovat ions.
9
This growt h cont inues. Clearly,
GSM- HSPA has est ablished global dominance. Alt hough voice st ill const it ut es most cellular
t raffic, wireless dat a worldwide now comprises a significant percent age of revenue per user
( ARPU) . I n t he Unit ed St at es, wireless dat a is now more t han 26 percent of ARPU, and is
proj ect ed t o hit 30% by t he end of 2009.
10

This sect ion examines t rends and deployment , and t hen provides market dat a t hat
demonst rat es t he rapid growt h of wireless dat a.
Trends
As st at ed in a Rysavy Research report for CTI A on mobile broadband spect rum demand,
We are at a unique and pivot al t ime in hist ory, in which t echnology capabilit y,
consumer awareness and comfort wit h emerging wireless t echnology, and indust ry
innovat ion are converging t o creat e mass- market accept ance of mobile broadband.
11

The market fact ors cont ribut ing t o t he surging growt h in t his market are shown in t he
following figure.

6
Source: I nforma Telecoms & Media, May 2009.
7
Source: US Census Bureau, ht t p: / / www. census. gov/ ipc/ www/ idb/ worldpopinfo. ht ml
8
Source: Subscriber Dat a - I nforma Telecoms and Media, World Cellular I nformat ion Service, March
2009
9
Source: 3G Americas press release of June 5, 2007.
10
Chet an Sharma, US Wireless Dat a Market Updat e - Q1 2009.
11
Source: Rysavy Research, Mobile Broadband Spect rum Demand, December 2008.


Fi gur e 2: Mar k et Fact or s Cont r i but i ng t o Gr ow t h of Mobi l e Br oadband

As dat a const it ut es a rising percent age of t ot al cellular t raffic, it is essent ial t hat
operat ors deploy spect rally efficient dat a t echnologies t hat meet cust omer requirement s
for performanceespecially because dat a applicat ions can demand significant ly more
net work resources t han t radit ional voice services. Operat ors have a huge invest ment in
spect rum and in t heir net works; dat a services must leverage t hese invest ment s. I t is
only a mat t er of t ime before t odays more t han 4 billion cellular cust omers st art t aking
full advant age of dat a capabilit ies. This adopt ion will offer t remendous opport unit ies and
t he associat ed risks t o operat ors as t hey choose t he most commercially viable
evolut ionary pat h for migrat ing t heir cust omers. The EDGE/ HSPA/ LTE evolut ionary pat hs
provide dat a capabilit ies t hat address market needs and deliver ever- higher dat a
t hroughput s, lower lat ency, and increased spect ral efficiency.
As a consequence, t his rich net work and device environment is spawning t he availabilit y
of a wide range of wireless applicat ions and cont ent . Because of it s growing sizeand it s
unassailable pot ent ialapplicat ion and cont ent developers are making t he wireless
market a high priorit y. For example, t here are now more t han 50, 000 applicat ions for
t he Apple iPhone.
12

Based on one leading UMTS- HSPA infrast ruct ure vendors st at ist ics, Figure 3 compares
t he rapid growt h in wireless dat a t raffic compared t o voice t raffic across mult iple
operat ors. By mid 2009, in HSPA coverage areas worldwide, t he volume of dat a t raffic
significant ly exceeded voice t raffic. Operat ors t hat are t he most aggressive wit h mobile
broadband services are experiencing dat a growt h rat es even higher t han t hese average
values. Traffic has cont inued t o increase since.

12
Source: ht t p: / / www. apple. com/ pr/ library/ 2009/ 06/ 22iphone. ht ml .

Fi gur e 3: UMTS- HSPA Voi ce and Dat a Tr af f i c
13

Over t ime, dat a demands are expect ed t o grow significant ly. Figure 4 shows a proj ect ion
by Chet an Sharma of mobile dat a growt h in t he US t hrough 2014.
Fi gur e 4: Mobi l e Dat a Gr ow t h i n t he Uni t ed St at es
14

13
Based on leading UMTS- HSPA infrast ruct ure vendor st at ist ics.
14
Source: Managing Growt h and Profit s in t he Yot t abyt e Era , Chet an Sharma, July 2009. One
Terabyt e is 1000 gigabyt es.
1
5
11
3
7
9
13
15
17
19
65
95
25
55
85
5
45
75
05
35
Jan
07
Mar
07
May
07
Jul
07
Sep
07
Nov
07
Jan
08
Mar
08
May
08
July
08
Sep
08
Nov
08
Jan
09
Mar
09
May
09
Relative Network Load
Packet data
Voice
~ 2x
~ 18x


The key for operat ors is enhancing t heir net works t o support t he demands of consumer
and business applicat ions as t hey grow, along wit h offering complement ary capabilit ies
such as I P- based mult imedia. This is where t he GSM family of wireless- dat a t echnologies
is t he undisput ed leader. Not only does it provide a plat form for cont inual improvement s
in capabilit ies, but it does so over huge coverage areas and on a global basis.
EDGE/HSPA/HSPA+ Deployment
Three quart ers of GSM net works t oday support EDGE, represent ing more t han 345
net works in approximat ely 170 count ries.
15

Because of t he very low increment al cost of including EDGE capabilit y in GSM net work
deployment s, virt ually all new GSM infrast ruct ure deployment s are also EDGE- capable
and nearly all new mid- t o high- level GSM devices include EDGE radio t echnology.
Meanwhile, UMTS has est ablished it self globally. Nearly all WCDMA handset s are also
GSM handset s, so WCDMA users can access t he wide base of GSM net works and
services. There are more t han 336 million UMTS- HSPA cust omers worldwide spanning
283 commercial net works. Two hundred and sixt y four operat ors in 114 count ries offer
HSDPA, and 77 of t hese have HSUPA deployed.
16
Almost all UMTS operat ors are
deploying HSPA for t wo reasons: first , t he increment al cost of HSPA is relat ively low and
second, HSPA makes such efficient use of spect rum for dat a t hat it result s in a much
lower overall cost per megabyt e of dat a delivered. Already, t here are more t han 1375
commercial HSPA devices available worldwide from 135 suppliers.
17
Devices include
handset s, dat a cards, modems, rout ers, lapt ops, media players and cameras.
Operat ors have begun deploying evolved HSPA feat ures and HSPA+ launches include:
Telst ra ( Aust ralia) , Mobilkom ( Aust ria) , CSL Limit ed ( Hong Kong) , St arhub ( Singapore) .
As t he t echnology mat ures, upgrading t o HSPA+ will likely represent a minimal
invest ment for operat ors in order t o significant ly boost net work performance.
Statistics
A variet y of st at ist ics show t he rapid growt h in wireless dat a. Chet an Sharma report ed
t hat in Q1 2009, t he US wireless dat a market grew 32% over Q1 of 2008 t o reach $10B
in mobile dat a revenues, t he first t ime t he US market has crossed t he $10B milest one.
He also st at es t hat 62% of US subscribers were using some form of dat a service.
18

Berg I nsight report ed t hat in t he European Union, 11. 6% of broadband links at t he end
of 2008 were based on HSPA in bot h mobile and home environment s.
19
Pyramid
Research proj ect s t he number of European mobile broadband users t o reach 117 million
in 2014, up from 24 million in 2008.
20

15
Source: World Cellular I nformat ion Service, I nforma Telecoms & Media, June 2009.
16
I bid.
17
Source: GSMA.
18
Source: Chet an Sharma, US Wireless Dat a Market Updat e - Q1 2009.
19
Source: Berg I nsight , ht t p: / / www. berginsight . com/ News. aspx?m_m= 6&s_m= 1.
20
Source: Pyramid Resear ch, Europe t o See Huge Growt h in Mobile Broadband Services despit e
Recession, 2009.

Though most mobile broadband growt h t oday is based on HSPA ( wit h some EV- DO) , LTE
should see relat ively rapid adopt ion as it becomes deployed st art ing in 2010. Pyramid
Research expect s LTE net works t o grow more quickly t han prior 3G net works, reaching
100 million subscribers in j ust four years from init ial 2010 deployment s.
21
According t o
Juniper Research, t here are already in excess of 30 net work operat or commit ment s t o
LTE.
22
According t o 3G Americas ( www. 3gamericas. org) , t here are more t han 100
operat ors t hat have commit t ed or expressed int ent ions t o commit t o LTE.
From a device perspect ive, I nforma WCI S proj ect ed in June 2009 t he following sales
growt h rat e for WCDMA handset s:
23

2009: 307 million
2010: 416 million
2011: 564 million
2012: 736 million
2013: 927 million
I t is clear t hat bot h EDGE and UMTS/ HSDPA are dominant wireless t echnologies. And
powerful dat a capabilit ies and global presence mean t hese t echnologies will likely
cont inue t o capt ure most of t he available wireless- dat a market .
Wireless Technology Evolution and Migration
This sect ion discusses 1G t o 4G designat ions, t he evolut ion and migrat ion of wireless- dat a
t echnologies from EDGE t o LTE, as well as t he evolut ion of underlying wireless approaches.
Progress in 3GPP has occurred in mult iple phases, first wit h EDGE, and t hen UMTS, followed
by t odays enhanced 3G capabilit ies such as HSPA, HSPA+ and now, LTE, which it self is
evolving t o LTE- Advanced. Meanwhile, underlying approaches have evolved from Time
Division Mult iple Access ( TDMA) t o CDMA, and now from CDMA t o OFDMA, which is t he
basis of LTE.

1G to 4G
There is some confusion in t he indust ry as t o what t echnology falls int o which cellular
generat ion. 1G refers t o analog cellular t echnologies and became available in t he 1980s.
2G denot es init ial digit al syst ems, int roducing services such as short messaging and
lower speed dat a. CDMA2000 1xRTT and GSM are t he primary 2G t echnologies, alt hough
CDMA2000 1xRTT is somet imes called a 3G t echnology because it meet s t he 144 kbps
mobile t hroughput requirement . EDGE, however, also meet s t his requirement . 2G
t echnologies became available in t he 1990s.
3G requirement s were specified by t he I TU as part of t he I nt ernat ional Mobile Telephone
2000 ( I MT- 2000) proj ect , for which digit al net works had t o provide 144 kbps of
t hroughput at mobile speeds, 384 kbps at pedest rian speeds, and 2 Mbps in indoor

21
Source: Global Telecom I nsider repor t , "LTEs Five- Year Global Forecast : Poised t o Grow Fast er t han
3G, " 2009.
22
Source: Juniper Research, LTE Report , July 2009.
23
Source: World Cellular I nformat ion Service, I nforma Telecoms & Media, June 2009.

environment s. UMTS- HSPA and CDMA2000 EV- DO are t he primary 3G t echnologies,
alt hough recent ly WiMAX was also designat ed as an official 3G t echnology.
The I TU has recent ly issued requirement s for I MT- Advanced, which const it ut es t he
official definit ion of 4G. Requirement s include operat ion in up t o 40 MHz radio channels
and ext remely high spect ral efficiency. The I TU recommends operat ion in up t o 100 MHz
radio channels and peak spect ral efficiency of 15 bps/ Hz, result ing in a t heoret ical
t hroughput rat e of 1. 5 Gbps. Previous t o t he publicat ion of t he requirement s, 1 Gbps
was frequent ly cit ed as a 4G goal.
No t echnology meet s t hese requirement s yet ; none is even close. I t will require new
t echnologies such as LTE- Advanced ( wit h work already underway) and I EEE 802. 16m.
Some have t ried t o label current versions of WiMAX and LTE as 4G , but t his is only
accurat e t o t he ext ent t hat such designat ion refers t o t he general approach or plat form
t hat will be enhanced t o meet t he 4G requirement s.
Wit h WiMAX and HSPA significant ly out performing 3G requirement s, calling t hese
t echnologies 3G clearly does not give t hem full credit as t hey are a generat ion beyond
current t echnologies in capabilit y. But calling t hem 4G is not correct . Unfort unat ely, t he
generat ional labels do not properly capt ure t he scope of available t echnologies and have
result ed in some amount of market confusion. Some people have even called
t echnologies such as HSPA 3. 5G and LTE 3. 9G, alt hough t hese are not official
designat ions.
The following t able summarizes t he generat ions.
Tabl e 2: 1G t o 4G
Gener at i on Requi r ement s Comment s
1G No official requirement s.
Analog t echnology.
Deployed in t he 1980s.
2G No official requirement s.
Digit al Technology.
First digit al syst ems.
Deployed in t he 1990s.
New services such as SMS
and low- rat e dat a.
Primary t echnologies
include CDMA2000 1xRTT
and GSM.
3G I TUs I MT- 2000 required 144
kbps mobile, 384 kbps
pedest rian, 2 Mbps indoors
Primary t echnologies
include CDMA2000 EV- DO
and UMTS- HSPA.
WiMAX now an official 3G
t echnology.
4G I TUs I MT- Advanced
requirement s include abilit y t o
operat e in up t o 40 MHz radio
channels and wit h very high
No t echnology meet s
requirement s t oday.
I EEE 802. 16m and LTE
Advanced being designed
t o meet requirement s.

3GPP Evolutionary Approach
Rat her t han emphasizing any one wireless approach, 3GPPs evolut ionary plan is t o
recognize t he st rengt hs and weaknesses of every t echnology and t o exploit t he unique
capabilit ies of each one accordingly. GSM, based on a TDMA approach, is mat ure and
broadly deployed. Already ext remely efficient , t here are nevert heless opport unit ies for
addit ional opt imizat ions and enhancement s. St andards bodies have already defined
Evolved EDGE, which will be available for deployment in t he 2009 t o 2010 t imeframe.
Evolved EDGE more t han doubles t hroughput over current EDGE syst ems, halves
lat ency, and increases spect ral efficiency. By t he end of t he decade, because of sheer
market moment um, t he maj orit y of worldwide subscribers will st ill be using GSM/ EDGE
t echnologies.
Meanwhile, CDMA was chosen as t he basis of 3G t echnologies including WCDMA for t he
frequency division duplex ( FDD) mode of UMTS and Time Division CDMA ( TD- CDMA) for
t he t ime division duplex ( TDD) mode of UMTS. The evolved dat a syst ems for UMTS, such
as HSPA and HSPA+ , int roduce enhancement s and simplificat ions t hat help CDMA- based
syst ems mat ch t he capabilit ies of compet ing syst ems, especially in 5 MHz spect rum
allocat ions.
I nnovat ions such as dual- carrier HSPA, explained in det ail in t he appendix sect ion
Evolut ion of HSPA ( HSPA+ ) , coordinat e t he operat ion of HSPA on t wo adj acent 5 MHz
carriers for higher t hroughput rat es. I n combinat ion wit h MI MO, dual- carrier HSPA will
achieve peak net work speeds of 84 Mbps.
Given some of t he advant ages of an OFDM approach, 3GPP has specified OFDMA as t he
basis of it s Long Term Evolut ion
24
effort . LTE incorporat es best - of- breed radio
t echniques t o achieve performance levels beyond what will be pract ical wit h CDMA
approaches, part icularly in larger channel bandwidt hs. I n t he same way t hat 3G coexist s
wit h Second Generat ion ( 2G) syst ems in int egrat ed net works, LTE syst ems will coexist
wit h bot h 3G syst ems and 2G syst ems. Mult imode devices will funct ion across LTE/ 3G or
even LTE/ 3G/ 2G, depending on market circumst ances. Beyond radio t echnology,
EPC/ SAE provides a new core archit ect ure t hat enables bot h flat t er archit ect ures and
int egrat ion of LTE wit h bot h legacy GSM- HSPA net works, as well as ot her wireless
t echnologies. The combinat ion of EPC and LTE is referred t o as t he Evolved Packet
Syst em ( EPS) .
LTE is of crucial import ance t o operat ors since it provides t he efficiencies and capabilit ies
being demanded by t he quickly growing mobile broadband market . The cost for
operat ors t o deliver dat a ( e. g. , cost per Mbyt e) is almost direct ly proport ional t o t he
spect ral efficiency of t he t echnologies. LTE has t he highest spect ral efficiency of any
specified t echnology, making it an essent ial t echnology as t he market mat ures.
LTE is available in bot h FDD and TDD modes. Many deployment s will be based on FDD in
paired spect rum. The TDD mode, however, will be import ant in enabling deployment s
where paired spect rum is unavailable.
To address I TUs I MT- Advanced requirement s, 3GPP is developing LTE- Advanced, a
t echnology t hat will have peak rat es of more t han 1 Gbps. See t he appendix sect ion 4G,
I MT- Advanced and LTE- Advanced for a det ailed explanat ion.
Alt hough lat er sect ions quant ify performance and t he appendix of t he whit e paper
present s funct ional det ails of t he different t echnologies, t his sect ion provides a summary

24
3GPP also refers t o LTE as Enhanced UMTS Terrest rial Radio Access Net work ( E- UTRAN) .

int ended t o provide a frame of reference for t he subsequent discussion. Table 3
summarizes t he key 3GPP t echnologies and t heir charact erist ics.

Tabl e 3: Char act er i st i cs of 3GPP Technol ogi es
Technol ogy
Name
Ty pe Char act er i st i cs Ty pi cal
Dow nl i nk
Speed
Ty pi cal Upl i nk
Speed
GSM TDMA Most widely deployed
cellular t echnology in t he
world. Provides voice and
dat a service via
GPRS/ EDGE.

EDGE TDMA Dat a service for GSM
net works. An enhancement
t o original GSM dat a service
called GPRS.
70 kbps
t o 135 kbps
70 kbps
t o 135 kbps
Evolved
EDGE
TDMA Advanced version of EDGE
t hat can double and
event ually quadruple
t hroughput rat es, halve
lat ency and increase
175 kbps
t o 350 kbps
expect ed
( Single Carrier)
350 kbps
t o 700 kbps
expect ed ( Dual
Carrier)

150 kbps
t o 300 kbps
expect ed
UMTS CDMA 3G t echnology providing
voice and dat a capabilit ies.
Current deployment s
implement HSPA for dat a
service.
200 t o 300
kbps
200 t o 300
kbps
HSPA CDMA Dat a service for UMTS
net works. An enhancement
t o original UMTS dat a
service.
1 Mbps t o
4 Mbps
500 kbps
t o 2 Mbps
HSPA+ CDMA Evolut ion of HSPA in
various st ages t o increase
t hroughput and capacit y
and t o lower lat ency.
1. 5 Mbps t o
7 Mbps
1 Mbps t o
4 Mbps
LTE OFDMA New radio int erface t hat
can use wide radio channels
and deliver ext remely high
t hroughput rat es. All
communicat ions handled in
I P domain.
4 Mbps t o
24 Mbps
( in 2 x 20 MHz)

LTE-
Advanced
OFDMA Advanced version of LTE
designed t o meet I MT-
Advanced requirement s.


User achievable rat es and great er det ails on t ypical rat es are covered in Table 6 in t he
sect ion Dat a Throughput lat er in t his paper. Figure 5 shows t he evolut ion of t he
different wireless t echnologies and t heir peak net work performance capabilit ies.
Fi gur e 5: Ev ol ut i on of TDMA, CDMA, and OFDMA Sy st ems

The development of GSM and UMTS- HSPA happens in st ages referred t o as 3GPP
releases, and equipment vendors produce hardware t hat support s part icular versions of
each specificat ion. I t is import ant t o realize t hat t he 3GPP releases address mult iple
t echnologies. For example, Release 7 opt imized VoI P for HSPA, but also significant ly
enhanced GSM dat a funct ionalit y wit h Evolved EDGE. A summary of t he different 3GPP
releases is as follows:
25

Rel ease 99: Complet ed. First deployable version of UMTS. Enhancement s t o
GSM dat a ( EDGE) . Maj orit y of deployment s t oday are based on Release 99.
Provides support for GSM/ EDGE/ GPRS/ WCDMA radio- access net works.
Rel ease 4: Complet ed. Mult imedia messaging support . First st eps t oward using
I P t ransport in t he core net work.

25
Aft er Release 99, release versions went t o a numerical designat ion inst ead of designat ion by year.
EDGE
DL: 474 kbps
UL: 474 kbps
Evolved
EDGE
DL: 1.89 Mbps
UL: 947 kbps
2008 2009 2010 2012 2013
Notes: Throughput rates are peak theoretical network rates. Radio channel bandwidths indicated.
Dates refer to expected initial commercial network deployment except 2008, which shows available technologies that year.
2011
Fixed WiMAX
HSPA
DL: 14.4 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps
In 5 MHz
Rel 7 HSPA+
DL: 28 Mbps
UL: 11.5 Mbps
In 5 MHz
LTE
DL: 326 Mbps
UL: 86 Mbps
In 20 MHz
EV-DO Rev A
DL: 3.1 Mbps
UL: 1.8 Mbps
In 1.25 MHz
EV-DO Rev B
DL: 14.7 Mbps
UL: 4.9 Mbps
In 5 MHz
Rel 8 HSPA+
DL: 42 Mbps
UL: 11.5 Mbps
In 5 MHz
LTE
(Rel 9)
Release 1.0
DL: 46 Mbps
UL: 4 Mbps
10 MHz 3:1 TDD
Rel 1.5 IEEE 802.16m
LTE Advanced
DL: > 1 Gbps
Rel 9 HSPA+
DL: 84 Mbps
UL: 23 Mbps
In 10 MHz

Rel ease 5: Complet ed. HSDPA. First phase of I MS. Full abilit y t o use I P- based
t ransport inst ead of j ust Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM) in t he core net work.
Rel ease 6: Complet ed. HSUPA. Enhanced mult imedia support t hrough
Mult imedia Broadcast / Mult icast Services ( MBMS) . Performance specificat ions for
advanced receivers. WLAN int egrat ion opt ion. I MS enhancement s. I nit ial VoI P
capabilit y.
Rel ease 7: Complet ed. Provides enhanced GSM dat a funct ionalit y wit h Evolved
EDGE. Specifies HSPA Evolut ion ( HSPA+ ) , which includes higher order modulat ion
and MI MO. Provides fine- t uning and increment al improvement s of feat ures from
previous releases. Result s include performance enhancement s, improved spect ral
efficiency, increased capacit y, and bet t er resist ance t o int erference. Cont inuous
Packet Connect ivit y ( CPC) enables efficient always- on service and enhanced
uplink UL VoI P capacit y, as well as reduct ions in call set - up delay for PoC. Radio
enhancement s t o HSPA include 64 QAM in t he downlink DL and 16 QAM in t he
uplink. Also includes opt imizat ion of MBMS capabilit ies t hrough t he
mult icast / broadcast , single- frequency net work ( MBSFN) funct ion.
Rel ease 8: Complet ed. Comprises furt her HSPA Evolut ion feat ures such as
simult aneous use of MI MO and 64 QAM. I ncludes work it em for dual- carrier HSPA
( DC- HSPA) wherein t wo WCDMA radio channels can be combined for a doubling
of t hroughput performance. Specifies OFDMA- based 3GPP LTE. Defines EPC.
Rel ease 9: Under development . Likely 2010. Will include HSPA and LTE
enhancement s including HSPA mult i- carrier operat ion.
Rel ease 10: Under development . Likely 2011. Will specify LTE- Advanced t hat
meet s t he requirement s set by I TUs I MT- Advanced proj ect .
Whereas operat ors and vendors act ively involved in t he development of wireless
t echnology are heavily focused on 3GPP release versions, most users of t he
t echnology are more int erest ed in part icular feat ures and capabilit ies such as
whet her a device support s HSDPA. For t his reason, t he det ailed discussion of t he
t echnologies in t his paper emphasizes feat ures as opposed t o 3GPP releases.
Spectrum
Anot her import ant aspect of UMTS- HSPA deployment is t he expanding number of
available radio bands, as shown in Figure 6, and t he corresponding support from
infrast ruct ure and mobile- equipment vendors. The fundament al syst em design and
net working prot ocols remain t he same for each band; only t he frequency- dependent
port ions of t he radios have t o change.
As ot her frequency bands become available for deployment , st andards bodies are
adapt ing UMTS for t hese bands as well. This includes 450 and 700 MHz. UMTS- TDD
equipment is already available for 450 MHz. The 1710- 1770 uplink was mat ched wit h
2110- 2170 downlink t o allow for addit ional global harmonizat ion of t he 1. 7/ 2. 1GHz
band. Meanwhile, t he Federal Communicat ions Commission auct ioned t he 700 MHz band
in t he Unit ed St at es in January 2008. The availabilit y of t his band, t he Advanced
Wireless Services ( AWS) band at 1710- 1755 MHz wit h/ 2110- 2155 MHz in t he US, and
t he fort hcoming 2. 6 GHz frequency band in Europe are providing operat ors wit h wider
deployment opt ions. An increasing number of operat ors are also deploying UMTS at 900
MHz, a t radit ional GSM band.

As t he t ot al amount of available spect rum increases and as t echnologies simult aneously
become spect rally more efficient , t ot al capacit y rises rapidly, support ing more
subscribers and making many new t ypes of applicat ions feasible.
The following figure shows t he FDD bands defined for 3GPP t echnologies.
Fi gur e 6: FDD Bands f or 3GPP Technol ogi es
26

I t should be not ed t hat alt hough t he support of a new frequency band may be
int roduced in a part icular release, t he 3GPP st andard also specifies ways t o implement
devices and infrast ruct ure operat ing on any frequency band, according t o release
ant erior t o t he int roduct ion of t hat part icular frequency band. For example, alt hough
band 5 ( US Cellular Band) was int roduced in Release 6, t he first devices operat ing on
t his band were compliant wit h t he release 5 of t he st andard.
Figure 7 shows TDD bands defined for 3GPP Technologies.

26
Source: A 3G Americas member company.
850 MHz
1800 MHz
1900 MHz
2.1 GHz
2.6 GHz
1.7/2.1 GHz
900 MHz
Band 1
Band 2
Band 3
Band 4
Band 5
Band 7
Band 8
1700 MHz Band 9
800 MHz Band 6
2x25 MHz
2x75 MHz
2x60 MHz
2x60 MHz
2x70 MHz
2x45 MHz
2x35 MHz
2x35 MHz
2x10 MHz
824-849
1710-1785
1850-1910
1920-1980
2500-2570
1710-1755
880-915
1749.9-1784.9
830-840
Operating
band
Band name
Total
spectrum
Uplink [MHz]
869-894
1805-1880
1930-1990
2110-2170
2620-2690
2110-2155
925-960
1844.9-1879.9
875-885
Downlink [MHz]
Ext 1.7/2.1MHz Band 10 2x60 MHz 1710-1770 2110-2170
1500 MHz Band 11 2x25 MHz 1427.9 - 1452.9 1475.9 - 1500.9
Lower 700 MHz Band 12 2x18 MHz 698-716 728-746
Upper 700 MHz Band 13 2x10 MHz 777-787 746-756
Upper 700 MHz,
public safety/private
Band 14 2x10 MHz 788-798 758-768

Fi gur e 7: TDD Bands f or 3GPP Technol ogi es
27

Different count ries have regulat ed spect rum more loosely t han ot hers. For example,
operat ors in t he Unit ed St at es can use eit her 2G or 3G t echnologies in cellular, Personal
Communicat ions Service ( PCS) , and 3G bands, whereas in Europe t here are great er
rest rict ionsalt hough effort s are underway t hat are result ing in great er flexibilit y
including t he use of 3G t echnologies in current 2G bands.
Wit h t he proj ect ed increase in t he use of mobile- broadband t echnologies, t he amount of
spect rum required by t he next generat ion of wireless t echnology ( t hat is, aft er 3GPP LTE
in proj ect s such as I nt ernat ional Mobile Telecommunicat ions ( I MT) Advanced) could be
subst ant ial given t he desire t o operat e radio channels as wide as 100 MHz. I deally, t his
spect rum would fall below 5 GHz. This search for new spect rum is a long- t erm
undert aking, and it may be well int o t he next decade before any such new spect rum
becomes available. Given t he expanding size and economic significance of t he mobile-
comput ing indust ry, however, decisions made on new spect rumespecially wit h respect
t o global harmonizat ionwill have profound consequences.
As regulat ors make more spect rum available, it is import ant t hat such spect rum be:
1. Harmonized on a regional or global basis.
2. Unencumbered by spect rum caps and ot her legacy voice- cent ric spect rum
policies.
3. Made available in as wide radio channels as possible ( i. e. , 10 MHz, 20 MHz and
more) .
4. Ut ilized efficient ly wit hout causing int erference t o exist ing spect rum holders.
Emerging t echnologies such as LTE benefit from wider radio channels. These wider radio
channels are not only spect rally more efficient , but offer great er capacit y, an essent ial
at t ribut e because t ypical broadband usage cont ribut es t o a much higher load t han a

27
Operating
band
Total
spectrum
Frequencies [MHz]
Band 39
Band 40
40 MHz
100 MHz
1880-1920
2300-2400
Band 38 50 MHz 2570-2620
Band 33
Band 34
Band 35
Band 36
Band 37 20 MHz
60 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
60 MHz
1910-1930
1850-1910
2010-2025
1900-1920
1930-1990

voice user. For inst ance, wat ching a YouTube video consumes 100 t imes as many bit s
per second on t he downlink as a voice call.
Figure 8 shows increasing LTE spect ral efficiency obt ained wit h wider radio channels,
wit h 20 MHz showing t he most efficient configurat ion.
Fi gur e 8: LTE Spect r al Ef f i ci ency as Funct i on of Radi o Channel Si ze
28

Of some concern in t his regard is t hat spect rum for LTE is becoming available in different
frequency bands in different count ries. For inst ance, init ial US deployment s will be at
700 MHz, in Japan at 1500 MHz and in Europe at 2. 6 GHz. Thus, wit h some many
varying spect rum bands, it will most likely necessit at e t hat roaming operat ion be based
on GSM or HSPA on common regional or global bands.
Core-Network Evolution
3GPP is defining a series of enhancement s t o t he core net work t o improve net work
performance and t he range of services provided, and t o enable a shift t o all- I P
archit ect ures.
One way t o improve core- net work performance is by using flat t er archit ect ures. The
more hierarchical a net work, t he more easily it can be managed cent rally; t he t radeoff,
however, is reduced performance, especially for dat a communicat ions, because packet s
must t raverse and be processed by mult iple nodes in t he net work. To improve dat a
performance and, in part icular, t o reduce lat ency ( delays) , 3GPP has defined a number
of enhancement s in Release 7 and Release 8 t hat reduce t he number of processing
nodes and result in a flat t er archit ect ure.
I n Release 7, an opt ion called one- t unnel archit ect ure allows operat ors t o configure t heir
net works so t hat user dat a bypasses a serving node and t ravels direct ly via a gat eway

28
Source: 3G Americas member company analysis.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1.4 3 5 10 20
%
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
t
o
2
0
M
H
z
MHz

node. There is also an opt ion t o int egrat e t he funct ionalit y of t he radio- net work
cont roller direct ly int o t he base st at ion.
For Release 8, 3GPP has defined an ent irely new core net work, called t he Evolved Packet
Core, previously called Syst em Archit ect ure Evolut ion. The key feat ures and capabilit ies
of EPC/ SAE include:
Reduced lat ency and higher dat a performance t hrough a flat t er archit ect ure.
Support for bot h LTE radio- access net works and int erworking wit h GSM- HSPA
radio- access net works.
The abilit y t o int egrat e non- 3GPP net works such as WiMAX.
Opt imizat ion for all services provided via I P.
This paper provides furt her det ails in t he sect ions on HSPA Evolut ion ( HSPA+ ) and
EPC/ SAE.
Service Evolution
Not only do 3GPP t echnologies provide cont inual improvement s in capacit y and dat a
performance, t hey also evolve capabilit ies t hat expand t he services available t o
subscribers. Key service advances include Fixed Mobile Convergence ( FMC) , I MS, and
broadcast ing t echnologies. This sect ion provides an overview of t hese t opics, and t he
appendix provides great er det ail on each of t hese it ems.
FMC refers t o t he int egrat ion of fixed services ( such as t elephony provided by wireline or
Wi- Fi) wit h mobile cellular- based services. Though FMC is st ill in it s early st ages of
deployment by operat ors, it promises t o provide significant benefit s t o bot h users and
operat ors. For users, FMC will simplify how t hey communicat e making it possible for
t hem t o use one device ( for example, a cell phone) at work and at home where it might
connect via a Wi- Fi net work or a femt o cell. When mobile, users connect via a cellular
net work. Users will also benefit from single voice mailboxes and single phone numbers,
as well as t he abilit y t o cont rol how and wit h whom t hey communicat e. For operat ors,
FMC allows t he consolidat ion of core services across mult iple- access net works. For
inst ance, an operat or could offer complet e VoI P- based voice service t hat support s access
via DSL, Wi- Fi, or 3G. FMC also offloads t he macro net work from dat a- int ensive
applicat ions such as movie downloads.
There are various approaches for FMC, including Generic Access Net work ( GAN) ,
formerly known as Unlicensed Mobile Access ( UMA) , femt ocells, and I MS. Wit h GAN,
GSM- HSPA devices can connect via Wi- Fi or cellular connect ions for bot h voice and dat a.
UMA/ GAN is a 3GPP t echnology, and it has been deployed by a number of operat ors,
including T- Mobile in t he Unit ed St at es. An alt ernat ive t o using Wi- Fi for t he fixed
port ion of FMC is femt ocells. These are t iny base st at ions t hat cost lit t le more t han a Wi-
Fi access point and, like Wi- Fi, femt ocells leverage a subscriber' s exist ing wireline-
broadband connect ion ( for example, DSL) . I nst ead of operat ing on unlicensed bands,
femt ocells use t he operat ors licensed bands at very low power levels. The key
advant age of t he femt ocell approach is t hat any single- mode, mobile- communicat ions
device a user has can now operat e using t he femt ocells.
I MS is anot her key t echnology for convergence. I t allows access t o core services and
applicat ions via mult iple- access net works. I MS is more powerful t han GAN, because it
support s not only FMC, but also a much broader range of pot ent ial applicat ions. I n t he
Unit ed St at es, AT&T has commit t ed t o an I MS approach and has already deployed an
I MS- based video sharing service. Alt hough defined by 3GPP, t he Third Generat ion

Part nership Proj ect 2 ( 3GPP2) , CableLabs and WiMAX have adopt ed I MS. I MS is how
VoI P will ( or could) be deployed in CDMA 2000 EV- DO, WiMAX, HSPA and LTE net works.
I MS allows t he creat ive blending of different t ypes of communicat ions and informat ion,
including voice, video, I M, presence informat ion, locat ion, and document s. I t provides
applicat ion developers t he means t o creat e applicat ions t hat have never before been
possible, and it allows people t o communicat e in ent irely new ways by dynamically using
mult iple services. For example, during an int eract ive chat session, a user could launch a
voice call. Or during a voice call, a user could suddenly est ablish a simult aneous video
connect ion or st art t ransferring files. While browsing t he Web, a user could decide t o
speak t o a cust omer- service represent at ive. I MS will be a key plat form for all- I P
archit ect ures for bot h HSPA and LTE.
A new init iat ive called Rich Communicat ions Suit e ( RCS) , support ed by many operat ors
and vendors, builds upon I MS t echnology t o provide a consist ent feat ure set , as well as
implement at ion guidelines, use cases, and reference implement at ions. RCS uses exist ing
st andards and specificat ions from 3GPP, OMA and GSMA.
Core feat ures include:
- An enhanced phone book ( device and/ or net work based) t hat includes service
capabilit ies and presence- enhanced cont act informat ion.
- Enhanced messaging ( support ing t ext , inst ant messaging and mult imedia) wit h
chat and messaging hist ory.
- Enriched calls t hat include mult imedia cont ent ( e. g. , video sharing) during voice
calls.
Anot her import ant new service is support for mobile TV t hrough what is called mult icast
or broadcast funct ions. 3GPP has defined mult icast / broadcast capabilit ies for bot h HSPA
and LTE.

Device Innovation
Comput ing it self is becoming more mobile, and not ebook comput ers and smart phones
are now prevalent . I n fact , all mobile phones are becoming smart , wit h some form of
dat a capabilit y, and leading not ebook vendors are now offering comput ers wit h
int egrat ed 3G ( e. g. , HSPA) capabilit ies. Modems are available in mult iple format s
including USB devices, PC Cards and Express cards.
Comput er manufact urers are also delivering new form fact ors such as net books, mobile
I nt ernet devices ( MI D) and smart books. The movement t o open net works also allows a
great er number of companies t o develop product s t hat use wireless net works in bot h
vert ical- market and horizont al- market scenarios. According t o a recent report by
Forward Concept s, t he global MI D- only market is expect ed t o grow from 305, 000
shipment s in 2008 t o 40 million in 2012.
29

Cellular t elephones are becoming more powerful and feat ure large color t ouch displays,
graphics viewers, st ill cameras, movie cameras, MP3 players, I M client s, e- mail client s,
Push- t o- Talk over Cellular ( PoC) , downloadable execut able cont ent capabilit ies, and ever
more powerful browsers. All t hese capabilit ies consume dat a.

29
Source: Forward Concept s, Mobile I nt ernet Device and Chip Market Opport unit ies, June 2008.

Meanwhile, smart phones, which emphasize a rich comput ing environment on a phone,
represent t he convergence of t he personal digit al assist ant , a fully capable mobile
comput er, and a phone, all in a device t hat is only slight ly larger t han t he average
cellular t elephone. Many users would prefer t o carry one device t hat does it all.
Smart phones, originally t arget ed for t he high end of t he market , are now available at
much lower price point s and t hus affordable t o a much larger market segment . Ovum
predict s t hat smart phones will const it ut e 29% of phones by 2014.
30
The success of t he
iPhone demonst rat es t he pot ent ial of t his market .

Network Interfaces for Applications
Anot her import ant development relat ed t o service evolut ion is operat ors making
int erfaces available t o ext ernal applicat ions for informat ion and cont rol. Two widely
deployed capabilit ies t oday include locat ion queries and short message service. Wit h
locat ion, mobile devices or ext ernal applicat ions ( e. g. , applicat ions operat ing on
comput ers out side of t he net work) can query t he locat ion of a user, subj ect t o privacy
rest rict ions. This can significant ly enhance many applicat ions including navigat ion,
supplying locat ion of nearby dest inat ions ( e. g. , rest aurant s, st ores) , locat ion of friends
for social net working, and worker dispat ch. Wit h SMS, ext ernal applicat ions can send
user request ed cont ent such as flight updat es.
Unt il now, t he int erfaces for such funct ions have eit her been propriet ary, or specific t o
t hat funct ion. However, t here are now int erfaces t hat span mult iple funct ions using a
consist ent set of programming met hods. One set is t he Parlay X Web Services, a set of
funct ions specified t hrough a j oint proj ect of t he Parlay Group, t he European
Telecommunicat ions St andards I nst it ut e ( ETSI ) and 3GPP. The Open Mobile Alliance
( OMA) now manages t he Parlay X specificat ions. Parlay X Web Services include support
for locat ion and SMS, as well as many ot her funct ions wit h which developers will be able
t o build innovat ive applicat ions.

30
Source: Ovum Comment , Adam Leach, Devices principal analyst , Smart phones: t he silver lining of
t he declining handset mar ket , June 2009.

Table 4 summarizes t he available Parlay X specificat ions.
31
Operat ors are beginning t o
select ively deploy t hese funct ions. The advant age of t his approach is t hat developers can
build applicat ions t hat are compat ible wit h mult iple operat or net works.

31
See ht t p: / / www. parlay. org/ en/ specificat ions/ pxws.asp for act ual specificat ions.

Tabl e 4: Par l ay X Speci f i cat i ons
Par t Ti t l e Funct i ons
1 Common Definit ions common across Parlay X specificat ions
2 Third Part y Call Creat es and manages calls
3 Call Not ificat ion Management of calls init iat ed by a subscriber
4 Short Messaging Send and receive of SMS including delivery receipt s
5 Mult imedia Messaging Send and receive of mult imedia messages
6 Payment Pre- paid and post - paid payment s and payment
reservat ions
7 Account Management Management of account s of prepaid cust omers
8 Terminal St at us Obt ain st at us such as reachable, unreachable or busy
9 Terminal Locat ion Obt ain locat ion of t erminal
10 Call Handling Cont rol by applicat ion for call handling of specific
numbers
11 Audio Call Cont rol for media t o be added/ dropped during call
12 Mult imedia Conference Creat e mult imedia conferences including dynamic
management of part icipant s
13 Address List
Management
Manage subscriber groups
14 Presence Provide presence informat ion
15 Message Broadcast Send messages t o all users in specified area
16 Geocoding Obt ain locat ion address of subscriber
17 Applicat ion- driven QoS Cont rol qualit y of service of end- user connect ion
18 Devices Capabilit ies
and Configurat ion
Obt ain device capabilit y informat ion and be able t o
push device configurat ion t o device
19 Mult imedia St reaming
Cont rol
Cont rol mult imedia st reaming t o device
20 Mult imedia Mult icast
Session Management
Cont rol mult icast sessions, members, mult imedia
st ream and obt ain channel presence informat ion

A relat ed proj ect is GSMA OneAPI , a GSM Associat ion proj ect t o also define net work
int erfaces, but t hat priorit izes implement at ion based on expect ed market demand.
OneAPI defines a simplified Web service for most funct ions t hat is essent ially a subset of
t he relat ed Parlay X Web service.
32
I t also defines a REST ( Represent at ional St at e
Transfer) int erface for most funct ions as an alt ernat ive t o using t he Web service.
RESTful int erfaces are simpler for developers t o work wit h and experiment wit h t han
Web services.
Regardless of whet her operat ors deploy wit h Parlay X or OneAPI , t hese are mainst ream
int erfaces t hat will open wireless net works t o t housands of I nt ernet programmers who
will be able t o build applicat ions t hat leverage t he lat ent informat ion and capabilit ies of
wireless net works.
Mobile Application Architectures
Many applicat ions used over wireless connect ions will be t he same as t hose used over
t he I nt ernet wit h deskt op/ lapt op PCs. An increasing number of applicat ions, however,
will be developed specifically for mobile devices. This can be a challenge for developers,

32
See ht t p: / / oneapi. aepona. com/ port al/ t ws_gsma/ Resources for more informat ion about OneAPI .

because t here are a number of different mobile plat forms now available including
Android, Apple iPhone, LiMo, Palm Pre, RI M BlackBerry, Symbian and Windows Mobile.
Unlike t he deskt op market , t he mobile device market has become quit e fragment ed.
Each of t he device plat forms comes wit h it s own applicat ion development environment ,
and developers must face a learning curve t o become adept at programming for any
specific plat form. Some developers may be cont ent t arget ing specific plat forms. Ot hers,
however, may need t heir applicat ions t o operat e across mult iple plat forms.
Fort unat ely, t here are various development s t hat address t he fragment at ion challenge.
These include:
- Mobile Middleware. These are soft ware infrast ruct ures t hat consist of a client
component t hat operat es on t he mobile device, and a server component t hat act s
as a proxy for t he client . Vendors provide t ools wit h which developers can
develop an applicat ion in a plat form- neut ral manner, and which t hen operat es on
mult iple device t ypes. Mobile middleware is most ly used for business
applicat ions.
- Mobile Web 2. 0. Mobile browsers are adopt ing many of t he same sophist icat ed
capabilit ies as deskt op browsers. Combined wit h net works t hat have higher
t hroughput s and lower lat ency, an increasing number of applicat ions can be Web
host ed, making t he applicat ions available from diverse plat forms. Mobile Web 2. 0
t echnologies include it ems such as Aj ax, offline operat ion, video capabilit ies, fast
JavaScript execut ion, and mashups ( combining dat a from mult iple Web sources) .
Cloud comput ing, enabled by Mobile Web 2. 0, will play as import ant a role for
mobile syst ems as for deskt ops.
- Java Development s. Though Java it self has present ed a challenge t hrough
inconsist ent implement at ion on devices, t here are new capabilit ies t hat will result
in more consist ent , as well as more powerful, device execut ion environment s.
Examples include Mobile Service Archit ect ure ( MSA) for predict able capabilit y and
Mobile I nformat ion Device Profile 3 for mult i- t asking.
Broadband-Wireless Deployment Considerations
Much of t he debat e in t he wireless indust ry is on t he merit s of different radio
t echnologies, yet ot her fact ors are equally import ant in det ermining t he services and
capabilit ies of a wireless net work. These fact ors include t he amount of spect rum
available, backhaul, and net work t opology.
Spect rum has always been a maj or considerat ion for deploying any wireless net work,
but it is part icularly import ant when looking at high- performance broadband syst ems.
HSPA and HSPA+ can deliver high t hroughput rat es on t he downlink and uplink wit h low
lat ency in 5 MHz channels when deployed in single frequency ( 1/ 1) reuse. By t his, we
mean t hat every cell sect or ( t ypically t hree per cell) in every cell uses t he same radio
channel( s) .
As previously discussed, an OFDMA approach in a 5 MHz radio channel yields only a
small performance advant age. To achieve higher dat a rat es requires wider radio
channels, such as 10 or 20 MHz wide channels, in combinat ion wit h emerging OFDMA
radio t echnologies. Very few operat ors t oday, however, have access t o t his much
spect rum. I t was challenging enough for GSM operat ors t o obt ain UMTS spect rum. I f
delivering very high dat a rat es is t he obj ect ive, t hen t he syst em must minimize
int erference. This result is best achieved by employing looser reuse, such as having
every sect or use only one- t hird of t he available radio channels ( 1/ 3 reuse) . The 10 MHz
radio channel could now demand as much as 30 MHz of available spect rum.

Backhaul is anot her fact or. As t he t hroughput of t he radio link increases, t he circuit s
connect ing t he cell sit es t o t he core net work must be able t o handle t he increased load.
Wit h many cell sit es t oday serviced by j ust a small number of T1/ E1 circuit s, each able
t o carry only 1. 5/ 2. 0 Mbps, operat ors will have t o significant ly upgrade backhaul
capacit y t o obt ain t he full benefit of next - generat ion wireless t echnologies. An OFDMA
syst em wit h 1. 5 bps per hert z ( Hz) of spect ral efficiency in 10 MHz on t hree sect ors has
up t o 45 Mbps average cell t hroughput .
Addit ionally, any t echnologys abilit y t o reach it s peak spect rum efficiency is somewhat
cont ingent on t he syst ems abilit y t o reach t he inst ant aneous peak dat a rat es allowed by
t hat t echnology. For example, a syst em claiming spect rum efficiency of 1. 5 bps/ Hz ( as
described above) might rely on t he abilit y t o reach 100 Mbps inst ant aneously t o achieve
t his level of spect rum efficiency. Any const raint on t he t ransport syst em below 100 Mbps
will rest rict t he range of achievable t hroughput and, in t urn, impact t he spect ral
efficiency of t he syst em.
The mismat ch bet ween backhaul capabilit ies and radio performance in some net works is
one reason t hat user rat es on some 3G syst ems are lower t han t heoret ical rat es.
Operat ors are act ively enhancing t heir backhaul approaches, and t here are many
available and emerging wireline t echnologies such as VDSL and opt ical Et hernet , as well
as compet it ive point - t o- point microwave syst ems t hat make t his possible.
Finally, t he overall net work t opology also plays an import ant role, especially wit h respect
t o lat ency. Low lat ency is crit ical t o achieving very high dat a rat es, because of t he way it
affect s TCP/ I P t raffic. How t raffic rout es t hrough t he core net workhow many hops and
nodes it must pass t hroughcan influence t he overall performance of t he net work. One
way t o increase performance is by using flat t er archit ect ures, meaning a less
hierarchical net work wit h more direct rout ing from mobile device t o end syst em. The
core EPC/ SAE net work for 3GPP LTE emphasizes j ust such a flat t er archit ect ure.
I n summary, it can be misleading t o say t hat one wireless t echnology out performs
anot her wit hout a full underst anding of how t hat t echnology will be deployed in a
complet e syst em t hat also t akes spect rum int o account .
Feature and Network Roadmap
GSM operat ors first enhanced t heir net works t o support dat a capabilit y t hrough t he
addit ion of GPRS infrast ruct ure wit h t he abilit y t o use exist ing cell sit es, t ransceivers,
and int erconnect ion facilit ies. Since inst alling GPRS, GSM operat ors have largely
upgraded dat a service t o EDGE, and any new GSM net work includes EDGE capabilit y.
Operat ors have deployed UMTS- HSPA worldwide. Alt hough UMTS involves a new radio-
access net work, several fact ors facilit at e deployment . First , most UMTS cell sit es can be
collocat ed in GSM cell sit es enabled by mult i- radio cabinet s t hat can accommodat e
GSM/ EDGE, as well as UMTS equipment . Second, much of t he GSM/ GPRS core net work
can be used. This means t hat all core- net work element s above t he Serving GPRS
Support Node ( SGSN) and Mobile Swit ching Cent er ( MSC) t he Gat eway GPRS Support
Node ( GGSN) , t he Home Locat ion Regist er ( HLR) , billing and subscriber administ rat ion
syst ems, service plat forms, and so fort hneed, at most , a soft ware upgrade t o support
3G UMTS- HSPA. And while early 3G deployment used separat e 2G/ 3G SGSNs and MSCs,
all- new MSC and/ or SGSN product s are capable of support ing bot h GSM and UMTS- HSPA
radio- access net works. Similarly, new HSPA equipment will be upgradeable t o LTE
t hrough a soft ware upgrade.
New feat ures such as HSDPA, HSUPA, and MBMS are being designed so t hat t he same
upgraded UMTS radio channel can support a mixt ure of t erminals including t hose based

on 3GPP Release 99, Release 5, and Release 6. I n ot her words, a net work support ing
Release 5 feat ures ( for example, HSDPA) can support Release 99, Release 5, and
Release 6 t erminals ( for example, HSUPA) operat ing in a Release 5 mode. Alt ernat ively,
a net work support ing Release 6 feat ures can support Release 99, Release 5, and Release
6 t erminals. This flexibilit y assures t he maximum degree of forward- and backward-
compat ibilit y. Not e also t hat most UMTS t erminals t oday support GSM, t hus facilit at ing
use across large coverage areas and mult iple net works.
Once deployed, operat ors can minimize t he cost s of managing GSM/ EDGE and UMTS
net works, because t hese net works share many of t he same aspect s including:
Packet - dat a archit ect ure
Cell sit es
Ant enna syst ems
Backhaul circuit s
Subscriber account management
Service plat forms
Users largely dont even need t o know t o what t ype of net work t hey are connect ed,
because t heir mult imode GSM- HSPA devices can seamlessly hand off bet ween net works.
The changes being planned for t he core net work are anot her aspect of evolut ion. Here,
t he int ent is t o reduce t he number of nodes t hat packet s must t raverse. This will result
in bot h reduced deployment cost s and reduced lat ency. The key enabling t echnology is
EPC/ SAE, which is described in det ail lat er in t his paper.
The upgrade t o LTE will be relat ively st raight forward, wit h new LTE infrast ruct ure having
t he abilit y t o reuse a significant amount of t he UMTS- HSPA cell sit e and base st at ion
including using t he same shelt er, t ower, ant ennas, power supply and climat e cont rol.
Different vendors have different so- called zero- foot print solut ions allowing operat ors t o
use empt y space t o enable reuse of exist ing sit es wit hout t he need for any new floor
space.
An operat or can add LTE capabilit y simply by adding an LTE baseband card. New mult i-
st andard radio unit s ( HSPA and LTE) , as well as LTE- only baseband cards, are
mechanically compat ible wit h older building pract ices, so t hat operat ors can use empt y
space in an old base st at ion for LTE baseband cards, t hus enabling reuse of exist ing
sit es wit hout t he need for any new floor space, as ment ioned previously.
Base st at ion equipment is available for many bands including t he 1. 7/ 2. 1 GHz AWS band
and t he recent ly auct ioned 700 MHz bands in t he US. Vendors and operat ors are
planning LTE commercial deployment s beginning in 2010.
On t he device side, mult i- mode chipset s will enable devices t o easily operat e across
UMTS and LTE net works. For example, one chipset vendor has announced a series of
chips t hat support t he following combinat ion of t echnologies: UMTS, HSPA+ and LTE;
EV- DO Rev B; and UMTS, HSPA+ , EV- DO Rev B and LTE.
33

One import ant and int erest ing aspect of t echnology deployment is t hat an advanced
t echnology such as LTE enables operat ors t o upgrade prior t echnologies, such as HSPA.
Examples include:

33
ht t p: / / www. qualcomm. com/ press/ r eleases/ 2008/ 080207_Qualcomm_t o_Ship. ht ml.

VoI P for HSPA. Since LTE uses an I P core, once it is deployed, support ing voice
on HSPA via VoI P will be a much simpler t ask as it can share t he same core I P
net work as LTE.
Device processing power. Support ing t he high t hroughput rat es wit h LTE ( e. g.,
50 Mbps or higher) will provide sufficient processing in t he device t o also support
very high HSPA rat es ( e. g. , 30 Mbps or higher) .
Table 5 shows t he rollout of EDGE/ HSPA/ LTE feat ures over t ime.
Tabl e 5: Expect ed UMTS/ LTE Feat ure and Capabilit y Availabilit y
Year Feat ur es
2009 Net works and devices capable of Release 7 HSPA+ , including MI MO,
boost ing HSPA peak speeds t o 28 Mbps

Enhanced I MS- based services ( for example, int egrat ed
voice/ mult imedia/ presence/ locat ion)

2010 Evolved EDGE capabilit ies available t o significant ly increase EDGE
t hroughput rat es
HSPA+ peak speeds furt her increased t o peak rat es of 42 Mbps based on
Release 8
LTE int roduced for next - generat ion t hroughput performance using 2X2
MI MO
Advanced core archit ect ures available t hrough EPC/ SAE, primarily for LTE
but also for HSPA+ , providing benefit s such as int egrat ion of mult iple
net work t ypes and flat t er archit ect ures for bet t er lat ency performance
Most new services implement ed in t he packet domain over HSPA+ and LTE
2011 and
lat er
LTE enhancement s such as 4X2 MI MO and 4X4 MI MO
LTE- Advanced specificat ions complet ed
2012 LTE- Advanced pot ent ially deployed in init ial st ages

Over t ime, t he separat e GSM/ EDGE Access Net work ( GERAN) , UMTS Access Net work
( UTRAN) , and core- infrast ruct ure element s will undergo consolidat ion, t hus lowering
t ot al net work cost and improving int egrat ed operat ion of t he separat e access net works.
For act ual users wit h mult imode devices, t he net works t hey access will be largely
t ransparent . Today, nearly all UMTS phones and modems support GSM / EDGE.
Figure 9 present s t he cont inuing advances in HSPA and LTE, plot t ed over t ime, showing
an approximat e doubling of t hroughput per year.

Fi gur e 9: Peak Rat es f or Dow nl i nk and Upl i nk ov er Ti me
34

Despit e rapid UMTS deployment , market moment um means t hat even by t he end of t he
decade, most worldwide subscribers will st ill be using GSM. By t hen, however, most new
subscribers will be t aking advant age of UMTS. Only over many years, as subscribers
upgrade t heir equipment , will most net work usage migrat e t o UMTS. Similarly, even as
operat ors st art t o deploy LTE net works at t he end of t his decade and t he beginning of
t he next , it will probably be t he middle of t he next decade before a large percent age of
subscribers are act ually using LTE. During t hese years, most net works and devices will
be t ri- modesupport ing GSM, UMTS, and LTE. The hist ory of wireless- net work
deployment provides a useful perspect ive. GSM, which in 2009 is st ill growing it s
subscriber base, was specified in 1990 wit h init ial net works deployed in 1991. The UMTS
Task Force est ablished it self in 1995, Release 99 specificat ions were complet ed in 2000,
and HSPA+ specificat ions were complet ed in 2007. Alt hough it s been more t han a
decade since work began on t he t echnology, only now is UMTS deployment and adopt ion
st art ing t o surge.
Figure 10 shows t he relat ive adopt ion of t echnologies over a mult i- decadal period and
t he lengt h of t ime it t akes for any new t echnology t o be adopt ed widely on a global
basis.

34
DL R99-384k
HSDPA 1.8M
HSDPA 3.6M
HSDPA 7.2M
HSDPA 14.4M
MIMO 2x2 28M
MIMO/64QAM 42M
DL LTE(20MHz) 140M
DL LTE(20MHz) 300M
100 kbps
1 M|to
10 Mbps
20 Mbps
100 kbps
1 Mbps
10 Mbps
100 Mbps
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
UL R99 384k
HSUPA 1.5M
HSUPA 5.6M
HSUPA/16QAM 11M
UL LTE (10MHz) 25M
UL LTE (10MHz) 50M
HSPA DL and UL peak throughputs expected
to double every year on average
Limitations not induced by the technology itself
but time frames required to upgrade
infrastructure and transport networks, obtain
devices with corresponding capabilities and
interoperability tests
Downlink Speeds
Uplink Speeds

Fi gur e 10: Rel at i ve Adopt i on of Technol ogi es
35

One opt ion for GSM operat ors t hat have not yet commit t ed t o UMTS, and do not have an
immediat e pressing need t o do so, is t o migrat e direct ly from GSM/ EDGE or Evolved
EDGE t o LTE wit h net works and devices support ing dual- mode GSM- EDGE/ LTE
operat ion.
Deployment Scenarios
There are many different scenarios t hat operat ors will use t o migrat e from t heir current
net works t o fut ure t echnologies such as LTE. Figure 11 present s various scenarios
including operat ors who t oday are using CDMA2000, UMTS, GSM and WiMAX. For
example, as shown in t he first bar, a CMDA2000 operat or in scenario A could in t he
medium t erm deploy a combinat ion of 1xRTT, EV- DO Rev A/ B and LTE and, in t he long
t erm, could migrat e EV- DO dat a t raffic t o LTE. I n scenario B, a CDMA2000 operat or wit h
j ust 1xRTT could int roduce LTE as a broadband service and, in t he long t erm, could
migrat e 1xRTT users t o LTE including voice service.

35
Source: Rysavy Research proj ect ion based on hist orical dat a.
1990 2000 2020 2010
LTE
UMTS/HSPA
R
e
l
a
t
i
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e

S
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s
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r
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p
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GSM/EDGE
2030

Fi gur e 11: Di f f er ent Depl oy ment Scenar i os f or LTE
36

3GPP and 3GPP2 bot h have specified det ailed migrat ion opt ions for current 3G syst ems
( UMTS- HSPA and EV- DO) t o LTE. Due t o economies of scale for infrast ruct ure and
devices, 3GPP operat ors are likely t o have a compet it ive cost advant age over 3GPP2
operat ors.
Competing Technologies
Alt hough GSM- HSPA net works are dominat ing global cellular- t echnology deployment s,
operat ors are deploying ot her wireless t echnologies t o serve bot h wide and local areas. This
sect ion of t he paper looks at t he relat ionship bet ween GSM/ UMTS/ LTE and some of t hese
ot her t echnologies.
CDMA2000
CDMA2000, consist ing principally of 1xRTT and One Carrier- Evolved, Dat a- Opt imized
( 1xEV- DO) versions, is t he ot her maj or cellular t echnology deployed in many part s of
t he world. 1xRTT is current ly t he most widely deployed CDMA2000 version. A number of
operat ors have deployed or are deploying 1xEV- DO where a radio carrier is dedicat ed t o
high- speed dat a funct ions. I n June 2009, t here were 106 EV- DO Rel. 0 net works and 62
EV- DO Rev. A net works deployed worldwide.
37

Current ly deployed net work versions are based on eit her Rel. 0 or Rev. A radio- int erface
specificat ions. EV- DO Rev. A incorporat es a more efficient uplink, which has spect ral

36
37
Source: www. cdg. org, June 5, 2009.

efficiency similar t o t hat of HSUPA. Operat ors st art ed t o make EV- DO Rev. A
commercially available in 2007.
EV- DO uses many of t he same t echniques for opt imizing spect ral efficiency as HSPA
including higher order modulat ion, efficient scheduling, t urbo- coding, and adapt ive
modulat ion and coding. For t hese reasons, it achieves spect ral efficiency t hat is virt ually
t he same as HSPA. The 1x t echnologies operat e in t he 1. 25 MHz radio channels,
compared t o t he 5 MHz channels UMTS uses, result ing in lower t heoret ical peak rat es,
alt hough average t hroughput s for high level net work loading are similar. Under low- t o
medium- load condit ions, because of t he lower peak achievable dat a rat es, EV- DO or EV-
DO Rev. A achieves a lower t ypical performance level t han HSPA. Operat ors have quot ed
400 t o 700 kilobit s per second ( kbps) t ypical downlink t hroughput for EV- DO Rev. 0
38

and bet ween 600 kbps and 1. 4 Mbps for EV- DO Rev. A.
39

One challenge for EV- DO operat ors is t hat t hey cannot dynamically allocat e t heir ent ire
spect ral resources bet ween voice and high- speed dat a funct ions. The EV- DO channel is
not available for circuit - swit ched voice, and t he 1xRTT channels offer only medium-
speed dat a. I n t he current st age of t he market , in which dat a only const it ut es a small
percent age of t ot al net work t raffic, t his is not a key issue. But as dat a usage expands,
t his limit at ion will cause subopt imal use of radio resources. Figure 12 illust rat es t his
severe limit at ion.
Fi gur e 12: Radi o Resour ce Management 1x RTT/ 1x EV- DO v er sus UMTS- HSPA

Anot her limit at ion of using a separat e channel for EV- DO dat a services is t hat it
current ly prevent s users from engaging in simult aneous voice and high- speed dat a

38
Source: Verizon Broadband Access Web page, July 29, 2005.
39
Source: Sprint press release January 30, 2007.
T
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e

1
.
2
5

M
H
z

C
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5

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z

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services, whereas t his is possible wit h UMTS and HSPA. Many users enj oy having a
t et hered dat a connect ion from t heir lapt opby using Bluet oot h, for exampleand being
able t o init iat e and receive phone calls while maint aining t heir dat a sessions.
EV- DO will event ually provide voice service using VoI P prot ocols t hrough EV- DO Rev. A,
which includes a higher speed uplink, QoS mechanisms in t he net work, and prot ocol
opt imizat ions t o reduce packet overhead, as well as addressing problems such as j it t er.
Even t hen, however, operat ors will face difficult choices: How many radio channels at
each base st at ion should be made available for 1xRTT t o support legacy t erminals versus
how many radio channels should be allocat ed t o EV- DO. I n cont rast , UMTS allows bot h
circuit - swit ched and packet - swit ched t raffic t o occupy t he same radio channel, where t he
amount of power each uses can be dynamically adj ust ed. This makes it simple t o
migrat e users over t ime from circuit - swit ched voice t o packet - swit ched voice.
Beyond Rev. A, 3GPP2 has defined EV- DO Rev. B, which can combine up t o 15 1. 25 MHz
radio channels in 20 MHzsignificant ly boost ing peak t heoret ical rat es t o 73. 5 Mbps.
More likely, an operat or would combine t hree radio channels in 5 MHz. Such an
approach by it self does not necessarily increase overall capacit y, but it does offer users
higher peak- dat a rat es. Ot her enhancement s are planned for EV- DO, including femt ocell
support , MI MO and 64 QAM in t he downlink, and 16 QAM in t he uplink. There are also a
number of planned improvement s for CDMA2000 1xRTT t hat will result in increased
voice capacit y.
3GPP2 had defined an OFDM- based t echnology called Ult ra Mobile Broadband ( UMB) ,
wit h performance charact erist ics similar t o LTE. This work it em, however, has been
t erminat ed as t he st andard had no commercial support , and many CDMA2000 operat ors
including Verizon have announced t heir int ent ions t o migrat e t o LTE. 3GPP2 has defined
t echnical means t o int egrat e CDMA2000 net works wit h LTE along t wo available
approaches:
1. Loose coupling. This involves lit t le or no int er- syst em funct ionalit y, and resources
are released in t he source syst em prior t o handover execut ion.
2. Tight coupling. The t wo syst ems int ercommunicat e wit h net work- cont rolled
make- before- break handovers. Tight coupling allows maint enance of dat a
sessions wit h t he same I P address. This will likely involve a more complex
implement at ion t han loose coupling.
CDMA2000 is clearly a viable and effect ive wireless t echnology and, t o it s credit , many
of it s innovat ions have been brought t o market ahead of compet ing t echnologies.
WiMAX
WiMAX has emerged as a pot ent ial alt ernat ive t o cellular t echnology for wide- area
wireless net works. Based on OFDMA and recent ly accept ed by t he I nt ernat ional
Telecommunicat ions Union ( I TU) as an I MT- 2000 ( 3G t echnology) under t he name
OFDMA TDD WMAN ( Wireless Met ropolit an Area Net work) , WiMAX is t rying t o challenge
exist ing wireless t echnologiespromising great er capabilit ies and great er efficiencies
t han alt ernat ive approaches such as HSPA. But as WiMAX, part icularly mobile WiMAX,
has come closer t o realit y, vendors have cont inued t o enhance HSPA, and perceived
WiMAX advant ages are no longer apparent . I nst ead, WiMAX has gained t he great est
t ract ion in developing count ries as an alt ernat ive t o wireline deployment . I n t he Unit ed
St at es, Clearwire, Sprint Next el and ot hers ( I nt el, Google, Comcast , Time Warner Cable,
and Bright House Net works) have creat ed a j oint vent ure t o deploy a nat ionwide WiMAX
net work. I n June 2009, t his net work was available in At lant a, Balt imore and Port land,

OR. Clearwire announced on August 3, 2009, t hat it would launch 10 addit ional market s
on Sept ember 1, 2009.
40

Like GSM- HSPA, WiMAX is not a single t echnology; it is a family of int eroperable
t echnologies. The original specificat ion, I EEE 802. 16, was complet ed in 2001 and
int ended primarily for t elecom backhaul applicat ions in point - t o- point , line- of- sight
configurat ions using spect rum above 10 GHz. This original version of I EEE 802. 16 uses a
radio int erface based on a single- carrier waveform.
The next maj or st ep in t he evolut ion of I EEE 802. 16 occurred in 2004 wit h t he release of
t he I EEE 802. 16- 2004 st andard. I t added mult iple radio int erfaces, including one based
on OFDM- 256 and one based on OFDMA. I EEE 802. 16- 2004 also support s point - t o-
mult ipoint communicat ions, sub- 10 GHz operat ion, and non- line- of- sight
communicat ions. Like t he original version of t he st andard, operat ion is fixed, meaning
t hat subscriber st at ions are t ypically immobile. Pot ent ial applicat ions include wireless
I nt ernet Service Provider ( I SP) service, local t elephony bypass ( as an alt ernat ive t o
cable modem or DSL service) , and cellular backhaul for connect ions from cellular base
st at ions t o operat or infrast ruct ure net works. Vendors can design equipment for eit her
licensed or unlicensed bands.
Vendors are now delivering I EEE 802. 16- 2004- cert ified equipment . This st andard does
not compet e direct ly wit h cellular- dat a and privat e Wi- Fi net works; t hus, it can provide
complement ary services. I n addit ion t o operat or- host ed access solut ions, privat e ent it ies
such as municipal government s, universit ies, and corporat ions will be able t o use t his
version of WiMAX in unlicensed bands ( for example, 5. 8 GHz) for local connect ivit y,
alt hough t here has been lit t le or no development in t his area.
The I EEE has also complet ed a mobile- broadband st andardI EEE 802. 16e- 2005t hat
adds mobilit y capabilit ies including support for radio operat ion while mobile, handovers
across base st at ions, and handovers across operat ors. Unlike I EEE 802. 16- 2004, which
operat es in bot h licensed and unlicensed bands, I EEE 802. 16e- 2005 ( referred t o as
mobile WiMAX) makes t he most sense in licensed bands. Operat ors have begun limit ed
mobile WiMAX net work deployment s in 2009. Current WiMAX profiles emphasize TDD
operat ion. Mobile WiMAX net works are not backward- compat ible wit h I EEE 802. 16- 2004
net works.
I nit ial mobile WiMAX net works will be deployed using 2X2 MI MO, TDD and 10 MHz radio
channels in a profile defined by t he WiMAX Forum known as WiMAX Wave 2 or, more
formally, as WiMAX Syst em Profile 1. 0. Beyond Release 1. 0, t he WiMAX Forum has
defined a new profile called WiMAX Release 1.5 wit h product cert ificat ion expect ed by
t he end of 2009. Mobile WiMAX release 1. 5 includes various refinement s int ended t o
improve efficiency and performance and could be available for deployment in a similar
t imeframe as LTE.
Release 1. 5 enhancement s include MAC overhead reduct ions for VoI P ( persist ent
scheduling) , handover opt imizat ions, load balancing, locat ion- based services support ,
FDD operat ion, 64 QAM in t he uplink, downlink adapt ive modulat ion and coding, closed-
loop MI MO ( FDD mode only) , and uplink MI MO.
A subsequent version, Mobile WiMAX 2. 0, will be designed t o address t he performance
requirement s being developed in t he I TU I MT- Advanced Proj ect and will be st andardized

40
Source: Clearwire Press Release, Clearwire t o Officially Launch CLEAR 4G Service in 10 Market s on
Sept ember 1, 2009 , August 3rd, 2009

in a new I EEE st andard, I EEE 802. 16m. According t o Sprint Next el, I EEE 802. 16m will be
available in 2011.
41

WiMAX employs many of t he same mechanisms as HSPA t o maximize t hroughput and
spect ral efficiency, including high- order modulat ion, efficient coding, adapt ive
modulat ion and coding, and Hybrid Aut omat ic Repeat Request ( HARQ) . The principal
difference from HSPA is I EEE 802. 16e- 2005s use of OFDMA. As discussed in t he sect ion
Technical Approaches ( TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA) above, OFDM provides a pot ent ial
implement at ion advant age for wide radio channels ( for example, 10 t o 20 MHz) . I n 5 t o
10 MHz radio channels, t here is no evidence indicat ing t hat WiMAX will have any
performance advant age compared t o HSPA+ .
I t should be not ed, however, t hat I EEE 802. 16e- 2005 cont ains some aspect s t hat may
limit it s performance, part icularly in scenarios in which a sect or cont ains a large number
of mobile users. The performance of t he MAC layer is inefficient when scheduling large
numbers of users, and some aspect ssuch as power cont rol of t he mobile st at ionare
provided using MAC signaling messages rat her t han t he fast power cont rol used in
WCDMA and ot her t echnologies. Thus, while WiMAX uses OFDMA, t he performance will
likely be somewhat less t han HSPA due t o increased overhead and ot her design issues.
Relat ive t o LTE, WiMAX has t he following t echnical disadvant ages: 5 msec frames
inst ead of 1 msec frames, Chase combining inst ead of increment al redundancy, coarser
granularit y for modulat ion and coding schemes and vert ical coding inst ead of horizont al
coding.
42
One deployment considerat ion is t hat TDD requires net work synchronizat ion. I t
is not possible for one cell sit e t o be t ransmit t ing and an adj acent cell sit e t o be
receiving at t he same t ime. Different operat ors in t he same band must eit her coordinat e
t heir net works or have guard bands t o ensure t hat t hey dont int erfere wit h each ot her.
This may int roduce problems as more operat ors int roduce net works in t he same
spect rum band; for example, t he 2. 5 GHz band in t he Unit ed St at es may be used for
bot h TDD and FDD operat ion.
Alt hough I EEE 802. 16e exploit s significant radio innovat ions similar t o HSPA+ and LTE,
it faces challenges such as economies of scale and t echnology mat urit y. Very few
operat ors t oday have access t o spect rum for WiMAX t hat would permit t hem t o provide
widespread coverage.
I n reference t o economies of scale, GSM- HSPA subscribers number in t he billions. Even
over t he next five years, t he number of WiMAX subscribers is likely t o be quit e low. For
example, I nforma proj ect s 82. 1 million by 2013
43
while Maravedis predict s a lower 75
million WiMAX subscribers by t he end of 2014
44
.
Finally, from a t echnology st andpoint , mobile WiMAX on paper may be slight ly more
capable t han t odays available versions of HSPA. But by t he t ime it becomes widely
available, mobile WiMAX will act ually have t o compet e against evolved HSPA syst ems
t hat will offer largely similar capabilit ies. Furt her, by t hen, LTE will not be t hat far from
deployment .

41
Ali Tabassi, Sprint Next el, Fierce Wireless Webcast , WiMAX: Mobilizing t he I nt ernet , March 5,
2008.
42
I EEE I nt ernat ional Symposium on Personal, I ndoor and Mobile Radio Communicat ions: Anders
Furuskr et al The LTE Radio I nt erface Key Charact erist ics and Performance , 2008.
43
Source: I nforma WiMAX proj ect ion, June 2009, supplied t o 3G Americas.
44
Source: WiMAX and Broadband Wireless Access Equipment Market Analysis, Trends and Forecast s,
2009- 2014, Maravedis, June 1, 2009.

One specific area in which WiMAX has a t echnical disadvant age is cell size. I n fact , 3G
syst ems have a significant link budget advant age over mobile WiMAX because of soft -
handoff diversit y gain and an FDD duplexing advant age over TDD.
45
Art hur D. Lit t le
report s t hat t he radii of t ypical HSPA cells will be t wo t o four t imes great er t han t ypical
mobile WiMAX cells for high- t hroughput operat ion.
46
One vendor est imat es t hat for t he
same power out put , frequency, and capacit y, mobile WiMAX requires 1. 7 t imes more cell
sit es t han HSPA.
47
Given t hat many real world deployment s of HSPA will occur at
frequencies such as 850 MHz, and LTE at 700 MHz, WiMAX deployment s at 2. 5 GHz will
be at a significant disadvant age.
Wit h respect t o spect ral efficiency, WiMAX is comparable t o HSPA+ , as discussed in t he
sect ion Spect ral Efficiency t hat follows. As for dat a performance, HSPA+ in Release 8
wit h a peak rat e of 42 Mbpsexceeds mobile WiMAX in 10 MHz in TDD 2: 1 DL: UL using
2X2 MI MO wit h a peak rat e of 40 Mbps.
48
The somet imes- quot ed peak rat e of 63. 4 Mbps
for mobile WiMAX in 10 MHz assumes no bandwidt h applied t o t he uplink.
Some have cit ed int ellect ual propert y right s as an area in which WiMAX has an
advant age. There is lit t le subst ant ial, publicly available informat ion, however, t o support
such claims. First , t he large HSPA vendors have invest ed heavily in t hese t echnologies
hopefully giving t hem significant leverage wit h which t o negot iat e reasonable int ellect ual
propert y right s ( I PR) rat es wit h ot her vendors. Second, t he mobile WiMAX indust ry is in
it s infancy, and t here is considerable lack of clarit y when it comes t o how different
companies will assert and resolve I PR issues.
Finally, wireless- dat a business models must also be considered. Todays cellular
net works can finance t he deployment of dat a capabilit ies t hrough a successful voice
business. Building new net works for broadband wireless mandat es subst ant ial capacit y
per subscriber. Consumers who download 1 gigabyt e of dat a each mont h represent a t en
t imes great er load on t he net work t han a 1, 000- minut e- a- mont h voice user. And if t he
fut ure is in mult imedia services such as movie downloads, it is import ant t o recognize
t hat downloading a single DVD- qualit y movieeven wit h advanced compression
consumes approximat ely 2 gigabyt es. I t is not clear how easily t he available revenue per
subscriber will be able t o finance large- scale deployment of net work capacit y. Despit e
numerous at t empt s, no t errest rial wireless- dat a- only net work has ever succeeded as a
business.
49
Alt hough t here is discussion of providing voice services over WiMAX using
VoI P, mobile- voice users demand ubiquit ous coverageincluding indoor coverage.
Mat ching t he cellular foot print wit h WiMAX will require nat ional roaming arrangement s,
complement ed by new dual- t echnology devices or significant operat or invest ment s.

45
Wit h a 2: 1 TDD syst em, t he reverse link only t ransmit s one t hird of t he t ime. To obt ain t he same
cell edge dat a rat es, t he mobile syst em must t ransmit at 4. 77 dB higher t ransmit power.
46
Source: "HSPA and mobile WiMAX for Mobile Broadband Wireless Access", 27 March 2007, Art hur D.
Lit t le Limit ed.
47
Source: Ericsson public whit e paper , HSPA, t he undisput ed choice for mobile broadband, May
2007 .
48
Source: Ericsson public whit e paper , HSPA, t he undisput ed choice for mobile broadband, May
2007 .
49
Source: Andy Seybold, January 18, 2006, comment ary: Will Dat a- Only Net works Ever Make
Money? ht t p: / / www. out look4mobilit y. com/ comment ary2006/ j an1806. ht m

IEEE 802.20
I EEE 802. 20 is a mobile- broadband specificat ion developed by t he Mobile Broadband
Wireless Access Working Group of t he I EEE t hat was complet ed in 2008. Wit h vendors
focused heavily on LTE and WiMAX for next - generat ion wireless services, it is not clear
whet her t here is sufficient moment um in t his st andard t o make it a viable t echnology. At
t his t ime, no operat or has commit t ed t o t he possible st andard. Not e t hat 802. 20 is very
similar t o UMB. However, UMB has been cancelled, and I EEE 802. 20 has not gained any
moment um at t his point in t ime.
Wi-Fi and Municipal Wi-Fi Systems
I n t he local area, t he I EEE 802. 11 family of t echnologies has experienced rapid growt h,
mainly in privat e deployment s. The lat est 802. 11 st andard, 802. 11n offers users
t hroughput s in excess of 100 Mbps and improved range t hrough use of MI MO.
Complement ary st andards increase t he at t ract ion of t he t echnology. 802. 11e provides
qualit y- of- service enabling VoI P and mult imedia, 802. 11i enables robust securit y, and
802. 11r provides fast roaming, necessary for voice handover across access point s.
Leveraging t his success, operat orsincluding cellular operat orsare offering hot spot
service in public areas such as airport s, fast - food rest aurant s, and hot els. For t he most
part , hot spot s are complement ary wit h cellular- dat a net works, because t he hot spot can
provide broadband services in ext remely dense user areas and t he cellular net work can
provide broadband services across much larger areas. Various organizat ions are looking
at int egrat ing WLAN service wit h GSM- HSPA dat a services. The GSM Associat ion has
developed recommendat ions for SI M- based aut hent icat ion of hot spot s, and 3GPP has
mult iple init iat ives t hat address WLAN int egrat ion int o it s net works, including 3GPP
Syst em t o WLAN I nt erworking, UMA, I MS, and EPC/ SAE.
Many cit ies are now deploying met ro Wi- Fi syst ems t hat will provide Wi- Fi access in
downt own areas. These syst ems are based on a mesh t echnology, wherein access point s
forward packet s t o nodes t hat have backhaul connect ions. Alt hough some indust ry
observers are predict ing t hat t hese syst ems will have an adverse effect on 3G dat a
services, met ro Wi- Fi and 3G are more likely t o be complement ary in nat ure. Wi- Fi can
generally provide bet t er applicat ion performance over limit ed coverage areas, whereas
3G syst ems can provide access over much larger coverage areas.
Met ro syst ems t oday are st ill quit e immat ure and face t he following challenges:
Many cit y proj ect s have been discont inued due t o t he difficult y of providing a
viable business model.
Todays mesh syst ems are all propriet ary. The I EEE is developing a mesh
net working st andardI EEE 802. 11sbut t his may not be ready unt il 2010. Even
t hen, it is not clear t hat vendors will adopt t his st andard for out door syst ems.
Coverage in most met ro syst ems is designed t o provide an out door signal. As
such, t he signal does not penet rat e many buildings in t he coverage area and
repeat ers are needed t o propagat e t he signal indoors. Many early net work
deployment s have experienced poorer coverage t han init ially expect ed, and t he
number of recommended access point s per square mile has increased st eadily.
Operat ion is in unlicensed bands in t he 2. 4 GHz radio channel. Given only t hree
relat ively non- overlapping radio channels at 2. 4 GHz, int erference bet ween public
and privat e syst ems is inevit able.

Alt hough mesh archit ect ure simplifies backhaul, t here are st ill considerable
expenses and net working considerat ions in backhauling a large number of
out door access point s.
Nevert heless, met ro net works have at t ract ed considerable int erest , and some number of
proj ect s are st ill proceeding. Technical issues will likely be resolved over t ime, and as
more devices support bot h 3G and Wi- Fi, users can look forward t o mult iple access
opt ions.
Comparison of Wireless Technologies
This sect ion of t he paper compares t he different wireless t echnologies looking at
t hroughput , lat ency, spect ral efficiency, and market posit ion. Finally, t he paper present s a
t able t hat summarizes t he compet it ive posit ion of t he different t echnologies across mult iple
dimensions.
Data Throughput
Dat a t hroughput is an import ant met ric for quant ifying net work t hroughput
performance. Unfort unat ely, t he ways in which various organizat ions quot e t hroughput
st at ist ics vary t remendously. This oft en result s in misleading claims. The int ent of t his
paper is t o realist ically represent t he capabilit ies of t hese t echnologies.
One met hod of represent ing a t echnologys t hroughput is what people call peak
t hroughput or peak net work speed. This refers t o t he fast est possible t ransmission
speed over t he radio link, and it is generally based on t he highest order modulat ion
available and t he least amount of coding ( error correct ion) overhead. Peak net work
speed is also usually quot ed at layer 2 of t he radio link. Because of prot ocol overhead,
act ual applicat ion t hroughput may be 10 t o 20 percent lower ( or more) t han t his layer- 2
value. Even if t he radio net work can deliver t his speed, ot her aspect s of t he net work
such as t he backhaul from base st at ion t o operat or- infrast ruct ure net workcan oft en
const rain t hroughput rat es t o levels below t he radio- link rat e.
Anot her met hod is t o disclose t hroughput s act ually measured in deployed net works wit h
applicat ions such as File Transfer Prot ocol ( FTP) under favorable condit ions, which
assume light net work loading ( as low as one act ive dat a user in t he cell sect or) and
favorable signal propagat ion. This number is useful because it demonst rat es t he high-
end, act ual capabilit y of t he t echnology. This paper refers t o t his rat e as t he peak user
rat e. Average rat es, however, are lower t han t his peak rat e and difficult t o predict ,
because t hey depend on a mult it ude of operat ional and net work fact ors. Except when
t he net work is congest ed, however, t he maj orit y of users should experience t hroughput
rat es higher t han one- half of t he peak- achievable rat e.
Some operat ors, primarily in t he US, also quot e t ypical t hroughput rat es. These rat es
are based on t hroughput t est s t he operat ors have done across t heir operat ing net works
and incorporat e a higher level of net work loading. Alt hough t he operat ors do not disclose
t he precise met hodology t hey use t o est ablish t hese figures, t he values provide a good
indicat ion of what users can t ypically expect .
Table 6 present s t he t echnologies in t erms of peak net work t hroughput rat es, peak user-
rat es ( under favorable condit ions) and t ypical rat es. I t omit s values t hat are not yet
known such as t hose associat ed wit h fut ure t echnologies.
The proj ect ed t ypical rat es for HSPA+ and LTE show a wide range. This is because t hese
t echnologies are designed t o exploit favorable radio condit ions t o achieve very high
t hroughput rat es. Under poor radio condit ions, however, t hroughput rat es are lower.

Tabl e 6: Thr oughput Per f or mance of Di f f er ent Wi r el ess Technol ogi es
( Bl ue I ndi cat es Theor et i cal Peak Rat es, Gr een Ty pi cal )

Dow nl i nk Upl i nk
Peak
Net w or k
Speed
Peak
and/ or
Ty pi cal
User Rat e
Peak
Net w or k
Speed
Peak
and/ or
Ty pi cal
User Rat e
EDGE ( t y pe 2 MS) 473. 6 kbps 473. 6 kbps
EDGE ( t y pe 1 MS)
( Pr act i cal Ter mi nal )
236. 8 kbps 200 kbps
peak
70 t o 135
kbps t ypical
236. 8 kbps 200 kbps
peak
70 t o 135
kbps t ypical
Evol ved EDGE
( t y pe 1 MS)
50

1184 kbps
51
1 Mbps peak
350 t o 700
kbps t ypical
expect ed
( Dual
Carrier)
473. 6
kbps
52

400 kbps
peak
150 t o 300
kbps t ypical
expect ed
Evol ved EDGE
( t y pe 2 MS)
53

1894. 4
54

kbps
947. 2
kbps
55

UMTS WCDMA Rel ease 99 2. 048 Mbps 768 kbps
UMTS WCDMA Rel ease 99
( Pr act i cal Ter mi nal )
384 kbps 350 kbps
peak
200 t o 300
kbps t ypical
384 kbps 350 kbps
peak
200 t o 300
kbps t ypical
HSDPA I ni t i al Devi ces
( 2006)
1. 8 Mbps > 1 Mbps
peak
384 kbps 350 kbps
peak
HSDPA 14. 4 Mbps 384 kbps
HSPA
56
I ni t i al
I mpl ement at i on
7. 2 Mbps > 5 Mbps 2 Mbps > 1. 5 Mbps

50
A t ype 1 Evolved EDGE MS can receive on up t o t en t imeslot s using t wo radio channels and can
t ransmit on up t o four t imeslot s in one radio channel using 32 QAM modulat ion ( wit h t urbo coding in
t he downlink) .
51
Type 1 mobile, 10 slot s downlink ( dual carrier) , DBS- 12( 118. 4 kbps/ slot ) .
52
Type 1 mobile, 4 slot s uplink, UBS- 12 ( 118. 4 kbps/ slot ) .
53
A t ype 2 Evolved EDGE MS can receive on up t o 16 t imeslot s using t wo radio channels and can
t ransmit on up t o eight t imeslot s in one radio channel using 32 QAM modulat ion ( wit h t urbo coding in
t he downlink) .
54
Type 2 mobile, 16 slot s downlink ( dual carrier) at DBS- 12 ( 118. 4 kbps/ slot ) .
55
Type 2 mobile, 8 slot s uplink, UBS- 12 ( 118. 4 kbps/ slot ) .


Peak
Net w or k
Speed
Peak
and/ or
Ty pi cal
User Rat e
Peak
Net w or k
Speed
Peak
and/ or
Ty pi cal
User Rat e
peak
700 kbps t o
1. 7 Mbps
t ypical
57

peak
500 kbps t o
1. 2 Mbps
t ypical
HSPA Cur r ent
I mpl ement at i on
7. 2 Mbps 5. 76 Mbps
HSPA 14. 4 Mbps 5. 76 Mbps
HSPA+ ( DL 64 QAM, UL
16 QAM)
21. 6 Mbps 1. 5 Mbps t o
7 Mbps
13 Mbps
peak
58

11. 5 Mbps 1 Mbps t o
4 Mbps
HSPA+ ( 2X2 MI MO,
DL 16 QAM, UL 16 QAM)
28 Mbps

11. 5 Mbps
HSPA+ ( 2X2 MI MO,
DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM)
42 Mbps 11. 5 Mbps
HSPA+ ( 2X2 MI MO,
DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM,
Dual Car r i er )
84 Mbps 23 Mbps
LTE ( 2X2 MI MO) 173 Mbps 4 Mbps t o
24 Mbps
( in 2 x 20
MHz)
59

58 Mbps
LTE ( 4X4 MI MO) 326 Mbps 86 Mbps

CDMA2000 1XRTT
153 kbps 130 kbps
peak
153 kbps 130 kbps
peak
CDMA2000 1XRTT 307 kbps 307 kbps
CDMA2000 EV- DO Rel 0
2. 4 Mbps > 1 Mbps
peak
153 kbps 150 kbps
peak
CDMA2000 EV- DO Rev A 3. 1 Mbps > 1. 5 Mbps 1. 8 Mbps > 1 Mbps

56
High Speed Packet Access ( HSPA) consist s of syst ems support ing bot h High Speed Downlink Packet
Access ( HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access ( HSUPA) .
57
Typical downlink and uplink t hroughput rat es based on AT&T press release, June 4, 2008
58
Source: Vodafone press release, Vodafone Trials HSPA+ Mobile Broadband at Speeds of Up To
16Mbps, January 15, 2009.
59
Downlink t hroughput will be about half in a 2 x 10 MHz deployment .


Peak
Net w or k
Speed
Peak
and/ or
Ty pi cal
User Rat e
Peak
Net w or k
Speed
Peak
and/ or
Ty pi cal
User Rat e
peak
600 kbps t o
1. 4 Mbps
t ypical
60

peak
300 t o 500
kbps t ypical
CDMA2000 EV- DO Rev B
( 3 r adi o channel s MHz)
9. 3 Mbps 5. 4 Mbps
CDMA2000 EV- DO Rev B
Theor et i cal ( 15 r adi o
channel s)
73. 5 Mbps 27 Mbps

Wi MAX Rel ease 1. 0 ( 10
MHz TDD, DL/ UL= 3, 2x 2
MI MO)
46 Mbps 2 t o 4 Mbps
average
61

4 Mbps
Wi MAX Rel ease 1. 5 TBD TBD
I EEE 802. 16m TBD TBD

HSDPA Throughput in Representative Scenarios

I t is inst ruct ive t o look at act ual HSDPA t hroughput in commercial net works. Figure 13
shows t he t hroughput s measured in one net work wit h voice and dat a in one West ern
European count ry across t hree larger cit ies. The dat a shows t he percent age of samples
on t he X axis t hat fall below t he t hroughput shown on t he Y axis. For example, t he 75
percent ile is at 5 Mbps, meaning t hat 75% of samples are below 5 Mbps and 25% are
above. Significant ly, half of all t he measurement s showed 4 Mbps or higher t hroughput .

60
Typical downlink and uplink t hroughput rat es based on Sprint press release January 30, 2007.
61
Source: Sprint web page, June 2009.

Fi gur e 13: HSDPA Thr oughput Di st r i but i on i n Depl oy ed Net w or k s
62

I n anot her net work st udy, Figure 14 shows t he downlink t hroughput performance of a
7. 2 Mbps device ( peak dat a rat e capabilit y) . I t result s in a median t hroughput of 1. 9
Mbps when mobile, 1. 8 Mbps wit h poor coverage, and 3. 8 Mbps wit h good coverage.

62
Source: 3G Americas member company cont ribut ion.
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
1
0
0
%
9
5
%
9
0
%
8
5
%
8
0
%
7
5
%
7
0
%
6
5
%
6
0
%
5
5
%
5
0
%
4
5
%
4
0
%
3
5
%
3
0
%
2
5
%
2
0
%
1
5
%
1
0
%
5
%
0
%
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

[
M
b
p
s
]

Fi gur e 14: HSDPA Per f or mance of a 7.2 Mbps Devi ce i n a Commer ci al Net w or k
63

These rat es are consist ent wit h ot her vendor informat ion for t wo deployed HSPA
net works t hat support ed 7. 2 Mbps HSDPA. Test ers measured average FTP downlink
applicat ion t hroughput of 2. 1 Mbps in t he first net work, and 1. 9 Mbps in t he second
net work.
64

Release 99 and HSUPA Uplink Performance
HSUPA dramat ically increases uplink t hroughput s over 3GPP Release 99. Even Release
99 net works, however, have seen significant uplink increases. Many net works were
init ially deployed wit h a 64 kbps uplink rat e. Lat er, t his increased t o 128 kbps. Lat er
st ill, operat ors increased speeds t o 384 kbps peak rat es wit h peak user- achievable rat es
of 350 kbps.
The ant icipat ed 1 Mbps achievable uplink t hroughput wit h HSUPA can be seen in t he
measured t hroughput of a commercial net work as document ed in Figure 15. The X axis
shows t hroughput rat e, t he Y axis shows t he cumulat ive dist ribut ion funct ion, and t he
bars show t he number of samples obt ained for t hat t hroughput rat e on a relat ive basis.
The median bit rat e is 1. 0 Mbps.

63
64
Good Coverage
Median bitrate
3.8 Mbps
Median bitrate
1.8 Mbps
Bad Coverage
Median bitrate
1.8 Mbps
Bad Coverage
-106 dBm
Mobile
Median bitrate
1.9 Mbps
Mobile
Median bitrate
1.9 Mbps

Fi gur e 15: Upl i nk Thr oughput i n a Commer ci al Net w or k
65

These rat es are consist ent wit h ot her vendor informat ion for a deployed HSPA net work
t hat support ed 2. 0 Mbps HSUPA
66
uplink speed. Test ers measured average FTP downlink
applicat ion t hroughput of 1. 2 Mbps.
67

One operat or has not ed t hat in it s net works, peak rat es are oft en higher t han t he st at ed
t ypical rat es, because for a large percent age of cells and for a large percent age of t ime,
cells are only light ly loaded.
68

LTE Throughput
As part of t he LTE/ SAE/ EPC Trial I nit iat ive ( LSTI ) , vendors are t est ing LTE t echnology.
Figure 16 shows LTE t hroughput s in a 2X2 MI MO t rial net work reaching a maximum of
154 Mbps, a mean of 78 Mbps and a minimum of 16 Mbps. Unt il operat ors act ually
deploy complet e net works, t ypical rat es will not be available, but t he dat a suggest s t hat
users should be able t o obt ain t hroughput s an order of magnit ude higher t han t odays
3G net works.

65
66
2 x spreading fact or ( 2xSF2) code configurat ion.
67
68
Source: 3G Americas operat or member observat ion for 2009 condit ions.
0
7
0
1
4
0
2
1
0
2
8
0
3
5
0
4
2
0
4
9
0
5
6
0
6
3
0
7
0
0
7
7
0
8
4
0
9
1
0
9
8
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
2
0
1
1
9
0
1
2
6
0
1
3
3
0
1
4
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Mobile
Median bitrate
1.0 Mbps
0
7
0
1
4
0
2
1
0
2
8
0
3
5
0
4
2
0
4
9
0
5
6
0
6
3
0
7
0
0
7
7
0
8
4
0
9
1
0
9
8
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
2
0
1
1
9
0
1
2
6
0
1
3
3
0
1
4
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
7
0
1
4
0
2
1
0
2
8
0
3
5
0
4
2
0
4
9
0
5
6
0
6
3
0
7
0
0
7
7
0
8
4
0
9
1
0
9
8
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
2
0
1
1
9
0
1
2
6
0
1
3
3
0
1
4
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Mobile
Median bitrate
1.0 Mbps

Fi gur e 16: LTE Measur ed Thr oughput i n Test Net w or k
69

Figure 17 provides addit ional insight int o LTE downlink t hroughput , showing layer 1
t hroughput measured at 10 MHz bandwidt h using t he Ext ended Vehicular A 3 km/ hour
channel model. The figure shows t he increased performance obt ained wit h t he addit ion
of different orders of MI MO.

69
Base station located at x.
L1 Throughput
Max: 154 Mbps
Mean: 78 Mbps
Min: 16 Mbps
User Speed
Max: 45 km/h
Mean: 16 km/h
Min: 0 km/h
Suburban area with line-
of-sight: less than 40%
of the samples
Heights of surrounding
buildings: 15-25 m

12
23
37
54
74
97
123
154
100 meters

Fi gur e 17: LTE Thr oughput i n Var i ous Modes
70

For t ypical and average t hroughput s, it is reasonable t o expect an order of magnit ude
higher performance t han HSPA, which one can ant icipat e from radio channels t hat are
four t imes wider ( 20 MHz vs. 5 MHz) and at least a doubling of spect ral efficiency.
Act ual t hroughput rat es t hat users will experience will be lower t han t he peak rat es and
will depend on a variet y of fact ors including:
1. RF Condit ions and User Speed. Peak rat es depend on opt imal condit ions. Under
subopt imal condit ions, such as being at t he edge of t he cell or if t he user is
moving at high speed, t hroughput rat es will be lower.
2. Net work Loading. Like all wireless syst ems, t he t hroughput rat es will go down as
more users simult aneously use t he net work. This is largely a linear degradat ion.
3. Prot ocol Overhead. Peak rat es are generally st at ed for t he physical layer. Due t o
overhead at ot her layers, act ual dat a payload t hroughput rat es may be lower by
an approximat e 5% t o 20% amount . The precise amount depends on t he size of
packet s. Larger packet s ( e. g. , file downloads) result in a lower overhead rat io.
Figure 18 shows how t hroughput rat es can vary by number of act ive users and radio
condit ions. The higher curves are for bet t er radio condit ions.

70
Source: , I nit ial Field Performance Measurement s of LTE , Jonas Karlsson, Mat hias
Riback, Ericsson Review No. 3 2008,
ht t p: / / www. ericsson. com/ ericsson/ corpinfo/ publicat ions/ review/ 2008_03/ files/ LTE. pdf.

Fi gur e 18: LTE Act ual Thr oughput Rat es Based on Condi t i ons
71

Verizon Wireless has st at ed t hat it expect s it s LTE net work t o deliver 8 t o 12 Mbps of
t hroughput .
72

Latency
Just as import ant as t hroughput is net work lat ency, defined as t he round- t rip t ime it
t akes dat a t o t raverse t he net work. Each successive dat a t echnology from GPRS forward
reduces lat ency, wit h HSDPA net works having lat ency as low as 70 milliseconds ( msec) .
HSUPA brings lat ency down even furt her, as will 3GPP LTE. Ongoing improvement s in
each t echnology mean all t hese values will go down as vendors and operat ors fine t une
t heir syst ems. Figure 19 shows t he lat ency of different 3GPP t echnologies.

71
Source: LTE/ SAE Trial I nit iat ive, Lat est Result s from t he LSTI , Feb 2009, www.lst iforum.org.
72
Source: ht t p: / / gigaom. com/ 2009/ 05/ 15/ verizons- lt e- plans- get - real/ .

Fi gur e 19: Lat ency of Di f f er ent Technol ogi es
73

The values shown in Figure 19 reflect measurement s of commercially deployed
t echnologies. Some vendors have report ed significant ly lower values in net works using
t heir equipment , such as 150 msec for EDGE, 70 msec for HSDPA, and 50 msec for
HSPA. Wit h furt her refinement s and t he use of 2 msec Transmission Time I nt erval ( TTI )
in t he HSPA uplink, 25 msec roundt rip is a realist ic goal. LTE will reduce lat ency even
furt her, t o as low as 10 msec in t he radio- access net work.
Spectral Efficiency
To bet t er underst and t he reasons for deploying t he different dat a t echnologies and t o
bet t er predict t he evolut ion of capabilit y, it is useful t o examine spect ral efficiency. The
evolut ion of dat a services will be charact erized by an increasing number of users wit h
ever- higher bandwidt h demands. As t he wireless- dat a market grows, deploying wireless
t echnologies wit h high spect ral efficiency will be of paramount import ance. Keeping all
ot her t hings equal such as frequency band, amount of spect rum, and cell sit e spacing,
an increase in spect ral efficiency t ranslat es t o a proport ional increase in t he number of
users support ed at t he same load per useror, for t he same number of users, an
increase in t hroughput available t o each user. Delivering broadband services t o large
numbers of users can best be achieved wit h high spect ral- efficiency syst ems, especially

73
Source: 3G Americas' member companies. Measured bet ween subscriber unit and Gi int erface,
immediat ely ext ernal t o wireless net work. Does not include I nt er net lat ency. Not e t hat t here is some
variat ion in lat ency based on net work configurat ion and operat ing condit ions.
100
700
600
500
400
300
200
GPRS
Rel97
EDGE
Rel99
EDGE
Rel4
WCDMA
Rel99
Evolved
EDGE
M
i
l
l
i
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
LTE HSPA HSDPA

because t he only ot her alt ernat ives are using more spect rum or deploying more cell
sit es.
I ncreased spect ral efficiency, however, comes at a price. I t generally implies great er
complexit y for bot h user and base st at ion equipment . Complexit y can arise from t he
increased number of calculat ions performed t o process signals or from addit ional radio
component s. Hence, operat ors and vendors must balance market needs against net work
and equipment cost s. One core aspect of evolving wireless t echnology is managing t he
complexit y associat ed wit h achieving higher spect ral efficiency. The reason t echnologies
such as OFDMA are at t ract ive is t hat t hey allow higher spect ral efficiency wit h lower
overall complexit y; t hus t heir use in t echnologies such as LTE and WiMAX.
The roadmap for t he EDGE/ HSPA/ LTE family of t echnologies provides a wide port folio of
opt ions t o increase spect ral efficiency. The exact t iming for deploying t hese opt ions is
difficult t o predict , because much will depend on t he growt h of t he wireless dat a market
and what t ypes of applicat ions become popular.
When det ermining t he best area on which t o focus fut ure t echnology enhancement s, it is
int erest ing t o not e t hat HSDPA, 1xEV- DO, and I EEE 802. 16e- 2005 all have highly
opt imized linkst hat is, physical layers. I n fact , as shown in Figure 20, t he link layer
performance of t hese t echnologies is approaching t he t heoret ical limit s as defined by t he
Shannon bound. ( The Shannon bound is a t heoret ical limit t o t he informat ion t ransfer
rat e [ per unit bandwidt h] t hat can be support ed by any communicat ions link. The bound
is a funct ion of t he Signal t o Noise Rat io [ SNR] of t he communicat ions link. ) Figure 20
also shows t hat HSDPA, 1xEV- DO, and I EEE 802. 16e- 2005 are all wit hin 2 t o 3 decibels
( dB) of t he Shannon bound, indicat ing t hat t here is not much room for improvement
from a link layer perspect ive. Not e t hat differences do exist in t he design of t he MAC
layer ( layer 2) , and t his may result in lower t han expect ed performance in some cases
as described previously.

Fi gur e 20: Per f or mance Rel at i ve t o Theor et i cal Li mi t s f or HSDPA, EV- DO, and
I EEE 802.16e- 2005
74

The curves in Figure 20 apply t o an Addit ive Whit e Gaussian Noise Channel ( AWGN) . I f
t he channel is slowly varying and t he effect of frequency select ivit y can be overcome
t hrough an equalizer in eit her HSDPA or OFDM, t hen t he channel can be known almost
perfect ly and t he effect s of fading and non- AWGN int erference can be ignoredt hus
j ust ifying t he AWGN assumpt ion. For inst ance, at 3 km per hour, and fading at 2 GHz,
t he Doppler spread is about 5. 5 Hz. The coherence t ime of t he channel is t hus 1 sec/ 5. 5
or 180 msec. Frames are well wit hin t he coherence t ime of t he channel, because t hey
are t ypically 20 msec or less. As such, t he channel appears const ant over a frame and
t he Shannon bound applies. Much more of t he t raffic in a cellular syst em is at slow
speeds ( for example, 3 km/ hr) rat her t han at higher speeds. Thus, t he Shannon bound
is relevant for a realist ic deployment environment .
As t he speed of t he mobile st at ion increases and t he channel est imat ion becomes less
accurat e, addit ional margin is needed. This addit ional margin, however, would impact
t he different st andards fairly equally.
The Shannon bound only applies t o a single user; it does not at t empt t o indicat e
aggregat e channel t hroughput wit h mult iple users. I t does indicat e, however, t hat link
layer performance is reaching t heoret ical limit s. As such, t he focus of fut ure t echnology
enhancement s should be on improving syst em performance aspect s t hat maximize t he
experienced SNRs in t he syst em rat her t han on invest igat ing new air int erfaces t hat
at t empt t o improve t he link layer performance.

74
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Required SNR (dB)
A
c
h
i
e
v
a
b
l
e

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
b
p
s
/
H
z
)
Shannon bound
Shannon bound with 3dB margin
EV-DO
IEEE 802.16e-2005
HSDPA

Examples of t echnologies t hat improve SNR in t he syst em are t hose t hat minimize
int erference t hrough int elligent ant ennas or int erference coordinat ion bet ween sect ors
and cells. Not e t hat MI MO t echniques using spat ial mult iplexing t o pot ent ially increase
t he overall informat ion t ransfer rat e by a fact or proport ional t o t he number of t ransmit
or receive ant ennas do not violat e t he Shannon bound, because t he per- ant enna
t ransfer rat e ( t hat is, t he per- communicat ions link t ransfer rat e) is st ill limit ed by t he
Shannon bound.
Figure 21 compares t he spect ral efficiency of different wireless t echnologies based on a
consensus view of 3G Americas cont ribut ors t o t his paper. I t shows t he cont inuing
evolut ion of t he capabilit ies of all t he t echnologies discussed. The values shown are
conservat ive and int ended t o be reasonably represent at ive of real- world condit ions. Most
simulat ion result s produce values under idealized condit ions; as such, some of t he
values shown are lower ( for all t echnologies) t han t he values indicat ed in ot her papers
and publicat ions. For inst ance, 3GPP st udies indicat e higher HSDPA and LTE spect ral
efficiencies t han t hose shown below.
Fi gur e 21: Compar i son of Dow nl i nk Spect r al Ef f i ci ency
75

75
Joint analysis by 3G Americas members. 5+ 5 MHz for UMTS- HSPA/ LTE and CDMA2000, and 10 MHz
DL/ UL= 29: 18 TDD for WiMAX. Mix of mobile and st at ionary users.
0.1
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
UMTS/HSPA
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
b
p
s
/
H
z
/
s
e
c
t
o
r
)

0.8
0.9
UMTS R99
HSDPA
EV-DO Rev 0
Rev B
Cross-Carrier
Scheduling
Rev A,
MRxD,
Equalizer
Rel 1.0
2X2 MIMO
CDMA2000 WiMAX
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
LTE
2X2 MIMO
HSPA+
2X2 MIMO
HSPA+
SIC, 64 QAM
HSDPA
MRxD,
Equalizer
1.5
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.4
Future
improvements
LTE
4X2 MIMO
Rel 1.5
2X2 MIMO
Rel 1.5
4X2 MIMO
Future
improvements
Future
improvements
LTE
Future
improvements
LTE
4X4 MIMO

The values shown in Figure 21 are not all t he possible combinat ions of available
feat ures. Rat her, t hey are represent at ive milest ones in ongoing improvement s in
spect ral efficiency. For inst ance, t here are t erminals t hat employ mobile- receive
diversit y but not equalizat ion.
The figure does not include EDGE, but EDGE it self is spect rally efficient at 0. 3
bps/ Hz/ sect or. Relat ive t o WCDMA Release 99, HSDPA increases capacit y by almost a
fact or of t hree. Type 3 receivers t hat include Minimum Mean Square Error ( MMSE)
equalizat ion and Mobile Receive Diversit y ( MRxD) will effect ively double HSDPA spect ral
efficiency. HSPA+ in Release 7 includes 2X2 MI MO, which furt her increases spect ral
efficiency by about 20 percent and exceeds WiMAX Release 1. 0 spect ral efficiency.
Met hods like successive int erference cancellat ion ( SI C) and 64 QAM allow gains in
spect ral efficiency as high as 1. 3 bps/ Hz/ sect or, which is close t o LTE performance in
5+ 5 MHz channel bandwidt h. Terminals wit h SI C can also be used wit h Release 7
syst ems. Dual- carrier HSPA will offer a furt her modest gain in spect ral efficiency from
cross- carrier scheduling wit h possible gains of about 10%.
76
Wit h Release 8, operat ors
can deploy eit her MI MO or dual- carrier operat ion. Wit h Release 9, dual- carrier operat ion
can be combined wit h MI MO.
Wit h respect t o act ual deployment , some enhancement s, such as 64 QAM, will be
simpler for some operat ors t o deploy t han ot her enhancement s such as 2X2 MI MO. The
former can be done as a soft ware upgrade, whereas t he lat t er requires addit ional
hardware at t he base st at ion. Thus, t he figure does not necessarily show t he act ual
progression of t echnologies t hat operat ors will deploy t o increase spect ral efficiency.
Beyond HSPA, 3GPP LTE will also result in furt her spect ral efficiency gains, init ially wit h
2X2 MI MO, and t hen opt ionally wit h SI C, 4X2 MI MO and 4X4 MI MO. The gain for 4X2
MI MO is shown at a modest 15% increase for LTE. This assumes a simplified swit ched-
beam approach defined in Release 8. Higher gains are possible wit h more advanced
adapt ive ant enna and beamforming algorit hms, but are based on propriet ary
implement at ions and, t hus, t he act ual gains will depend on implement at ion. The same is
t rue for WiMAX. Downloadable codebooks in Release 9 LTE provide one avenue for such
addit ional gains.
LTE is even more spect rally efficient wit h wider channels, such as 10 and 20 MHz,
alt hough most of t he gain is realized at 10 MHz.
Similar gains t o t hose for HSPA and LTE are available for CDMA2000. Mobile WiMAX also
experiences gains in spect ral efficiency as various opt imizat ions, like MRxD and MI MO,
are applied. WiMAX Release 1. 0 includes 2X2 MI MO. Enhancement s t o WiMAX will come
wit h Release 1. 5, as well as ot her fut ure enhancement s.
The main reason t hat HSPA+ wit h MI MO is shown as more spect rally efficient t han
WiMAX Release 1. 0 wit h MI MO is because HSPA MI MO support s closed- loop operat ion
wit h precode weight ing and mult i- codeword MI MO, which enables t he use of SI C
receivers. Ot her reasons are t hat HSPA support s increment al- redundancy HARQ, while
WiMAX support s only Chase combining HARQ, and t hat WiMAX has larger cont rol
overhead in t he downlink t han HSPA, because t he uplink in WiMAX is fully scheduled.
OFDMA t echnology requires scheduling t o avoid t wo mobile devices t ransmit t ing on t he
same t ones simult aneously. An uplink MAP zone in t he downlink channel does t his
scheduling.

76
Source: 3G Americas member analysis. Vendor est imat es for spect ral- efficiency gains from dual-
carrier operat ion range from 5% t o 20%. Lower spect ral efficiency gains are due t o full- buffer t raffic
assumpt ions. I n more realist ic operat ing scenarios, gains will be significant ly higher.

LTE has higher spect ral efficiency t han WiMAX Wave 2 for a number of reasons
77
:
- Closed- loop operat ion wit h precoded weight ing.
- Mult i- codeword MI MO, which enables t he use of SI C receivers.
- Lower Channel Qualit y I ndicat or delay t hrough use of 1 msec frames inst ead of 5
msec frames.
- Great er cont rol channel efficiency.
- I ncrement al redundancy in error correct ion.
- Finer granularit y of modulat ion and coding schemes.
WiMAX Release 1. 5 addresses some of t hese it ems and will t hus have increased spect ral
efficiency. Expect ed feat ures include reduced MAC overhead, adapt ive modulat ion and
coding, and ot her physical- layer enhancement s.
One available improvement for LTE spect ral efficiency not shown in t he figure is
successive int erference cancellat ion. This will result in a gain of 5% in a low- mobilit y
environment and a gain of 10 t o 15% in environment s such as picocells in which t here is
cell isolat ion.
The following t able summarizes t he most import ant feat ures of LTE and WiMAX
t echnology t hat impact spect ral efficiency.
Tabl e 7: LTE and Wi MAX Feat ur es
Feat ur e LTE Wi MAX
Rel ease 1.0
Wi MAX
Rel ease 1.5
I mpact
Mul t i pl e
Access
OFDM in
downlink,
Discr et e Four ier
Transform ( DFT) -
spread OFDM in
uplink
OFDM in downlink
and uplink
OFDM in downlink
and uplink
DFT- spread OFDM reduces
t he peak- t o- average
power rat io and reduces
t er minal complexit y,
requir es one- t ap equalizer
in base st at ion receiver.
Upl i nk Pow er
Cont r ol
Fract ional pat h-
loss
compensat ion
Full pat h- loss
compensat ion
Full pat h- loss
compensat ion
Fract ional pat h- loss
compensat ion enables
flexible t radeoff bet ween
average and cell- edge
dat a rat es
Schedul i ng Channel
dependent in
t ime and
frequency
domains
Channel dependent
in t ime domain
Channel dependent
in t ime and
frequency domains
Access t o t he frequency
domain yields larger
scheduling gains
MI MO Scheme Mult i- codewor d
( horizont al) ,
closed loop wit h
pre- coding
Single codewor d
( vert ical)
Single codewor d
( vert ical) , wit h
rank- adapt ive
MI MO ( TDD) and
wit h closed- loop
pre- coding ( FDD)
Horizont al encoding
enables per- st r eam link
adapt at ion and successive
int erference cancellat ion
receivers.
Modul at i on
and Codi ng
Scheme
Gr anul ar i t y
Fine granular it y
( 1- 2 dB apart )
Coarse granularit y
( 2- 3 dB apart )
Coarse granularit y
( 2- 3 db apart )
Finer granular it y enables
bet t er link adapt at ion
precision.

77
I EEE I nt ernat ional Symposium on Personal, I ndoor and Mobile Radio Communicat ions: Anders
Furuskr et al The LTE Radio I nt erface Key Charact erist ics and Performance , 2008.

Feat ur e LTE Wi MAX
Rel ease 1.0
Wi MAX
Rel ease 1.5
I mpact
Hy br i d
Aut omat i c
Repeat
Request
( ARQ)
I ncrement al
redundancy
Chase combining Chase combining I ncrement al redundancy is
more efficient ( lower SNR
requir ed for given error
rat e)
Fr ame
Dur at i on
1 msec
subframes
5 msec subframes 5 msec subframes Short er subframes yield
lower user plane delay and
reduced channel qualit y
feedback delays
Over head /
Cont r ol
Channel
Ef f i ci ency
Relat ively low
overhead
Relat ively high
overhead
Relat ively high
overhead apar t
from reduct ion in
pilot s
Lower overhead improves
performance

Figure 22 compares t he uplink spect ral efficiency of t he different syst ems.
Fi gur e 22: Compar i son of Upl i nk Spect r al Ef f i ci ency
78

78
Joint analysis by 3G Americas members. 5+ 5 MHz for UMTS- HSPA/ LTE and CDMA2000, and 10 MHz
DL/ UL= 29: 18 TDD for WiMAX. Mix of mobile and st at ionary users.
0.1
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
b
p
s
/
H
z
/
s
e
c
t
o
r
)

0.8
0.9
UMTS R99
to Rel 5
HSUPA Rel 6
LTE 1X2
Receive
Diversity
EV-DO
Rev 0
EV-DO Rev B,
Interference
Cancellation
EV-DO
Rev A
HSPA+
Interference
Cancellation,
16 QAM
LTE 1x4
Receive
Diversity
Future
Improvements
Future
Improvements
1.0
UMTS/HSPA CDMA2000 WiMAX LTE
Rel
1.0
Future
Improvements
Rel 1.5 1X2
Rx Div
Rel 1.5
1X4
Receive
Diversity

The implement at ion of HSUPA in HSPA significant ly increases uplink capacit y, as does
Rev. A and Rev. B of 1xEV- DO, compared t o Rel. 0. OFDM- based syst ems can exhibit
improved uplink capacit y relat ive t o CDMA t echnologies, but t his improvement depends
on fact ors such as t he scheduling efficiency and t he exact deployment scenario. Wit h
LTE, spect ral efficiency gains increase by use of receive diversit y. I nit ial syst ems will
employ 1X2 receive diversit y ( t wo ant ennas at t he base st at ion) and lat er 1X4 diversit y,
which should increase spect ral efficiency by 50%. I t is also possible t o employ Mult i- User
MI MO ( MU- MI MO) , which allows simult aneous t ransmission by mult iple users on t he
uplink on t he same physical resource t o increase spect ral efficiency and is, in fact , easier
t o implement t han t rue MI MO, because it does not require an addit ional t ransmit t er in
t he mobile device. Spect ral efficiency gains, however, wit h MU- MI MO are not as great as
wit h t he receive diversit y schemes.
Figure 23 compares voice spect ral efficiency. I t assumes a round- robin t ype of
scheduler, as opposed t o a proport ional- fair scheduler t hat is normally used for
asynchronous dat a.
Fi gur e 23: Compar i son of Voi ce Spect r al Ef f i ci ency
79

Figure 23 shows UMTS Release 99 wit h bot h AMR 12. 2 kbps and 7. 95 kbps vocoders.
The AMR 12. 2 kbps vocoder provides superior voice qualit y in good ( e. g. , st at ic, indoors)
channel condit ions. UMTS has dynamic adapt at ion bet ween vocoder rat es, enabling
enhanced voice qualit y compared t o EVRC at t he expense of capacit y in sit uat ions t hat
are not capacit y limit ed.

79
Source: Joint analysis by 3G Americas members. 10 + 10 MHz for UMTS- HSPA/ LTE and
CDMA2000, and 20 MHz DL/ UL= 29: 18 TDD for WiMAX. Mix of mobile and st at ionary users.
50
350
300
250
200
150
100
E
r
l
a
n
g
s
,

1
0
+
1
0

M
H
z
UMTS R99
AMR 7.95 kbps
Interference
Cancellation
AMR 5.9 kbps
1xRTT
EVRC 8 kbps
Interference
Cancellation
EVRC-B 6 kbps
Rel 1.5
EVRC-B
6kbps
EV-DO Rev A
EVRC 8 kbps
Rel 7, VoIP
AMR 7.95 kbps
500
450
400
LTE AMR 5.9 kbps
Rel 7 VoIP
AMR 5.9 kbps
Future
Improvements
Future
Improvements
EVRC-B 6 kbps
Future
Improvements
Rel 1.0
EVRC
8 kbps
LTE VoIP
AMR 7.95 kbps
UMTS R99
AMR 12.2 kbps
UMTS/HSPA CDMA2000 WiMAX LTE
Future
Improvements

Opport unit ies will arise t o improve voice capacit y using VoI P over HSPA channels.
Depending on t he specific enhancement s implement ed, voice capacit y could double over
exist ing circuit - swit ched syst ems. I t should be not ed, however, t hat t he gains are not
relat ed specifically t o t he use of VoI P; rat her, gains relat e t o advances in radio
t echniques applied t o t he dat a channels. Many of t hese same advances may also be
applied t o current circuit - swit ched modes. However, ot her benefit s of VoI P are driving
t he migrat ion t o packet voice. Among t hese benefit s are a consolidat ed I P core net work
for operat ors and sophist icat ed mult imedia applicat ions for users.
There are a number of planned improvement s for CDMA2000 1xRTT t hat will result in
increased voice capacit y. EV- DO t echnologies could possibly exhibit a slight ly higher
spect ral efficiency for VoI P t han HSPA t echnologies ( alt hough not for packet dat a in
general) , as t hey operat e purely in t he packet domain and do not have circuit - swit ched
cont rol overhead.
80
Unt il VoI P over EV- DO becomes available, HSPA will have t he
significant advant age, however, of being able t o support simult aneous circuit - swit ched
and packet - swit ched users on t he same radio channel. I f adj acent carriers are available,
seven CDMA2000 carriers can be deployed in 10 MHz of spect rum, providing an
addit ional gain of 12%.
Wit h respect t o codecs, in VoI P syst ems such as LTE and WiMAX, a variet y of codecs can
be used. The figures show performance assuming specific codecs at represent at ive bit
rat es. For codecs such as EVRC ( Enhanced Variable Rat e Codec) , t he bit rat e shown is
an average value.
WiMAX voice spect ral efficiency is shown at 180 Erlangs for Release 1. 0 and 210 Erlangs
for Release 1. 5. A spect ral efficiency gain of 50% is available by changing t he DL: UL
rat io from 29: 18 t o 23: 24, since now 18 dat a symbols per frame are allocat ed for t he UL
compared t o 12. A furt her gain of 15% is available t hrough t he use of persist ent
scheduling and changing t he DL: UL from 23: 24 t o 20: 27.
81
Changing t his rat io,
however, may not be pract ical if t he same carrier frequency must support bot h voice
and dat a. Alt ernat ively, voice and dat a may be placed on different carriers using
different TDD rat ios.
Cost, Volume and Market Comparison
So far, t his paper has compared wireless t echnologies on t he basis of t echnical capabilit y
and demonst rat ed t hat many of t he different opt ions have similar t echnical at t ribut es.
This is for t he simple reason t hat t hey employ many of t he same approaches.
There is a point of comparison, however, in which t he differences bet ween t he
t echnologies diverge t remendously; namely, t he difference in volume involved including
subscribers and t he amount of infrast ruct ure required. This difference should t ranslat e t o
dramat ically reduced cost s for t he highest volume solut ions, specifically GSM- HSPA.
Based on proj ect ions and numbers already present ed in t his paper, 3G subscribers on
UMTS net works will number in t he many hundreds of millions by t he end of t his decade,
whereas subscribers t o emerging wireless t echnologies, such as WiMAX, will number in
t he t ens of millions. See Figure 24 for det ails.

80
Transmit Power Cont rol ( TPC) bit s on t he uplink Dedicat ed Physical Cont rol Channel DPCCH in UMTS
R99. See also I EEE Journal on Select ed Areas in Communicat ion, Vol 24, No. 1, Qi Bi, An Analysis of
VoI P Service Using 1 EV- DO Revision A Syst em , January, 2006.
81
Source: I EEE Communicat ions Magazine, Mo- Han Fong and Robert Novak, Nort el Net works, Sean
McBeat h, Huawei Technologies, Roshni Srinivasan, I nt el Corporat ion, I mproved VoI P Capacit y in
Mobile WiMAX Syst ems Using Persist ent Resource Allocat ion, Oct ober, 2008.

Fi gur e 24: Rel at i ve Vol ume of Subscr i ber s Acr oss Wi r el ess Technol ogi es
82

I n t he chart above, t he small Ot her cat egory represent s bot h WiMAX and LTE. I nforma
proj ect ions on HSPA, LTE and WiMAX in millions of subscribers are as follows:
83

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
WiMAX 0. 5 2. 8 7. 5 16. 7 37. 1 82. 1
LTE 0. 0 0. 0 0. 5 3. 5 13. 1 44. 5 131. 5
HSPA 304 438 649 957 1400 2000 2700
By mid next decade, it is highly likely t hat LTE will mat ch WiMAX subscript ions and by
t he end of t he decade, will significant ly exceed t hem. Ovum st at es By 2014, LTE will
have 109 million connect ions worldwide. I n comparison, mobile WiMAX will have almost
55 million connect ions. This is in st ark cont rast t o 2013, when parit y bet ween t he t wo
t echnologies is expect ed.
84

Alt hough proponent s for t echnologies such as mobile WiMAX point t o lower cost s for
t heir alt ernat ives, t here doesnt seem t o be any inherent cost advant ageeven on an
equal- volume basis. And when fact oring in t he lower volumes, any real- world cost
advant age is debat able.

82
Source: I nforma Telecoms & Media, WCI S+ , June 2009.
83
Source: I nforma WiMAX and LTE proj ect ions, June 2009 supplied t o 3G Americas.
84
Source: Ovum, Telecom and Soft ware News, July 2, 2009.
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
Dec09 Dec10 Dec11 Dec12 Dec13 Dec14
M
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
UMTSHSPA
GSM
CDMA
Other
6.3BillionTotal
Subscriptionsin
2014
Subscriptions
4.6
Billion
Total
2.7B
2.7B
3.7B
3.9B
4.0B
3.8B
3.4B
2.0B
1.4B
957M
649M
438M

From a deployment point of view, t he t ype of t echnology used ( for example, HSPA
versus WiMAX) only applies t o t he soft ware support ed by t he digit al cards at t he base
st at ion. This cost , however, is only a small fract ion of t he base st at ion cost wit h t he
balance covering ant ennas, power amplifiers, cables, racks, RF cards. As for t he rest of
t he net work including const ruct ion, backhaul, and core- net work component s, cost s are
similar regardless of Radio Access Net work ( RAN) t echnology. Spect rum cost s for each
t echnology can differ great ly depending on a count rys regulat ions and t he spect rum
band. As a general rule in most part s of t he world, spect rum sold at 3. 5 GHz will cost
much less t han spect rum sold at 850 MHz ( all ot her t hings being equal) .
As for UMTS- HSPA versus CDMA2000, higher deployment by a fact or of fivecould
t ranslat e t o significant cost savings. For example, research and development
amort izat ion result s in a four- t o- one difference in base st at ion cost s.
85
Similarly, j ust as
GSM handset s are considered much less expensive t han 1xRTT handset s, UMTS- HSPA
wholesale t erminal prices could be t he market leader in low- cost or mass- market 3G
t erminals. Development s such as single- chip UMTS complement ary met al oxide
semiconduct or ( CMOS) t ransceivers could be part icularly effect ive in making
UMTS/ HSDPA devices more affordable t o t he mass market .
86

Even LTE is on t he road t o a robust wireless ecosyst em and significant economies of
scale. I n June of 2008, t he Next Generat ion Mobile Net works ( NGMN) alliance confirmed
it s select ion of LTE. Dr. Pet er Meissner, Operat ing Officer of NGMN announced t hat
based on int ensive and det ailed t echnology evaluat ions, 3GPP LTE/ SAE is t he first
t echnology which broadly meet s it s recommendat ions and is approved by it s Board.
87

The NGMN is comprised of 18 mobile net work operat ors, 29 vendor sponsors and 3
Universit y research inst it ut es. I t s operat or members include: Allt el, AT&T, China Mobile,
France Telecom, Royal KPN, MSV Mobile Sat ellit e Vent ures, NTT DoComo, Reliance
Communicat ions, SK Telecom, Telecom I t alia, Telefonica, Telenor, TeliaSonera, Telst ra,
Telus, T- Mobile and Vodafone.
Competitive Summary
Based on t he informat ion present ed in t his paper,
Table 8 summarizes t he compet it ive posit ion of t he different t echnologies discussed.

Tabl e 8: Compet i t i ve Posi t i on of Maj or Wi r el ess Technol ogi es
Technol ogy EDGE/ HSPA/ LTE CDMA2000 Wi MAX
Subscr i ber s Over 3. 7 billion
t oday; 4 billion
expect ed by 2010
455 million
88

t oday; slower
growt h expect ed
t han GSM- HSPA
82 million
ant icipat ed by 2013
Mat ur i t y Ext remely mat ure Ext remely mat ure Emerging/ immat ure

85
Source: 3G Americas member analysis.
86
Source: Qualcomm press release Feb 13, 2007.
87
ht t p: / / www. umt s- forum. org/ cont ent / view/ 2479/ 172/ .
88
Source: CDG, June 2009 for Q4 2008.

Adopt i on Cellular operat ors
globally
Cellular operat ors
globally.
Limit ed t o dat e
Cov er age/ Foot pr i nt Global Global wit h t he
general except ion
of West ern Europe
Very limit ed
Depl oy ment Fewer cell sit es
required at 700
and 850 MHz.
Fewer cell sit es
required at 700
and 850 MHz.
Many more cell
sit es required at 2. 5
GHz.
Dev i ces Broad select ion of
GSM/ EDGE/ UMTS/
HSPA devices
Broad select ion of
1xRTT/ EV- DO
devices
I nit ial devices
emphasize dat a
Radi o Technol ogy Highly opt imized
TDMA for EDGE,
highly opt imized
CDMA for HSPA,
highly opt imized
OFDMA for LTE
Highly opt imized
CDMA for
Rev 0/ A/ B,
highly opt imized
OFDMA for Rev C
Opt imized OFDMA
in Release 1. 0.
More opt imized in
Release 1. 5
Spect r al Ef f i ci ency Very high wit h
HSPA, mat ches
OFDMA approaches
in 5 MHz wit h
HSPA+
Very high wit h EV-
DO Rev A/ B
Very high, but not
higher t han HSPA+
for Release 1. 0, and
not higher t han LTE
for Release 1. 5
Thr oughput
Capabi l i t i es
Peak downlink
user- achievable
rat es of over 4
Mbps t oday, wit h
significant ly higher
rat es in t he fut ure
Peak downlink
user- achievable
rat es of over 1. 5
Mbps, wit h
significant ly higher
rat es in t he fut ure
2 t o 4 Mbps
average, 12 Mbps
peak
89

Voi ce Capabi l i t y Ext remely efficient
circuit - voice
available t oday;
smoot hest
migrat ion t o VoI P
of any t echnology
Ext remely efficient
circuit - voice
available t oday
EV- DO radio
channels wit h VoI P
cannot support
circuit - voice users
Relat ively inefficient
VoI P init ially; more
efficient in lat er
st ages, but lower
t han LTE.
Voice coverage will
be much more
limit ed t han cellular
Si mul t aneous Voi ce
and Dat a
Available wit h
GSM
90
and UMTS
t oday
Not available t oday
Available wit h VoI P
Pot ent ially
available, t hough
init ial services will
emphasize dat a

89
Sprint web page, June 2009.
90
Wit h t he applicat ion of Dual Transfer Mode.

Ef f i ci ent Spect r um
Usage
Ent ire UMTS radio
channel available
for any mix of
voice and high-
speed dat a
Radio channel
t oday limit ed t o
eit her
voice/ medium
speed dat a or high-
speed dat a only
Current ly only
efficient for dat a-
cent ric net works

Conclusion
Through const ant innovat ion, t he EDGE/ HSPA/ LTE family of t echnologies has proven it self
as t he predominant wireless net work solut ion and offers operat ors and subscribers a t rue
mobile- broadband advant age. The cont inued use of GSM and EDGE t echnology t hrough
ongoing enhancement s allows operat ors t o leverage exist ing invest ment s. Wit h UMTS- HSPA,
t he t echnologies advant ages provide for broadband services t hat will deliver increased dat a
revenue and provide a pat h t o all- I P archit ect ures. Wit h LTE, now t he most widely chosen
t echnology plat form for t he fort hcoming decade and wit h deployment imminent , t he
advant ages offer a best - of- breed, long- t erm solut ion t hat mat ches or exceeds t he
performance of compet ing approaches. I n all cases, t he different radio- access t echnologies
can coexist using t he same core archit ect ure.
Today, HSPA offers t he highest peak dat a rat es of any widely available, wide- area wireless
t echnology. Wit h cont inued evolut ion, peak dat a rat es will cont inue t o increase, spect ral
efficiency will improve, and lat ency will decrease. The result is support for more users wit h
more support ed applicat ions. The scope of applicat ions will also increase as new services
t hrough st andardized net work int erfaces become available such as locat ion informat ion,
video, and call cont rol. Great er efficiencies and capabilit ies t ranslat e t o more compet it ive
offers, great er net work usage, and increased revenues.
Because of pract ical benefit s and deployment moment um, t he migrat ion pat h from EDGE t o
HSPA t hen t o LTE is proving inevit able. Benefit s include t he abilit y t o roam globally, huge
economies of scale, widespread accept ance by operat ors, complement ary services such as
messaging and mult imedia, and an ast onishing variet y of compet it ive handset s and ot her
devices. Current ly more t han 264 commercial UMTS- HSPA net works are already in
operat ion. UMTS- HSPA and/ or LTE offer an excellent migrat ion pat h for GSM operat ors, as
well as an effect ive t echnology solut ion for greenfield operat ors.
EDGE has proven t o be a remarkably effect ive and efficient t echnology for GSM net works. I t
achieves high spect ral efficiency and dat a performance t hat t oday support s a wide range of
applicat ions. Evolved EDGE will great ly enhance EDGE capabilit iesdoubling and,
pot ent ially, quadrupling t hroughput s, as well as halving lat ency and increasing spect ral
efficiencymaking t he t echnology viable for many years t o come.
Whereas EDGE is efficient for narrowband dat a services, t he UMTS- HSPA radio link is
efficient for wideband services. Unlike some compet ing t echnologies, UMTS t oday offers
users simult aneous voice and dat a. I t also allows operat ors t o support voice and dat a across
t heir ent ire available spect rum.
HSPA has significant ly enhanced UMTS by providing a broadband dat a service wit h user-
achievable rat es t hat oft en exceed 1 Mbps on t he downlink in init ial deployment s and t hat
now exceed 4 Mbps in some commercial net works. Many net works are now being upgraded
t o include HSUPA providing users wit h uplink rat es in excess of 1 Mbps.

Not only expect ed cont inual improvement s in radio t echnology, but improvement s t o t he
core net work t hrough flat t er archit ect urespart icularly EPC/ SAEwill reduce lat ency, speed
applicat ions, simplify deployment , enable all services in t he I P domain, and allow a common
core net work t o support bot h LTE and legacy GSM- HSPA syst ems.
Ot her innovat ions, such as MI MO and higher order modulat ion are now being deployed.
Evolved HSPA+ syst ems, wit h peak rat es of 42 Mbps, will largely mat ch t he t hroughput and
capacit y of OFDMA- based approaches in 5 MHz, 3GPP adopt ed OFDMA wit h 3GPP LTE, which
will provide a growt h plat form for t he next decade.
Wit h t he cont inued growt h in mobile comput ing, powerful new handheld- comput ing
plat forms, an increasing amount of mobile cont ent , mult imedia messaging, mobile
commerce, and locat ion services, wireless dat a has slowly, but inevit ably, become a huge
indust ry. EDGE/ HSPA/ LTE provides one of t he most robust port folios of mobile- broadband
t echnologies, and it is an opt imum framework for realizing t he pot ent ial of t his market .

Appendix: Technology Details
The EDGE/ HSPA/ LTE family of dat a t echnologies provides ever- increasing capabilit ies t hat
support ever more demanding applicat ions. EDGE, now available globally, already makes a
wealt h of applicat ions feasible including ent erprise applicat ions, messaging, e- mail, Web
browsing, consumer applicat ions, and even some mult imedia applicat ions. Wit h UMTS and
HSPA, users are enj oying videophones, high- fidelit y music, richer mult imedia applicat ions,
and efficient access t o t heir ent erprise applicat ions.
I t is import ant t o underst and t he needs ent erprises and consumers have for t hese services.
The obvious needs are broad coverage and high dat a t hroughput . Less obvious for users,
but as crit ical for effect ive applicat ion performance, are t he needs for low lat ency, QoS
cont rol, and spect ral efficiency. Spect ral efficiency, in part icular, is of paramount concern,
because it t ranslat es t o higher average t hroughput s ( and t hus more responsive
applicat ions) for more act ive users in a coverage area. The discussion below, which
examines each t echnology individually, det ails how t he progression from EDGE t o HSPA t o
LTE is one of increased t hroughput , enhanced securit y, reduced lat ency, improved QoS, and
increased spect ral efficiency.
I t is also helpful t o specifically not e t he t hroughput requirement s necessary for different
applicat ions:
Microbrowsing ( for example, Wireless Applicat ion Prot ocol [ WAP] ) : 8 t o 128 kbps
Mult imedia messaging: 8 t o 64 kbps
Video t elephony: 64 t o 384 kbps
General- purpose Web browsing: 32 kbps t o more t han 1 Mbps
Ent erprise applicat ions including e- mail, dat abase access, and VPNs: 32 kbps t o
more t han 1 Mbps
Video and audio st reaming: 32 kbps t o 2 Mbps
Not e t hat EDGE already sat isfies t he demands of many applicat ions. Wit h HSPA, applicat ions
operat e fast er and t he range of support ed applicat ions expands even furt her.
Under favorable condit ions, EDGE delivers peak user- achievable t hroughput rat es close t o
200 kbps and init ial deployment s of HSPA deliver peak user- achievable downlink t hroughput
rat es of well over 1 Mbps, easily meet ing t he demands of many applicat ions. Lat ency has
cont inued t o improve, t oo, wit h HSPA net works t oday having round- t rip t imes as low as 70
msec. The combinat ion of low lat ency and high t hroughput t ranslat es t o a broadband
experience for users in which applicat ions are ext remely responsive.
I ncreasingly, devices will be mult i- modal support ing mult iple t ypes of wireless t echnologies.
Users equipped wit h such mult imode devices may, t herefore, be grant ed quit e different
levels of connect ivit y ranging from a dense urban environment where t hey may obt ain t he
lat est wireless t echnology t o slower speeds in a rural net work deployment or when roaming
in a visit ed net work. I n t hese cases, users will benefit from knowing what service level t o
expect such as from indicat ions on t he device screen. These are current ly available at a
rudiment ary level ( e. g. , 2G vs. 3G) , but fut ure improvement s will enable display of
addit ional det ails ( e. g. , Evolved EDGE vs. EDGE, HSUPA) . I n t his sect ion, we consider
different t echnical approaches for wireless and t he parallel evolut ion of 3GPP t echnologies.
We t hen provide det ails on EDGE, UMTS- HSPA, HSPA+ , LTE, and support ing t echnologies
such as I MS.

EDGE/EGPRS
Today, most GSM net works support EDGE. I t is an enhancement applicable t o GPRS,
which is t he original packet dat a service for GSM net works, as well as t o GSM circuit -
swit ched services, t he lat t er not being considered furt her in t his document . GPRS
provides a packet - based I P connect ivit y solut ion support ing a wide range of ent erprise
and consumer applicat ions. GSM net works wit h EDGE operat e as wireless ext ensions t o
t he I nt ernet and give users I nt ernet access, as well as access t o t heir organizat ions from
anywhere. Wit h peak user- achievable
91
t hroughput rat es of up t o 200 kbps wit h EDGE
using four t imeslot devices, users have t he same effect ive access speed as a modem,
but wit h t he convenience of connect ing from anywhere.
To underst and t he evolut ion of dat a capabilit y, we briefly examine how t hese dat a
services operat e, beginning wit h t he archit ect ure of GSM and EDGE, as depict ed in
Figure 25.
Fi gur e 25: GSM/ GPRS/ EDGE Ar chi t ect ur e

EDGE is essent ially t he addit ion of a packet - dat a infrast ruct ure t o GSM. I n fact , t his
same dat a archit ect ure is preserved in UMTS and HSPA net works, and it is t echnically
referred t o as GPRS for t he core- dat a funct ion in all t hese net works. The t erm GPRS may
also be used t o refer t o t he init ial radio int erface, now supplant ed by EDGE. Funct ions of
t he dat a element s are as follows:
1. The base st at ion cont roller direct s/ receives packet dat a t o/ from t he SGSN, an
element t hat aut hent icat es and t racks t he locat ion of mobile st at ions.
2. The SGSN performs t he t ypes of funct ions for dat a t hat t he MSC performs for
voice. Each serving area has one SGSN, and it is oft en collocat ed wit h t he MSC.
3. The SGSN forwards/ receives user dat a t o/ from t he GGSN, which can be viewed
as a mobile I P rout er t o ext ernal I P net works. Typically, t here is one GGSN per
ext ernal net work ( for example, t he I nt ernet ) . The GGSN also manages I P
addresses, dynamically assigning t hem t o mobile st at ions for t heir dat a sessions.

91
Peak user- achievable means users, under favorable condit ions of net work loading and signal
propagat ion, can achieve t his rat e as measured by applicat ions such as file t ransfer. Average rat es
depend on many fact ors and will be lower t han t hese rat es.
Public Switched
Telephone Network
External Data
Network (e.g., Internet)
Base
Station
Controller
Base
Transceiver
Station
Base
Transceiver
Station
Mobile
Switching
Center
Home
Location
Register
Serving
GPRS
Support
Node
Gateway
GPRS
Support
Node
IP
Traffic
Circuit-Switched
Traffic
Mobile
Station
Mobile
Station
Mobile
Station
GPRS/EDGE Data
Infrastructure

Anot her import ant element is t he HLR, which st ores users account informat ion for bot h
voice and dat a services. Of significance is t hat t his same dat a archit ect ure support s dat a
services in GSM and in UMTS- HSPA net works, t hereby simplifying operat or net work
upgrades.
I n t he radio link, GSM uses radio channels of 200 kilohert z ( kHz) widt h, divided in t ime
int o eight t imeslot s comprising 577 microseconds ( s) t hat repeat every 4. 6 msec, as
shown in Figure 26. The net work can have mult iple radio channels ( referred t o as
t ransceivers) operat ing in each cell sect or. The net work assigns different funct ions t o
each t imeslot such as t he Broadcast Cont rol Channel ( BCCH) , circuit - swit ched funct ions
like voice calls or dat a calls, t he opt ional Packet Broadcast Cont rol Channel ( PBCCH) ,
and packet dat a channels. The net work can dynamically adj ust capacit y bet ween voice
and dat a funct ions, and it can also reserve minimum resources for each service. This
enables more dat a t raffic when voice t raffic is low or, likewise, more voice t raffic when
dat a t raffic is low, t hereby maximizing overall use of t he net work. For example, t he
PBCCH, which expands t he capabilit ies of t he normal BCCH, may be set up on a t imeslot
of a TDMA frame when j ust ified by t he volume of dat a t raffic.
Fi gur e 26: Ex ampl e of GSM/ EDGE Ti mesl ot St r uct ur e
92

EDGE offers close coupling bet ween voice and dat a services. I n most net works, while in
a dat a session, users can accept an incoming voice call, which suspends t he dat a
session, and t hen resume t heir dat a session aut omat ically when t he voice session ends.
Users can also receive SMS messages and dat a not ificat ions
93
while on a voice call. Wit h
net works support ing DTM, users wit h DTM- capable devices can engage in simult aneous
voice/ dat a operat ion.
Wit h respect t o dat a performance, each dat a t imeslot can deliver peak user- achievable
dat a rat es of up t o about 50 kbps. The net work can aggregat e up t o four of t hese
t imeslot s on t he downlink wit h current devices.
I f mult iple dat a users are act ive in a sect or, t hey share t he available dat a channels. As
demand for dat a services increases, however, an operat or can accommodat e cust omers
by assigning an increasing number of channels for dat a service t hat is limit ed only by
t hat operat ors t ot al available spect rum and radio planning.

92
93
Example: WAP not ificat ion message delivered via SMS.
BCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
577 S
per timeslot
4.615 ms per frame of 8 timeslots
Possible BCCH
carrier configuration
PBCCH TCH TCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Possible TCH carrier
configuration
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel carries synchronization, paging and other signalling information
TCH: Traffic Channel carries voice traffic data; may alternate between frames for half-rate
PDTCH: Packet Data Traffic Channel carries packet data traffic for GPRS and EDGE
PBCCH: Packet Broadcast Control Channel additional signalling for GPRS/EDGE; used only if needed

EDGE is an official 3G cellular t echnology t hat can be deployed wit hin an operat or' s
exist ing 850, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz spect rum bands. EDGE capabilit y is now largely
st andard in new GSM deployment s. A GPRS net work using t he EDGE radio int erface is
t echnically called an Enhanced GPRS ( EGPRS) net work, and a GSM net work wit h EDGE
capabilit y is referred t o as GERAN. EDGE has been an inherent part of GSM
specificat ions since Release 99. I t is fully backward- compat ible wit h older GSM
net works, meaning t hat GPRS devices work on EDGE net works and t hat GPRS and EDGE
t erminals can operat e simult aneously on t he same t raffic channels. I n addit ion, any
applicat ion developed for GPRS will work wit h EDGE.
Many operat ors t hat originally planned t o use only UMTS for next - generat ion dat a
services have deployed EDGE as a complement ary 3G t echnology.
I t is import ant t o not e t hat EDGE t echnology is cont inuing t o improve. For example,
Release 4 significant ly reduced EDGE lat ency ( net work round- t rip t ime) from t he
t ypical 500 t o 600 msec t o about 300 msec. Operat ors also cont inue t o make
improvement s in how EDGE funct ions including net work opt imizat ions t hat boost
capacit y and reduce lat ency. The impact for users is t hat EDGE net works t oday are more
robust wit h applicat ions funct ioning more responsively. Release 7s Evolved EDGE also
int roduces significant new feat ures.
Devices t hemselves are increasing in capabilit y. Dual Transfer Mode ( DTM) devices,
already available from vendors, allow simult aneous voice and dat a communicat ions. For
example, during a voice call, users will be able t o ret rieve e- mail, do mult imedia
messaging, browse t he Web, and do I nt ernet conferencing. This is part icularly useful
when connect ing phones t o lapt ops via cable or Bluet oot h and using t hem as modems.
DTM is a 3GPP- specified t echnology t hat enables new applicat ions like video sharing
while providing a consist ent service experience ( service cont inuit y) wit h UMTS. Typically,
a DTM end- t o- end solut ion requires only a soft ware upgrade t o t he GSM/ EDGE radio
net work. There are a number of net works and devices now support ing DTM.
Evolved EDGE
Recognizing t he value of t he huge inst alled base of GSM net works, 3GPP has worked t o
improve EDGE capabilit ies for Release 7. This work was part of t he GERAN Evolut ion
effort , which also includes voice enhancement s not discussed in t his paper.
Alt hough EDGE t oday already serves many applicat ions like wireless e- mail ext remely
well, it makes good sense t o cont inue t o evolve EDGE capabilit ies. From an economic
st andpoint , it is less cost ly t han upgrading t o UMTS, because most enhancement s are
designed t o be soft ware based, and it is highly asset - efficient , because it involves fewer
long- t erm capit al invest ment s t o upgrade an exist ing syst em. Wit h 85 percent of t he
world market using GSM, which is already equipped for simple roaming and billing, it is
easy t o offer global service t o subscribers. Evolved EDGE offers higher dat a rat es and
syst em capacit y, and reduced lat ency, and cable- modem speeds are realist ically
achievable.
I n addit ion, many regions do not have licensed spect rum for deployment of a new radio
t echnology such as UMTS- HSPA or LTE. Also, Evolved EDGE provides bet t er service
cont inuit y bet ween EDGE and HSPA or LTE, meaning t hat a user will not have a hugely
different experience when moving bet ween environment s, for example when a LTE user

moves t o a GSM/ Evolved EDGE net work t o est ablish a ( circuit - swit ched) voice call
94
or
when leaving LTE coverage.
Alt hough GSM and EDGE are already highly opt imized t echnologies, advances in radio
t echniques will enable furt her efficiencies. Some of t he obj ect ives of Evolved EDGE
included:
A 100 percent increase in peak dat a rat es.
A 50 percent increase in spect ral efficiency and capacit y in C/ I - limit ed scenarios.
A sensit ivit y increase in t he downlink of 3 dB for voice and dat a.
A reduct ion of lat ency for init ial access and round- t rip t ime, t hereby enabling
support for conversat ional services such as VoI P and PoC.
To achieve compat ibilit y wit h exist ing frequency planning, t hus facilit at ing
deployment in exist ing net works.
To coexist wit h legacy mobile st at ions by allowing bot h old and new st at ions t o
share t he same radio resources.
To avoid impact s on infrast ruct ure by enabling improvement s t hrough a soft ware
upgrade.
To be applicable t o DTM ( simult aneous voice and dat a) and t he A/ Gb mode
int erface. The A/ Gb mode int erface is part of t he 2G core net work, so t his goal is
required for full backward- compat ibilit y wit h legacy GPRS/ EDGE.
The met hods st andardized in Release 7 t o achieve or surpass t hese obj ect ives include:
Downlink dual- carrier recept ion t o double t he number of t imeslot s t hat can be
received for a 100 percent increase in t hroughput .
The addit ion of Quadrat ure Phase Shift Keying ( QPSK) , 16 QAM and 32 QAM, as
well as an increased symbol rat e ( 1. 2x) and a new set of modulat ion/ coding
schemes t hat will increase maximum t hroughput per t imeslot by up t o 100
percent ( EGPRS2- B) . Current ly, EDGE uses 8- PSK modulat ion.
A reduct ion in overall lat ency. This is achieved by lowering t he TTI t o 10 msec
and by including t he acknowledgement informat ion in t he dat a packet . These
enhancement s will have a dramat ic effect on t hroughput for many applicat ions.
Downlink diversit y recept ion of t he same radio channel t o increase t he robust ness
in int erference and t o improve t he receiver sensit ivit y. Simulat ions have
demonst rat ed sensit ivit y gains of 3 dB and a decrease in required C/ I of up t o 18
dB for a single co- channel int erferer. Significant increases in syst em capacit y can
be achieved, as explained below.
Dual - Car r i er Recei ver
A key part of t he evolut ion of EDGE is t he ut ilizat ion of more t han one radio frequency
carrier. This overcomes t he inherent limit at ion of t he narrow channel bandwidt h of GSM.
Using t wo radio- frequency carriers requires t wo receiver chains in t he downlink, as
shown in Figure 27. Using t wo carriers enables t he recept ion of t wice ( or more t han
t wice for some mult i- slot classes) as many radio blocks simult aneously.

94
Some init ial LTE net works will be dat a- only, wit h voice operat ion provided by GSM.

Fi gur e 27: Ev ol v ed EDGE Tw o- Car r i er Oper at i on
95

Alt ernat ively, t he original number of radio blocks can be divided bet ween t he t wo
carriers. This eliminat es t he need for t he net work t o have cont iguous t imeslot s on one
frequency.
Fi gur e 28: EDGE Mul t i - Car r i er Recei ve Logi c Mobi l e Par t
96

Channel capacit y wit h dual- carrier recept ion improves great ly, not by increasing basic
efficiencies of t he air int erface, but because of st at ist ical improvement in t he abilit y t o
assign radio resources, which increases t runking efficiency.
As net work loading increases, it is st at ist ically unlikely t hat cont iguous t imeslot s will be
available. Wit h t odays EDGE devices, it is not possible t o change radio frequencies when

95
96
Rx1
Tx (1)
Neighbor Cell Measurements
Uplink Timeslot
Downlink Timeslot
Slot N
Slot N + 1
(Idle Frame)
Slot N + 2 Slot N + 3
Rx2

going from one t imeslot t o t he next . Wit h an Evolved EDGE dual receiver, however, t his
becomes possible, t hus enabling cont iguous t imeslot s across different radio channels.
The result is t hat t he syst em can allocat e a larger set of t ime slot s for dat a even if t hey
are not cont iguous, which ot herwise is not possible. Figure 29 shows why t his is
import ant . As t he net work becomes busy, t he probabilit y of being assigned 1 t imeslot
decreases. As t his probabilit y decreases ( X axis) , t he probabilit y of being able t o obt ain
5 t imeslot s on t he same radio carrier decreases dramat ically. Being able t o obt ain
t imeslot s across t wo carriers in Evolved EDGE, however, significant ly improves t he
likelihood of obt aining t he desired t imeslot s.
Fi gur e 29: Pr obabi l i t i es of Ti me Sl ot Assi gnment s
97

Mobi l e St at i on Recei v e Di ver si t y
Figure 30 illust rat es how mobile- st at ion receive diversit y increases syst em capacit y.
( BCCH refers t o t he Broadcast Cont rol Channel and TCH refers t o t he Traffic Channel. )
The BCCH carrier repeat s over 12 cells in a 4/ 12 frequency reuse pat t ern, which requires
2. 4 MHz for GSM. A fract ionally loaded syst em may repeat f12 t hrough f15 on each of
t he cells. This is a 1/ 1 frequency reuse pat t ern wit h higher syst em ut ilizat ion, but also
pot ent ially high co- channel int erference in loaded condit ions.

97

Fi gur e 30: Ex ampl e of 4/ 12 Fr equency Reuse w i t h 1/ 1 Ov er l ay
98

I n t odays EDGE syst ems, f12 t hrough f15 in t he 1/ 1 reuse layer can only be loaded t o
around 25 percent of capacit y. Thus, wit h four of t hese frequencies, it is possible t o
obt ain 100 percent of t he capacit y of t he frequencies in t he 4/ 12 reuse layer or t o
double t he capacit y by adding 800 KHz of spect rum.
Using Evolved EDGE and receive- diversit y- enabled mobile devices t hat have a high
t olerance t o co- channel int erference, however, it is possible t o increase t he load on t he
1/ 1 layer from 25 t o 50 percent and possibly t o as high as 75 percent . An increase t o 50
percent t ranslat es t o a doubling of capacit y on t he 1/ 1 layer wit hout requiring any new
spect rum and t o a 200 percent gain compared t o a 4/ 12 reuse layer.
Hi gher Or der Modul at i on and Hi gher Symbol Rat e Schemes
The addit ion of higher order modulat ion schemes enhances EDGE net work capacit y wit h
lit t le capit al invest ment by ext ending t he range of t he exist ing wireless t echnology. More
bit s- per- symbol means more dat a t ransmit t ed per unit t ime. This yields a fundament al
t echnological improvement in informat ion capacit y and fast er dat a rat es. Use of higher
order modulat ion exploit s localized opt imal coverage circumst ances, t hereby t aking
advant age of t he geographical locat ions associat ed wit h probabilit ies of high C/ I rat io
and enabling very high dat a t ransfer rat es whenever possible.
These enhancement s are only now being considered, because fact ors such as processing
power, variabilit y of int erference, and signal level made higher order modulat ions
impract ical for mobile wireless syst ems j ust a few years ago. Newer t echniques for
demodulat ion, however, such as advanced receivers and receive diversit y, help enable
t heir use.
Two different levels of support for higher order modulat ion are defined for bot h t he
uplink and t he downlink: EGPRS2- A and EGPRS2- B. I n t he uplink, EGPRS2- A level
includes GMSK, 8- PSK, and 16 QAM at t he legacy symbol rat e. This level of support
reuses Modulat ion and Coding Schemes ( MCSs) 1 t hrough 6 from EGPRS and adds five
new 16 QAM modulat ed schemes called uplink EGPRS2- A schemes ( UAS) .

98
0 1
2
3 4
5
6 7
8
9 10
11
Example of a 4/12 frequency reuse pattern used for BCCH
carriers with a 1/1 frequency reuse pattern for TCH carriers.
BCCH carriers on
f0 - f11 are associated
with TCH carrier
frequencies f12 f15
f12
f13
f14
f15
f12
f13
f14
f15
f12
f13
f14
f15

Tabl e 9: Upl i nk Modul at i on and Codi ng Schemes
Modul at i on
and Codi ng
Scheme
Name
Upl i nk EGPRS2 Suppor t Level A
Modul at i on
Ty pe
Peak Thr oughput ( k bps)
4 sl ot s
MCS- 1 GMSK 35. 2
MCS- 2 GMSK 44. 8
MCS- 3 GMSK 59. 2
MCS- 4 GMSK 70. 4
MCS- 5 8- PSK 89. 6
MCS- 6 8- PSK 118. 4
UAS- 7 16 QAM 179. 2
UAS- 8 16 QAM 204. 8
UAS- 9 16 QAM 236. 8
UAS- 10 16 QAM 268. 8
UAS- 11 16 QAM 307. 2
The second support level in t he uplink includes QPSK, 16 QAM, and 32 QAM modulat ion
as well as a higher ( 1. 2x) symbol rat e. MCSs 1 t hrough 4 from EGPRS are reused, and
eight new uplink EGPRS2- B schemes ( UBS) are added.
Tabl e 10: Upl i nk Modul at i on and Codi ng Schemes w i t h Hi gher Symbol Rat e
Modul at i on
and Codi ng
Scheme
Name
Upl i nk EGPRS2 Suppor t Level B
Modul at i on
Ty pe
4 sl ot s
MCS- 1 GMSK 35. 2
MCS- 2 GMSK 44. 8
MCS- 3 GMSK 59. 2
MCS- 4 GMSK 70. 4
UBS- 5 QPSK 89. 6
UBS- 6 QPSK 118. 4
UBS- 7 16 QAM 179. 2
UBS- 8 16 QAM 236. 8
UBS- 9 16 QAM 268. 8
UBS- 10 32 QAM 355. 2
UBS- 11 32 QAM 435. 2
UBS- 12 32 QAM 473. 6
The first downlink support level int roduces a modified set of 8- PSK coding schemes and
adds 16 QAM, and 32 QAM all at t he legacy symbol rat e. Turbo codes are used for all

new modulat ions. MCSs 1 t hrough 4 are reused, and eight new downlink EGPRS2- A
level schemes ( DAS) are added.

Tabl e 11: Dow nl i nk Modul at i on and Codi ng Schemes
Modul at i on
and Codi ng
Scheme
Name
Dow nl i nk HOM/ HSR Suppor t Level A
Modul at i on
Ty pe
4 sl ot s
MCS- 1 GMSK 35. 2
MCS- 2 GMSK 44. 8
MCS- 3 GMSK 59. 2
MCS- 4 GMSK 70. 4
DAS- 5 8- PSK 89. 6
DAS- 6 8- PSK 108. 8
DAS- 7 8- PSK 131. 2
DAS- 8 16 QAM 179. 2
DAS- 9 16 QAM 217. 6
DAS- 10 32 QAM 262. 4
DAS- 11 32 QAM 326. 4
DAS- 12 32 QAM 393. 6

The second downlink support level includes QPSK, 16 QAM, and 32 QAM modulat ions at
a higher ( 1. 2x) symbol rat e. MCSs 1 t hrough 4 are reused, and eight new downlink
EGPRS2- B level schemes ( DBS) are defined.

Tabl e 12: Dow nl i nk Modul at i on and Codi ng Schemes w i t h Hi gher Symbol Rat e
99

Modul at i on
and Codi ng
Scheme
Name
Dow nl i nk HOM/ HSR Suppor t Level B
Modul at i on
Ty pe
4 sl ot s
MCS- 1 GMSK 35. 2
MCS- 2 GMSK 44. 8
MCS- 3 GMSK 59. 2
MCS- 4 GMSK 70. 4
DBS- 5 QPSK 89. 6
DBS- 6 QPSK 118. 4
DBS- 7 16 QAM 179. 2
DBS- 8 16 QAM 236. 8
DBS- 9 16 QAM 268. 8
DBS- 10 32 QAM 355. 2
DBS- 11 32 QAM 435. 2
DBS- 12 32 QAM 473. 6

The combinat ion of Release 7 Evolved EDGE enhancement s shows a dramat ic pot ent ial
increase in t hroughput . For example, in t he downlink, a Type 2 mobile device ( one t hat
can support simult aneous t ransmission and recept ion) using DBS- 12 as t he MCS and a
dual- carrier receiver can achieve t he following performance:
Highest dat a rat e per t imeslot ( layer 2) = 118. 4 kbps
Timeslot s per carrier = 8
Carriers used in t he downlink = 2
Tot al downlink dat a rat e = 118. 4 kbps X 8 X 2 = 1894. 4 kbps
100

This t ranslat es t o a peak net work rat e close t o 2 Mbps and a user- achievable dat a rat e
of well over 1 Mbps!
Ev ol v ed EDGE I mpl ement at i on
Table 13 shows what is involved in implement ing t he different feat ures defined for
Evolved EDGE. For a number of feat ures, t here are no hardware changes required for
t he base t ransceiver st at ion ( BTS) . For all feat ures, Evolved EDGE is compat ible wit h
legacy frequency planning.

99
These dat a r at es require a wide- pulse shaping filt er t hat is not part of Release 7.
100
For t he near fut ure, t wo carriers will be a scenario more pract ically realized on a not ebook
comput er plat form t han handheld plat forms.

Tabl e 13: Ev ol v ed EDGE I mpl ement at i on
101

I n conclusion, it is int erest ing t o not e t he sophist icat ion and capabilit y t hat is achievable
wit h, and planned for, by GSM.
UMTS-HSPA Technology
UMTS has garnered t he overwhelming maj orit y of new 3G spect rum licenses wit h 283
commercial net works already in operat ion.
102
Compared t o emerging wireless
t echnologies, UMTS t echnology is mat ure and benefit s from research and development
t hat began in t he early 1990s. I t has been t horoughly t rialed, t est ed, and commercially
deployed. UMTS deployment is now accelerat ing wit h st able net work infrast ruct ures and
at t ract ive, reliable mobile devices t hat have rich capabilit ies. Wit h t he addit ion of HSPA
for high- speed packet dat a services, UMTS- HSPA is quickly emerging as t he dominant
global mobile- broadband net work.
UMTS employs a wideband CDMA radio- access t echnology. The primary benefit s of
UMTS include high spect ral efficiency for voice and dat a, simult aneous voice and dat a
capabilit y for users, high user densit ies t hat can be support ed wit h low infrast ruct ure
cost s, support for high- bandwidt h dat a applicat ions, and a clean migrat ion t o VoI P in t he
fut ure. Operat ors can also use t heir ent ire available spect rum for bot h voice and high-
speed dat a services.
Addit ionally, operat ors can use a common core net work t hat support s mult iple radio-
access net works including GSM, EDGE, WCDMA, HSPA, and evolut ions of t hese
t echnologies. This is called t he UMTS mult i- radio net work, and it gives operat ors
maximum flexibilit y in providing different services across t heir coverage areas ( see
Figure 31) .

101
102
Source: I nforma Telecoms & Media, World Cellular I nformat ion Service, June 2009.

Fi gur e 31: UMTS Mul t i - r adi o Net w or k

The UMTS radio- access net work consist s of base st at ions referred t o as Node B
( corresponding t o GSM base t ransceiver syst ems) t hat connect t o RNCs ( corresponding
t o GSM base st at ion cont rollers [ BSCs] ) . The RNCs connect t o t he core net work as do
t he BSCs. When bot h GSM and WCDMA access net works are available, t he net work can
hand over users bet ween t hese net works. This is import ant for managing capacit y, as
well as in areas in which t he operat or has cont inuous GSM coverage, but has only
deployed WCDMA in some locat ions.
Whereas GSM can effect ively operat e like a spread- spect rum syst em
103
, based on t ime
division in combinat ion wit h frequency hopping, WCDMA is a direct - sequence, spread-
spect rum syst em. WCDMA is spect rally more efficient t han GSM, but it is t he wideband
nat ure of WCDMA t hat provides it s great est advant aget he abilit y t o t ranslat e t he
available spect rum int o high dat a rat es. This wideband t echnology approach result s in
t he flexibilit y t o manage mult iple t raffic t ypes including voice, narrowband dat a, and
wideband dat a.
WCDMA allocat es different codes for different channels, whet her for voice or dat a, and it
can adj ust t he amount of capacit y, or code space, of each channel every 10 msec wit h
WCDMA Release 99 and every 2 msec wit h HSPA. WCDMA creat es high- bandwidt h t raffic
channels by reducing t he amount of spreading ( using a short er code) wit h WCDMA
Release 99 and higher- order modulat ion schemes for HSPA. Packet dat a users can share
t he same codes as ot her users, or t he net work can assign dedicat ed channels t o users.
To furt her expand t he number of effect ively operat ing applicat ions, UMTS employs a
sophist icat ed QoS archit ect ure for dat a t hat provides four fundament al t raffic classes
including:
1. Conv er sat i onal . Real- t ime int eract ive dat a wit h cont rolled bandwidt h and
minimum delay such as VoI P or video conferencing.
2. St r eami ng. Cont inuous dat a wit h cont rolled bandwidt h and some delay such as
music or video.

103
Spread spect rum syst ems can eit her be direct sequence or frequency hopping.
UMTS
Core Network
(MSC, HLR,
SGSN, GGSN)
GSM/EDGE
WCDMA,
HSDPA
Other
e.g., WLAN
Radio-Access Networks External Networks
Packet-Switched
Networks
Circuit-Switched
Networks
Other Cellular
Operators

3. I nt er act i ve. Back- and- fort h dat a wit hout bandwidt h cont rol and some delay
such as Web browsing.
4. Back gr ound. Lower priorit y dat a t hat is non- real- t ime such as bat ch t ransfers.
This QoS archit ect ure, available t hrough all HSPA versions, involves negot iat ion and
priorit izat ion of t raffic in t he radio- access net work, t he core net work, and t he int erfaces
t o ext ernal net works such as t he I nt ernet . Consequent ly, applicat ions can negot iat e QoS
paramet ers on an end- t o- end basis bet ween a mobile t erminal and a fixed- end syst em
across t he I nt ernet or privat e int ranet s. This capabilit y is essent ial for expanding t he
scope of support ed applicat ions, part icularly mult imedia applicat ions including
packet ized video t elephony and VoI P.
UMTS Release 99 Data Capabilities
I nit ial UMTS net work deployment s were based on 3GPP Release 99 specificat ions, which
included voice and dat a capabilit ies. Since t hen, Release 5 has defined HSDPA and
Release 6 has defined HSUPA. Wit h HSPA- capable devices, t he net work uses HSPA
( HSDPA/ HSUPA) for dat a. Operat ors wit h Release 99 net works are upgrading t hem t o
HSPA capabilit y. I n advance of Release 6, t he uplink in HSDPA ( Release 5) net works
uses t he Release 99 approach.
I n UMTS Release 99, t he maximum t heoret ical downlink rat e is j ust over 2 Mbps.
Alt hough exact t hroughput depends on t he channel sizes t he operat or chooses t o make
available, t he capabilit ies of devices and t he number of users act ive in t he net work limit
t he peak t hroughput rat es a user can achieve t o about 350 kbps in commercial
net works. Peak downlink net work speeds are 384 kbps. Uplink peak- net work t hroughput
rat es are also 384 kbps in newer deployment s wit h user- achievable peak rat es of 350
kbps.
104
This sat isfies many communicat ions- orient ed applicat ions.
Channel t hroughput s are det ermined by t he amount of channel spreading. Wit h more
spreading, as in voice channels, t he dat a st ream has great er redundancy, and t he
operat or can employ more channels. I n comparison, a high- speed dat a channel has less
spreading and fewer available channels. Voice channels use downlink spreading fact ors
of 128 or 256, whereas a 384 kbps dat a channel uses a downlink spreading fact or of 8.
The commonly quot ed rat e of more t han 2 Mbps downlink t hroughput for UMTS can be
achieved by combining t hree dat a channels of 768 kbps, each wit h a spreading fact or of
4.
WCDMA has lower net work lat ency t han EDGE, wit h about 100 t o 200 msec measured in
act ual net works. Alt hough UMTS Release 99 offers at t ract ive dat a services, t hese
services become much more efficient and more powerful wit h HSPA.
HSDPA
HSPA refers t o net works t hat support bot h HSDPA and HSUPA. All new deployment s
t oday are HSPA, and many operat ors have upgraded t heir HSDPA net works t o HSPA. For
example, in 2008, AT&T upgraded most of it s net work t o HSPA. By t he end of 2008,
HSPA was deployed t hroughout t he Americas. This sect ion covers t echnical aspect s of
HSDPA, while t he next sect ion covers HSUPA.
HSDPA, specified in 3GPP Release 5, is a high- performance, packet - dat a service t hat
delivers peak t heoret ical rat es of 14 Mbps. Peak user- achievable t hroughput rat es in

104
I nit ial UMTS net works had peak uplink rat es of 64 kbps or 128 kbps, but many deployment s
emphasize 384 kbps.

init ial deployment s are well over 1 Mbps and as high as 4 Mbps in some net works. The
same radio carrier can simult aneously service UMTS voice and dat a users, as well as
HSDPA dat a users. HSDPA also has significant ly lower lat ency measured t oday on some
net works as low as 70 msec on t he dat a channel.
HSDPA achieves it s high speeds t hrough t echniques similar t o t hose t hat push EDGE
performance past GPRS including higher order modulat ion, variable coding, and soft
combining, as well as t hrough t he addit ion of powerful new t echniques such as fast
scheduling. The higher spect ral efficiency and higher dat a rat es not only enable new
classes of applicat ions, but also support a great er number of users accessing t he
net work.
HSDPA achieves it s performance gains from t he following radio feat ures:
High- speed channels shared in bot h code and t ime domains
Short TTI
Fast scheduling and user diversit y
Higher order modulat ion
Fast link adapt at ion
Fast HARQ
These feat ures funct ion as follows:
Hi gh- Speed Shar ed Channel s and Shor t Tr ansmi ssi on Ti me I nt er val : First ,
HSDPA uses high- speed dat a channels called High Speed Physical Downlink Shared
Channels ( HS- PDSCH) . Up t o 15 of t hese channels can operat e in t he 5 MHz WCDMA
radio channel. Each uses a fixed spreading fact or of 16. User t ransmissions are assigned
t o one or more of t hese channels for a short TTI of 2 msec. The net work can t hen
readj ust how users are assigned t o different HS- PDSCH every 2 msec. The result is t hat
resources are assigned in bot h t ime ( t he TTI int erval) and code domains ( t he HS- PDSCH
channels) . Figure 32 illust rat es different users obt aining different radio resources.

Fi gur e 32: Hi gh SpeedDow nl i nk Shar ed Channel s ( Ex ampl e)

Fast Schedul i ng and User Di v er si t y : Fast scheduling exploit s t he short TTI by
assigning users channels t hat have t he best inst ant aneous channel condit ions, rat her
t han in a round- robin fashion. Because channel condit ions vary somewhat randomly
across users, most users can be serviced wit h opt imum radio condit ions and t hereby
obt ain opt imum dat a t hroughput . Figure 33 shows how a scheduler might choose
bet ween t wo users based on t heir varying radio condit ions t o emphasize t he user wit h
bet t er inst ant aneous signal qualit y. Wit h about 30 users act ive in a sect or, t he net work
achieves significant user diversit y and significant ly higher spect ral efficiency. The syst em
also makes sure t hat each user receives a minimum level of t hroughput . This approach
is somet imes called proport ional fair scheduling.
2 msec
Time
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n

C
o
d
e
s
User 4 User 3 User 2 User 1

Fi gur e 33: User Di v er si t y

Hi gher Or der Modul at i on: HSDPA uses bot h t he modulat ion used in WCDMAnamely
QPSKand, under good radio condit ions, an advanced modulat ion scheme16 QAM.
The benefit of 16 QAM is t hat 4 bit s of dat a are t ransmit t ed in each radio symbol as
opposed t o 2 bit s wit h QPSK. Dat a t hroughput is increased wit h 16 QAM, while QPSK is
available under adverse condit ions. HSPA Evolut ion will add 64 QAM modulat ion t o
furt her increase t hroughput rat es. Not e t hat 64 QAM was available in Release 7, and t he
combinat ion of MI MO and 64 QAM became available t his year in Release 8.
Fast Li nk Adapt at i on: Depending on t he condit ion of t he radio channel, different levels
of forward- error correct ion ( channel coding) can also be employed. For example, a
t hree- quart er coding rat e means t hat t hree quart ers of t he bit s t ransmit t ed are user bit s
and one quart er are error- correct ing bit s. The process of select ing and quickly updat ing
t he opt imum modulat ion and coding rat e is referred t o as fast link adapt at ion. This is
done in close coordinat ion wit h fast scheduling, as described above.
Fast Hybr i d Aut omat i c Repeat Request : Anot her HSDPA t echnique is Fast Hybrid
Aut omat ic Repeat Request ( Fast Hybrid ARQ) . Fast refers t o t he medium- access
cont rol mechanisms implement ed in Node B ( along wit h scheduling and link adapt at ion) ,
as opposed t o t he BSC in GPRS/ EDGE, and hybrid refers t o a process of combining
repeat ed dat a t ransmissions wit h prior t ransmissions t o increase t he likelihood of
successful decoding. Managing and responding t o real- t ime radio variat ions at t he base
st at ion, as opposed t o an int ernal net work node, reduces delays and furt her improves
overall dat a t hroughput .
Using t he approaches j ust described, HSDPA maximizes dat a t hroughput s and capacit y
and minimizes delays. For users, t his t ranslat es t o bet t er net work performance under
loaded condit ions, fast er applicat ion performance, a great er range of applicat ions t hat
funct ion well, and increased product ivit y.
Field result s validat e t he t heoret ical t hroughput result s. Wit h init ial 1. 8 Mbps peak- rat e
devices, vendors measured consist ent t hroughput rat es in act ual deployment s of more
t han 1 Mbps. These rat es rose t o more t han 2 Mbps for 3. 6 Mbps devices and are close
High data rate
Low data rate
Time
User 2
User 1
User 2
User 1 User 2 User 1 User 2 User 1
S
i
g
n
a
l

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

t o 4 Mbps for 7. 2 Mbps devices, assuming ot her port ions of t he net work ( for example,
backhaul) can support t he high t hroughput rat es.
I n 2008, t ypical devices support ing peak dat a rat es of 3. 6 Mbps or 7. 2 Mbps became
available. Many operat or net works support 7. 2 Mbps peak operat ion, and some even
support t he maximum rat e of 14. 4 Mbps.
HSPA t echnology is not st anding st ill. Advanced radio t echnologies are becoming
available. Among t hese t echnologies are mobile- receive diversit y and equalizat ion ( for
example, MMSE) , which improve t he qualit y of t he received radio signal prior t o
demodulat ion and decoding. This improvement enables not only higher peak HSDPA
t hroughput speeds, but makes t hese speeds available over a great er percent age of t he
coverage area.
HSUPA
Whereas HSDPA opt imizes downlink performance, HSUPAwhich uses t he Enhanced
Dedicat ed Channel ( E- DCH) const it ut es a set of improvement s t hat opt imizes uplink
performance. Net works and devices support ing HSUPA became available in 2007. These
improvement s include higher t hroughput s, reduced lat ency, and increased spect ral
efficiency. HSUPA is st andardized in Release 6. I t result s in an approximat ely 85 percent
increase in overall cell t hroughput on t he uplink and more t han 50 percent gain in user
t hroughput . HSUPA also reduces packet delays, a significant benefit result ing in much
improved applicat ion performance on HSPA net works
Alt hough t he primary downlink t raffic channel support ing HSDPA serves is a shared
channel designed for t he support of services delivered t hrough t he packet - swit ched
domain, t he primary uplink t raffic channel defined for HSUPA is a dedicat ed channel t hat
could be used for services delivered t hrough eit her t he circuit - swit ched or t he packet -
swit ched domains. Nevert heless, by ext ension and for simplicit y, t he WCDMA- enhanced
uplink capabilit ies are oft en ident ified in t he lit erat ure as HSUPA.
Such an improved uplink benefit s users in a number of ways. For inst ance, some user
applicat ions t ransmit large amount s of dat a from t he mobile st at ion such as sending
video clips or large present at ion files. For fut ure applicat ions like VoI P, improvement s
will balance t he capacit y of t he uplink wit h t he capacit y of t he downlink.
HSUPA achieves it s performance gains t hrough t he following approaches:
An enhanced dedicat ed physical channel
A short TTI , as low as 2 msec, which allows fast er responses t o changing radio
condit ions and error condit ions
Fast Node B- based scheduling, which allows t he base st at ion t o efficient ly
allocat e radio resources
Fast Hybrid ARQ, which improves t he efficiency of error processing
The combinat ion of TTI , fast scheduling, and Fast Hybrid ARQ also serves t o reduce
lat ency, which can benefit many applicat ions as much as improved t hroughput . HSUPA
can operat e wit h or wit hout HSDPA in t he downlink, alt hough it is likely t hat most
net works will use t he t wo approaches t oget her. The improved uplink mechanisms also
t ranslat e t o bet t er coverage and, for rural deployment s, larger cell sizes.
HSUPA can achieve different t hroughput rat es based on various paramet ers including t he
number of codes used, t he spreading fact or of t he codes, t he TTI value, and t he
t ransport block size in byt es.

I nit ial devices enabled peak user rat es of close t o 2 Mbps as measured in act ual net work
deployment s. Fut ure devices will ult imat ely approach speeds close t o 5 Mbps, alt hough
only wit h t he addit ion of int erference cancellat ion met hods t hat boost SNR.
Beyond t hroughput enhancement s, HSUPA also significant ly reduces lat ency. I n
opt imized net works, lat ency will fall below 50 msec, relat ive t o current HSDPA net works
at 70 msec. And wit h a lat er int roduct ion of a 2 msec TTI , lat ency will be as low as 30
msec.
Evolution of HSPA (HSPA+)
OFDMA syst ems have at t ract ed considerable at t ent ion t hrough t echnologies such as
3GPP LTE and WiMAX. As already discussed in t his paper, however, CDMA approaches
can mat ch OFDMA approaches in reduced channel bandwidt hs. The goal in evolving
HSPA is t o exploit available radio t echnologieslargely enabled by increases in digit al
signal processing powert o maximize CDMA- based radio performance. This not only
makes HSPA compet it ive, it significant ly ext ends t he life of sizeable operat or
infrast ruct ure invest ment s.
Wireless and net working t echnologist s have defined a series of enhancement s for HSPA,
some of which are specified in Release 7 and some of which are being finalized in
Release 8. These include advanced receivers, MI MO, Cont inuous Packet Connect ivit y,
Higher- Order Modulat ion and One Tunnel Archit ect ure.
Adv anced Recei v er s.
One import ant area is advanced receivers for which 3GPP has specified a number of
designs. These designs include Type 1, which uses mobile- receive diversit y; Type 2,
which uses channel equalizat ion; and Type 3, which includes a combinat ion of receive
diversit y and channel equalizat ion. Type 3i devices, which are not yet available, will
employ int erference cancellat ion. Not e t hat t he different t ypes of receivers are release-
independent . For example, Type 3i receivers will work and provide a capacit y gain in a
Release 5 net work.
The first approach is mobile- receive diversit y. This t echnique relies on t he opt imal
combinat ion of received signals from separat e receiving ant ennas. The ant enna spacing
yields signals t hat have somewhat independent fading charact erist ics. Hence, t he
combined signal can be more effect ively decoded, which result s in an almost doubling of
downlink capacit y when employed in conj unct ion wit h t echniques such as channel
equalizat ion. Receive diversit y is effect ive even for small devices such as PC Card
modems and smart phones.
Current receiver archit ect ures based on rake receivers are effect ive for speeds up t o a
few megabit s per second. But at higher speeds, t he combinat ion of reduced symbol
period and mult ipat h int erference result s in int ersymbol int erference and diminishes
rake receiver performance. This problem can be solved by advanced- receiver
archit ect ures wit h channel equalizers t hat yield addit ional capacit y gains over HSDPA
wit h receive diversit y. Alt ernat e advanced- receiver approaches include int erference
cancellat ion and generalized rake receivers ( G- Rake) . Different vendors are emphasizing
different approaches. The performance requirement s for advanced- receiver
archit ect ures, however, are specified in 3GPP Release 6. The combinat ion of mobile-
receive diversit y and channel equalizat ion ( Type 3) is especially at t ract ive, because it
result s in a large capacit y gain independent of t he radio channel.
What makes such enhancement s at t ract ive is t hat t he net works do not require any
changes ot her t han increased capacit y wit hin t he infrast ruct ure t o support t he higher
bandwidt h. Moreover, t he net work can support a combinat ion of devices including bot h

earlier devices t hat do not include t hese enhancement s and lat er devices t hat do. Device
vendors can select ively apply t hese enhancement s t o t heir higher performing devices.
MI MO
Anot her st andardized capabilit y is MI MO, a t echnique t hat employs mult iple t ransmit
ant ennas and mult iple receive ant ennas, oft en in combinat ion wit h mult iple radios and
mult iple parallel dat a st reams. The most common use of t he t erm MI MO applies t o
spat ial mult iplexing. The t ransmit t er sends different dat a st reams over each ant enna.
Whereas mult ipat h is an impediment for ot her radio syst ems, MI MOas illust rat ed in
Figure 34act ually exploit s mult ipat h, relying on signals t o t ravel across different
uncorrelat ed communicat ions pat hs. This result s in mult iple dat a pat hs effect ively
operat ing somewhat in parallel and, t hrough appropriat e decoding, in a mult iplicat ive
gain in t hroughput .
Fi gur e 34: MI MO Usi ng Mul t i pl e Pat hs t o Boost Thr oughput and Capaci t y

Test s of MI MO have proven very promising in WLANs operat ing in relat ive isolat ion
where int erference is not a dominant fact or. Spat ial mult iplexing MI MO should also
benefit HSPA hot spot s serving local areas such as airport s, campuses, and malls,
where t he t echnology will increase capacit y and peak dat a rat es. I n a fully loaded
net work wit h int erference from adj acent cells, however, overall capacit y gains will be
more modest in t he range of 20 t o 33 percent over mobile- receive diversit y. Relat ive t o
a 1x1 ant enna syst em, however, 2X2 MI MO can deliver cell t hroughput gains of about
80 percent . 3GPP has st andardized spat ial mult iplexing MI MO in Release 7 using Double
Transmit Adapt ive Array ( D- TxAA) .
105

Alt hough MI MO can significant ly improve peak rat es, ot her t echniques such as Space
Division Mult iple Access ( SDMA) also a form of MI MOmay be even more effect ive

105
For furt her det ails on t hese t echniques, refer t o t he 3G Americas whit e paper Mobile Broadband:
The Global Evolut ion of UMTS- HSPA. 3GPP Release 7 and Beyond.
Encoder Decoder

t han MI MO for improving capacit y in high spect ral efficiency syst ems employing a reuse
fact or of 1.
Cont i nuous Pack et Connect i vi t y
I n Release 7, CPC enhancement s reduce t he uplink int erference creat ed by t he
dedicat ed physical cont rol channels of packet dat a users when t hose channels have no
user dat a t o t ransmit . This, in t urn, increases t he number of simult aneously connect ed
HSUPA users. CPC allows bot h discont inuous uplink t ransmission and discont inuous
downlink recept ion, wherein t he modem can t urn off it s receiver aft er a cert ain period of
HSDPA inact ivit y. CPC is especially beneficial t o VoI P on t he uplink, which consumes t he
most power, because t he radio can t urn off bet ween VoI P packet s. See Figure 35.
Fi gur e 35: Cont i nuous Pack et Connect i vi t y

Hi gher Or der Modul at i on
Anot her way of increasing performance is t o use higher order modulat ion. HSPA uses 16
QAM on t he downlink and QPSK on t he uplink. But radio links can achieve higher
t hroughput sadding 64 QAM on t he downlink and 16 QAM on t he uplinkprecisely what
is added in HSPA+ . Higher order modulat ion requires a bet t er SNR, which is enabled
t hrough ot her enhancement s such as receive diversit y and equalizat ion.
HSPA+
Taking advant age of t hese various radio t echnologies, 3GPP has st andardized a number
of feat ures in Release 7 including higher order modulat ion and MI MO. Collect ively, t hese
capabilit ies are referred t o as HSPA+ . Release 8 will include furt her enhancement s.
The goals of HSPA+ are t o:
Exploit t he full pot ent ial of a CDMA approach before moving t o an OFDM plat form
in 3GPP LTE.
Achieve performance close t o LTE in 5 MHz of spect rum.
Data
Pilot
Data
Pilot
Without CPC
With CPC

Provide smoot h int erworking bet ween HSPA+ and LTE, t hereby facilit at ing t he
operat ion of bot h t echnologies. As such, operat ors may choose t o leverage t he
EPC/ SAE planned for LTE.
Allow operat ion in a packet - only mode for bot h voice and dat a.
Be backward- compat ible wit h previous syst ems while incurring no performance
degradat ion wit h eit her earlier or newer devices.
Facilit at e migrat ion from current HSPA infrast ruct ure t o HSPA+ infrast ruct ure.
Depending on t he feat ures implement ed, HSPA+ can exceed t he capabilit ies of I EEE
802. 16e- 2005 ( mobile WiMAX) in t he same amount of spect rum. This is mainly because
MI MO in HSPA support s closed- loop operat ion wit h precode weight ing, as well as
mult icode- word MI MO and enables t he use of SI C receivers. I t is also part ly because
HSPA support s I ncrement al Redundancy ( I R) and has lower overhead t han WiMAX.
Table 14 summarizes t he capabilit ies of HSPA and HSPA+ based on various met hods.
Tabl e 14: HSPA Thr oughput Evol ut i on
Technol ogy
Dow nl i nk
( Mbps) Peak
Dat a Rat e
Upl i nk ( Mbps)
Peak Dat a
Rat e
HSPA as def i ned i n Rel ease 6 14. 4 5. 76
Rel ease 7 HSPA+ DL 64 QAM,
UL 16 QAM
21. 1 11. 5
Rel ease 7 HSPA+ 2X2 MI MO,
DL 16 QAM, UL 16 QAM
28. 0 11. 5
Rel ease 8 HSPA+ 2X2 MI MO
DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM
42. 2 11. 5
Rel ease 9 HSPA+ 2X2 MI MO,
Dual Car r i er
84. 0 23. 0

Beyond t he peak rat e of 42 Mbps defined in Release 8, Release 9 may specify 2X2 MI MO
in combinat ion wit h dual- carrier operat ion, which would furt her boost peak net work
rat es t o 84 Mbps. Fut ure releases of HSPA+ could also use a quad- carrier approach for
even higher t hroughput s. Dual- and mult i- carrier operat ion are explained furt her below.
HSPA+ will also have improved lat ency performance of below 50 msec and improved
packet call set up t ime of below 500 msec.
HSPA+ wit h 28 Mbps capabilit y will be available for deployment by t he end of 2009, and
HSPA+ wit h 42 Mbps capabilit y on t he downlink and 11. 5 Mbps on t he uplink could be
ready for deployment by 2009 or 2010.
Given t he large amount of backhaul bandwidt h required t o support HSPA+ , as well as
addit ional MI MO radios at cell sit es, operat ors are likely t o init ially deploy HSPA+ in
limit ed hot spot coverage areas such as airport s, ent erprise campuses, and in- building
net works. Wit h advances in backhaul t ransport like met ropolit an Et hernet , however,
operat ors will be able t o expand coverage.
The prior discussion emphasizes t hroughput speeds, but HSPA+ will also more t han
double HSPA capacit y as well as reduce lat ency below 25 msec. Sleep- t o- dat a- t ransfer
t imes of less t han 200 msec will improve users always- connect ed experience, and

reduced power consumpt ion wit h VoI P will result in t alk t imes t hat are more t han 50
percent higher.
From a deployment point of view, operat ors will be able t o int roduce HSPA+ capabilit ies
t hrough eit her a soft ware upgrade or hardware expansions t o exist ing cabinet s t o
increase capacit y. Cert ain upgrades will be simpler t han ot hers. For example, upgrading
t o 64- QAM support will be easier t o implement t han 2X2 MI MO for many net works. For
net works t hat have implement ed uplink diversit y in t he base st at ion, however, t hose
mult iple ant ennas will facilit at e MI MO deployment .
Dual - Car r i er HSPA
3GPP has defined a capabilit y in Release 8 for dual- carrier HSPA operat ion. This
approach coordinat es t he operat ion of HSPA on t wo adj acent 5 MHz carriers so t hat dat a
t ransmissions can achieve higher t hroughput rat es, as shown in Figure 36. The work
it em assumes t wo adj acent carriers, downlink operat ion and no MI MO. I n t his
configurat ion, it is possible t o achieve a doubling of t he 21 Mbps maximum rat e
available on each channel t o 42 Mbps.
Fi gur e 36: Dual - Car r i er Oper at i on w i t h One Upl i nk Car r i er
106

There are a number of benefit s t o t his approach:
An increase in spect ral efficiency of about 20%, comparable t o what can be
obt ained wit h 2X2 MI MO.
Significant ly higher peak t hroughput s available t o users, especially in light ly-
loaded net works.
Same maximum- t hroughput rat e of 42 Mbps as using MI MO, but wit h a less
expensive infrast ruct ure upgrade.
By scheduling packet s across t wo carriers, t here is bet t er resource ut ilizat ion, result ing
in what is called t runking gain. Mult i- user diversit y also improves because t here are
more users t o select from.
Under considerat ion for Release 10 is t he use of four channels.
Figure 37 shows an analysis of dual- carrier performance using a cumulat ive dist ribut ion
funct ion. CDF indicat es t he probabilit y of achieving a part icular t hroughput rat e and t he
figure demonst rat es a consist ent doubling of t hroughput .

106
Source: "LTE for UMTS, OFDMA and SC- FDMA Based Radio Access, Harri Holma and Ant t i Toskala,
Wiley, 2009.
2 x 5 MHz 1 x 5 MHz
2 x 5 MHz 1 x 5 MHz
UE1
UE2
Uplink Downlink

Fi gur e 37: Dual - Car r i er Per f or mance
107

One- Tunnel Ar chi t ect ur e
Anot her way HSPA performance can be improved is t hrough a flat t er archit ect ure. I n
Release 7, t here is t he opt ion of a one- t unnel archit ect ure by which t he net work
est ablishes a direct t ransfer pat h for user dat a bet ween RNC and GGSN, while t he SGSN
st ill performs all cont rol funct ions. This brings several benefit s such as eliminat ing
hardware in t he SGSN and simplified engineering of t he net work.
There is also an int egrat ed RNC/ NodeB opt ion in which RNC funct ions are int egrat ed in
t he Node B. This is part icularly beneficial in femt ocell deployment s, as an RNC would
ot herwise need t o support t housands of femt ocells. The int egrat ed RNC/ NodeB for
HSPA+ has been agreed- upon as an opt ional archit ect ure alt ernat ive for packet -
swit ched- based services.
These new archit ect ures, as shown in Figure 38, are similar t o t he EPC/ SAE archit ect ure,
especially on t he packet - swit ched core net work side where t hey provide synergies wit h
t he int roduct ion of LTE.

107
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
C
D
F

[
%
]
Achievable bitrate [Mbps]

RAKE, single-carrier
RAKE, multi-carrier
GRAKE, single-carrier
GRAKE, multi-carrier
GRAKE2, single-carrier
GRAKE2, multi-carrier
Ped A, 10% load

Fi gur e 38: HSPA One- Tunnel Ar chi t ect ur e
108

HSPA, HSPA+ , and ot her advanced funct ions provide a compelling advant age for UMTS
over compet ing t echnologies: The abilit y t oday t o support voice and dat a services on t he
same carrier and across t he whole available radio spect rum; t o offer t hese services
simult aneously t o users; t o deliver dat a at ever- increasing broadband rat es; and t o do
so in a spect rally efficient manner.
HS- FACH
I n Release 7, a new capabilit y called High- Speed Access Forward Access Channel ( HS-
FACH) , illust rat ed in Figure 39, reduces set up t ime t o pract ically zero and provides a
more efficient way of carrying applicat ion signaling for always- on applicat ions. The
net work accomplishes t his by using t he same HSDPA power/ code resources for access
request s ( CELL_FACH st at e) as for dedicat ed packet t ransfer ( CELL_DCH) . This allows
dat a t ransmission t o st art during t he HS- FACH st at e wit h increased dat a rat es
immediat ely available t o t he user equipment . During t he HS- FACH st at e, t he net work
allocat es dedicat ed resources for t ransit ioning t he user equipment t o a dedicat ed
channel st at e.

108
Source: 3G Americas whit e paper, 2007, UMTS Evolut ion from 3GPP Release 7 t o Release 8.

User Plane
Cont r ol Pl ane
Node B
RNC
SGSN
GGSN
Tradi t i onal HSPA
Archi t ect ure
Node B
SGSN
GGSN
Possi bl e HSPA+ wi t h
One-Tunnel Ar chi t ect ure
Node B
SGSN
GGSN
HSPA wi t h One-Tunnel
Archi t ect ure
RNC

Fi gur e 39: Hi gh- Speed For w ar d Access Channel
109

Figure 40 summarizes t he capabilit ies and benefit s of t he feat ures being deployed in
HSPA+ .

109
Wiley, 2009.
RACH +
FACH
HSDPA +
HSUPA
HSDPA + HSUPA
R99-R6 solution R7/R8 solution
6-32 kbps >1 Mbps
Seamless transition Delay >0.5 s
>1 Mbps
Cell_FACH Cell_DCH Cell_FACH Cell_DCH
PCH
FACH
DCH
/HSPA
No data flow
during transition
>500 ms
Cell update and
C-RNTI allocation
takes >300 ms
RB recon-
figuration
RB recon-
figuration
PCH
eFACH
HSPA
Data flows on HS-
FACH also during
transition.
Immediate transmission w/o
cell update. No PCH
required.
R99-RC RRC States R7/8 RRC States
DCH Dedicated Channel
FACH Forward Access Channel
RACH Reverse Access Channel
PCH Paging Channel
HS-FACH High Speed FACH
RB Radio Bearer
RRC Radio Resource Control

Fi gur e 40: Summar y of HSPA Funct i ons and Benef i t s
110

HSPA Voice Support
Voice support wit h WCDMA- dedicat ed channels in UMTS net works is spect rally very
efficient . Moreover, current net works support simult aneous voice and dat a operat ion.
There are, however, reasons t o consider alt ernat e approaches including reducing power
consumpt ion and being able t o support even more users. One approach is called circuit -
swit ched voice over HSPA. The ot her is VoI P.
CS Voi ce ov er HSPA
HSPA channels employ many opt imizat ions t o obt ain a high degree of dat a t hroughput ,
which is why it makes sense t o use t hem t o carry voice communicat ions. Doing so wit h
VoI P, however, requires not only support ing packet ized voice in t he radio channel, but
also wit hin t he infrast ruct ure net work. There is an elegant alt ernat ive: To packet ize t he
circuit - swit ched voice t raffic which is already in digit al form, use t he HSPA channels t o
carry t he CS voice, but t hen t o connect t he CS voice t raffic back int o t he exist ing CS
infrast ruct ure ( MSCs, et c. ) immediat ely beyond t he radio access net work. This requires
relat ively st raight forward changes in j ust t he radio net work and in devices. The following
figure shows t he infrast ruct ure changes required at t he Node B and wit hin t he RNC.

110
Source: 3G Americas member cont ribut ion.
Uplink DTX + downlink
DRX
L2 optimization (Flexible
RLC)
High speed FACH + High
speed RACH
Downlink 64QAM, MIMO
and Dual carrier
CS voice over HSPA
Uplink 16QAM
Lower UE power consumption
Higher voice capacity
Higher L2 throughput and less
processing requirements
Lower latency = better response
times
More efficient common channels =
savings in channel elements
Higher downlink peak data rates
and higher data capacity
Higher uplink peak data rates
Flat architecture
optimization
Less network elements

Fi gur e 41: I mpl ement at i on of HSPA CS Voi ce
111

Wit h t his approach, legacy mobile phones can cont inue using WCDMA- dedicat ed t raffic
channels for voice communicat ions, while new devices use HSPA channels. HSPA CS
voice can be deployed wit h Release 7 or lat er net works.
The many benefit s of t his approach, list ed below, make it highly likely t hat operat ors will
adopt it :
Relat ively easy t o implement and deploy.
Transparent t o exist ing CS infrast ruct ure.
Support s bot h narrowband and wideband codecs.
Significant ly improves bat t ery life wit h voice communicat ions.
Enables fast er call connect ions.
Provides a 50 t o 100% capacit y gain over current voice implement at ions.
Act s as a st epping st one t o VoI P over HSPA/ LTE in t he fut ure.
VoI P
Once HSDPA and HSUPA are available, operat ors will have anot her opt ion of moving
voice t raffic over t o t hese high- speed dat a channels, which is using VoI P. This will
event ually increase voice capacit y, allow operat ors t o consolidat e t heir infrast ruct ure on
an I P plat form, and enable innovat ive new applicat ions t hat combine voice wit h dat a
funct ions in t he packet domain. VoI P is possible in Release 6, but it is enhancement s in

111
Source: 3G Americas whit e paper, 2007, UMTS Evolut ion from 3GPP Release 7 t o Release 8.
IuCS
IuPS
RNC
CS R99
AMR
adapt.
Transport
queues etc
HSPA
PS R99
NodeB
HSPA scheduler
Combined
to one
carrier
AMR adaptation
possible
CS mapped to R99 or HSPA bearer
depending on terminal capability
Scheduler prioritizes
voice packets

Release 7 t hat make it highly efficient and t hus at t ract ive t o net work operat ors. VoI P will
be implement ed in conj unct ion wit h I MS, discussed lat er in t his paper.
One at t ract ive aspect of deploying VoI P wit h HSPA is t hat operat ors can smoot hly
migrat e users from circuit - swit ched operat ion t o packet - swit ched operat ion over t ime.
Because t he UMTS radio channel support s bot h circuit - swit ched voice and packet -
swit ched dat a, some voice users can be on legacy circuit - swit ched voice and ot hers can
be on VoI P. Figure 42 shows a syst ems voice capacit y wit h t he j oint operat ion of circuit -
swit ched and I P- based voice services.
Fi gur e 42: Abi l i t y f or UMTS t o Suppor t Ci r cui t and Pack et Voi ce User s
112

VoI P capacit y gains are quant ified in det ail in t he main part of in t his paper. They range
from 20 percent t o as high as 100 percent wit h t he implement at ion of int erference
cancellat ion and t he minimizat ion of I P overhead t hrough a scheme called Robust
Header Compression ( ROHC) .
Whereas packet voice is t he only way voice will be support ed in LTE, wit h HSPA+ , it may
not be used immediat ely for primary voice services. This is because UMTS already has a
highly efficient , circuit - swit ched voice service and already allows simult aneous
voice/ dat a operat ion. Moreover, packet voice requires a considerable amount of new
infrast ruct ure in t he core net work. As a result , packet voice will likely be used init ially as
part of ot her services ( for example, t hose based on I MS) , and only over t ime will it
t ransit ion t o primary voice service.
3GPP LTE
Alt hough HSPA and HSPA+ offer a highly efficient broadband- wireless service t hat will
enj oy success for t he remainder of t his decade and well int o t he next , 3GPP has
complet ed t he specificat ion for Long Term Evolut ion as part of Release 8. LTE will allow
operat ors t o achieve even higher peak t hroughput s in higher spect rum bandwidt h. Work
on LTE began in 2004 wit h an official work it em st art ed in 2006 and a complet ed
specificat ion early 2009. I nit ial deployment s will occur in 2010.

112
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
VoIP
CS
CS + VoIP
Power reserved for PS traffic (W)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
PS Evolution
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
VoIP
CS
CS + VoIP
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
VoIP
CS
CS + VoIP
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
PS Evolution

LTE uses OFDMA on t he downlink, which is well suit ed t o achieve high peak dat a rat es in
high- spect rum bandwidt h. WCDMA radio t echnology is basically as efficient as OFDM for
delivering peak dat a rat es of about 10 Mbps in 5 MHz of bandwidt h. Achieving peak
rat es in t he 100 Mbps range wit h wider radio channels, however, would result in highly
complex t erminals, and it is not pract ical wit h current t echnology. This is where OFDM
provides a pract ical implement at ion advant age. Scheduling approaches in t he frequency
domain can also minimize int erference, t hereby boost ing spect ral efficiency. The OFDMA
approach is also highly flexible in channelizat ion, and LTE will operat e in various radio
channel sizes ranging from 1. 4 t o 20 MHz.
On t he uplink, however, a pure OFDMA approach result s in high Peak t o Average Rat io
( PAR) of t he signal, which compromises power efficiency and, ult imat ely, bat t ery life.
Hence, LTE uses an approach called SC- FDMA, which is somewhat similar t o OFDMA, but
has a 2 t o 6 dB PAR advant age over t he OFDMA met hod used by ot her t echnologies such
as WiMAX.
LTE capabilit ies include:
Downlink peak dat a rat es up t o 326 Mbps wit h 20 MHz bandwidt h.
Uplink peak dat a rat es up t o 86.4 Mbps wit h 20 MHz bandwidt h.
Operat ion in bot h TDD and FDD modes.
Scalable bandwidt h up t o 20 MHz covering 1. 4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz in t he
st udy phase.
I ncreased spect ral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by a fact or of t wo t o four.
Reduced lat ency, t o 10 msec round- t rip t imes bet ween user equipment and t he
base st at ion, and t o less t han 100 msec t ransit ion t imes from inact ive t o act ive.
Self- opt imizing capabilit ies under operat or cont rol, and preferences t hat will
aut omat e net work planning and will result in lower operat or cost s.
LTE Thr oughput Rat es
The overall obj ect ive is t o provide an ext remely high- performance, radio- access
t echnology t hat offers full vehicular speed mobilit y and t hat can readily coexist wit h
HSPA and earlier net works. Because of scalable bandwidt h, operat ors will be able t o
easily migrat e t heir net works and users from HSPA t o LTE over t ime.
Table 15 shows LTE peak dat a rat es based on different downlink and uplink designs.
Tabl e 15: LTE Peak Thr oughput Rat es
LTE Conf i gur at i on
Dow nl i nk ( Mbps)
Peak Dat a Rat e
Upl i nk ( Mbps)
Peak Dat a Rat e
Using 2X2 MI MO in t he Downlink and
16 QAM in t he Uplink

172. 8 57. 6
Using 4X4 MI MO in t he Downlink and
64 QAM in t he Uplink

326. 4 86. 4

LTE is not only efficient for dat a but , because of a highly efficient uplink, is ext remely
efficient for VoI P t raffic. I n 10 MHz of spect rum, LTE VoI P capacit y will reach almost 500
users.
113

OFDMA and Schedul i ng
LTE implement s OFDM in t he downlink. The basic principle of OFDM is t o split a high- rat e
dat a st ream int o a number of parallel low- rat e dat a st reams, each a narrowband signal
carried by a subcarrier. The different narrowband st reams are generat ed in t he
frequency domain, and t hen combined t o form t he broadband st ream using a
mat hemat ical algorit hm called an I nverse Fast Fourier Transform ( I FFT) t hat is
implement ed in digit al- signal processors. I n LTE, t he subcarriers have 15 kHz spacing
from each ot her. LTE maint ains t his spacing regardless of t he overall channel bandwidt h,
which simplifies radio design, especially in support ing radio channels of different widt hs.
The number of subcarriers ranges from 72 in a 1. 4 MHz channel t o 1, 200 in a 20 MHz
channel.
The composit e signal is obt ained aft er t he I FFT is ext ended by repeat ing t he init ial part
of t he signal ( called t he Cyclic Prefix [ CP] ) . This ext ended signal represent s an OFDM
symbol. The CP is basically a guard t ime during which reflect ed signals will reach t he
receiver. I t result s in an almost complet e eliminat ion of mult ipat h induced I nt ersymbol
I nt erference ( I SI ) , which ot herwise makes ext remely high dat a- rat e t ransmissions
problemat ic. The syst em is called ort hogonal, because t he subcarriers are generat ed in
t he frequency domain ( making t hem inherent ly ort hogonal) , and t he I FFT conserves t hat
charact erist ic. OFDM syst ems may lose t heir ort hogonal nat ure as a result of t he Doppler
shift induced by t he speed of t he t ransmit t er or t he receiver. 3GPP specifically select ed
t he subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz t o avoid any performance degradat ion in high- speed
condit ions. WiMAX syst ems t hat use a lower subcarrier spacing ( ~ 11 kHz) will be more
impact ed in high- speed condit ions t han LTE.
Fi gur e 43: OFDM Sy mbol w i t h Cy cl i c Pr ef i x

The mult iple- access aspect of OFDMA comes from being able t o assign different users
different subcarriers over t ime. A minimum resource block t hat t he syst em can assign t o
a user t ransmission consist s of 12 subcarriers over 14 symbols in 1. 0 msec. Figure 44
shows how t he syst em can assign t hese resource blocks t o different users over bot h
t ime and frequency.

113
Source: 3GPP Mult i- member analysis.
Cyclic Prefix
(4.8 sec)
Data
(66.7 sec)

Fi gur e 44: LTE OFDMA Dow nl i nk Resour ce Assi gnment i n Ti me and Fr equency

By having cont rol over which subcarriers are assigned in which sect ors, LTE can easily
cont rol frequency reuse. By using all t he subcarriers in each sect or, t he syst em would
operat e at a frequency reuse of 1; but by using a different one t hird of t he subcarriers in
each sect or, t he syst em achieves a looser frequency reuse of 1/ 3. The looser frequency
reduces overall spect ral efficiency, but delivers high peak rat es t o users.
Beyond cont rolling frequency reuse, frequency domain scheduling, as shown in Figure 45
can use t hose resource blocks t hat are not faded, somet hing t hat is not possible in
CDMA- based syst ems. Since different frequencies may fade different ly for different
users, t he syst em can allocat e t hose frequencies for each user t hat result in t he great est
t hroughput . This result s in up t o a 40% gain in average cell t hroughput for low user
speed ( 3 km/ hour) , assuming a large number of users and no MI MO. The benefit
decreases at higher user speeds.
Time
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
Minimum resource block consists of
14 symbols and 12 subcarriers

Fi gur e 45: Fr equency - Domai n Schedul i ng i n LTE
114

LTE is specified for a variet y of MI MO configurat ions. On t he downlink, t hese include
2X2, 4X2 ( four ant ennas at t he base st at ion) , and 4X4. I nit ial deployment will likely be
2x2. 4X4 will be most likely used init ially in femt ocells. On t he uplink, t here are t wo
possible approaches: single- user MI MO ( SU- MI MO) and mult i- user MI MO ( MU- MI MO) .
SU- MI MO is more complex t o implement as it requires t wo parallel radio t ransmit chains
in t he mobile device, whereas MU- MI MO does not require any addit ional implement at ion
at t he device. The first LTE release t hus incorporat es MU- MI MO wit h SU- MI MO deferred
for t he second LTE release.
LTE is designed t o operat e in channel bandwidt hs from 1. 4 MHz t o 20 MHz. The great est
efficiency, however, occurs wit h higher bandwidt h. A 3G Americas member analysis
predict s 40% lower spect ral efficiency wit h 1. 4 MHz radio channels and 13% lower
efficiency wit h 3 MHz channels.
115
The syst em, however, achieves nearly all of it s
efficiency wit h 5 MHz channels or wider.
TDD Har moni zat i on
3GPP developed LTE TDD t o be fully harmonized wit h LTE FDD including alignment of
frame st ruct ures, ident ical symbol- level numerology, t he possibilit y of using similar
reference signal pat t erns, and similar synchronizat ion and cont rol channels. Also, t here
is only one TDD variant . Furt hermore, LTE TDD has been designed t o coexist wit h TD-
SCDMA and TD- CDMA/ UTRA ( bot h low- chip rat e and high- chip rat e versions) . LTE TDD
achieves compat ibilit y and coexist ence wit h TD- SCDMA by defining frame st ruct ures
where t he DL and UL t ime periods can be t ime aligned t o prevent BTS t o BTS and UE t o
UE int erference t o support operat ion in adj acent carriers wit hout t he need for large
guardbands bet ween t he t echnologies. This will simplify deployment of LTE TDD in

114
3G Americas member cont ribut ion.
115
3G Americas member company analysis 2009.
Frequency
Resource block
Transmit on those resource
blocks that are not faded
Carrier bandwidth

count ries such as China t hat are deploying TD- SCDMA. Figure 46 demonst rat es t he
synchronizat ion bet ween TC- SCDMA and LTE- TDD in adj acent channels.
Fi gur e 46: TDD Fr ame Co- Ex i st ence Bet w een TD- SCDMA and LTE TDD
116

For LTE FDD and TDD t o coexist , large guardbands will be needed t o prevent
int erference. The organizat ion Next Generat ion Mobile Net works has a proj ect for LTE
TDD and FDD convergence.
117

4G, IMT-Advanced and LTE-Advanced
As int roduced earlier in t his paper, t he t erm 4G will apply t o net works t hat comply wit h
t he requirement s of I MT- Advanced t hat are art iculat ed in Report I TU- R M. 2134. Some of
t he key requirement s or st at ement s include:
- Support for scalable bandwidt h up t o and including 40 MHz.
- Encouragement t o support wider bandwidt hs ( e. g. , 100 MHz) .
- Minimum downlink peak spect ral efficiency of 15 bps/ Hz ( assumes 4X4 MI MO) .
- Minimum uplink peak spect ral efficiency of 6. 75 bps/ Hz ( assumes 2X4 MI MO) .
Table 16 shows t he requirement s for cell- spect ral efficiency.

116
117
Source: ht t p: / / www.ngmn. org/ workprogramme. ht ml.

Tabl e 16: I MT- Advanced Requi r ement s f or Cel l - Spect r al Ef f i ci ency
Test Env i r onment
118
Dow nl i nk ( bps/ Hz) Upl i nk ( bps/ Hz)
I ndoor 3. 0 2. 25
Microcellular 2. 6 1. 8
Base Coverage Urban 2. 2 1. 4
High Speed 1. 1 0. 7

Table 17 shows t he requirement s for voice capacit y.
Tabl e 17: I MT- Advanced Requi r ement s f or Voi ce Capaci t y
Test Env i r onment
119
Mi ni mum VoI P Capaci t y
( Act i v e User s/ Sect or / MHz)
I ndoor 50
Microcellular 40
Base Coverage Urban 40
High Speed 30

3GPP is addressing t he I MT- Advanced requirement s t hrough a version of LTE called LTE-
Advanced, a proj ect t hat is a st udy it em in 2009 wit h specificat ions expect ed in t he
second half of 2010 as part of Release 10. LTE- Advanced will be bot h backwards- and
forwards- compat ible wit h LTE, meaning LTE devices will operat e in newer LTE- Advanced
net works, and LTE- Advanced devices will operat e in older LTE net works.
3GPP is st udying t he following capabilit ies for LTE- Advanced:
- Wider bandwidt h support for up t o 100 MHz via aggregat ion of 20 MHz blocks.
- Uplink MI MO ( t wo t ransmit ant ennas in t he device) .
- Downlink MI MO of up t o 8 by 8 as described below.
- Coordinat ed mult ipoint t ransmission ( CoMP) wit h t wo proposed approaches:
coordinat ed scheduling and/ or beamforming, and j oint processing/ t ransmission.
The int ent is t o closely coordinat e t ransmissions at different cell sit es, t hereby
achieving higher syst em capacit y and improving cell- edge dat a rat es.
120

Figure 47 shows t he carrier aggregat ion, wit h up t o 100 MHz of bandwidt h support ed.

118
Test environment s are described in I T Report I TU- R M. 2135.
119
Test environment s are described in I T Report I TU- R M. 2135.
120
For furt her det ails, refer t o sect ion 7. 7. 5 of t he 3G Americas whit e paper The Mobile Broadband
Evolut ion: 3G Release 8 and Beyond, HSPA+ , SAE/ LTE and LTE- Advanced.

Fi gur e 47: Rel ease 10 LTE- Advanced Car r i er Aggr egat i on
121

Figure 48 shows t he carrier aggregat ion operat ing at different prot ocol layers.
Fi gur e 48: Car r i er Aggr egat i on at Di f f er ent Pr ot ocol Lay er s
122

Beyond wider bandwidt hs, LTE- Advanced will ext end performance t hrough more
powerful mult i- ant enna capabilit ies. For t he downlink, t he t echnology will be able t o
t ransmit in up t o 8 layers using an 8X8 configurat ion for a peak spect ral efficiency of 30
bps/ Hz t hat exceeds t he I MT- Advanced requirement s, conceivably support ing a peak
rat e of 1 Gbps in j ust 40 MHz and even higher rat es in wider bandwidt hs. This would
require addit ional reference signals for channel est imat ion and for measurement s such
as channel qualit y t o enable adapt ive, mult i- ant enna t ransmission. LTE- Advanced will

121
Wiley, 2009.
122
Source: The Evolut ion of LTE t owards I MT- Advanced , St efan Parkvall and David Ast ely, Ericsson
Research, ht t p: / / www. academypublisher. com/ j cm/ vol04/ no03/ j cm0403146154. pdf
Rel8
100 MHz bandwidth
Rel8 Rel8 Rel8 Rel8
Release 10 LTE-Advanced UE resource pool
Release 8 UE uses a
single 20 MHz block
20 MHz

also include four- layer t ransmission in t he uplink result ing in spect ral efficiency
exceeding 15 bps/ Hz.
Table 18 shows ant icipat ed performance relat ive t o I MT- Advanced Requirement s.
Tabl e 18: I MT- Advanced Requi r ement s and Ant i ci pat ed LTE- Advanced
Capabi l i t y .
I t em
I MT- Advanced
Requi r ement
LTE- Advanced
Pr oj ect ed Capabi l i t y
Peak Dat a Rat e Downlink 1 Gbps
Peak Dat a Rat e Uplink 500 Mbps
Spect rum Allocat ion Up t o 40 MHz Up t o 100 MHz
Lat ency User Plane 10 msec 10 msec
Lat ency Cont rol Plane 100 msec 50 msec
Peak Spect ral Efficiency DL
123
15 bps/ Hz 30 bps/ Hz
Peak Spect ral Efficiency UL 6. 75 bps/ Hz 15 bps/ Hz
Average Spect ral Efficiency DL 2. 2 bps/ Hz 2. 6 bps/ Hz
Average Spect ral Efficiency UL 1. 4 bps/ Hz 2. 0 bps/ Hz
Cell- Edge Spect ral Efficiency DL 0. 06 bps/ Hz 0. 09 bps/ Hz
Cell- Edge Spect ral Efficiency UL 0. 03 bps/ Hz 0. 07 bps/ Hz

I n all cases, proj ect ions of LTE- Advanced performance exceed t hat of t he I MT- Advanced
requirement s.
Anot her capabilit y being planned for LTE- Advanced is relays as shown in Figure 49.
The idea is t o relay frames at an int ermediat e node, result ing in much bet t er in- building
penet rat ion and, wit h bet t er signal qualit y, user rat es will be much improved.

123
Spect ral efficiency values based on 4 ant ennas at t he base st at ion and 2 ant ennas at t he t erminal.

Fi gur e 49: LTE- Advanced Rel ay
124

As demonst rat ed in t his sect ion, LTE- Advanced will have t remendous capabilit y. Though
init ial deployment s of LTE will be based on Release 8, as new spect rum becomes
available next decade, especially if it includes wide radio channels, t hen LTE- Advanced
will be t he ideal t echnology for t hese new bands. Even in exist ing bands, operat ors are
likely t o event ually upgrade t heir LTE net works t o LTE- Advanced t o obt ain spect ral
efficiency gains and capabilit ies such as relaying.
UMTS TDD
Most WCDMA and HSDPA deployment s are based on FDD, in which t he operat or uses
different radio bands for t ransmit and receive. An alt ernat e approach is TDD, in which
bot h t ransmit and receive funct ions alt ernat e in t ime on t he same radio channel. 3GPP
specificat ions include a TDD version of UMTS, called UMTS TDD.
TDD does not provide any inherent advant age for voice funct ions, which need balanced
linksnamely, t he same amount of capacit y in bot h t he uplink and t he downlink. Many
dat a applicat ions, however, are asymmet ric, oft en wit h t he downlink consuming more
bandwidt h t han t he uplink, especially for applicat ions like Web browsing or mult imedia
downloads. A TDD radio int erface can dynamically adj ust t he downlink- t o- uplink rat io
accordingly, hence balancing bot h forward- link and reverse- link capacit y. Not e t hat for
UMTS FDD, t he higher spect ral efficiency achievable in t he downlink versus t he uplink is
crit ical in addressing t he asymmet rical nat ure of most dat a t raffic.
The UMTS TDD specificat ion also includes t he capabilit y t o use j oint det ect ion in
receiver- signal processing, which offers improved performance.
One considerat ion, however, relat es t o available spect rum. Various count ries around t he
world including t hose in Europe, Asia, and t he Pacific region have licensed spect rum
available specifically for TDD syst ems. For t his spect rum, UMTS TDD, or in t he fut ure
LTE in TDD mode, is a good choice. I t is also a good choice in any spect rum t hat does
not provide a duplex gap bet ween forward and reverse links.
I n t he Unit ed St at es, t here is limit ed spect rum specifically allocat ed for TDD syst ems.
125

UMTS TDD is not a good choice in FDD bands; it would not be able t o operat e effect ively
in bot h bands, t hereby making t he overall syst em efficiency relat ively poor.

124
Relay Link
Access
Link
Direct Link

As discussed in more det ail in t he WiMAX sect ion, TDD syst ems require net work
synchronizat ion and careful coordinat ion bet ween operat ors or guardbands, which may
be problemat ic in cert ain bands.
There has been lit t le deployment of UMTS TDD. Fut ure TDD deployment s of 3GPP
t echnologies are likely t o be based on LTE.
TD-SCDMA
TD- SCDMA is one of t he official 3G wireless t echnologies being developed, most ly for
deployment in China. Specified t hrough 3GPP as a variant of t he UMTS TDD Syst em and
operat ing wit h a 1. 28 megachips per second ( Mcps) chip rat e against 3. 84 Mcps for
UMTS TDD, t he primary at t ribut e of TD- SCDMA is t hat it is designed t o support very high
subscriber densit ies. This makes it a possible alt ernat ive for wireless local loops. TD-
SCDMA uses t he same core net work as UMTS, and it is possible for t he same core
net work t o support bot h UMTS and TD- SCDMA radio- access net works.
TD- SCDMA t echnology is not as mat ure as UMTS and CDMA2000, wit h 2008 being t he
first year of limit ed deployment s in China in t ime for t he Olympic Games. Alt hough t here
are no planned deployment s in any count ry ot her t han China, TD- SCDMA could
t heoret ically be deployed anywhere unpaired spect rum is availablesuch as t he bands
licensed for UMTS TDDassuming appropriat e resolut ion of regulat ory issues.
IMS
I MS is a service plat form t hat allows operat ors t o support I P mult imedia applicat ions.
Pot ent ial applicat ions include video sharing, PoC, VoI P, st reaming video, int eract ive
gaming, and so fort h. I MS by it self does not provide all t hese applicat ions. Rat her, it
provides a framework of applicat ion servers, subscriber dat abases, and gat eways t o
make t hem possible. The exact services will depend on cellular operat ors and t he
applicat ion developers t hat make t hese applicat ions available t o operat ors.
The core net working prot ocol used wit hin I MS is Session I nit iat ion Prot ocol ( SI P) , which
includes t he companion Session Descript ion Prot ocol ( SDP) used t o convey configurat ion
informat ion such as support ed voice codecs. Ot her prot ocols include Real Time Transport
Prot ocol ( RTP) and Real Time St reaming Prot ocol ( RTSP) for t ransport ing act ual
sessions. The QoS mechanisms in UMTS will be an import ant component of some I MS
applicat ions.
Alt hough originally specified by 3GPP, numerous ot her organizat ions around t he world
are support ing I MS. These include t he I nt ernet Engineering Taskforce ( I ETF) , which
specifies key prot ocols such as SI P, and t he Open Mobile Alliance, which specifies end-
t o- end, service- layer applicat ions. Ot her organizat ions support ing I MS include t he GSM
Associat ion ( GSMA) , t he ETSI , CableLabs, 3GPP2, The Parlay Group, t he I TU, t he
American Nat ional St andards I nst it ut e ( ANSI ) , t he Telecoms and I nt ernet Converged
Services and Prot ocols for Advanced Net works ( TI SPAN) , and t he Java Communit y
Process ( JCP) .
I MS is relat ively independent of t he radio- access net work and can, and likely will, be
used by ot her radio- access net works or wireline net works. Operat ors already have I MS
t rails in progress, and one init ial applicat ion under considerat ionPoCis being specified
by t he Open Mobile Alliance. Ot her applicat ions include pict ure and video sharing t hat
occur in parallel wit h voice communicat ions. Operat ors looking t o roll out VoI P over

125
The 1910- 1920 MHz band t arget ed unlicensed TDD syst ems, but has never been used.

net works could also use I MS. 3GPP init ially int roduced I MS in Release 5 and has
enhanced it in each subsequent specificat ion release.
As shown in Figure 50, I MS operat es j ust out side t he packet core.
Fi gur e 50: I P Mul t i medi a Subsy st em

The benefit s of using I MS include handling all communicat ion in t he packet domain,
t ight er int egrat ion wit h t he I nt ernet , and a lower cost infrast ruct ure t hat is based on I P
building blocks used for bot h voice and dat a services. This allows operat ors t o pot ent ially
deliver dat a and voice services at lower cost , t hus providing t hese services at lower
prices and furt her driving demand and usage.
I MS applicat ions can reside eit her in t he operat ors net work or in t hird- part y net works
including t hose of ent erprises. By managing services and applicat ions cent rallyand
independent ly of t he access net workI MS can enable net work convergence. This allows
operat ors t o offer common services across 3G, Wi- Fi, and wireline net works.
Broadcast/Multicast Services
An import ant capabilit y for 3G and evolved 3G syst ems is broadcast ing and mult icast ing,
wherein mult iple users receive t he same informat ion using t he same radio resource. This
creat es a much more efficient approach for delivering cont ent such as video
programming t o which mult iple users have subscript ions. I n a broadcast , every
subscriber unit in a service area receives t he informat ion, whereas in a mult icast , only
users wit h subscript ions receive t he informat ion. Service areas for bot h broadcast and
mult icast can span eit her t he ent ire net work or a specific geographical area. Because
mult iple users in a cell are t uned t o t he same cont ent , broadcast ing and mult icast ing
result in much great er spect rum efficiency for services such as mobile TV.
3GPP defined highly- efficient broadcast / mult icast capabilit ies for UMTS in Release 6 wit h
MBMS. Release 7 includes opt imizat ions t hrough a solut ion called mult icast / broadcast ,
single- frequency net work operat ion t hat involves simult aneous t ransmission of t he exact
waveform across mult iple cells. This enables t he receiver t o const ruct ively superpose
Call Session Control Function ( CSCF)
( SIP Proxy)
Home Subscriber
Server ( HSS)
SIP Application
Server
SIP
DI AMETER
I MS
UMTS/HSPA
Packet Core
Network
Media Resource
Function Control
Media Resource
Gateway Cont rol
Wi-Fi DSL
Multiple Possible Access Net wor ks

mult iple MBSFN cell t ransmissions. The result is highly efficient , WCDMA- based
broadcast t ransmission t echnology t hat mat ches t he benefit s of OFDMA- based broadcast
approaches.
LTE will also have a broadcast / mult icast capabilit y. OFDM is part icularly well- suit ed for
broadcast ing, because t he mobile syst em can combine t he signal from mult iple base
st at ions and because of t he narrowband nat ure of OFDM. Normally, t hese signals would
int erfere wit h each ot her. As such, t he LTE broadcast capabilit y is expect ed t o be quit e
efficient .
Fi gur e 51: OFDM Enabl es Ef f i ci ent Br oadcast i ng

An alt ernat e approach for mobile TV is t o use an ent irely separat e broadcast net work
wit h t echnologies such as Digit al Video Broadcast ingHandheld ( DVB- H) or Media
Forward Link Only ( MediaFLO) , which various operat ors around t he world have opt ed t o
do. Alt hough t his requires a separat e radio in t he mobile device, t he net works are highly
opt imized for broadcast .
EPC/SAE
3GPP is defining EPC/ SAE in Release 8 as a framework for an evolut ion or migrat ion of
t he 3GPP syst em t o a higher- dat a- rat e, lower- lat ency, packet - opt imized syst em t hat
support s mult iple radio- access t echnologies. The focus of t his work is on t he packet -
swit ched domain wit h t he assumpt ion t hat t he syst em will support all servicesincluding
voicein t his domain.
Alt hough it will most likely be deployed in conj unct ion wit h LTE, EPC/ SAE could also be
deployed for use wit h HSPA+ where it could provide a st epping- st one t o LTE. EPC/ SAE
will be opt imized for all services t o be delivered via I P in a manner t hat is as efficient as
possiblet hrough minimizat ion of lat ency wit hin t he syst em, for example. I t will support
service cont inuit y across het erogeneous net works, which will be import ant for LTE
operat ors who must simult aneously support GSM- HSPA cust omers.
One import ant performance aspect of EPC/ SAE is a flat t er archit ect ure. For packet flow,
EPC/ SAE includes t wo net work element s, called Evolved Node B ( eNodeB) and t he
Access Gat eway ( AGW) . The eNodeB ( base st at ion) int egrat es t he funct ions t radit ionally

performed by t he radio- net work cont roller, which previously was a separat e node
cont rolling mult iple Node Bs. Meanwhile, t he AGW int egrat es t he funct ions t radit ionally
performed by t he SGSN and GGSN. The AGW has bot h cont rol funct ions, handled
t hrough t he Mobile Management Ent it y ( MME) , and user plane ( dat a communicat ions)
funct ions. The user plane funct ions consist of t wo element s: A serving gat eway t hat
addresses 3GPP mobilit y and t erminat es eNodeB connect ions, and a Packet Dat a
Net work ( PDN) gat eway t hat addresses service requirement s and also t erminat es access
by non- 3GPP net works. The MME, serving gat eway, and PDN gat eways can be collocat ed
in t he same physical node or dist ribut ed, based on vendor implement at ions and
deployment scenarios.
The EPC/ SAE archit ect ure is similar t o t he HSPA One- Tunnel Archit ect ure discussed in
t he HSPA+ sect ion t hat allows for easy int egrat ion of HSPA net works t o t he EPC/ SAE.
Anot her archit ect ural opt ion is t o reverse t he t opology, so t hat t he EPC/ SAE Access
Gat eway is locat ed close t o t he RAN in a dist ribut ed fashion t o reduce lat ency, while t he
MME is cent rally locat ed t o minimize complexit y and cost .
EPC/ SAE also allows int egrat ion of non- 3GPP net works such as WiMAX. EPC/ SAE will use
I MS as a component . I t will also manage QoS across t he whole syst em, which will be
essent ial for enabling a rich set of mult imedia- based services.
Figure 52 shows t he EPC/ SAE archit ect ure.
Fi gur e 52: EPC/ SAE Ar chi t ect ur e

MME
GERAN
UTRAN
Rel7 Legacy GSM/ UMTS
SGSN
Evolved RAN,
e.g., LTE
Serving
Gateway
PDN
Gateway
Non 3GPP
IP Access
PCRF
IP
Services,
IMS
EPC/ SAE Access Gat eway
Cont rol
User Plane
One-Tunnel
Opt ion

Element s of t he SAE archit ect ure include:
Support for legacy GERAN and UTRAN net works connect ed via SGSN.
Support for new radio- access net works such as LTE.
The Serving Gat eway t hat t erminat es t he int erface t oward t he 3GPP radio- access
net works.
The PDN gat eway t hat cont rols I P dat a services, does rout ing, allocat es I P
addresses, enforces policy, and provides access for non- 3GPP access net works.
The MME t hat support s user equipment cont ext and ident it y, as well as
aut hent icat ing and aut horizing users.
The Policy Cont rol and Charging Rules Funct ion ( PCRF) t hat manages QoS
aspect s.
3GPP is planning t o support voice in EPS t hrough VoI P and I MS. However, t here is an
alt ernat ive voice approach being discussed in t he indust ry, namely t ransport ing circuit -
swit ched voice over LTE, called Voice over LTE Generic Access ( VOLGA) . This approach is
not current ly part of any 3GPP specificat ions.
The need for support ing a broader variet y of applicat ions requiring higher bandwidt h and
lower lat ency led 3GPP t o alleviat e t he exist ing ( UMTS Release 99) Qualit y of Service
( QoS) principles wit h t he int roduct ion for EPS of a QoS Class I dent ifier ( QCI ) . The QCI is
a scalar denot ing a set of t ransport charact erist ics ( bearer wit h/ wit hout guarant eed bit
rat e, priorit y, packet delay budget , packet error loss rat e) and used t o infer nodes
specific paramet ers t hat cont rol packet forwarding t reat ment ( e. g. , scheduling weight s,
admission t hresholds, queue management t hresholds, link- layer prot ocol configurat ion,
et c. ) . Each packet flow is mapped t o a single QCI value ( nine are defined in t he Release
8 version of t he specificat ions) according t o t he level of service required by t he
applicat ion. The usage of t he QCI avoids t he t ransmission of a full set of QoS- relat ed
paramet ers over t he net work int erfaces and reduces t he complexit y of QoS negot iat ion.
The QCI , t oget her wit h Allocat ion- Ret ent ion Priorit y ( ARP) and, if applicable, Guarant eed
Bit Rat e ( GBR) and Maximum Bit Rat e ( MBR) , det ermines t he QoS associat ed t o an EPS
bearer. A mapping bet ween EPS and pre- Release 8 QoS paramet ers has been defined t o
allow proper int erworking wit h legacy net works.
White Space
The FCC in t he US has ruled t hat unlicensed devices t hat have mechanisms t o not
int erfere wit h TV broadcast channels may use TV channels t hat are not in use.
126
The
rules provide for fixed devices and personal/ port able devices. The FCC has suggest ed
t wo usage t ypes: broadband services t o homes and businesses at a higher power level
t o fixed devices over larger geographical areas; and wireless port able devices at a low-
power level in indoor environment s.
To prevent int erference wit h TV t ransmissions, bot h device t ypes must employ geo-
locat ion capabilit y wit h 50- met er accuracy ( alt hough fixed devices can st ore t heir
posit ion during inst allat ion) , as well as having t he abilit y t o access a dat abase t hat list s
permit t ed channels for a specific locat ion. I n addit ion, all devices must be able t o sense
t he spect rum t o det ect bot h TV broadcast ing and wireless microphone signals. The rules
include t ransmit power limit s and emission limit s.

126
FCC- 08- 260: 2nd Repor t & Order.

The frequency- sensing and channel- change requirement s are not support ed by t odays
3GPP, 3GPP2 and WiMAX t echnologies. The I EEE, however, has developed a st andard,
I EEE 802. 22, based on I EEE 802. 16 concept s, t hat complies wit h t he FCC requirement s.
I EEE 802. 22 is aimed at fixed or nomadic services such as DSL replacement .
The indust ry is in t he very early st ages of det ermining t he viabilit y of using whit e- space
spect rum and, at t his t ime, t here are no product s or services available.

Acronyms
The following acronyms are used in t his paper. Acronyms are defined on first use.
1xEV- DO One Carrier Evolved, Dat a Opt imized
1xEV- DV One Carrier Evolved, Dat a Voice
1XRTT One Carrier Radio Transmission Technology
2G Second Generat ion
3G Third Generat ion
3GPP Third Generat ion Part nership Proj ect
3GPP2 Third Generat ion Part nership Proj ect 2
4G Fourt h Generat ion ( meet ing requirement s set fort h by t he I TU I MT- Advanced proj ect )
8- PSK Oct agonal Phase Shift Keying
AAS Adapt ive Ant enna Syst ems
ABR Allocat ion Ret ent ion Priorit y
AGW Access Gat eway
AMR Adapt ive Mult i Rat e
ANSI American Nat ional St andards I nst it ut e
ARP Allocat ion Ret ent ion Priorit y
ARQ Aut omat ic Repeat Request
ARPU Average Revenue Per User
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AWGN Addit ive Whit e Gaussian Noise Channel
BCCH Broadcast Cont rol Channel
bps bit s per second
BRS Broadband Radio Service
BSC Base St at ion Cont roller
BTS Base Transceiving St at ion
C/ I Carrier t o I nt erference Rat io
CAPEX- Capit al Expendit ure
CDF Cumulat ive Dist ribut ion Funct ion
CDMA Code Division Mult iple Access
CMOS Complement ary Met al Oxide Semiconduct or
CP Cyclic Prefix
CPC Cont inuous Packet Connect ivit y
CRM Cust omer Relat ionship Management
DAS Downlink EGPRS2- A Level Scheme
dB Decibel
DBS Downlink EGPRS2- B Level Scheme
DC- HSPA Dual Carrier HSPA
DFT Discret e Fourier Transform

DSL Digit al Subscriber Line
DTM Dual Transfer Mode
D- TxAA Double Transmit Adapt ive Array
DVB- H Digit al Video Broadcast ing Handheld
EDCH Enhanced Dedicat ed Channel
EBCMCS Enhanced Broadcast Mult icast Services
EDGE Enhanced Dat a Rat es for GSM Evolut ion
EGPRS Enhanced General Packet Radio Service
eNodeB Evolved Node B
EPS Evolved Packet Syst em
ERP Ent erprise Resource Planning
ETRI Elect ronic and Telecommunicat ions Research I nst it ut e
ETSI European Telecommunicat ions I nst it ut e
E- UTRAN Enhanced UMTS Terrest rial Radio Access Net work
EV- DO One Carrier Evolved, Dat a Opt imized
EV- DV One Carrier Evolved, Dat a Voice
EVRC Enhanced Variable Rat e Codec
FCC Federal Communicat ions Commission
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
Flash OFDM Fast Low- Lat ency Access wit h Seamless Handoff OFDM
FLO Forward Link Only
FMC Fixed Mobile Convergence
FP7 Sevent h Framework Programme
FTP File Transfer Prot ocol
G- Rake Generalized Rake Receiver
Gbps Gigabit s Per Second
GBR Guarant eed Bit Rat e
GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Net work
GGSN Gat eway GPRS Support Node
GHz Gigahert z
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global Syst em for Mobile communicat ions
GSMA GSM Associat ion
HARQ Hybrid Aut omat ic Repeat Request
HD High Definit ion
HLR Home Locat ion Regist er
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HS- FACH High Speed Forward Access Channel
HS- PDSCH - High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channels

HSPA High Speed Packet Access ( HSDPA wit h HSUPA)
HSPA+ HSPA Evolut ion
HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access
Hz Hert z
I CT I nformat ion and Communicat ion Technologies
I EEE I nst it ut e of Elect rical and Elect ronic Engineers
I ETF I nt ernet Engineering Taskforce
I FFT I nverse Fast Fourier Transform
I M I nst ant Messaging
I MS I P Mult imedia Subsyst em
I MT I nt ernat ional Mobile Telecommunicat ions
I PR - I nt ellect ual Propert y Right s
I P I nt ernet Prot ocol
I PTV I nt ernet Prot ocol Television
I R I ncrement al Redundancy
I SI I nt ersymbol I nt erference
I SP I nt ernet Service Provider
I TU I nt ernat ional Telecommunicat ions Union
JCP Java Communit y Process
kbps Kilobit s Per Second
kHz Kilohert z
km Kilomet er
LSTI LTE/ SAE Trial I nit iat ive
MAC Medium Access Cont rol
MBMS - Mult imedia Broadcast / Mult icast Service
Mbps Megabit s Per Second
MBR Maximum Bit Rat e
Mcps Megachips Per Second
MCS Modulat ion and Coding Scheme
MediaFLO Media Forward Link Only
MHz Megahert z
MI MO Mult iple I nput Mult iple Out put
mI TF Japan Mobile I T Forum
MMDS Mult ichannel Mult ipoint Dist ribut ion Service
MME Mobile Management Ent it y
MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error
MRxD Mobile Receive Diversit y
MS Mobile St at ion
MSA Mobile Service Archit ect ure
MSC Mobile Swit ching Cent er

MU- MI MO Mult i- User MI MO
msec millisecond
NGMC Next Generat ion Mobile Commit t ee
OFDM Ort hogonal Frequency Division Mult iplexing
OFDMA Ort hogonal Frequency Division Mult iple Access
PAR Peak t o Average Rat io
PBCCH Packet Broadcast Cont rol Channel
PCRF Policy Cont rol and Charging Rules Funct ion
PCS Personal Communicat ions Service
PHY Physical Layer
PDN Packet Dat a Net work
PoC Push- t o- t alk over Cellular
QAM Quadrat ure Amplit ude Modulat ion
QCI Qualit y of Service Class I dent ifier
QoS Qualit y of Service
QPSK Quadrat ure Phase Shift Keying
RAB Radio Access Bearer
RAN Radio Access Net work
RCS Rich Communicat ions Suit e
REST Represent at ional St at e Transfer
RF Radio Frequency
RNC Radio Net work Cont roller
ROHC Robust Header Compression
RTP Real Time Transport Prot ocol
RTSP Real Time St reaming Prot ocol
SC- FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Mult iple Access
SAE Syst em Archit ect ure Evolut ion
SDMA Space Division Mult iple Access
SDP Session Descript ion Prot ocol
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SI C Successive I nt erference Cancellat ion
SI P Session I nit iat ion Prot ocol
SMS Short Message Service
SNR Signal t o Noise Rat io
SU- MI MO Single User MI MO
TCH Traffic Channel
TDD Time Division Duplex
TDMA Time Division Mult iple Access
TD- SCDMA Time Division Synchronous Code Division Mult iple Access
TD- CDMA Time Division Code Division Mult iple Access

TI A/ EI A Telecommunicat ions I ndust ry Associat ion/ Elect ronics I ndust ry Associat ion
TI SPAN Telecoms and I nt ernet converged Services and Prot ocols for Advanced Net works
TTI Transmission Time I nt erval
UAS Uplink EGPRS2- A Level Scheme
UBS Uplink EGPRS2- B Level Scheme
UMA Unlicensed Mobile Access
UMB Ult ra Mobile Broadband
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunicat ions Syst em
s Microseconds
UTRAN UMTS Terrest rial Radio Access Net work
VDSL Very High Speed DSL
VoI P Voice over I nt ernet Prot ocol
VOLGA Voice over LTE Generic Access
VPN Virt ual Privat e Net work
WAP Wireless Applicat ion Prot ocol
WCDMA Wideband CDMA
Wi- Fi Wireless Fidelit y
WiMAX Worldwide I nt eroperabilit y for Microwave Access
WLAN Wireless Local Area Net work
WMAN Wireless Met ropolit an Area Net work
WRC- 07 World Radiocommunicat ion Conference 2007
Additional Information
3G Americas maint ains complet e and current list s of market informat ion including EDGE,
UMTS, and HSDPA deployment s worldwide, available for free download on it s Web sit e:
ht t p: / / www. 3gamericas. org.
I f t here are any quest ions regarding t he download of t his informat ion, please call + 1 425
372 8922 or e- mail Krissy Gochnour, Public Relat ions Administ rat or, at
info@3gamericas. org.
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This whit e paper was writ t en for 3G Amer icas by Rysavy Research ( ht t p: / / www.rysavy. com) and ut ilized a
composit e of st at ist ical infor mat ion from mult iple resources.

The contents of this paper reflect the research, analysis and conclusions of Rysavy Research and
may not necessarily represent the comprehensive opinions and individual view points of each
particular 3G Americas Board member company.

Rysavy Research provides this document and the information contained herein to you for
informational purposes only. Rysavy Research provides this information solely on the basis that
you will take responsibility for making your own assessments of the information.

Although Rysavy Research has exercised reasonable care in providing this information to you,
Rysavy Research does not warrant that the information is error-free. Rysavy Research disclaims
and in no event shall be liable for any losses or damages of any kind, whether direct, indirect,
incidental, consequential, or punitive arising out of or in any way related to the use of the
information.

Copyright 2009 Rysavy Research, LLC. All rights reserved.
http://www.rysavy.com

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