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Chap19 336 351
Chap19 336 351
Motor Protection
Introduction 19.1
Modern relay design 19.2
Thermal (Overload) protection 19.3
Start/Stall protection 19.4
Short circuit protection 19.5
Earth fault protection 19.6
Negative phase sequence protection 19.7
Wound rotor induction
motor protection 19.8
RTD temperature detection 19.9
Bearing failures 19.10
Undervoltage protection 19.11
Loss-of-load protection 19.12
Additional protection
for synchronous motors 19.13
Motor protection examples 19.14
• 19 • A.C. Motor P rotection
19.1 INTRODUCTION
There are a wide range of a.c. motors and motor
characteristics in existence, because of the numerous
duties for which they are used. All motors need
protection, but fortunately, the more fundamental
problems affecting the choice of protection are
independent of the type of motor and the type of load to
which it is connected. There are some important
differences between the protection of induction motors
and synchronous motors, and these are fully dealt with
in the appropriate section.
Motor characteristics must be carefully considered when
applying protection; while this may be regarded as
stating the obvious, it is emphasised because it applies
more to motors than to other items of power system
plant. For example, the starting and stalling
currents/times must be known when applying overload
protection, and furthermore the thermal withstand of
the machine under balanced and unbalanced loading
must be clearly defined.
The conditions for which motor protection is required
can be divided into two broad categories: imposed
external conditions and internal faults. Table 19.1
provides details of all likely faults that require protection.
1 9 . 2 M O D E R N R E L AY D E S I G N
The design of a modern motor protection relay must be
adequate to cater for the protection needs of any one of
the vast range of motor designs in service, many of the
designs having no permissible allowance for overloads. A
relay offering comprehensive protection will have the
following set of features:
a. thermal protection
b. extended start protection
c. stalling protection
10 T =T
Te22=30min
available. Winding damage will occur very quickly –
Te1=T
Te2=24min
Te1
either to the stator or rotor windings depending on the
=12min thermal limitations of the particular design (motors are
Te1 e2=6min
min said to be stator or rotor limited in this respect). The
1
Te1 e2
=1min method of protection varies depending on whether the
starting time is less than or greater than the safe stall
time. In both cases, initiation of the start may be sensed
0
1 10 by detection of the closure of the switch in the motor
Ieq in terms of the current feeder (contactor or CB) and optionally current rising
thermal threshold Iθ>
above a starting current threshold value – typically
Figure 19.1: Thermal overload characteristic curves
Cold curves. Initial thermal state 0%
start. Command 0
(a) Successful start
1
CB Closed
Figure10019.2. Relay setting for successful start: start 0
Time
time<stall time 1
A.C. Motor Protection
Current
0
0
Time
No. of starts
0
Time
Supervising time
Supervising time
Start lockout
draw a current similar to the starting current for a period 19.4.3 Number of Starts Limitation
that may be several seconds. It is thus above the motor
Any motor has a restriction on the number of starts that
stall relay element current threshold. The stall
are allowed in a defined period without the permitted
protection would be expected to operate and defeat the
winding, etc. temperatures being exceeded. Starting • 19 •
object of the re-acceleration scheme.
should be blocked if the permitted number of starts is
A motor protection relay will therefore recognise the exceeded. The situation is complicated by the fact the
presence of a voltage dip and recovery, and inhibit stall number of permitted ‘hot’ starts in a given period is less
protection for a defined period. The undervoltage than the number of ‘cold’ starts, due to the differing
protection element (Section 19.11) can be used to detect initial temperatures of the motor. The relay must
the presence of the voltage dip and inhibit stall maintain a separate count of ‘cold’ and ‘hot’ starts. By
protection for a set period after voltage recovery. making use of the data held in the motor thermal replica,
Protection against stalled motors in case of an ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ starts can be distinguished.
unsuccessful re-acceleration is therefore maintained.
To allow the motor to cool down between starts, a time
The time delay setting is dependent on the re- delay may be specified between consecutive starts (again
acceleration scheme adopted and the characteristics of distinguishing between ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ starts). The start
individual motors. It should be established after inhibit is released after a time determined by the motor
performing a transient stability study for the re- specification. The overall protection function is illustrated
acceleration scheme proposed. in Figure 19.4.
No operation
SEF
Time
Fuse Contactor
breaking
capacity
E/F relay • 19 •
Current
(a) Incorrect
Operation
SEF
Ia1
Ib1
IR1
-jXc1
A.C. Motor Protection
IH1
Ia2
Ib2
IR2
-jXc2
IH2
• 19 •
Ia3
Ib3
IH1+IH2+IH3
IR3
-jXc3
IH3
IH1+IH2
resistance from the fault path leading to very large fault (=-3V
V o)
currents.
S R F
E
Z Z
S L
N
Z
E
A-G
A.C. Motor Protection
S
S V S V
A-G A-G
R R
G,F
G,F G,F
V V V V V
C-G B-G C-G V C-G
B-G
B-G
• 19 •
V V V
RES RES RES
V V V
B-G B-G B-G
V V V
A-G A-G A-G
V V V
C-G C-G C-G
Z +3Z
SO E
V = x3E
RES
2Z +Z +2Z +Z +3Z
S1 SO L1 LO E
Figure 19.10: Residual voltage earth fault protection for resistance-earthed system.
Hence, at standstill (s=1.0), impedance Negative sequence current is at twice supply frequency.
Skin effect in the rotor means that the heating effect in
0.5 the rotor of a given negative sequence current is larger
(
= R1 p + R 2' p ) + (X )
2 2
1p + X 2' p than the same positive sequence current. Thus, negative
sequence current may result in rapid heating of the
The motor negative sequence impedance at slip s motor. Larger motors are more susceptible in this
0.5
respect, as the rotor resistance of such machines tends to
(
= R1n + R 2' n s ) + (X )
2 2
+ X 2' n be higher. Protection against negative sequence currents
1n is therefore essential.
and, at normal running speed, the impedance Modern motor protection relays have a negative
sequence current measurement capability, in order to
0.5
(
= R1n + R 2' n 2 ) + (X )
2 2 provide such protection. The level of negative sequence
1n + X 2' n
unbalance depends largely upon the type of fault. For
loss of a single phase at start, the negative sequence
where: current will be 50% of the normal starting current. It is
suffix p indicates positive sequence quantities more difficult to provide an estimate of the negative
sequence current if loss of a phase occurs while running.
and This is because the impact on the motor may vary widely,
suffix n indicates negative sequence quantities from increased heating to stalling due to the reduced
torque available.
This is necessary in order to prevent the supply being Table 19.2: Motor data for example
restored out of phase with the motor generated voltage.
Two methods are generally used to detect this condition,
in order to cover different operating modes of the motor. 19.14.1.1 Thermal protection
19.13.2.1 Underfrequency protection The current setting ITH is set equal to the motor full load
The underfrequency relay element will operate in the current, as it is a CMR rated motor. Motor full load
case of the supply failing when the motor is on load, current can be calculated as 211A, therefore (in
secondary quantities):
which causes the motor to decelerate quickly. Typically, • 19 •
two elements are provided, for alarm and trip 211
indications. I TH = = 0.844
250
The underfrequency setting value needs to consider the
power system characteristics. In some power systems, Use a value of 0.85, nearest available setting.
lengthy periods of operation at frequencies substantially
below normal occur, and should not result in a motor The relay has a parameter, K, to allow for the increased
trip. The minimum safe operating frequency of the heating effect of negative sequence currents. In the
motor under load conditions must therefore be absence of any specific information, use K=3.
determined, along with minimum system frequency. Two thermal heating time constants are provided, τ1 and
19.13.2.2 Low-forward-power protection τ2. τ2 is used for starting methods other than DOL,
otherwise it is set equal to τ1. τ1 is set to the heating
This can be applied in conjunction with a time delay to time constant, hence τ1=τ2=25mins. Cooling time
detect a loss-of-supply condition when the motor may constant τr is set as a multiple of τ1. With a cooling time
share a busbar with other loads. The motor may attempt constant of 75mins,
to supply the other loads with power from the stored
kinetic energy of rotation. τr = 3 x τ1
Time (sec)
stabilising resistor is required, calculated in accordance
with Equation 19.2 to prevent maloperation due to CT 1
spill current during starting as the CT’s may saturate.
With the stabilising resistor present, instantaneous 0.1
tripping is permitted.
The alternative is to omit the stabilising resistor and use 0.01
0.01 1 10
a definite time delay in association with the earth fault Ith/I (pu)
element. However, the time delay must be found by trial
and error during commissioning. Figure 19.12: Protection characteristics
A.C. Motor Protection
The same current setting as for locked rotor protection Figure 19.13: Motor protection example-
can be used – 500A. The time delay has to be less than negative sequence protection characteristic
• 19 • the hot stall time of 7s but greater than the start time by
a sufficient margin to avoid a spurious trip if the start 19.14.1.7 Other protection considerations
time happens to be a little longer than anticipated. Use
a value of 6.5s. If the relay can be supplied with a suitable voltage signal,
stall protection can be inhibited during re-acceleration
The protection characteristics for Sections 19.14.1.1-5 after a voltage dip using the undervoltage element (set to
are shown in Figure 19.12. 80-85% of rated voltage). Undervoltage protection (set
19.14.1.6 Negative phase sequence protection to approximately 80% voltage with a time delay of up to
several seconds, dependent on system characteristics)
Two protection elements are provided, the first is definite
and reverse phase protection can also be implemented to
time-delayed to provide an alarm. The second is an IDMT
provide extra protection. Unless the drive is critical to the
element used to trip the motor on high levels of negative
process, it is not justifiable to provide a VT specially to
sequence current, such as would occur on a loss of phase
enable these features to be implemented.
condition at starting.
19.14.2 Protection of an LV Motor
In accordance with Section 19.7, use a setting of 20%
with a time delay of 30s for the definite time element LV motors are commonly fed via fused contactors and
and 50% with a TMS of 1.0 for the IDMT element. The therefore the tripping times of a protection relay for
19.14.2.1 CT ratio 10