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Prepared 13th October 2011

Reviews at least 5 studies which are parallel/ relevant to the current study you are conducting Summarizes the source/ settings / respondents/ methodology/ results (especially results) of the previous studies Builds a research gap (what gap did the previous researchers did not manage to fill? This will be touched on in your present study)

Research Topic: Cultural awareness, communication apprehension, and communication competence: a case study of Saint Johns International School

Literature Review: Bush et al. (2001) found that cultural awareness by communicators is a crucial factor in developing intercultural communication competence. Zimmerman (1995) showed that getting along with the owners of one culture is a key to successful communication. Wiseman et al. (1989) demonstrated that intercultural communication competence and awareness of other cultures are positively correlated..

Paraphrase/ Summarize the main ideas of the previous researches (highly recommended) Use direct quotations

Give your own opinions/judgements on the previous researches

Bush et al. (2001) found that. Zimmerman (1995) showed that. Wiseman et al. (1989) demonstrated that. Linde (1997) even suggested that. In a multicultural context, Linde (1997) stated that. Hofstede (1998, 2001) states that. According to Hofstede (1998, 2001), .

Another way of doing it: One of the big problems in cross-cultural and intercultural communication studies is the definition of the word culture (Lim and Firkola, 2000) For higher UA cultures, communicating with someone from an unknown culture can be uncomfortable because such situations are replete with uncertainty and unpredictability (Gudykunst and Kim, 1997).

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