Steel Beam Design by ASD/LRFD Steel Construction Manual 13th Edition By Duane Nickols Beams are flexural members

that are subjected to shear and bending moments. The shear and moment vary with position along the beam. A beams primary function is resisting bending moments. Beams usually have uniform loads, concentrated loads or both on them. We will be looking at W shaped members. LRFD stands for Load and Resistance Factor Design and was in three previous editions of the specifications. ASD stands for Allowable Strength Design which is similar to Allowable Stress Design that many engineers are familiar with. Types of loads

LRFD Load Combinations (ASCE 7-05)

ASD Load Combinations (ASCE 7-05)

We will analyze first and design later. Lets say we have a 26 foot long beam that is simply supported at each end. It supports a live load equal to 0.60 k/ft and a dead load of 0.83 k/ft, including the weight of the beam. LRFD
wu Vu Mu 1.2 D 1.6 L (1.2 0.83 k / ft ) (1.6 0.60 k / ft ) 1.96 k / ft

wu L 1.96 k / ft 26 ft 25.43 k 2 2 wu L2 1.96 k / ft (26 ft ) 2 165 .3 k ip 8 8

ft

ASD
wa Va Ma D L 0.83 k / ft 0.60 k / ft 1.43 k / ft

wa L 1.43 k / ft 26 ft 18.59 k 2 2 wa L2 1.43 k / ft (26 ft ) 2 120 .8 k ip 8 8

ft

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

Also M u

M n andVu

Vn

Chapter F is Design of Members for Flexure Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

Also M a

Mn

and Va

Vn

Limit States We will look at six limit states. The first five are strength limit states and the last is a serviceability limit state. Yielding has to do with the strength of the beam to resist bending moments without failure. Yielding depends on the loads, supports, span and the strength of the steel. Lateral-Torsional Buckling has to do with the twisting of the beam in a lateral direction. If the beam is adequately braced, it will not twist into failure. Web Local Buckling has to do with the strength of the web to resist failure. This means the width to thickness ratio must fall between certain limits so the web will not collapse or fail. Flange Local Buckling has to do with strength of the flange to resist failure. This means the width to thickness ratio must fall between certain limits so the flange will not collapse or fail. Shear has to do with shear failure of the beam. Chapter G covers Design of Members for Shear. Deflection is a serviceability limit state. This has to do with the beam deflecting too noticeable to people or so people feel uncomfortable.

If the un-braced length, (Lb) <=Lp use equation F2-1. Lateral-Torsional Buckling

Cb can be conservatively equal to 1.0 Sx comes from the shapes table Lp and Lr can be found in Table 3-2 for W shapes in the AISC Manual or you can calculate them from the following equations.

J is in the shapes table.

Now lets say the beam we looked at before is a W14 x 30 and the un-braced length is 26 feet. Fy=50 ksi, Sx=42.0 in3 and Zx=47.3 in3.

Yielding Since Lb>Lp, it does not meet the limit state of yielding in equation (F2-1).
Mp Mp Mr Mr Fy Z x 0.7 Fy S x (50 ksi) (47.3 in3 ) 2365 kip in 197 kip ft ft ft

(0.9) (197 kip

ft ) 177 kip

(0.7) (50 ksi) (42.0 in3 ) 1470 kip in 122 .5 kip ft ) 110 kip ft

(0.9) (122 .5 kip

LRFD The Mu was equal to 165.3 kip-ft From Table 3-2, AISC Manual

Lp Lr
b b

5.26 ft 14.9 ft 177 k ip ft 110 k ip ft

Mp Mr

Since the required moment, (Mu=165.3 kip-ft) is greater than the design moment, (bMr=110 kip-ft) and the un-braced length, (Lb=26 feet) is greater than Lr of 14.9 feet, this will not meet the limit state for lateral-torsional buckling. Now, lets say we brace this beam in the middle and at each end. The un-braced length (Lb = 13 feet). Interpolating between the above values:
(13 .0' 5.26 ' ) (14 .9' 5.26 ' ) x
b

x (177 k ip ft ft 53 .79 k ip ft 123 .2 k ip ft ft 110 k ip ft )

53 .79 k ip Mn 177 k ip

Now the design moment becomes 123.2 kip-ft. This is less than the required moment, (Mu=165.3 kip-ft) so it will not work. No Good. Now lets say we brace this beam at each end and the quarter points. The un-braced length, (Lb) will be 6.50 feet. Interpolating between the above values, the design moment, bMn is 168.4 kip-ft. This is greater than the required moment of 165.3 kip-ft, so this will work. Just by bracing adequately, the beam will not twist into failure (LateralTorsional Bucking).

ASD Again, we will brace the beam at each end and the quarter points. The un-braced length, (Lb=6.50 feet). Remember from above, Ma=120.8 kip-ft.

Mp Mp Mr Mr

Fy Z x

197 kip

ft

197 kip ft 118 kip ft 1.67 0.7 Fy S x 122 .5 kip ft 122 .5 kip 1.67 ft 73.4 kip ft

From Table 3-2, for W14 x 30 in the AISC Manual

Mp
b

118 k ip 73 .4 k ip 5.26 ft 14 .9 ft

ft ft

Mr
b

Lp Lr

Since M a beam.

120 .8 k ip

ft

Mp
b

118 k ip

ft , we need to select another

Selecting a W16 x 31

From Table 3-2, AISC Manual

Mp
b

135 k ip 82 .5 k ip 4.13 ft 11 .9 ft

ft ft

Mr
b

Lp Lr

Interpolating from the above values, Good. Selecting a W14 x 34 From Table 3-2, AISC Manual

Mn
b

118 .96 k ip

ft which is still No

Mp
b

136 k ip 84 .9 k ip 5.4 ft 15 .6 ft

ft ft

Mr
b

Lp Lr

Interpolating from the above values for Lb=6.50 feet,

Mn
b

130 .5 k ip

ft

which is greater than Ma=120.8 kip-ft. This member is OK. Conclusion The LRFD member (W14 x 30) is lighter than the ASD member (W14 x 34) but both are the same depth.

Classification of Sections for Local Buckling Compact Non-compact Slender-element For W sections
b t bf 2t f and h tw d 2k tw

Flange Local Buckling It is compact if

b t 0.38 E

Fy

It is non-compact if

1.0 E

Fy

10

Web Local Buckling It is compact if

h tw 3.76 E

Fy 5.70 E

It is non-compact if

h tw

Fy

Now the W14 X 30 from LRFD, is it compact, non-compact or a slender-element?

bf 2t f
p

6.73 in (2 0.385 in) Fy

8.74 this checks with the table 9.15 it is compact

0.38 E

0.38 29,000 k si

50 k si

11

Now lets check the web.

h tw
p

2k tw

(13 .8 in (2 0.785 in)) 0.270 in Fy 3.76 29,000 k si

45.3 it is 45.4 in the table 90.6 it is compact

3.76 E

50 k si

The W14 X 34 from ASD is also compact. In fact for Fy=50 ksi, most all W sections have compact flanges. There are only about ten sections that have non-compact flanges. Shear Strength

Now recall, from page 2 and 3, that our Vu=25.43 kips and Va=18.59 kips. LRFD

Vn Vn Vn

Vu 0.6 Fy Aw C v 0.6 Fy dtw Cv OK 0.6 50 ksi 13.8 in 0.270 in 1.0 112 kips 1.00 112 kips 112 kips

112 kips 25.43 kips

ASD
Vn Vn Va

112 k ips 74 .7 k ips 1. 5 74 .7 k ips 18 .59 k ips OK

12

Both of these values ( Vn and

Vn

) are listed in Table 3-2 of the Steel

Manual. Only about eight W sections dont meet the h/tw requirement. The W14 x 30 from LRFD and the W14 X 34 from ASD meet the h/tw requirement. Deflection (serviceability) Lets say that our deflection limit is L/360. Since our span was 26 feet, L/360=(26 feet X 12 in/ft)/360=0.867 inches. Deflection for the member is based on service loads so that will be the same for LRFD and ASD. We are using two different W sections so the deflections will be different. From page 3, our uniform service load wa=1.43 k/ft For the W14 X 30 from LRFD, Ix=291 in4 For the W14 X 34 from ASD, Ix=340 in4 LRFD

5wL4 384 EI

5(1430 lb / ft )( ft / 12 in)( 26 ft 12 in / ft ) 4 384 (29 10 6 lb / in 2 )( 291 in 4 ) 612 in 4 0.829 in

1.74 in

0.867 in No Good

Try W18 X 40, I x

5(1430 lb / ft )( ft / 12 in)( 26 ft 12 in / ft ) 4 384 (29 10 6 lb / in 2 )(612 in 4 )

ASD

0.867 in OK

The W14 X 34 didnt work but the W18 X 40 will work. Conclusion Looking at the strength of the beam to resist bending moment we came up with two different members. We braced the beam adequately (Lb=6.5 ft) to resist lateral-torsional buckling. We determined the ASD beam would be a W14 X 34. The beams were compact so there was no flange local buckling or web local buckling. We checked the shear strength of both beams and it was OK. The deflection turned out to be the determining limit state. Based on deflection we would use the same W section for both LRFD and ASD (W18 X 40).

13

Design W Section, Continuously Braced Select an ASTM A992 W section simply supported with a span of 35 feet. The beam is continuously braced, so Lb=0 ft. The maximum depth of the section is 21 inches. The limit on live load deflection is L/360. The uniform dead load is 0.5 kip/ft and the uniform live load is 0.8 kip/ft. Material properties: ASTM A992 LRFD Fy=50 ksi Fu=65 ksi ASD

wu wu wu Vu Mu Mu

1.2 D 1.6 L (1.2 0.5 k ip/ ft ) (1.6 0.8 k ip/ ft ) 1.88 k ip/ ft

wa wa wa

(0.5 k ip/ ft ) (0.8 k ip/ ft ) 1.30 k ip / ft

wL (1.30 k ip / ft ) (35 ft ) wL (1.88 k ip/ ft ) (35 ft ) 22.75 k ip 32.9 k ip Va 2 2 2 2 wL2 (1.30 k ip/ ft ) (35 ft ) 2 wL2 (1.88 k ip/ ft ) (35 ft ) 2 Mu 8 8 8 8 M u 199 k ip ft 288 k ip ft

max

I req

(35 ft ) (12 in / ft ) L 1.17 in 360 360 5(0.8 k ip/ ft )( ft / 12 in)(35 ft 12 in / ft ) 4 5wL4 384 E max 384 (29,000 k si)(1.17 in)

794 in 4

The Steel Manual has many design aids. Table 3-3, W Shapes by Ix shows a W21 X 44 with Ix=843 in4 will work. Table 3-2, W Shapes by Zx shows a W18 X40 will work for LRFD but the Ix is too small. The table shows a W21 X 44 will work for ASD and it will work for LRFD. Table 3-10 shows a W18 X 40 will work for LRFD but the Ix is too small. It shows a W21 X 44 will work for ASD and it will also work for LRFD. Lets select a W21 X 44.

14

Mn

Fy Z x

(50 ksi)(95.4 in3 )

4770 kip in

398 kip

ft

LRFD
Mn Mn 0.90(398 k ip Mu 288 k ip ft ) 358 k ip ft

ASD

Mn Mn

398 k ip ft 1.67 Ma 199 k ip

238 k ip ft OK

ft

ft OK

Vn

0.6 Fy Aw Cv

0.6 Fy dtw Cv

0.6(50 ksi)(20.7 in)(0.350 in)(1)

217 kip

Vn Vn

1.00 (217 k ip) Vu

217 k ip

Vn Vn

217 k ip 145 k ip 1.5 Va 22 .75 k ip OK

32 .9 k ip OK

The Steel Manual comes with a CD. On the CD is a beam design program. Here is the same example using that program for LRFD and ASD.

15

16

17

18

Both design methods verify our previous calculations. This program is very useful to check your calculations. Summary Steel beams can be designed with simple calculations, by use of tables in the Steel Construction Manual or with computer programs. No matter how you design the beams, they should be checked by another method. We only looked at a beam uniformly loaded. If the beam has concentrated loads, then there may be other limit states involved (J10 of the specification). These would be Flange Local Bending, Web Local Yielding, Web Crippling, Web Sidesway Buckling, Web Compression Buckling and Web Panel Zone Shear. This is beyond the scope of this course. This course is to get designers interested in using the new code by showing that it isnt that hard. It doesnt matter if you use LRFD or ASD, both will result in a safe member.

19