BASICS OF FORMATTING

Presented To Presented By
Ms SairaKhan Khan Safdar

APA

Fariah Nida

What is referencing?

Referencing is a standardized method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source.

What should be referenced?

a direct quotation, summary or paraphrase Another authors idea, concept, theory, chart, image, etc. information that is not common knowledge.

Why bother?
Referencing is an academic requirement. It is unethical (and can be illegal) to pass off the intellectual property of others as your own. This is called plagiarism. Plagiarism is regarded as a very serious offence.

REMEMBER..

If y o u ca n t re fe re n ce it y o u ca n t u se

What is APA?

"APA style" is the set of specific formatting conventions sanctioned by the American Psychological Association. The collected procedures of any style are usually referred to collectively as a

Steps Involved in Referencing

BOOK

JOURNAL

ELECTRONIC SOURCE

Author Author Year of publication Year of publication Article Title Book title Location of publication Journal Title Journal Volume Publisher Journal Issue Page numbers

D.O.I. (Digital Object Identifier) URL if no D.O.I available No date of retrieval necessary

 In-text citations (also called parenthetical citations) appear in the body of the paper and refer to items in the References list. References items are listed alphabetically at the end of the research paper

The APA style requires referencing in two different places

Three things which HAVE to be cited in text

When you paraphrase. When you quote. When you use tables, graphs and charts from a source.

A paraphrase is a rewording of an authors ideas into ones own words

Be selective. Use only what is needed for your own purposes. Use your own style of writing without changing; Select only the sections of the original text that are relevant to your own arguments. Any of the authors key terms must be put in quotation marks or italics.

Attachment is the strong, affectional tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to experience pleasure and joy when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness during times of stress. (p. 185)

Could be written as

Attachment is the special emotional bond that we feel for those who we are very close to. Those that we like being with and turn to in times of need (Berk, 2004).

o r a n d th e n th e d a te a re i cl d e d . W h i e th e d a te i a l a ys i b ra cke ts, th e a u th o n u l s w n

Berk (2004) describes attachment as the special emotional bond that we feel for those who we are very close to. Those that we like being with and turn to in times of need.

Spot the difference?

Two Authors??
Media in all its forms has a huge influence on people in the way they assess their health needs, how health professionals are portrayed, and the reinforcement of dominant cultures and beliefs Inside the (Dew & Kirkman, 2002). Outsidebrackets use & use and

Dew and Kirkman (2002) say that the media in all its forms has a huge influence on people in the way they assess their health needs, how health professionals are portrayed, and the reinforcement of dominant cultures and beliefs.

Dew, K., & Kirkman, A. (2002). Sociology of health in New Zealand.

3-5 Authors
A further study (McArdle, Katch & Katch, 2001) highlighted that OR McArdle, Katch and Katch, (2001) state that

SUBSEQUENT ENTRIES

(McArdle et al., 2001) OR McArdle et al. (2001) state . Latin phrase et

alii meaning and the others

ET AL??

Organization as Author

Obesity puts children at risk for a number of medical complications, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and orthopedic problems (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2004, p. 1).

Famous Organization

First Citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2001)

Later Citation:

(NIMH, 2001)

 Authors with the same last name: Research by E. Smith (1989) revealed that . . . Tw o o r m o re w o rks i th e sa m e ci ti n : n ta o (Brown & Green, 2004; La Fayette, 2003). Two or more works by the same author in the same year Research by Durgin (2003b) has yielded new findings about the role..

Indirect Source
If you use a source that was cited in another source (a secondary source), name the original source in your signal phrase, and secondry source in your refrences. Former Surgeon General Dr. David Satcher described a nation of young people seriously at risk of starting out obese and dooming themselves to the difficult task of overcoming a tough illness (as cited in Critser, 2003, p. 4).

Quotes

A direct quote is when an authors exact words are borrowed.

Reproduce the original text exactly and put it in quotation marks. Use direct quotes to reinforce your own ideas, not to introduce or make new arguments. Use quotes sparingly.

Two types of Quotes..

1. 2. 3.the short quote (less than forty words long) 4. 5.the long quote (forty and more words in length).

A short quote could appear as:

So what is attachment? Berk (2004) says that attachment is the strong, affectional tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to experience pleasure and joy when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness during times of stress (p. 185). This emotional tie is the foundation

or it might be:

So what is attachment? A common definition is that attachment is the strong, affectional tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to experience pleasure and joy when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness during times of stress (Berk, 1. 2004,2p. 185).gThis emotional tie th ethe o te ca m e fro m is a lso in c . th e p a e n u m b e r( s ) th a t is q u foundation 3 . y o u p u t q u o ta tio n m a rk s a ro u n d th e a ctu a l q u o te . 4 . F DIFFRENCES?? SPOT THE u ll sto p co m e s a fte r th e b ra ck e te d p a g e n u m b e r

Berk (2004) writes: Erikson called the psychological conflict of adolescence identity versus identity confusion. Successful outcomes of earlier stages pave the way toward its positive resolution. Young people who reach adolescence with a weak sense of trust have trouble finding ideals to have faith in. Those with little autonomy or initiative do not engage in the active exploration required to choose among alternatives. And those who lack a sense of industry fail to select a vocation that matches their interests and skills.ends with a full stop then the page number comes The quote (p. 382)

A long quote would appear as

Bold and italicized words are copied exactly

NOTE

Additions to Quotations

(not part of the original text)

It [the Community Action Program for Children] seeks to improve the health and well-being of Canadian children and families who experience difficult life circumstances such as poverty and/or social isolation (Vanderplaat & Barrett, 2006, p. 26).

Omissions from Quotations

In one study, the authors found a common concern was removing financial barriers to participation by the availability of petty cash systems that reimbursed people quickly (Vanderplaat & Barrett, 2006, p. 32). If you omit words from the middle put 3 dots If you omit them from the end put 4 dots.

NO DATE When the date is unknown, APA recommends using the abbreviation n.d. (for no date).

NO PAGE NUMBER When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation para.: (Hall,

BIBLOGRAPHY OR REFRENCE??
BIBLOGRAPHY
is listing all the materials that have been consulted

REFERENCES
are those that have been referenced in your article or book

is not directly included in the are directly included in your text actual text Is arranged alphabetically Can be arranged alphabetically and numerically

APA REFERENCING

Some basic rules for formatting the reference list are:

New page The title, References, is centered A hanging indent is used. Entries are double-spaced. The reference list will be arranged in alphabetical order. Personal communications not mentioned on the list. Authors name are inverted.

THE FORMAT

The general format comprises of four separate elements, each one separated by a full stop. The author(s) Title of the book Date of publication 1 For books the place of publication:

WHO WHAT WHEN WHERE

the publisher. 2 For articles the journal it is found in, volume (issue), pages.

WHO/Author
Use the surname of the author, followed by the initial/s only. Do not put in any titles such as Dr. or Professor. Use an ampersand (&) between two authors, or between the second last and last authors. Corporate or organization names may be used for the author.

WHEN/Date
For journals, books, and audiovisual material, use: (year). For monthly magazines, monthly newspapers, and newsletters, Use: (year, month). For dailies and weeklies, use: (year, month day). For items with no date, use: (n.d.).

WHAT/ TITLE
Use italics for the title of books, and the names of journals Journal titles must be spelled out in full, e.g. Journal of Sports Medicine, not J Sports Med. For titles of books and articles in reference lists, capitalize only the first word, the first word after a colon or a dash, and proper nouns.

WHERE/Place of publication

The information given here depends on whether the item you are referencing is an article from a periodical (journal), a non-periodical (book), or an electronic resource (webpage).

For books the place of publication: the publisher. For articles the journal it is found in, volume (issue), pages. For internet sources the date it was downloaded, the webpage address

 The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique numbering system for identifying content objects in the digital environment. If a DOI is available you do not need to give the database name or URL. The URL (Internet address) should not be underlined or a different color.

DOI ???

NOTE No retrieval date is necessary for content that is unlikely to be change

but a date is necessary is the information is likely to be updated .

REFERENCING A BOOK
Author (year). . Book title. Place of publication : Publisher.

Author (year). .

Book title. Place of publication : Publisher.

ONE AUTHOR Remley, T.P., & Herlihy, B. (2001). Ethical, legal, and professional issues in counseling. Chicago: Peacock. THREE TO SIX AUTHORS McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., & Katch, V.L. (2001). Exercise physiology: Energy, nutrition, and human performance. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. MORE THEN SIX AUTHORS Harrison, G., Woods, R., Morrison, J., Zappa, F., Lennon, J., Wright, S., et al. (1999). Group dynamics. London: Record Press.

A u th o r (year). Book title. .

Place of publication : Publisher.

NO / UNKNOWN AUTHOR: Fluids & electrolytes made incredibly easy. (2002). Springhouse, PA: Springhouse. ORGANIZATION AS AUTHOR American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

Schlechty, P. C. (1997).Book title. Place of publication: publisher Schlechty, P. C. (2001). Book title. Place of publication: publisher

A u th o r. (year).

Book title.

Place of publication : Publisher.

TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR:

Healey, J. (2002a). Adolescent health. Rozelle, NSW: Spinney Press. Healey, J. (2002b). Suicide and self-harm. Rozelle, NSW: Spinney Press.

EDITED BOOKS
Editor (Ed). (year). Title of the book. Place of publication: Publisher

BOOK WITH AN EDITOR

Chapter (year). Chapter In. Editor BOOK Author . WITH AN AUTHOR (Ed),

title.

Place of Publisher Book AND AN (Page publication: EDITOR title range).

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

title. Book title (Page Place of Publisher range).publicatio
n:

Chapter (year). Chapter In. Editor (Ed), Author .

TRANSLATION

Articles in periodicals

ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY VOLUME

numbering with each issue they are said to pag when page numbering restarts after each volume they are said to paginate by

PAGINATED?? page When a journal restarts

ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE

ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER

NEWSPAPER ARTICALE WITHOUT AN AUTHOR

LETTER TO THE EDITOR insert the words Letter to the editor in brackets before the name of the periodical. REVIEW Gleick, E. (2000, December 14). The burdens of genius [Review of the book The Last Samurai]. Time, 156, 171.

WEBSITES
Author s name .

(Date of publication ). or (n.d.).

Title of document .

UR Date of access L (if taken from a blog or wiki)

ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE PERIODICAL

Author . (year) . Article title . Periodical Title , Volume(i page doi : ssue) , range .

Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment. Social Science Research, 29(4), 535555. doi:10.1006/ssre.2000.0680

If there is no DOI, include the URL for the article or for the journals home page

CHAPTER OR SECTION IN A WEB DOCUMENT

ARTICLE FROM A DATABASET

E BOOK

WEBLOG (BLOG) POST

OTHER SOURCES

MOTION PICTURE

Produce (Produce ,& Directo (Direct (year) Motion [Motio Countr Studio r r) r or) . . picture n y name . name . title picture of ]. Origin :

PROCEDINGS OF MEETINGS

YOU TUBE

NEED MORE HELP???

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. Writing reference handbooks, we used, A Writers Reference by Diana Hacker. www.apastyle.org http://owl.english.purdue.edu/

REFRENCES

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

APAStyleGuide. 6th Edition. 2010 www.wmich.edu/library/help/guides/_pdf/apa.pd

Hacker,D. (n.d). Social Sciences: Documenting Sources. Retrived June 16, 2010, from www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c09_s2.html

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries. (n.d). Introduction to Library Research. Retrieved from http://www.lib.unc.edu/instruct/tutorial/