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DeZkbq_kdZlZ bgnhjfZpbhggZ l_hjby k_ p_gljbjZ \tjom


R_gtgh\ZlZ _gljhiby KemqZcgZlZ ijhf_geb\Z ; jZaij_^_e_gZ
kihj_^  jZaij_^_e_gb_ gZ \_jhylghkllZ SL k_ oZjZdl_jbabjZ k
R_gtgh\Z_gljhiby
H(X)≡ –∑pilog2pi
R_gtgh\ZlZ_gljhiby+ ; baf_j\Zg_hij_^_e_ghkllZgZ; ly
baq_a\ZZdhjZaij_^_e_gb_lh_kZfh_^bgibdl_ZdhklhcghkllZgZO
_ ba\_klgh gZitegh lhqgh  Dh]Zlh jZa]e_`^Zf_ ^\_ kemqZcgb
ijhf_geb\b ; b M hibkZgb qj_a jZaij_^_e_gb_lh gZ kt\f_klgZlZ
\_jhylghkl Si,j lh fh]Zl ^Z k_ ^_nbgbjZl gydhedh _gljhibb Itj\h
bfZ kt\f_klgZ _gljhiby + ;<  hkgh\Z\ZsZ k_ gZ Si,j ih ZgZeh]by k
]hjghlhjZ\_gkl\hdhylhhljZay\Zg_hij_^_e_ghkllZgZ;bgZM
H(X/Y)≡ –∑pi,jlog2pi/j=H(XY) – H(Y)
<lhjhbfZmkeh\gZ_gljhibybeb_gljhibygZOijbmkeh\b_M
dhylh__gljhibylZgZOdh]ZlhM_ba\_klghKe_^h\Zl_egh
H(X/Y)≡ –∑pi,jlog2pi/j=H(XY) – H(Y),
dt^_lhSi/j = pipj/pi,jmkeh\gZlZ\_jhylghklgZLagZ_cdbM(d\b\Ze_glgh
_ hij_^_e_gb_lh aZ mkeh\gZlZ _gljhiby < agZ_cdb ; l_
H(Y/X)=H(HY)–+ ; GZc-k_lg_k_hij_^_ey\aZbfgZ_gljhibyf_`^m;
b<dZlh
H(X:Y)≡ –∑pi,jlog2pi:j = H(X)+H(Y)–H(XY),
dt^_lhSi:j=pipj/pi,j_\aZbfgZlZ\_jhylghklgZLbMLyb]jZ_jheylZgZ
\aZbfgZlZbgnhjfZpbyf_`^m;b<lh_klbgnhjfZpbylZhlghkgh;
dhylh _ ij_^Z^_gZ hl < beb gZfZey\Zg_lh gZ _gljhibylZ gZ ;
^te`Zshk_gZagZgb_lhgZ< bebh[jZlghlh 
H(X:Y)=H(X)–H(X/Y)=H(Y)–H(Y/X).
>ZjZa]e_^Zf_k_]ZbgnhjfZpbhggh-l_hj_lbqghlhhibkZgb_gZ
^\mqZklbqdh\Z d\Zglh\Z kbkl_fZ ;< dt^_lh ; b < kthl\_lkl\m\Zl gZ
^\_ d\Zglh\b ijhf_geb\b beb kl_i_gb gZ k\h[h^Z gZij ]–
dhfihg_glZlZgZqZklbpZktkkibg Ba\_klgh_q__^bgd\Zglh\h-
bgnhjfZpbhg_g l_hj_lbq_g nhjfZebatf dhclh kthl\_lkl\m\Z
R_gtgh\ZlZ_gljhibyk_hkgh\Z\ZgZnhgGhcfZgh\ZlZ_gljhibyijb
dhylh jZaij_^_e_gb_lh gZ \_jhylghkllZ k_ aZf_kl\Z hl fZljbpZlZ gZ
ietlghkllZ b kj_^gbl_ klhcghklb k_ aZf_kl\Zl ktk klhcghklbl_ gZ
d\Zglh\hlh hqZd\Zg_ AZ d\Zglh\ZlZ nhg GhcfZgh\Z  _gljhiby gZ O
bfZf_
S(X)≡–TrX(ρXlog2ρX),
dt^_lh ρX _ fZljbpZlZ gZ ietlghkllZ oZjZdl_jbabjZsZ ktklhygb_lh
gZ;FZljbpZlZgZietlghkllZk_ihemqZ\ZdZlhqZklbqgZke_^Z\tjom
ijhf_geb\ZlZ < l_ UX=TrY(ρXY  dt^_lh ρXY _ fZljbpZlZ gZ
kt\f_klgZlZ ietlghkl hibk\ZsZ ;< Ih^h[gZ ^_nbgbpby \Z`b aZ
6 <  hkgh\Z\Zcdb k_ gZ ρY b aZ kt\f_klgZlZ _gljhiby 6 ;<  Ihke_
fh`_ ^Z k_ ^_nbgbjZ d\Zglh\ZlZ nhg GhcfZgh\ZlZ  mkeh\gZ
_gljhiby
S(X/Y)≡–TrXY(ρXYlog2ρX/Y)=S(XY)–S(Y),
hkgh\Z\Zcdbk_gZfZljbpZlZgZmkeh\gZlZietlghklρX/YIhke_^gZlZ
b]jZ_ jheylZ gZ d\Zglh\Z mkeh\gZ \_jhylghkl b k\b^_l_ekl\m\Z aZ
ihy\ZlZ gZ g_deZkbq_kdb dhj_eZpbb \ kemqZy gZ d\Zglh\b k^\h_gb
ijhf_geb\b ; b < >_ckl\bl_egh fh`_ ^Z k_ ihdZ`_ q_ kh[kl\_gZlZ
klhcghkl gZ U;< fh`_ ^Z gZ^\brb _^gh b ke_^h\Zl_egh d\Zglh\ZlZ
mkeh\gZ_gljhiby6 ;< fh`_^Z[t^_hljbpZl_egZnZdlhlgZkyg^h
d\Zglh\ZlZ g_k_iZjZ[_eghkl GZijbf_j Zdh ; b < ij_^klZ\yl ^\Z
k^\h_gbd\Zglh\b[blZ\;_eh\hktklhygb_s_bfZf_6 ;< 6 <; –
 [bl Ltc dZlh hljbpZl_egZlZ mkeh\gZ _gljhiby _ aZ[jZg_gZ \
R_gtgh\ZlZ l_hjby Z hljbpZl_egZlZ klhcghkl gZ 6 ;<  hq_\b^gh
\e_q_ d\Zglh\Z g_k_iZjZ[_eghkl h[jZlghlh g_ _ \yjgh Hl ^jm]Z
kljZgZ Zdh ρXY hibk\Z kf_k hl ktklhygby dhylh _ hjlh]hgZegh
ijhba\_^_gb_ l_deZkbq_kdZlZkblmZpby lhlh]Z\ZρXY_^bZ]hgZegZ
fZljbpZ k SLM ih ^bZ]hgZeZ b ihke_^ghlh mjZ\g_gb_ k_ j_^mpbjZ ^h
k\hy deZkbq_kdb ^\hcgbd aZ R_gtgh\Z mkeh\gZ _gljhiby =hjgZlZ
^_nbgbpbyke_^h\Zl_eghljy[\Z^Zk_\b^bdZlhd\Zglh\hjZarbj_gb_
gZR_gtgh\ZlZmkeh\gZ_gljhibyihgZqbgdhclh\dexq\Zd\Zglh\hlh
k^\hy\Zg_bdeZkbq_kdZlZmkeh\gZ_gljhibydZlhqZkl_gkemqZc
< kthl\_lkl\b_ k lh\Z _ _kl_kl\_gh ^Z k_ ^_nbgbjZ d\Zglh\Z
nhgGhcfZgh\Z \aZbfgZ_gljhiby
S(X:Y)≡–TrXY(ρXYlog2ρX:Y)=S(X) + S(Y) – S(XY)=
=S(X) – S(X/Y)=S(Y) – S(Y/X),
hkgh\ZgZgZfZljbpZlZgZ\aZbfgZlZietlghklρX:YBgl_jij_lZpbylZ
_ ktsZlZ dZdlh \ R_gtgh\ZlZ bgnhjfZpbhggZ l_hjby b 6 ;<  _
kbf_ljbqgZ \_ebqbgZ Km[Z^blb\ghkllZ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ _gljhiby l_
S(X:Y) ≤ 6 ; 6 <  \e_q_ q_ 6 ;<  ≥  lhqgh dZdlh ijb R_gtgh\ZlZ
\aZbfgZ _gljhiby H[Zq_ \ kemqZy gZ d\Zglh\b k^\h_gb ijhf_geb\b
6 ;<  fh`_ ^Z ^hklb]g_ ^\Z itlb ih-]heyfZ klhcghkl hl fZdkbfmfZ
iha\he_g\R_gtgh\ZlZl_hjby
S(X:Y) ≤ 2min [S(X), S(Y)]
GZijbf_j bfZf_ 6 ;<    [blZ f_`^m qe_gh\_l_ gZ ^\hcdZ
:cgsZcg-Ih^hekdb-Jha_g6 ;< g__fyjdZgZk^\hy\Zg_\kfbkteq_
ly fh`_ ^Z [t^_ g_gme_\Z aZ deZkbq_kdb k_iZjZ[_egb  ktklhygby
Gblh_g_h[oh^bfh^Zk_gZ^\brZ\ZdeZkbq_kdZlZ]hjgZ]jZgbpZPLQ
>6 ;  6 < @ aZ d\Zglh\h k^\h_gb kbkl_fb Ke_^h\Zl_egh 6 ; <  _ ih-
kdhjh d\Zglh\h-f_oZgbqgh jZarbj_gb_ gZ h[bdgh\_gZlZ R_gtgh\Z
\aZbfgZ _gljhiby dhylh baf_j\Z d\Zglh\b ktsh dZdlh b deZkbq_kdb
dhj_eZpbbG_aZ\bkbfhhllh\Zlyb]jZ_\Z`gZjhey\bgnhjfZpbhggh
l_hj_lbqghlh hibkZgb_ gZ d\Zglh\bl_ dZgZeb b dhj_dpby gZ ]j_rdZlZ
(Cerf, Cleve 1997).
Baihea\Zg_lh gZ l_hjbylZ gZ bgnhjfZpbylZ beb ihgylb_lh aZ
_gljhiby aZ ^Z k_ ZgZebabjZ k^\hy\Zg_lh ihkhq\Z lykgZ \jtadZ k
l_jfh^bgZfbdZlZ HlqZklb kthl\_lkl\b_lh k_ ktklhb \ h[sb
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kthl\_lkl\b_lh_nhjfZeghnhjfZegbl_ijbgpbigZl_jfh^bgZfbdZlZ
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