RELATED

LITERATURE
AND
STUDIES
 IMPORTANCE,
PURPOSES, AND
FUNCTIONS OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
1. They help or guide the researcher in
searching for or selecting a better
research problem or topic.
2. They help the investigator understand
the topic for research better.
3. They ensure
that there will
be no
duplication of
other studies.
4. They help
and guide the
researcher in
locating more
sources of
related
information.
5. Making
the research
design.
6. They help and guide the researcher in
making comparison between his findings with
the findings of other researchers on similar
studies to formulate generalization
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
AND
STUDIES
1.The surveyed materials must be as recent as
possible.
2.Materials reviewed must be objective and
unbiased.
3.Materials surveyed must be relevant to the
study.
4.Surveyed materials must be based upon
genuinely original and true facts or data to
make them valid and reliable.
5.Reviewed materials must not be too few nor
too many.
SOURCES OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
AND
STUDIES
1. Books, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other similar
references.
2. Articles published in professional journals,
magazines, periodicals, newspapers, and other
publications.
3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches,
letters, and diaries.
4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.
5. The Constitution, and laws and statutes of the land.
6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from
government offices and departments, especially
from the Office of the President and the
Department of Education.
Using In- text citation
Citing Web Pages In Text

•Web page with author:

Role-play can help children
learn techniques for coping
with bullying (Kraiser,
2011).
Citing Web Pages In Text
•Web page with no author:
The term Nittany Lion was
coined by Penn State
football player Joe Mason
in 1904 ("All things
Nittany," 2006).
Citing Web Pages In Text
•Web page with no date:
Establishing regular routines,
such as exercise, can help
survivors of disasters recover
from trauma (American
Psychological Association
[APA], n.d.).
General Guidelines
•Author's name in parentheses:
•One study found that the most
important element in
comprehending non-native
speech is familiarity with the
topic (Gass & Varonis, 1984).
General Guidelines
•Author's name part of
narrative:
•Gass and Varonis (1984) found
that the most important
element in comprehending
non-native speech is familiarity
with the topic.
General Guidelines
•Group as author:
•First citation: (American
Psychological Association
[APA], 2015)
•Subsequent citation:
(APA, 2015)
General Guidelines
•Multiple works:
•Research shows that listening
to a particular accent improves
comprehension of accented
speech in general (Gass &
Varonis, 1984; Krech Thomas,
2004).
General Guidelines

•Direct quote: (include

page number and place
quotation marks around
the direct quote)
General Guidelines
• One study found that “the listener's
familiarity with the topic of discourse
greatly facilitates the interpretation of
the entire message” (Gass & Varonis,
1984, p. 85).
• Gass and Varonis (1984) found that
“the listener’s familiarity with the
topic of discourse greatly facilitates
the interpretation of the entire
message” (p. 85).
Works with multiple authors
• One author: (Field, 2005)
• Two authors: (Gass & Varonis, 1984)
• Three to five authors:
• First citation: (Tremblay, Richer,
Lachance, & Cote, 2010)
• Subsequent citations: (Tremblay et al.,
2010)
• Six or more authors: (Norris-Shortle et
al., 2006)
Reference
• https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext