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Fakultät
Forst-, Geo- und Hydrowissenschaften Fachrichtung Wasserwesen
Institut für Siedlungs- und Industriewasserwirtschaft Prof. Dr. Peter Krebs
Urban Water ‐ Exercise 03
Water demand and Storage
Aim of the task is to apply basic methods for the calculation of transport and storage capacity
in water supply systems. To determine storage volumes a graphical method is practiced.
Repetition
Last exercise dealt with typical parameters in wastewater issues. What are the typical
parameters monitored in the field of drinking water?
Which kind of losses occur in a drinking water system?
Why pipelines and reservoirs are dimensioned using different consumption parameters
(daily and hourly maxima)?
Why do peak factors decrease for larger cities?
Why do we need reservoirs in the drinking water supply system and how can they be
designed?
Formulae and tables
Qd,max = Qd ∙ fd maximum consumption of a day (dimensioning of storage tanks)
Qh = Qd / 24 average hourly consumption on day of average consumption
Qh,max = Qd / 24 ∙ fh maximum hourly consumption on day of maximum consumption
(dimensioning of pipelines)
Table 1: Specific water demand (DVGW ‐ W 410)
Inhabitants fh fd Inhabitants fh fd
> 50000
5.5 2.2 3.0 1.8
≤ 5000 ≤ 100000
> 5000 > 100000
4.5 2.0 2.7 1.7
≤ 10000 ≤ 200000
> 10000 > 200000
4.0 1.9 2.4 1.6
≤ 20000 ≤ 500000
> 20000 > 500000
3.5 1.8 2.2 1.5
≤ 50000 ≤ 1000000
Exercise 03 – Water demand and storage Page 2
Table 2: Specific water demand (DVGW ‐ W 410)
User Unit Specific Qd Peak factors
fd fh
School l/ST∙d 8 1.7 7.5
Hospital l/B∙d 500 1.3 3.2
Administration building l/E∙d 47 1.8 5.6
Hotel l/H∙d 388 1.4 4.4
Indoor swimming pool l/guest 50‐190 – –
ST: student and teacher B: number of beds E: employee H: hotel room
Task
1. In a small village with 2000 inhabitants on average 0.25 m³/capita drinking water is used
per day.
a) How much water has to be stored per day in a drinking water reservoir? For what flow
the drinking water distribution system has to be designed?
b) 5% of the yearly used water is taken for irrigation of the gardens. How much
production and transport capacity must be available for the gardens? Assumptions:
on 30 days in the year it is irrigated for 4 hours in the evening.
Homework (10 points)
2. In a settlement with 9800 inhabitants on average 125 l/(Ca*d) is used. There is one
hospital with 180 beds and a school for 490 students and teachers.
a) Calculate the water demand (average value Qd, daily maximum value Qd,max, hourly
maximum value on maximum day Qh,max) including the losses (5% of Qd is lost and 1%
of Qd is own requirement of the waterworks). Use table 1 and 2 for the calculation of
the water demand.
(Solution: Qd = 1398.2 m³/d, Qd,max = 2653.2 m³/d, Qh,max = 246.2 m³/h)
b) Determine the volume of an elevated tank for the settlement graphically (table 3 and
figure 1) for two filling strategies on the assumption that it can balance the daily
temporary fluctuations within one day. (Solution: V1=675 m³, V2= 2460.9 m³)
strategy 1: even filling during the day
strategy 2: filling from 22:00 – 6:00 only
Please consider a safety reserve of 6% of the storage tank volume.
c) Compare Qd, Qd,max and Qh,max demand now (only domestic use of the inhabitants) and
in 20 year if the population shrinks by 1% per year and the water demand in 20 years
decreases to 100 l/(Ca*d).
(Solution: Qd = 801.5 m³/d, Qd,max = 1603 m³/d, Qh,max = 150.3 m³/h)
Exercise 03 – Water demand and storage Page 3
En number of inhabitants in the year considered
z
⎛ p ⎞
E n+z = E n ⋅ ⎜1 + ⎟ z planning period in years
⎝ 100 ⎠ p current population growth in %
Table 3: The hourly water consumption distributes itself during the day as follows:
Time h 0‐1 1‐2 2‐3 3‐4 4‐5 5‐6 6‐7 7‐8 8‐9 9‐10 10 ‐11 11 ‐12
Qd % 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 7.0
Time h 12 ‐13 13 ‐14 14 ‐15 15 ‐16 16 ‐17 17 ‐18 18 ‐19 19 ‐20 20 ‐21 21 ‐22 22 ‐23 23 ‐24
Qd % 9.5 10 8.5 5.0 3.5 3.0 5.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 3.0 2.5
Determination of reservoir volume:
• Plot cumulative distribution for consumption and tank filling
• Parallel deferral of the tank filling cumulative distribution (0 % at 0 hours)
• Measure maximal excess and deficit
• Sum of maximal differences = required storage volume
time in hours
Figure 1: Determination of reservoir volume