Service Sector Demand

R S Deshpande, K V Raju and A Narayanamoorthy

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. National Water Requirements for Domestic &Municipal Use

(Quantity in km3 )
Scenario
Low Demand Total Surface Water Ground Water

Year 2010 42
23 19

Year 2025 55
30 25

Year 2050
90 48 42

High Demand Total Surface Water

Ground Water

43
24 19

62
36 26

111
65 46

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TWO PROBLEMS

first, the availability of data on exact water use in different components of the service sector is quite fragmentary. Second, this is a sector is changing extremely rapidly and has location, both in peri-urban as well as in rural areas. That makes the best sensible assumptions fragile.
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Normative Approach

Various standards have been suggested for estimating water requirement for human use. Gleick (1997) has estimated 50 litres per capita per day (lpcd) as the basic human need. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has suggested a target of 200-lpcd water supplies in urban areas. A variety of factors affect water use in rural and urban areas especially in service sector. These include population size of a habitat, economic status, commercial and manufacturing activities. The Manual on Water Supply and Treatment (1976) by the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) prescribed norms varying between 70 and 200 lpcd for urban areas
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Contd

The Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97) adopted the following norms for water supply:

a) 125 lpcd for urban areas where piped water supply and underground sewerage system are available. b) 70 lpcd for urban areas provided with piped water supply but without underground sewerage. c)4 lpcd for towns with spot-sources/stand posts with one standpost for 200 families with a maximum walking distance of 10 metres.

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Assessment of Domestic Water Requirement Scenario Population and rate of urbanization

High Water Requirement Low Water Requirement

Population as per Visaria & Visaria and high rate of urbanization Population as per UN low variant and low rate of urbanization

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Sl. No.

Reference 2000 2010 1183.1

All India Population in Year 2016 2020 1301 2025 2050

1 2

Natarajan (1993)* United Nations 1994 Revision ** a. Low variant b. Middle Variant c. High Variant

1020.5

1013.5 1022 1030.5

1156.6 1189 1221.7

1249.7 1327.1 1406.1

1286.3 1392 1501.5

1345.9 1640 1980

Registrar General of India (1996) # Visaria & Visaria (Standard) 1966##

997

1162

1263.5

995

1146

1333

1581

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ble 4.2: Norms for Domestic Water Supply at Different Points of Time (in lpcd) Population Type Assumed Depth of Irrigation or Delta Year 2010 Class I Cities Other than Class I Cities Rural 220 150 Year 2025 220 165 Year 2050 220 220

55

70

150

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Bovine Water Requirement:

It is usually assumed that bovine population growth at the rate of 0.5 per cent per year, while keeping in view the carrying capacity of the system and likely stress on natural resources. Water requirement norms between 18 to 30 lpcd per animal have been assumed. Using 1992 livestock census figure and postulating a growth of bovine population at 0.5 percent Applying the norms of water requirement per animal as given above, NICWRD has estimated water requirement for bovine population as 4.8 km3, 5.2 km3 and 5.9 km3 for the years 2010, 2025 and 2050 respectively, which is included in the total water requirement.

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Water Requirement for Power Development

Consumptive

4.48 m3/hour/MW or 3.92 Mm3/year/100 MW 1.32 m3/hour/MW or 1.15 Mm3/year/100 MW

Non-consumptive

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Total Water Requirement (km3/Year) 2010 Low Scena rio 1 2 3 4 5 Thermal Hydropow er Nuclear Solar/Win d Gas based Total 2.81 15.00 0.29 0.00 0.02 18.1 High Scenario 3.43 15.00 0.36 0.00 0.02 18.8 2025 Low Scenari o 7.85 22.00 1.13 0.01 0.06 31.1 High Scena rio 9.59 22.00 1.38 0.01 0.07 33.1 2050 Low Scenari o 28.71 30.00 3.68 0.04 0.18 62.6 High Scen ario 35.07 30.00 4.50 0.04 0.22 69.8

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1. Service sector is one of the fastest growing sector in Indian economy. 2. It is likely to sustain the same growth rate to 2025 . but beyond that the growth is likely to decelerate due to high-density in the sector. 3. The process of urbanisation is also likely to be slow.The main issue that crops up in the water demand for service sector is the quality of water and its use in the peri-urban areas. 4. The connected issue is the water treatment in the service sector, and specifically for the domestic consumption purposes. 5. State of the technology plants for water treatment. 6. Next issue emerges out of the supply constraints on the water use in the service sector. Largely, the service sector utilises surface as well as groundwater resources, but more dependent on the later.
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