HW# 2 /Tutorial # 2

WWWR Chapter 17
ID Chapter 3
Tutorial #2
WWWR#17.4, 17.13,
17.2, 17.39.
To be discussed on Jan.
25, 2011.
By either volunteer or
class list.


HW# 2 /Tutorial # 2
Hints / Corrections
Tutorial #2
WWWR
#17.39: Line 2: The
fins are made of
aluminum, they are
0.3cm thick each.


#17.2 The following
correction should be
made.
(i) arithmetic mean
area t(r
0
+r
i
)
Steady-State Conduction
One-Dimensional Conduction
0
2
= V T
Steady-state conduction, no internal generation of energy
0
i
d dT
x
dx dx
| |
=
|
\ .
For one-dimensional, steady-state transfer by conduction
i = 0 rectangular coordinates
i = 1 cylindrical coordinates
i = 2 spherical coordinates
,
(m)
cr cylinder
k
r
h
=
Adapted from Heat and Mass Transfer A Practical Approach,
Y.A. Cengel, Third Edition, McGraw Hill 2007.

Thus, insulating the pipe
may actually increase the
rate of heat transfer instead
of decreasing it.
For steady-state conduction in the x direction without internal
generation of energy, the equation which applies is
Where k may be a function of T.
In many cases the thermal conductivity may be a linear function
temperature over a considerable range. The equation of such a
straight-line function may be expressed by
k = k
o
(1 + T)
Where k
o
and are constants for a particular material
One-Dimensional Conduction With
Internal Generation of Energy
Plane Wall with Variable Energy
Generation
q = q
L
[ 1 + (T - T
L
)]
. .
The symmetry of the temperature distribution requires a zero
temperature gradient at x = 0.
The case of steady-state conduction in the x direction in a
stationary solid with constant thermal conductivity becomes
Detailed derivation for the transformation
u = C + s u
Detailed Derivation for Equations 17-25

Courtesy by all CN5 Grace Mok, 2003-2004



Detailed Derivation for Equations 17-25

Courtesy by all CN5 Grace Mok, 2003-2004



Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces
Temperature gradient dT/dx,
Surface temperature, T,
Are expressed such that T is a function of x only.
Newtons law of cooling


Two ways to increase the rate of heat transfer:
increasing the heat transfer coefficient,
increase the surface area fins
Fins are the topic of this section.

Adapted from Heat and Mass Transfer
A Practical Approach, Y.A. Cengel, Third Edition,
McGraw Hill 2007.


( )
conv s s
Q hA T T

=
Heat transfer from extended
surfaces
For constant cross section and constant thermal conductivity


Where

Equation (A) is a linear, homogeneous, second-order
differential equation with constant coefficients.
The general solution of Eq. (A) is


C
1
and C
2
are constants whose values are to be determined
from the boundary conditions at the base and at the tip of
the fin.


2
2
2
0
d
m
dx
u
u = (A)
2
; ;
c
c
hp
T T m A A
kA
u

= = =
1 2
( )
mx mx
x C e C e u

= +
(B)
Boundary Conditions
Several boundary conditions are typically employed:
At the fin base
Specified temperature boundary condition, expressed
as: u(0)= u
b
= T
b
-T

At the fin tip
1. Specified temperature
2. Infinitely Long Fin
3. Adiabatic tip
4. Convection (and
combined convection).
Adapted from Heat and Mass Transfer
A Practical Approach, Y.A. Cengel, Third Edition,
McGraw Hill 2007.

How to derive the functional dependence of
for a straight fin with variable cross section area
Ac = A = A(x)?
General Solution for Straight Fin with Three Different Boundary Conditions
In set(a)
Known temperature at x = L
In set(b)
Temperature gradient is zero at x = L
In set(c)
Heat flow to the end of an extended surface by conduction be
equal to that leaving this position by convection.
Detailed Derivation for Equations 17-36 (Case a).
Courtesy by CN3 Yeong Sai Hooi 2002-2003
Detailed Derivation for Equations 17-38 (Case b
for extended surface heat transfer). Courtesy by
CN3 Yeong Sai Hooi, 2002-2003

Detailed Derivation for Equations 17-40 (Case c for extended surface
heat transfer).
Courtesy by all CN4 students, presented by Loo Huiyun, 2002-2003



Detailed Derivation for Equations 17-46 (Case c for extended surface
heat transfer).
Courtesy by all CN4 students, presented by Loo Huiyun, 2002-2003



Infinitely Long Fin (T
fin

tip
=T) Adapted from Heat and Mass Transfer
A Practical Approach, Y.A. Cengel, Third Edition, McGraw Hill 2007.
For a sufficiently long fin the temperature at the fin
tip approaches the ambient temperature
Boundary condition: u(L)=T(L)-T

=0
When x so does e
mx

C
1
=0
@ x=0: e
mx
=1 C
2
= u
b

The temperature distribution:


heat transfer from the entire fin


/
( )
c
x hp kA
mx
b
T x T
e e
T T

= =

( )
0
c c b
x
dT
Q kA hpkA T T
dx

=
= =
Fin Efficiency Adapted from Heat and Mass Transfer
A Practical Approach, Y.A. Cengel, Third Edition, McGraw Hill 2007.
To maximize the heat transfer from a fin the
temperature of the fin should be uniform (maximized)
at the base value of T
b

In reality, the temperature drops along the fin, and thus
the heat transfer from the fin is less
To account for the effect we define
a fin efficiency



or

,max
fin
fin
fin
Q
Q
q = =
Actual heat transfer rate from the fin
Ideal heat transfer rate from the fin
if the entire fin were at base temperature
,max
( )
fin fin fin fin fin b
Q Q hA T T q q

= =
Fin Efficiency Adapted from Heat and Mass Transfer
A Practical Approach, Y.A. Cengel, Third Edition, McGraw Hill 2007.
For constant cross section of very long fins:



For constant cross section with adiabatic tip:


( )
( )
,
,max
1 1
fin c b
c
long fin
fin fin b
Q hpkA T T
kA
Q hA T T L hp mL
q

= = = =

( )
( )
,
,max
tanh
tanh

fin c b
adiabatic fin
fin fin b
Q hpkA T T mL
Q hA T T
mL
mL
q

= =

=
A
fin
= P*L
Fin Effectiveness Adapted from Heat and Mass Transfer
A Practical Approach, Y.A. Cengel, Third Edition, McGraw Hill 2007.
The performance of the fins is judged on the basis of the
enhancement in heat transfer relative to the no-fin case.
The performance of fins is expressed
in terms of the fin effectiveness c
fin

defined as


( )
fin fin
fin
no fin b b
Q Q
Q hA T T
c

= = =

Heat transfer rate

from the surface
of area A
b

Heat transfer rate
from the fin of base
area A
b

Governing Differential Equation for Circular Fin:
Temperature variation in the R (radial) direction only!
T = T(r)
(R
L
-R
o
)
Problem: Water and air are separated by a mild-steel plane wall. I is
proposed to increase the heat-transfer rate between these fluids by
adding Straight rectangular fins of 1.27mm thickness, and 2.5-cm
length, spaced 1.27 cm apart.