WATER SUPPLY

WORKSHOP
 DEFINITIONS

 Water supply.

 Safe water.
 Water Supply:

 The technically and scientifically

coverage for exploitation, storage,
treatment, of drinking water to fulfill
the need of a community due to the
quality and quantity.
 Safe water:
 The water which is clean from
chemical and bacteriological
contaminations and not be harmful
to the health of users.
 VILLAGE EVALUATION AND
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF WATER
SUPPLY PROJECTS
 Social/Technical problems
 Population survey.
 Water sources. (discharges)
(alternatives)
 Area sketch & GPS survey
 Local material/laborer (costing)
ORGANIZATION OF A GRAVITY –
FLOW WATER PROJECT.
 Community Request
 Preliminary Feasibility Study.
 Detailed Survey (Technical) (Social)
 Design & Estimation.
 Construction.
 Operation and Maintenance.
 WATER DEMAND
Factors of demand:
 Norm demand
 Expansion of population Table (1-2)
 Climate condition
 City extension
 Culture and custom of people
 Industries
 Cost of water
 Alternate water distribution
 Effect of population density on
water demand
Population: in liter/capita/day
Consumption
90
Up to 5000, 110
5000, to 20,000 135
20,000 to 50,000 180
50,000 to 200,000200
Over 200,000
 Estimate of water demand in
Afghanistan

 Worm climate Villages and Cities: (60 l/c/d)

 Cold climate Villages and Cities: (40 l/c/d)
 Kabul City (100 l /c /d) + 2% rate of consumption
increase per year.
 According studies of (WHO) water demand in rural area
is (45 l /c /d)
 MRRD Policy Guide Line for rural area (25 l /c /d)
ESTIMATION OF POPULATION

• Arithmetic Progression
• Geometric Progression

Pd = Pp (1 + r/100)n r(1.8, 2.2, 2.7,3)

• Graphic Progression
 GROUND WATER EXTRACTION

 Springs:
1. Contact Spring‫چشمه* ت***ماسی‬
2. Fault Spring ‫چشمه* درزی‬

3. Solution Spring ‫چشمه* محلولی‬

 Karezes:
 Wells:
 WELLS
1. Shallow Wells: Gets water from unconfined
aquifer.
 Disadvantages:
• Fluctuation in water table
• Effect on other surrounding wells water table.
• Risk of unsafe water quality.
 For producing a good shallow well the following
points should be considered:
 Min. distance from sewage tanks ---30 m
 On hilly site due surrounding ground elevation.
 Well mouth must be closed.
 Away from graveyards.
2. Deep Wells

 Gets water from confined aquifer or lower than

30 meter depth. (Deshpande, 1973).
 Advantages: (Secure), (Constant yield)
 Disadvantages: (High Prod.Cost), (Cont. Gases,
minerals)
 Well yield determination
• Ground water equilibrium
• Determination of well yield.
1. Critical velocity method.

Y = Q /t1 + t2 (Kulkarni, 1988)

2. Well non equilibrium method.

 CLOSED CONDIUT HYDRAULIC
THEORY
 Flow in pipes. Q = A x V
 Energy )The power which moves water in a pipe)

 Head (The measurement of energy)

 Fluid Static: ( Water at Rest)
 Fluid Dynamic: ( Water in motion)
 HEAD LOSSES IN PIPES
1 – Darcy Weisbach Formula:

 h l = f L /D V2/2g L (m), D (m), V (m / s), g (9.8 m/s2)

 f = 64 / RN
 RN < 2000 ---------------------------------- ----( Laminar Flow)
 2000 < RN < 4000 ------------------------------(Transient Flow)
 4000 < RN----------------------------------------(Turbulent Flow)
 RN = V D ρ /μ = VD/γ
 ρ = Density of fluid Kg/m3
 μ = Absolute viscosity Kg/m/sec.
 γ = kinematical viscosity m2/sec.
 f = from Moody diagram, generally varies from 0.075 – 0.3
 The approx. value of (f) can be determined by the following empirical formulas.
 For new pipes, f = 0.02 (1 + 1/35d)
 For old pipes, f = 0.04 (1 + 1/35d)
 d = diameter of pipe (m)
2 – Hazen – William Formula:

 V = 0.849 C HR0.63 S0.5

 V = Flow velocity (m /s)

 C = Friction Coefficient

 HR = Hydraulic Radius (D/4 in circular sections)

 S = Hydraulic gradient = HL/L

 HL = Head Loss

 Q = 0.278 C D2.63 S0.5

 Q = Discharge (m3/sec)

 D = Pipe diameter (m)

 C = From table (100, 120, 130, 140)

3 – Manning Formula:
 V = HR2/3 S1/2/n

 Q = 0.3116 D2.67 S0.5/n

 Permissible velocity in pipes
Velocity
Pipe Diam.
(cm/s)
(mm)
100– 91
75
150– 122
81
200– 132
91
250- 152
99
 Example (1):
 Population = 150,000 persons
 The reservoir is 50m higher than the
water source.
 Determine the size of Main line pipe
from source to reservoir?
 The length of mainline pipe is 25 Km.
 Water demand = 150 l /c /d
 The value of f = 0.075
 Solution:
 Quantity of water required by the town

=
150 000 x 150 = 225 x 105 liter / day =
22500 m3/day
 Let the pump work for 12 hours daily.

The quantity of water carried by the

pipe = 22500 m3/day ÷ (12hr/day x
3600 sec/hr)= 0.52 m3/sec.
 Now Q = AV Q = 0.52 m3/sec
0.52 m3/sec = (π d2/4)(V)
V = 0.66 / d2
 Head Loose By Darcy W. Formula,

hl = f (L /d)(V2/2g)
hl = 0.075 x 25000/d (0.66/d2)2/2(9.81)
 If we keep 10 m on water tank as residual

head,
50 – 10 = 0.075 x 25000/d(0.66/d2)2/2(9.81)

40 = (95.56/d) (0.662/d4)
d5 = 95.56 x 0.662/40 = 1.04
d = 1.00 m = 100 Cm
 Example (2):

 Population = 200,000 person.

 Distance from source to reservoir =

1.5 Km
 Water demand = 180 liter /c/day
 Town is 27 meter higher than
source.
 Determine the size of pipe and HP of
pump & electric generator for rising
water to the reservoir.
 Solution:

 Quantity of water required by town =

200,000 x 180 = 36x106 l /d

= 36 x 103 m3/d
 As the pump works for 18 hrs the quantity of
water pumped will be,
 Q = 36 x 103/18 x 3600 = 0.555 m3/sec.
 Now assuming the velocity of flow through
the pressure pipe to be = 1.25 m /s
 Cross- sectional area of the required pipe,
 A = Q/V = 0.555/1.25 = 0.444 m2
0.444 m2 = π d2/4
d = 0.7523 m = 0.80 m
 Actual area provided,

A = π/4 (0.8)2 = 0.5024 m2

 Actual velocity,

V = Q/A = 0.555/0.5024 = 1.1 m /s

 Loss of head by H.W. formula,

V = 0.849 C HR0.63 S0.5

 V = 1.1 m /s

C = 110 (Galvanized Iron pipe)

HR = d/4 = 0.80 /4 = 0.20
 Putting the values in H.W. formula,

1.1 = 0.849 (110) (0.2)0.63 S0.54

S0.54 = 1.1 / 93.40x0.3628 = 0.0322
S = (0.0322)1/0.54 = 0.001737
HL/L = 0.001737
HL = 0.001737 x 1500 = 2.60 m
(L = 1.5 Km)
The difference of elevation between
water level and Reservoir = 27 m.
(given)
 Head loss in rising mains = 2.6 m
 Total head lift required = 27 + 2.6 =
29.6 m
 Assuming the efficiency of the pumping
set, η = 0.70
 The required pump horse power:
hp = WQH / 75 η = 1000 x 0.555 x
29.6/75 x 0.70 = 313 hp.
Electric generator = 313 hp x Kw/1.341
hp = 233.4 Kw x 2 = 467 Kw
 GRAVITY FLOW PIPE SCHEME
DESIGN
 Locate a Reliable, Clean Source
 Determine Consumption of Water Per
Person Per Day
 Typical values of demand for rural area
= 15 – 45 L/C/D
 In small community water supply system
the water demand is dependant to
availability of water in the SOURCE.
 Establish The Location of Reservoir and
Stand taps
Each stand tap should serve about 100 –
200 Person.
 Choose pipe alignment
a) Source to reservoir
b) Branch system
 Design mainline pipe as (discussed
above)
Determine flow per Tap.
 Typical flow per tap = 0.225 l/s
 Residual Heads
 Tap stand:
Absolute
7m minimum
Desired
10 m minimum
Ideal
15 m
 Discharge in tanks:

Absolute minimum
Ideal
7m
1
10Kg/cm
m 2

(0.9678 atm),(0.9806 bar)

 Example:

 Village Name: District:

Province:

 Spring # 1 discharge, Q (avg) = 0.30 l/s

 Spring # 2 discharge, Q (avg) = 0.26 l/s

Total discharge = 0.56 l/s

Village Population = 150 x 8 = 1200 persons
Growth rate = 2.5 %

Design period years = 30

Design Population = 1200 (1+0.025)30 =
2670
Collection of source water in 24 hrs =

0.56 l/s x 24 hr/d x 3600 se/hr = 48384

lit/day
Present water demand = 43384/1200 = 40.32
lit/c/d
W.D for anticipated Population = 43384/2670 =
18.12 l l /c /d
 Storage Capacity:
Time Stand taps not in use = 14 hrs
Storage tank size = 0.56x14x3600=28224 lit x
1.10 = 31046 Lit = 31 Cum
 Stand tap Flow:
In 24 hrs continuous flow = o.56 l /s
How much will be the quantity of flow
in 10 hrs from the reservoir.
Q = 10 x 0.56 ÷ 24 = 1.34 l /s
The number of stand tap in the
network are 6 Nos.
Discharge per stand tap = 1.34/6 =
0.22 l /s
PIPE SCHEME STRUCTURES
 Spring Catchments.
 Sedimentation box
 Break pressure tank.
 Reservoir
 Gate valve box
 Public stand taps
 PIPE SCHEME FITTINGS
 Metal fitting:
Gate valves, Global valve (non return
valve, Air. V) Flange, Socket, Union,
Nipple, Elbow, tee, tap, Reducer
 PE fittings:

Stub-Flange, MTA (male threaded

adopter), Tee, Saddle clamp, Reducer,
Straight coupler.
 DRINKING WATER QUALITY
Drinking water must be free from:
 Disease producing micro organism.

 Dissolved poisonous chemical

substances
 Objectionable gases

 Dissolved minerals which impart

excessive hardness to water, and

must not deposit sediments.
 Properties of Drinking Water
 Physical.
 Chemical.
 Bacteria logical
 Radiological
a) Physical Properties of Water.
 Turbidity.
 Color of water.

 Taste and odor.

 Water temperature.

 Total dissolved solids.

 Hardness.
 b) Chemical Properties of Water.
 Non – toxic Substances in Water.

Calcium, Ca
Iron, Fe
Manganese, Mn
Zinc, Zn
Aluminum, Al
Copper, Cu
Magnesium Ma
Ammonia, NH3
Nitrate, Nitrite, NO2, NO3
 Toxic Substances in Water.
 Arsenic, As
 Boron, B

 Cadmium, Cd

 Cyanide, CN

 Lead, Pb
Bacteriological Quality of Water
 Bacteria in Water.

Water- born Diseases.

Cholera
Typhoid
Bacillary
Dysentery
Infectious Hepatitis
COMMON IMPURITIES IN WATER
 Algae: Grows in water expose to
sunshine.
 Fungi: Grows in water in absence of
sunshine.
 GASESE IN WATER
 Carbon dioxide: Co2
Dissolved by water from the atmosphere.
Encourages formation of bicarbonates.
Dissolves various mineral salts make water
(alkali, salty, hard, heavy and rapid
corrosion, deposit a film of carbonate,
encourage growth of algae.
Can be removed by aeration or by addition
of lime.
 Hydrogen Sulphides: HS, H2S
- It is product of organic matter
decomposition.
- Gives rotten egg odor to water.
- Attacks cement and concrete.
- Poisonous.
- Can be removed by aeration.
 Nitrogen: N2

It is product of organic matter and

sewage or urine pollution.
May be presented as ammonia or
nitrates, etc.
Oxygen:
Exist in water in variable condition.
Excess of Oxygen helps corrosion of
pipes and tanks.
Make water pleasant, cool and
wholesome.
 Turbidity:
Presence of fine divided particles (clay,
silt, algae and fungi)

Color in water:
It is due to colloidal organic matter
and decomposes of vegetation, iron,
manganese or other mineral matter.
 Odor and Taste of water:

Mainly producing by organic matter

(decaying plants), solution of mineral
salts, iron oxide, manganese, or
industrial wastes, hydrogen sulphide
and carbon dioxide gases.
 Color and Taste Removal:

By filtration (coagulation with

aluminum hydroxide)
Filtration through rapid sand filters,
chlorine treatment. Colors that are
difficult to remove may be due to
metallic salts such as those of iron
and manganese.
 Result of Slow sand Filtration
 Parameter of water quality:
 Purification effect

Color
Turbidity 30 – 100 %
Faecal coliforms Generally reduced <1 NTU
Cercariae 99 – 100 %
Viruses Removal of Schistosoma, cyst,ova
Organic matter Completer removal
Iron and manganese 60 – 75 % reduction
Heavy metals Largely removed
30 – 95 % reduction
 DESIGN OF SLOW SAND FILTER
 Rate of filtration = 2.4 m3/m2/day.
 Total surface area = Daily deman/2.4
 The maximum size of filter bed = 200 m2 .

Minimum size of filter bed = 5 – 1 m2

 Suitable number of rectangular unit:

n = 0.5 3√A
n = Total number of rectangular unit
A = Total surface area.
 FILTER MEDIUM SUPPORT
 Filter sand 0.2 – 0.3 mm – 1m
 Coarse sand 1.0 – 1.40 mm – 1m
 Gravel 4.0 – 5.6 mm -1m
 Gravel 16.0 – 23.0 mm – 1.5 m
 Perforated pipes, pre-cast concrete
blocks.
 DISINFECTION:
 The process of killing the ineffective
bacteria from the water and making
it safe to the user is called
disinfection. It does not mean total
destruction of all living things in the
medium treated, because
sterilization means total destruction.
The disinfection and purification of water can
be done by the following common
methods:

 Boiling of water.
 Ultra-violet rays.
 Using iodine and bromine.
 Using ozone.
 Using excess lime.
 Using potassium permanganate.
 Using silver or electro katodyn.
 Sedimentation, filtration and aeration.
 using chlorine.
DISINFECTION WITH CHLORINE
 The most common chlorine
compounds used in water and waste
water treatment plants are chlorine
gas Cl2, Calcium Hypochlorite Ca(Cl2)
Sodium Hypochlorite NaOCl and
chlorine Dioxide ClO2
 CHLORINE DEMAND
 The chlorine demand for sample of
water depends on:
a) Nature and concentration of chlorine
consuming substance present in water.
b) Time of contact.
c) pH value of water.
d) Temperature of water.
ADVANTAGE OF CHLORINATION:
 Completely oxidize ammonia and
other impurities.
 Removing organic matter colors.
 Destroys all kinds of bacteria.
 Removes taste and odor from water.
 Prevents growth of weeds in water.
 Residual of Chlorine. (0.2 –
0.5)mg/L
 Residual test.
a) Orthotolidinet test
b) Orthotolidine Arsenite Test.
c) Starch Iodide Test.
d) Comparator Test
 Orthotolidine Test:

In a 100 ml of chlorinated water add

1ml of orthotolidine solution after 5
second the produced yellow color
compared to standard residual
indicating colors.
 Comparator DPD No1 test.
 Plastic bag method of applying
chlorine in wells.
 Black plastic bag need with 20 cm x
15 cm size
 200 gram bleaching powder.
 400 gram sand
 Plastic rope 1mm
 Time 20 days.
 Example:

The user group of one well is 150 person.

Water demand = 25 L/c/d.
The bleaching powder has 30% available
Chlorine.
Determine the bleaching powder required
For 20 days. Dose of chlorine is
0.5mg/lit.
 Solution:
Water requirement per day= 150 x 25
= 3750 lit./day
Quantity of chlorine required = 0.5
mg/lit. x 3750 lit./day = 1875
mg/day. = 1.875 gram/day
As the bleaching powder has 30%
available chlorine.
1.875/0.3 = 6.25 gram/day
For 20 days 6.25 x 20 = 125 gram.