Referencing and Citation

Referencing and Citation

• Citation : A written note giving credit to
another person for words or ideas; may be
found in the form of an endnote or footnote.
• Referencing: is a standardised method of
formatting the information sources you have
used in your assignments or written work. Any
given referencing style serves two purposes:
acknowledges the source; allows the reader to
trace the source
Should I cite every thing?
 You Do NOT have to cite :

• Facts that are widely known, or

• Information or judgments considered

“common knowledge”
 Examples of common knowledge
• Hosni Mubarak lead Egypt from 1981 to 2011.

• The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941

If you see a FACT in three or more sources, and you are fairly
certain your readers already know this information, it is likely to
be “common knowledge.”
But when in doubt, cite!

e.g…. Theory of needs hierarchy was developed by Maslow.

 No need to document when:

• You are discussing your own experiences,

observations, or reactions
• Compiling the results of your original
research, from science experiments, etc.
• You are using common knowledge
 The Good news is that

You can “borrow” from

the works of others in
your own work!
 Use these three tricks,
• Quoting

• Paraphrasing

• Summarizing

To blend source materials in with your own, making

sure your own voice is heard.

 1. Quotations
• Quotations should be used cautiously. They
must be exact, word-for-word as they appear
in the original document.
• Quotes require a citation in addition to the
use of quote marks
• Every quoted word needs to be cited (less
than 40 words). Even a short phrase or single
word must be quoted and cited if it is unusual.
 Example of a direct quote……
• Patients receiving prayer had "less congestive
heart failure, required less diuretic and
antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of
pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and
were less frequently intubated and ventilated"
( Byrd , 1988 , p. 829 ).
( Author
last name , Year of
, . )
Publication Page Number
 Example of a direct quote……
• Kotler defines marketing as “the science and art
of exploring, creating, and delivering value to
satisfy the needs of a target market at a profit.”
(Kotler,1998, p. 4).
• Distributive Justice (DJ) is defined as “the
perceived fairness of the outcomes one receives
from social exchange or interaction”
(Nowakowski & Conlon, 2005, p.5).
Not and
 2. Paraphrasing
• Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words of
an author, putting his/her thoughts in your
own words.
• Paraphrase when:
 You plan to use others information or
Ideas and wish to avoid plagiarizing
 You want to avoid overusing quotations

Carol Rohrbach and Joyce Valenza

 Example of Paraphrasing ……
• In his conclusion, Rajaratnam(2011) points to
the possible economic and social costs
incurred y a nation when individuals worked
24 hours a day.
 Example of Paraphrasing ……
• The importance of organisational justice
increases in developing countries where
resources are limited and sensitive to any
change in wages and rewords (Elamin & Tlaiss,
2015).
 Example of Paraphrasing ……
• How employees perceive organisational justice;
how fairly and equally they are treated, is very
crucial as it affects employees’ behaviour,
attitudes and performance (Swalhi, Zgoulli &
Hofaidhllaoui, 2017)
 3. Summarizing
• Summarizing involves putting the main
idea(s) of one or several writers into your
own words, including only the main point(s).
• Summaries are significantly shorter than the
original and take a broad overview of the
source material. Again, it is necessary to
attribute summarized ideas to their original
sources.

Carol Rohrbach and Joyce Valenza

 Example of Summarizing …….
• The link between perceived organisational
justice and employee performance and
behaviours is well recognized through social
exchange theory, where fair treatment of
employees stimulates an obligation for
employees to reciprocate the organization
(Aryee, Budhwar & Chen, 2002; Cohen &
Spector, 2001; Swalhi, Zgoulli & Hofaidhllaoui,
2017)
 What about tables and Figures
• You have to cite the sources of any table or
figure or picture you include in your research
unless you are the one who designed and
prepared the table / figure
 Citation for a figure

Psychological
Contract Affective
Cynicism
Violation Commitment

Employee’
Expectations

Figure 1 : the relationship between PCV and AC (Badawy & Saad, 2016, p.20)
 Citation for a table

Table 1 : Key Economic Indicators in Egypt 2016

Source : World Bank Annual Report 2016 , p. 142

You have to cite your references twice:

• Within the text (in-text citation)

• At the end of your paper (bibliography or
References)
 In-text Citation
One author (report):
• The last decades have witnessed a dramatic change in
workforce structure. Women became a fundamental,
unquestionable component that consist more than
48% of the global work force (World Bank, 2012).

• In Egypt about 70 % (CAPMAS, 2014). of families are

dual earned families and 30 % are families that
depend economically on a single parent (CAPMAS,
2014).
 In-text Citation
One author:
• Karatepe (2013) called for more investigation on the
moderating and mediating variables that may affect
the relation between WFC and personal and
organizational outcomes with emphasis on satisfaction.

• More investigation on the moderating and mediating

variables that may affect the relation between WFC
and personal and organizational outcomes with
emphasis on satisfaction was requires (Karatepe,
2013).
 In-text Citation
Two authors
• Work-family conflict is defined as “inter-role
conflict in which the role pressures from the work
and family domains are mutually incompatible in
some respect” (Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985, P.77).

• WFC refers to the negative side of the interaction

between work and family domains where
individuals take high responsibilities in both
domains (Choi & Kim, 2012)
 In-text Citation
Three or more authors
• On the other hand, dual-earner families are
becoming a prevalence trend where both partners
work and share responsibility for family (Eby,
Casper, Lockwood, Bordeaux, & Brinley, 2005)

When you cite it for the second time

• Researchers suggest that work related variables are
more correlated to WIF (Eby et al., 2005)
 In-text Citation
More than one source
• Several studies indicate that female inmates
with mental illnesses lacked adequate mental
health services in U.S. prisons and jails
(Adams,1996; Goldstein,1994; Keahi,1998;
Choi & Kim, 2012; Eby et al., 2005).
 References (Articles)

Journal article (one author) Ed Diener Article

title

Diener, E. (2009). Assessing Well-Being: The

Collected Works of Ed Diener. Social Indicators

Journal Title
Italic
Research Series, 39, 67-100.
volume Pages
 References (Articles)

Journal article (Two authors) Hyun Jung Choi and Young

Tae Kim

Choi, H. J., & Kim, Y. T. (2012). Work-Family Conflict,

Work-Family Facilitation, and Job Outcomes in Korean

Hotel Industry. International Journal of Contemporary

Hospitality Management, 24, 1011-1028.

 References (Articles)

Journal article (three authors or more)

Crawford, W. S., Shanine, K. K., Whitman, M. V.,

& Kacmar, K. M. (2016). Examining the impostor

phenomenon and work-family conflict. Journal

of Managerial Psychology, 31, 375-390.

 References (Articles)

Journal article with DOI or retrived from online database

• Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and

judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Social

Psychology, 26, 1617-1626. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb00088.x

• Aldridge, D. (1991). Spirituality, healing and medicine. British Journal

of General Practice, 41, 425-427. Retrieved from

http://www.rcgp.org.uk/publications/bjgp.aspx
 References (Books)
One author. Book title

• Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the

psychology of religion (2nd ed.). Boston, MA:

Edition City
Allyn and Bacon.
Publisher
 References (Books)
Two authors. Book title

• Paloutzian, R. F., Marck, S., & Charles, P.

(1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion

(2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Edition City

Publisher
 References (Report)
Report.
CAPMAS. (2014). Labour Force Survey, First
Quarter. Egypt.

World Bank. (2012). World Development Report

2012: Gender Equality and Development. The
World Bank.