You are on page 1of 37

<ZkbeI_gq_\

IJBEH@?GBYL:G:D<:GLH<:L:BGNHJF:PBY

F_gkdbc   jZa]e_`^Z dZlh ijbeh`_gby gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ


f_oZgbdZkZfZlZ^bkpbiebgZd\Zglh\ZbgnhjfZpbydZlhihkhq\Z\g_yljb
]eZ\gb gZijZ\e_gby d\Zglh\Z l_e_ihjlZpby d\Zglh\Z djbilh]jZnby
d\Zglh\ dhfixltj ;Zj]Zlbg =jbrZgbg AZ^dh\   ihkhq\Zl dZlh
ijbeh`_gbygZk^\h_gbl_ktklhygbybake_^\Zg_lhgZnbabq_kdbl_hkgh\b
gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ f_ljheh]bqgb ijbeh`_gby ijbeh`_gby dtf
nbabdZlZgZd\Zglh\ZlZbgnhjfZpbyBaoh`^Zcdbhlj_Zegbl_im[ebdZpbb
\t\ \h^_sbl_ nbabq_kdb kibkZgby ihgZklhys_f [bo hl^_ebe ke_^gbl_
ijbeh`_gby d\Zglh\Z dhfmgbdZpby d\Zglh\Z djbilh]jZnby d\Zglh\
dhfixltj dh_lh ihqlb kt\iZ^Z k ih^oh^Z gZ F_gkdbc   gh hk\_g
lh\Z b d\Zglh\bl_ h[h[s_gby gZ l_hjbbl_ gZ b]jbl_ b ijbeh`_gbylZ
ki_dljhkdhibylZb_dki_jbf_glZegZlZl_ogbdZgZd\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZ
D\Zglh\Z dhfmgbdZpby Bah[sh ijhp_ktl gZ d\Zglh\Z
dhfmgbdZpby k_ hkgh\Z\Z \tjom d\Zglh\ZlZ l_e_ihjlZpby Ijb lh\Z h[Zq_
\tagbd\Zl ^\_ ijbgpbigb h]jZgbq_gby Itj\hlh k_ hlgZky ^h nZdlZ q_
fZdZj d\Zglh\ZlZ bgnhjfZpby ^Z fh`_ ^Z k_ ijb_f_ q_ k_ ij_gZky
fb]gh\_gh ijb l_e_ihjlZpby lh \k_ iZd g_h[oh^bfh ^hite\ZsZlZ
deZkbq_kdZ bgnhjfZpby k_ h]jZgbqZ\Z hl ihklmeZlZ aZ g_gZ^\brZ\Zg_
kdhjhkllZ gZ k\_lebgZlZ <lhjhlh aZky]Z nZdlZ q_ ktklhygb_lh dh_lh k_
ij_^Z\Z ih d\Zglh\by dZgZe _ g_ba\_klgh gZ baijZsZqZ J_rZ\Zshlh
ij_^bfkl\h gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ dhfmgbdZpby _ ebikZlZ gZ rmf ih d\Zglh\by
dZgZe
>Z ijbihfgbf ko_fZlZ gZ l_e_ihjlZpby Dexqh\Z jhey b]jZyl
nhlhggb^\hcdbgZfbjZsbk_\k^\h_ghktklhygb_Bf_gghklyogZihfhs
k_ hkts_kl\y\Z d\Zglh\ dZgZe aZ bgnhjfZpby f_`^m :ebkZ b ;h[ >Z
ij_^iheh`bfq_qZklbpZlZ nhlhg dhylh:ebkZbkdZ^Zl_e_ihjlbjZk_
gZfbjZ itj\hgZqZegh \ kmi_jihabpby gZ  ^\_ hjlh]hgZegb iheyjbabjZgb
ktklhygby :ebkZ _ k\tjaZgZ k ;h[ ihkj_^kl\hf ^\hcdb :IJ \ k^\h_gh
ktklhygb_Nhlhgbl_hll_ab^\hcdbk_baijZsZlgZ:ebkZZnhlhgbl_-
gZ ;h[ Kt\f_klghlh ktklhygb_ gZ nhlhgbl_  b  ijb :ebkZ _
ijhba\_^_gb_hlktklhygb_lhhij_^_e_ghhl\tegh\ZlZnmgdpbygZnhlhg
bhlktklhygb_lhhij_^_e_ghhlk^\h_gZlZ\tegh\ZnmgdpbygZbHl
\tegh\ZlZnmgdpbyaZljbqZklbpb^\_hldhblhkZijb:ebkZZ_^gZ_ijb
;h[ baebaZ q_ Zdh :ebkZ baf_jb ktklhygb_lh gZ qZklbpbl_  b  lh
ktklhygb_lh qZklbpZlZ  ijb ;h[ fb]gh\_gh s_ k_ j_^mpbjZ ^h
ktklhygb_lh gZ qZklbpZlZ  Ijb lh\Z gydhb hkh[_ghklb gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ
l_e_ihjlZpby babkd\Zl ki_pbZegh gZihfgyg_   Ijhp_^mjZlZ gZ
l_e_ihjlZpbylZ g_ gZjmrZ\Z l_hj_fZlZ aZ g_dehgbjZg_ gZ hl^_e_g
d\Zglh\h[_dl<fhf_glZgZbaf_j\Zg_lhgZktklhygb_lhgZ;_enhlhgtl
k_ij_\jtsZ\dhfihg_glZgZiheyjbaZpbhgghk^\h_gZlZ^\hcdZnhlhgb
b  l_ ]m[b k\hylZ bg^b\b^mZeghkl G_]h\hlh gZqZegh ktklhygb_ k_
jZajmrZ\Z Ij_ghktlgZd\Zglh\ZbgnhjfZpbyhlnhlhgZdtfnhlhgZ
 k_ hkts_kl\y\Z gZ ijhba\hegb jZaklhygby L_ogbq_kdb k_]Z _ \tafh`gh
ih^^tj`Zg_lh gZ iheyjbaZpbhggZ k^\h_ghkl gZ nhlhgb gZ jZaklhygb_
ih\_q_ hl  df   < fhf_glZ gZ baf_j\Zg_lh :ebkZ agZ_ aZ nZdlZ gZ
l_e_ihjlZpbylZZ;h[g_agZ_l_e_ihjlZpbylZg_ij_^iheZ]Zij_^Z\Zg_lh
gZ bgnhjfZpby aZ nZdlZ gZ g_cghlh hkts_kl\y\Zg_ G_sh ih\_q_ :ebkZ
fh`_ b ^Z g_ agZ_ dhgdj_lgh dZd\h ktklhygb_ gZ nhlhg  ij_^Z\Z   AZ
bgnhjfbjZg_lhgZ;h[aZnZdlZgZij_^Z\Zg_gZktklhygb_lh\tjomnhlhg
_g_h[oh^bfdeZkbq_kdbdZgZeaZbgnhjfZpby :dh:ebkZhkts_kl\y\Z
itegh baf_j\Zg_ gZ ktklhygbylZ gZ ;_e b^_glbnbpbjZcdb hk\_g
n_jfbhgghlh b ljbl_ [hahggb ktklhygby \kydh hl dhblh \tagbd\Z k
\_jhylghkl  lh ;h[ ihemqZ\Zcdb lZab bgnhjfZpby ih deZkbq_kdby
dZgZe hl :ebkZ fh`_ qj_a ijZ\begh ba[jZgh ij_h[jZah\Zgb_ ^Z ij_\_^_
ktklhygb_lh gZ nhlhgZ  \ gZqZeghlh ktklhygb_ gZ nhlhgZ  ijb \k_db
j_amelZl hl baf_j\ZgbylZ gZ :ebkZ :dh lh\Z g_ k_ ijZ\b Z ;h[ k_
h]jZgbqb k ijh_pbjZg_lh gZ n_jfbhgghlh ktklhygb_ lh l_e_ihjlZpbylZ
s_ k_ baitegy\Z mki_rgh kj_^gh _^bg itl hl q_lbjb Dbebg   Hk\_g
lh\Z j_ZebabjZg_lh gZ l_e_ihjlZpby gZ ktklhygbylZ jZadjb\Z gh\b
\tafh`ghklb ijb j_rZ\Zg_lh gZ ijh[e_fZ k ij_^Z\Zg_lh gZ e_kgh
jZajmrbfbkmi_jihabpbhggbktklhygbygZ]he_fbjZaklhygby[_aaZ]m[ZgZ
dho_j_glghkldh_lh_dexqh\\tijhkaZd\Zglh\bl_dhfixljb
>hdhedhlh d\Zglh\Z bgnhjfZpby fh`_ ^Z k_ ij_gZky beb qj_a
d\Zglh\Z l_e_ihjlZpby beb qj_a nbabq_kdhlh ij_gZkyg_ gZ d\Zglh\Z
kbkl_fZ hl _^gh fyklh gZ ^jm]h lh YDQ (QN .LPEOH &LUDF =ROOHU  
jZa[bjZl d\Zglh\Z dhfmgbdZpby bf_ggh gydhc ^Z k_ hibl\Z ^Z ij_gZky
d\Zglh\Z bgnhjfZpby hl _^gh fyklh gZ ^jm]h ih h[bdgh\_g dZgZe k rmf
IjZdlbq_kdb klZ\Z ^mfZ aZ ij_gZkyg_ gZ nhlhgb ih k\_lh\h^ aZ ih-^te]b
jZaklhygbybebij_a\ZdmmfaZih-dtkb
+DUG\YDQ'DP jZa[bjZlih^d\Zglh\ZdhfmgbdZpbyh[Zq_
ke_^\Zcdb b ^jm]b im[ebdZpbb deZkbq_kdZ dhfmgbdZpby mkdhj_gZ qj_a
k^\hy\Zg_ AZ ktshlh k_ baihea\Z b l_jfbgtl k\jtoietlgh dh^bjZg_
[superdense coding] (Bowen 2001).
JZaebqgb Z\lhjb ihdZa\Zl q_ dhfmgbdZpbhggZlZ keh`ghkl fh`_
^Z k_ gZfZeb qj_a baihea\Zg_lh gZ k^\hy\Zg_ Gydhedh ijhkljZgkl\_gh
hl^_e_gbqZklb:<KbfZl^Z^_gb\kydZk\hbi_jkhgZegb^Zggb[1, x2,
x3Ih-gZlZltdqZklbl_dhfmgbdbjZlihf_`^mkbqj_adeZkbq_kdb[blh\_k
p_elZ _^gZ qZkl ^Z j_q_f :  ^Z fh`_ ^Z kth[sb klhcghkllZ gZ _^gZ
ij_^\Zjbl_egh^Z^_gZnmgdpbyIgZZj]mf_glb[1, x2, x3ke_^fbgbfZegh
dhebq_kl\h dhfmgbdZpby Lh_kl : bkdZ ^Z agZ_ ki_pbnbqgZlZ klhcghkl gZ
nmgdpbylZ I  [1, x2, x3  qj_a ijhlhdhe kt^tj`Zs gZc-fZedby \tafh`_g
[jhc [blh\_ dhfmgbdbjZgb ih \j_f_ gZ ijhlhdheZ < pyeZlZ ijhp_^mjZ
ke_^\Z ^Z k_ jZa]jZgbqZl ke_^gbl_ _lZib ?lZi  ij_^b ^Z kZ ^Z^_gb
^Zggbl_ [i gZ qZklbl_ bf k_ iha\hey\Z ^Z dhfmgbdbjZl dhedhlh bf ^mrZ
bkdZ gZijbf_j^Zh[f_gylkemqZcgbqbkeZ ?lZiKe_^dZlhkZ^Z^_gb
^Zggbl_ [i qZklbl_ ljy[\Z ^Z dhfmgbdbjZl dhedhlh fh`_ ih-fZedh
DhfmgbdZpbhggZlZ keh`ghkl gZ _^gZ nmgdpby I _ fbgbfZeghlh dhebq_kl\h
dhfmgbdZpby baf_j_gZ \ [blh\_  gZ _lZi  dhylh _ g_h[oh^bfZ aZ ^Z k_
hij_^_eb klhcghkllZ gZ  I  [1, x2, x3  D\Zglh\ZlZ dhfmgbdZpbhggZ
keh`ghkl k_ hij_^_ey ih ktsby gZqbg k badexq_gb_ gZ lh\Z q_ k_]Z gZ
_lZigZqZklbl_k_iha\hey\ZktshlZdZ^Zkih^_eylqZklbpb dm[blh\_ 
dhblh kZ k^\h_gb IhdZaZgh _ q_ aZ hij_^_e_gZ nmgdpby I k_ babkd\Z ih-
fZedh dhfmgbdZpby \ d\Zglh\by kemqZc hldhedhlh \ deZkbq_kdby Lh\Z _
bag_gZ^\Zsh aZshlh d\Zglh\h k^\hy\Zg_ g_ fh`_ ^Z k_ baihea\Z ^Z k_
baijZlb kb]gZe hl _^gh fyklh gZ ^jm] [_a ^Z _ ^h[Z\_gZ ihfhslZ gZ
deZkbq_kdb dZgZe gblh ^Z`_ ^Z k_ dhfij_kbjZ bgnhjfZpbylZ dh]Zlh k_
baihea\Z deZkbq_kdb dhfmgbdZpbhg_g dZgZe AZ jZaebdZ hl ^jm]b
ijbeh`_gby gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ bgnhjfZpby lh\Z ijbeh`_gb_ ykgh bay\y\Z
;_eh\by lbi g_ehdZeghkl gZ k^\h_gbl_ ktklhygby >_ckl\bl_egh \bgZ]b
dh]Zlh bfZf_ ijbf_j gZ nmgdpby dt^_lh d\Zglh\byl ijhlhdhe ih[_`^Z\Z
gZc-^h[jby deZkbq_kdb \ l_jfbgbl_ gZ dhfmgbdZpbhggZlZ keh`ghkl  lh\Z
fh`_ ^Z k_ ij_baltedm\Z dZlh ^hdZaZl_ekl\h aZ g_ehdZeghkllZ gZ
d\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZ +DUG\YDQ'DP e_dh\b^hbaf_gyllZabaZ^ZqZ
:dh_^Z^_gZdhebq_kl\hlhdhfmgbdZpbydhylhfh`_^Zk_baihea\ZaZ^Z
k_ baqbkeb klhcghkllZ gZ nmgdpbylZ ^Z k_ baqbkeb ]j_rdZlZ ijb lh\Z
h]jZgbq_gb_ B ijb lhab kemqZc ]j_rdZlZ ijb k^\hy\Zg_ gZ
dhfmgbdbjZsbl_qZklb_ih-fZedZ
D\Zglh\Zdjbilh]jZnbyIZjZ^hdktlgZkblmZpbylZk_ktklhb\
lh\Zq_k^\h_gbl_ktklhygbyihkj_^kl\hfZe]hjbltfZgZRhjiha\hey\Zl
^Zk_jZarbnjh\ZlihgZklhys_fbaihea\Zgbl_dexqh\_aZrbnjh\Zg_gh
b ij_^hklZ\yl \tafh`ghklb aZ kta^Z\Zg_ gZ gh\b f_lh^b aZ d\Zglh\Z
djbihl]jZnby ij_l_g^bjZsb gZ Z[khexlgZ [_ahiZkghkl Ih^ Z[khexlgZ
[_ahiZkghkl lmd k_ jZa[bjZ kZfh mgb\_jkZegZlZ \tafh`ghkl aZ
^_l_dlbjZg_ gZ \kydZd\h ih^kemr\Zg_ LZdZ\Z \tafh`ghkl k_ h[mkeZ\y hl
lh\Z q_ dm[blh\_l_ aZ jZaebdZ hl deZkbq_kdbl_ g_ fh]Zl ^Z k_ dhibjZl
ihg_`_ \kydZd\h baf_j\Zg_ gZ d\Zglh\hlh ktklhygb_ g_ba[_`gh baf_gy
kZfhlh baf_j\Zgh ktklhygb_ < j_amelZl hibltl aZ ih^kemr\Zg_ ijb
ijhlhdhebl_ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ djbilh]jZnby bah[sh g_ fh`_ ^Z hklZg_
g_aZ[_eyaZgh >Z hl[_e_`bf q_ g_ \kbqdb ijhlhdheb gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ
djbilh]jZnby k_ hkgh\Z\Zl gZ baihea\Zg_lh gZ k^\h_gb ktklhygby H[Zq_
ijhlhdhebl_ k baihea\Zg_ gZ k^\h_gb ktklhygby ijbl_`Z\Zl j_^bpZ
ij_bfms_kl\ZItj\bylf_lh^aZd\Zglh\Zdjbilh]jZnby_ij_^eh`_ghs_
\  Z ihgZklhys_f k_ ijb_fZ q_ ly _ ^hklb]gZeZ _lZiZ gZ
dhf_jkbZeghlhijbeh`_gb_ ;Zj]Zlbg=jbrZgbgAZ^dh\ 
NZdlbq_kdb \ hkgh\ZlZ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ djbilh]jZnby fh`_ ^Z k_
ihklZ\b l_hj_fZlZ aZ g_dehgbjZg_ D\Zglh\hlh djbilh]jZnkdh mkljhckl\h
ij_gZky ih k\_lh\h^Z _^bg ke_^ ^jm] fgh`_kl\h nhlhgb ijb dh_lh \
iheyjbaZpbylZ gZ ihke_^h\Zl_egbl_ nhlhgb _ dh^bjZgZ gydZd\Z
bgnhjfZpby:dhdehgbjZg_lh[_r_\tafh`ghlh[bfh]eh^Zk_\dexqbf
dtf \tegh\h^Z b ^Z ij_ibr_f bgnhjfZpbylZ ^Z dZ`_f ^Z k_ kta^Z^_
lhqgh lZdZ\Z ihke_^h\Zl_eghkl hl nhlhgb  [_a ^Z k_ gZjmrZ\Z
ktklhygb_lh gZ hg_ab nhlhgb dhblh k_ ^\b`Zl ih k\_lh\h^Z IhjZ^b
g_\tafh`ghkllZaZdehgbjZg_\k_dbhibl^Zk_ihemqbbgnhjfZpby ^Zk_
ih^kemrZ baijZsZg_lh kth[s_gb_  g_h[oh^bfh \h^b ^h badjb\y\Zg_ gZ
ktklhygb_lh gZ nhlhgbl_ ^\b`_sb k_ \ k\_lh\h^Z JZajZ[hl_gb kZ
ki_pbZegbijhp_^mjbaZh[jZ[hldZgZbgnhjfZpbylZdhblhiha\hey\Zlih
l_ab badjb\y\Zgby ^Z k_ hldjb_ nZdltl gZ ih^kemr\Zg_lh k \kydZ `_eZgZ
\_jhylghkl Ih lZdt\ gZqbg ki_pbnbdZlZ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ
iha\hey\Z^Zk_ihkljhyldhedhlh_g_h[oh^bfhgZ^_`^gbk_dj_lgb\jtadb
ihhlghr_gb_gZih^kemr\Zg_lh F_gkdbc 
AZ^ZqZlZ gZ djbilh]jZnbylZ k_ ktklhb \ ij_^Z\Zg_lh gZ
bgnhjfZpby f_`^m ^\_ kljZgb :ebkZ b ;h[  lZdZ q_ hibltl ^Z k_
ijbo\Zg_ kth[s_gb_lh beb ^Z k_ gZmqb k_dj_lgbyl dh^ ^Z _ h[j_q_g gZ
g_mki_o Qj_a kt\j_f_ggbl_ f_lh^b gZ deZkbq_kdZlZ djbilh]jZnby lZab
aZ^ZqZ k_ j_rZ\Z ihqlb gZijbf_j \ jZfdbl_ gZ kbf_ljbqgZlZ
djbilhkbkl_fZhibjZsZk_gZkta^Z\Zg_lhgZk_dj_l_gdh^ Dbebg <
lZab kbkl_fZ :ebkZ b ;h[ b kZfh l_ ijbl_`Z\Zl k_dj_l_g dexq
ihke_^h\Zl_eghklhlkemqZcgbqbkeZgZijbf_j^_k_lbqgbD  
   Ih aZ^Z^_gh ijZ\beh gZ \kydZ [md\Z gZ Za[mdZlZ k_ ihklZ\y \
kthl\_lkl\b_ ^_k_lbqgh qbkeh b :ebkZ bkdZsZ ^Z ij_^Z^_ kth[s_gb_ gZ
;h[ aZf_gy \ ihkeZgb_lh \kydZ [md\Z ktk kthl\_lgZlZ c pbnjZ KZfZ ih
k_[_kblZabijhp_^mjZgyfZaZsblZbk_^_rbnjbjZe_kghIhemqZ\ZsZlZ
k_ ihke_^h\Zl_eghkl hl qbkeZ gZij 3      _
ihkeZgb_lh dh_lh ke_^ lh\Z k_ rbnjbjZ Dtf \kydh qbkeh gZ ihkeZgb_lh
k_ ijb[Z\y qbkeh hl dh^Z b ihemqZ\Zsbl_ k_ pbnjb \ jZajy^Z gZ
_^bgbpbl_ ij_^klZ\ey\Zl djbilh]jZfZlZ K      dhylh
fh`_^Zk_baijZlbihhldjbldZgZe gZijl_e_nhg ;h[ke_^dZlhihemqb
djbilh]jZfZlZ b agZ_cdb dh^Z D s_ y jZarbnjh\Z ihemqZ\Zcdb
ihkeZgb_lh & Ij_a  ] R_gtg hibjZcdb k_ gZ jZajZ[hl_gZlZ hl g_]h
l_hjby gZ bgnhjfZpbylZ ^hdZa\Z l_hj_fZ q_ ^Z^_gZlZ djbilhkbkl_fZ _
kt\tjr_ghk_dj_lgZZdhk_dj_lgbyldh^_gZbklbgZkemqZ_gbk_baihea\Z
kZfh _^bg itl H[Zq_ gZ ijZdlbdZ j_ZebabjZg_lh gZ ^Z^_gZlZ kbkl_fZ k_
gZltd\Z gZ k_jbhagb ljm^ghklb ?^gZ hl lyo _ kta^Z\Zg_lh b ij_^Z\Zg_lh
gZ ^tet] k_dj_l_g dh^ g_h[oh^bf \k_db itl dh]Zlh k_ baijZsZ gh\h
kth[s_gb_ >Z k_ ba[_]g_ lhab ijh[e_f [b fh]eh ijb gZebqb_ gZ
nbabq_kdb dZgZe k_dj_lghkllZ gZ dhclh ^Z k_ hkb]mjy\Z hl nbabq_kdb
aZdhgb Bf_ggh lZdt\ dZgZe b ij_^eZ]Z d\Zglh\ZlZ djbilh]jZnby DZdlh
\_q_ k_ baltdgZ ly k_ hkgh\Z\Z gZ g_\tafh`ghkllZ aZ dehgbjZg_ Hibltl
aZ ij_o\ZsZg_ gZ dh^Z fh`_ ^Z k_ hldjb_ baihea\Zcdb hij_^_e_gZ
^h]h\hj_ghkl ijhlhdhe f_`^m:ebkZb;h[
?^bghll_abijhlhdheb Dbebg _k\tjaZgkdh^bjZg_lhqj_a
iheyjbabjZgbktklhygbygZnhlhgb\^\_Zel_jgZlb\gbhlijZ\gbkbkl_fb
dhblh g_ kZ hjlh]hgZegb  ;Zabkbl_ ljy[\Z ^Z kZ ^\Z aZ ^Z k_ aZeh\b
_\_glmZegbyl hibl aZ ih^kemr\Zg_ Ij_^Z\Zg_lh gZ k_dj_lgby dh^ k_
baitegy\ZgZgydhedh_lZiZ1Ij_^\Zjbl_egh:ebkZb;h[k_^h]h\ZjylaZ
dh^bjZg_lh nhlhgbkiheyjbaZpbybdh^bjZlqbkehlhZnhlhgbl_k
iheyjbaZpby  b  - _^bgbpZ  Ke_^ lh\Z :ebkZ ih kemqZ_g gZqbg
baf_gyiheyjbaZpbylZgZnhlhgbl_baijZsZgbihd\Zglh\bydZgZegZ;h[
2 ;h[ baf_j\Z iheyjbaZpbylZ gZ ihemqZ\Zgbl_ nhlhgb ih kemqZ_g gZqbg
baf_gycdb hjb_glZpbylZ gZ ZgZebaZlhjZ aZ jZaihagZ\Zg_ gZ
iheyjbaZpbylZDZdlhk_dZaZih-]hj_kihj_^l_hjbylZgZbgnhjfZpbylZgZ
R_gtgjZa]e_`^ZgZlZdjbilhkbkl_fZs_[t^_k_dj_lgZkZfh\kemqZyZdh
baihea\Zgbyl dh^ _ kemqZ_g Bf_ggh kemqZcghkl gZ dh^Z ihklb]Zl :ebkZ b
;h[ kemqZcgh kf_gycdb iheyjbaZlhjbl_  Ih hldjblby dZgZe ;h[
kth[sZ\ZgZ:ebkZdZdt\lbibaf_j\Zg_lhc_baitegy\ZeaZ\k_dbnhlhg
Z :ebkZ ihl\tj`^Z\Z \yjgh beb g_\yjgh ]h _ ba[bjZe HklZ\Zcdb hl
pyeZlZihke_^h\Zl_eghklkZfh\yjghba[jZgbl_baf_j\Zgby:ebkZb;h[
kta^Z\Zl k_dj_l_g dh^ Ih^kemr\Zq h[bdgh\_gh h[hagZqZ\Zg dZlh ?\Z
>(YH@ hl HDYHVGURSSHU ih^kemr\Zq  hibl\Zs k_ ^Z gZmqb k_dj_lgby dh^
aZ^te`bl_egh ihemqZ\Z bgnhjfZpby hl d\Zglh\by dZgZe Gh ijb lh\Z lhc
s_ ij_^ba\bdZ g_kt\iZ^Zg_ gZ dh^h\_l_ dhblh ihemqZ\Zl :ebkZ b ;h[
ihg_`_baf_j\ZgbylZgZ\tgr_ggZ[ex^Zl_eihg_h[jZlbfgZqbg kihj_^
l_hj_fZlZ aZ g_dehgbjZg_lh  jZajmrZ\Zl iheyjbaZpbhggbl_ ktklhygby gZ
nhlhgbl_ ij_^Z\Zgb ih d\Zglh\by dZgZe IjZ\_cdb ijh\_jdZ gZ
kt\iZ^_gbylZ ih kemqZcgZ ba\Z^dZ :ebkZ b ;h[ s_ hldjbyl ij_\brZ\Zg_
gZ jZ\gbs_lh gZ ]j_rdbl_ \ kjZ\g_gb_ k jZ\gbs_lh gZ ]j_rdbl_
]_g_jbjZgb hl ^_l_dlhjbl_ Qj_a lh\Z s_ k_ mklZgh\b nZdltl gZ
ih^kemr\Zg_lh<tafh`gbkZbjZaebqgb^jm]bj_ZebaZpbbgZijhlhdheaZ
h[f_gyg_ gZ k_dj_l_g dexq *HQRYHVH   GZijbf_j k baihea\Zg_ gZ
k^\h_gb ktklhygbyB:ebkZb;h[ihemqZ\Zlih_^gZqZklbpZhlk^\h_gZ
^\hcdZ Lh]Z\Z baitegy\Zl baf_j\Zg_ ba[bjZcdb kj_^ ihg_ ljb jZaebqgb
ihkhdb Ihke_ :ebkZ b ;h[ kb kth[sZ\Zl ih deZkbq_kdb dZgZe
gZijZ\e_gbylZ gZ ba[jZgbl_ ihkhdb Zdh baf_j\ZgbylZ kZ baiteg_gb \
mkihj_^gbihkhdbl_abbaf_j\Zgbyk_baihea\ZlaZkta^Z\Zg_gZk_dj_l_g
dexq >jm]bl_ baf_j\Zgby fh]Zl ^Z k_ baihea\Zl dZlh l_kl aZ
g_jZ\_gkl\ZlZ gZ;_e:dh?\Zk_ijh[\Z^Zih^kemr\Zlyg_ba[_`ghs_
ih\eby_\tjomk^\hy\Zg_lhf_`^mqZklbpbl_dh_lhs_^h\_^_^hj_^mdpby
gZgZjmr_gb_lhgZg_jZ\_gkl\ZlZgZ;_edh_lhs_iha\hebgZ:ebkZb;h[
^Z jZaihagZyl ijbktkl\b_lh gZ ribhgbg Ktsh lZdZ ijb ^jm] ijhlhdhe
:ebkZbaijZsZktklhygb_ba[jZghf_`^m^\_g_hjlh]hgZegbktklhygbygZ
;h[ dhclh baitegy\Z baf_j\Zg_ baihea\Zcdb ijh_dpby \tjom
ih^ijhkljZgkl\ZlZhjlh]hgZegbgZ^\_l_ktklhygbyLh]Z\Z;h[im[ebqgh
bgnhjfbjZ:ebkZdh]Zlhihemqbiheh`bl_egbj_amelZlb ghg_jZa[bjZk_
dZd\b baf_j\Zgby _ ijZ\be  GZdjZy l_ aZ^tj`Zl kZfh [blh\_l_
kthl\_lkl\m\ZsbgZl_abj_amelZlb
Hl lhab lbi _ ij_^eh`_gbyl hl *RWWHVPDQ 3reskill 2001)
ijhlhdhe :ebkZ ba[bjZ kemqZcgh ^Z baijZlb beb ktklhygb_ k ^h[j_
hij_^_e_gZ ihabpby T beb fhf_gl S Lh]Z\Z :ebkZ ba[bjZ klhcghkl gZ T
beb gZ S qj_a fhkljZ hl \_jhylghklgh jZaij_^_e_gb_ ih^]hl\_gh \ l_k_g
\tegh\b iZd_l p_gljbjZg hdheh lZab klhcghkl b baijZsZ \tegh\by iZd_l
gZ ;h[ ;h[ j_rZ\Z kemqZcgh ^Zeb ^Z baf_j\Z T beb S Qj_a im[ebqgh
h[kt`^Zg_ :ebkZ b ;h[ hlkljZgy\Zl k\hbl_ ^Zggb \ l_ab kemqZb \ dhblh
;h[_baf_j\Ze\jZaebq_g[Zabkkijyfhhgabdhclh_baihea\Zghl:ebkZ
ijb ih^]hlh\dZlZ b aZ^tj`Zl hklZgZehlh AZ ^Z dhjb]bjZl \tafh`gbl_
]j_rdbdhblhfh]Zl^Zk_^te`ZlgZih^kemr\Zg_gZrmf\dZgZeZbebgZ
\tlj_rgh g_kt\tjr_gkl\h gZ :ebkbgZlZ ih^]hlh\dZ beb ;h[h\hlh
baf_j\Zg_l_baihea\ZldeZkbq_kdbijhlhdheaZdhj_dpbygZ]j_rdZlZijb
dh_lh`_jl\ZlqZklhlk\hbl_^ZggbaZ^Zbaitegyl\_jbnbdZpbhg_gl_kl
lZ^Z^_l_dlbjZlihl_gpbZegbl_ih^kemr\Zqb
H[sZlZ oZjZdl_jbklbdZ gZ \kbqdb l_ab ko_fb _ gZebqb_lh gZ
d\Zglh\dZgZeihdhclhfh]Zl^Zk_ij_gZkyljZaebqgbd\Zglh\bktklhygby
b gZ deZkbq_kdb dZgZe dhclh k_ baihea\Z aZ ba[bjZg_ gZ qZkl hl
baijZl_gbl_ ktklhygby b aZ ijh\_jdZ ^Zeb ]b ih^kemr\Zl :dh
deZkbq_kdbyldZgZek_hlkljZgb?\Zijhklh[bfh]eZ^Zij_j_`_d\Zglh\by
dZgZe b ^Z k_ ij_^klZ\y ij_^ ;h[ aZ :ebkZ Z ij_^ :ebkZ aZ ;h[
J_ZebabjZgb kZ fgh`_kl\h _dki_jbf_glb ^_fhgkljbjZsb
hkts_kl\bfhkllZ gZ ko_fZlZ aZ d\Zglh\Z djbilh]jZnby ijbjZaklhygbyhl
fgh]h dbehf_ljb <kbqdb l_ k_ hkgh\Z\Zl gZ ij_gZkyg_lh gZ ktklhygb_lh
gZ _^bgbq_g nhlhg ijb dh_lh Za[mdZlZ _ [ZabjZgZ beb gZ iheyjbaZpbylZ
gZ nhlhgZ beb gZ g_]h\ZlZ nZaZ Sh k_ hlgZky ^h kljZl_]bylZ gZ ?\Z aZ
ih^kemr\Zg_ gZc–ijhklZlZ _ lZab ijb dhylh ly ijhklh ijbo\Zg_
ktklhygb_lhdh_lh:ebkZ_baijZlbeZLh]Z\Zba\tjr\Zbaf_j\Zg_gZlh\Z
ktklhygb_ b gZdjZy baijZsZ _^gh gh\h ktklhygb_ gZ ;h[ ijb]hl\_gh
kihj_^ j_amelZlZ hl baf_j\Zg_lh JZajZ[hl_gb kZ h[Zq_ b ih-nbgb
kljZl_]bb ijb dhblh :ebkZ g_ kibjZ ij_gZkyghlh ktklhygb_ Z kZfh
ij_^ba\bd\Z \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ k \lhjh ktklhygb_ kihfZ]Zl_egZ kbkl_fZ  b
ihke_ ihemqZ\Z bgnhjfZpby aZ ij_gZkygby dm[bl [eZ]h^Zj_gb_ gZ
j_amelZlZ hl baf_j\Zg_ \tjom kihfZ]Zl_egZlZ kbkl_fZ LZab ijhp_^mjZ _
ba\_klgZ dZlh ijhajZqgh ih^kemr\Zg_ GZc k_lg_ ?\Z fh`_ ^Z baihea\Z
ih^kemr\Zl_egbko_fbijbdhblhg_cgZlZijh[Z\aZbfh^_ckl\m\Zkih\_q_
hl _^bg hl :ebkbgbl_ [blh\_ L_ab ko_fb kZ ba\_klgb dZlh dho_j_glgb
ZlZdb Hk\_g ijh\_jdZ gZ g_jZ\_gkl\ZlZ gZ ;_e aZ mklZgh\y\Zg_ gZ
ih^kemr\Zg_lh fh`_ ^Z k_ baihea\Zl g__^gh\j_f_ggb baf_j\Zgby
ij_^k_e_dlbjZgbbke_^k_e_dlbjZgbbaf_j\Zgby  %XE 
Kts_kl\m\Z lykgZ \jtadZ f_`^m dhgp_ipbbl_ aZ dhj_dpby gZ
d\Zglh\ZlZ]j_rdZbaZd\Zglh\byk_dj_l_gdexq *RWWHVPDQ3UHVNLOO 
?^bg ijhlhdhe aZ dhj_dpby gZ d\Zglh\bl_ ]j_rdb ljy[\Z ^Z _ \ ktklhygb_
^Z ZgmebjZ ]j_rdbl_ dZdlh hl lbi [bl-nebi dhblh hljZay\Zl
iheyjbaZpbhgghlh ktklhygb_ gZ dm[bl hlghkgh hklZ [ lZdZ b gZ nZah\b
]j_rdbdhblhhljZay\ZliheyjbaZpbylZhlghkghhklZ]Qj_aZgmebjZg_gZ
^\ZlZ lbiZ ]j_rdb ijhlhdhetl hlkljZgy\Z dZd\hlh b ^Z [beh k^\hy\Zg_
f_`^m ij_^iZa\Zghlh ktklhygb_ b kj_^ZlZ ktojZgy\Zcdb ih lhab gZqbg
qbklhlZlZgZktklhygb_lhIjbijhlhdhehld\Zglh\ZlZdjbilh]jZnby^\_l_
dhfmgbdbjZsbqZklbm^hklh\_jy\Zlq_dm[bltliheyjbabjZgbihhklZ[b
ihhklZ]fh`_^Z[t^_ij_g_k_gkijb_feb\hfZedZ\_jhylghklaZ]j_rdZ
Ih^kemr\Zq dhclh ke_^b aZ [-iheyjbabjZgb dm[blh\_ g_h[oh^bfh s_
kfmsZ\Z]-iheyjbabjZgbl_[blh\_^hdZlhih^kemr\ZqdhclhgZ[ex^Z\Z]-
iheyjbabjZgbl_ [blh\_ g_h[oh^bfh s_ \gZky kfms_gby \tjom [-
iheyjbabjZgbl_[blh\_Ke_^h\Zl_eghmki_r_gl_klaZ\_jbnbdZpbyfh`_
^ZihdZ`_q_dhfmgbdZpbylZ_ktkktojZg_gZk_dj_lghklblZabk_dj_lghkl
fh`_ ^Z k_ m\_ebqb qj_a deZkbq_kdb ijhlhdheb GZijhlb\ ih^kemr\Zqtl
kt[bjZ bgnhjfZpby qj_a k^\hy\Zg_ gZ g_]h\ZlZ ijh[Z k ij_gZkygbl_
dm[blh\_Ke_^h\Zl_eghbdhj_dpbylZgZ]j_rdZlZbd\Zglh\byldexqbfZl
h[sZ p_e Z bf_ggh ^Z ij_^iZayl d\Zglh\bl_ ktklhygby hl k^\hy\Zg_ k
\tgrgbyk\yl
D\Zglh\dhfixltjB^_ylZgZd\Zglh\bydhfixltjk_hkgh\Z\Z
gZ nZdlZ q_ \ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ kZ \tafh`gb kmi_jihabpbb gZ
ktklhygbylZD\Zglh\Zkbkl_fZk^\_[Zabkgbktklhygby dm[bl iha\hey\Z
^Z k_ dh^bjZl \ l_ab ktklhygby  0〉 b1〉 qbkeZlZ  b  Ke_^h\Zl_egh
\_jb]Z hl Q dm[blZ \k_db hl dhblh k_ gZfbjZ \ _^gh hl l_ab ktklhygby
iha\hey\Z ^Z k_ dh^bjZ Q–agZqgh ^\hbqgh qbkeh Gh Zdh \k_db hl
dm[blh\_l_\t\\_jb]ZlZk_gZfbjZ\kmi_jihabpbygZ[Zabkgbl_ktklhygby
2–1/2(0〉 +1〉  lh ktklhygb_lh gZ pyeZlZ \_jb]Z hl dm[blh\_ fh`_ ^Z k_
hibr_ dZlh kmi_jihabpby hl n ^\hbqgb qbkeZ k ^te`bgZ Q :dh k_]Z k
lZdZ\Z \_jb]Z hl dm[blh\_ k_ ba\tjrb ihke_^h\Zl_eghkl hl mgblZjgb
ij_h[jZah\Zgby lh s_ k_ j_ZebabjZ gydZd\Z ijhp_^mjZ aZ h[jZ[hldZ gZ
bgnhjfZpbylZ aZibkZgZ \ ^\hbqgb qbkeZ  ijb dh_lh iZjZe_egh s_ k_
h[jZ[hl\Zl\kbqdbl_n\ZjbZglZhl\oh^gb^Zggb
Ih lZdt\ gZqbg k_ hkts_kl\y\Z d\Zglh\ iZjZe_ebatf dhclh
iha\hey\Z ^Z k_ gZijZ\yl gydhb baqbke_gby fgh]hdjZlgh ih-_n_dlb\gb
hldhedhlh lh\Z _ \tafh`gh k ihfhslZ gZ deZkbq_kdb dhfixltj AZ^Zqbl_
dhblh fh]Zl ^Z k_ j_rZl gZ deZkbq_kdb dhfixltj aZ _dkihg_gpbZegh
]heyfh l_ ijZdlbq_kdb [_adjZcgh  \j_f_ gZ d\Zglh\ dhfixltj fh]Zl ^Z
k_ j_rZl aZ ihebghfbgZegh ]heyfh \j_f_ dh_lh aZ j_^bpZ ijZdlbq_kdb
aZ^Zqb_gZiteghihklb`bfh Kihj_^dZaZghlhktklhygb_lhgZd\Zglh\by
dhfixltjij_^klZ\ey\ZkmfZhlh]jhf_g[jhckt[bjZ_fb\kydhhldhblh_
ijhba\_^_gb_ gZ ktklhygby hl \b^Z 0〉 beb 1〉 fgh`bl_ebl_ \ lh\Z
ijhba\_^_gb_hibk\Zl\tafh`gbktklhygbygZhl^_egbl_dm[blh\_\^te]Z
\_jb]Z  Ke_^h\Zl_egh ktklhygb_lh gZ d\Zglh\by dhfixltj g_ _ ^jm]h
hk\_g fgh]h keh`gh k^\h_gh ktklhygb_ Ke_^ k_jby hl mgblZjgb
ij_h[jZam\Zgby ij_h[jZam\Zsb lh\Z ktklhygb_ \ kthl\_lkl\b_ k
ihklZ\_gZlZaZ^ZqZk_baf_j\Zihemq_ghlhktklhygb_J_amelZltlgZlh\Z
baf_j\Zg_b_p_egZbaqbke_gb_lhIhlZdt\gZqbgjZ[hlZlZgZd\Zglh\by
dhfixltj k_ hkgh\Z\Z gZ hi_jZpbb ktk keh`gb k^\h_gb ktklhygby gZ
\_jb]bhldm[blh\_KihfhslZgZlZdt\jh^hi_jZpbbfh`_gZijbf_j^Z
k_ gZf_jb i_jbh^Z gZ i_jbh^bqgZ nmgdpby beb ^Z k_ jZaeh`b gZ
fgh`bl_ebfgh]h]heyfhqbkehIhke_^gZlZaZ^ZqZij_^klZ\ey\Zhkh[_gZ
p_gghkl ^hdhedhlh g_cghlh j_r_gb_ [b iha\hebeh e_kgh ^Z k_
jZarbnjh\Zl dh^h\_l_ baihea\Zgb gZ ijZdlbdZ JZarbnjh\Zg_lh gZ
lZdb\Z dh^h\_kihfhslZgZdeZkbq_kdbdhfixljbfZdZjb^Z_\tafh`gh
ih ijbgpbi gh babkd\Z lhedh\Z ^te]h \j_f_ q_ _ ijZdlbq_kdb
g_baitegbfhJZa[bjZk_gZitlygZihkljhy\Zg_lhgZd\Zglh\bdhfixljb
jZ[hl_sb k qbkeZ k ^hklZltqgZ ^te`bgZ s_ k_ kj_sgZl h]jhfgb
ljm^ghklbIj_^b\kbqdhl_kZk\tjaZgbklh\Zq_k_gZeZ]Z^Zk_hkb]mjb
d\Zglh\Z dho_j_glghkl gZ h]jhf_g [jhc dm[blh\_ \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ dhblh
fh]Zl ^Z k_ baihea\Zl jZaebqgb nbabq_kdb kbkl_fb gZijbf_j Zlhfb  AZ
lh\Z _ g_h[oh^bfh ih gydZdt\ gZqbg ^Z k_ ij_^hl\jZlb ^Z k_ gZijZ\yl
g_h[bdgh\_gh fZedb  \kydZd\b g_dhgljhebjm_fb \aZbfh^_ckl\by gZ
dm[blh\_l__^bgk^jm]bkh[djt`Z\ZsZlZkj_^ZIjb\aZbfh^_ckl\b_lhk_
hkts_kl\y\Z aZ]m[Z gZ dho_j_glghkllZ Ljm^ghklbl_ ijhbalbqZsb hl lZab
aZ^ZqZkZlhedh\Z]he_fbq_fh]Zl^ZklZgZlg_ij_h^hebfbGZijbf_jg_
_ badexq_gh q_ \ djZy gZ djZbsZlZ aZ j_ZebabjZg_lh gZ d\Zglh\b
baqbke_gby _ g_h[oh^bfh ^Z k_ gZijZ\yl g_dhgljhebjm_fbl_
\aZbfh^_ckl\by _dkihg_gpbZegh fZedb dh_lh _^\Z eb _ \tafh`gh H[Zq_
aZk_]Z j_ZebaZpbylZ gZ d\Zglh\bl_ dhfixljb k_ kfylZ aZ \tafh`gZ ih
ijbgpbibaZj_rZ\Zg_lhgZlhabijh[e_fk_gZkhq\Zl]he_fbj_kmjkb
BaeZ]Zg_lh gZ hkgh\gbl_ ijbgpbib gZ d\Zglh\b baqbke_gby b gZ
d\Zglh\bdhfixljbfh`_^Zk_ktihklZ\bkhibkZgb_lhgZgydhbZki_dlbhl
^_ckl\b_lh gZ h[bdgh\_gbl_ - deZkbq_kdb - dhfixljb aZ ^Z k_ hgZ]e_^b
ij_oh^tl dtf h[kt`^Zg_lh gZ hkh[_ghklbl_ gZ d\Zglh\bl_ baqbke_gby
DeZkbq_kdbl_ dhfixljb dZlh mkljhckl\Z aZ baqbke_gb_ ljy[\Z ^Z
hi_jbjZl k qbkeZ GZc-ijhklhlh mkljhckl\h dh_lh fh`_ ^Z ij_^klZ\y
qbkeZ lh\Z _ mkljhckl\h dh_lh bfZ ^\_ mklhcqb\b ktklhygby LZdZ
ijh\h^gbpbl_ ih dhblh fh`_ ^Z ijhlbqZ lhd k_ gZfbjZl \ _^gh hl ^\_
ktklhygbydh]ZlhgyfZlhdkthl\_lgZlZklhcghkl_Zdh]ZlhbfZ- beb
jZa[bjZk_h[jZlghlhaZshlhlh\Z_\tijhkgZ^h]h\Zjyg_ Baihea\Zg_lh
gZ lZdb\Z mkljhckl\Z aZ hkts_kl\y\Zg_lh gZ ^_ckl\by \tjom qbkeZlZ _
\tafh`gh[eZ]h^Zj_gb_gZ^\hbqgbyaZibkgZqbkeZlZKts_kl\_g\tijhk
ijb kjZ\g_gb_ gZ deZkbq_kdbl_ k d\Zglh\bl_ dhfixljb _ h[jZlbfhkllZ gZ
^\hbqgbl_ [me_\b b Zjblf_lbqgb  hi_jZpbb GZijbf_j \ kemqZy gZ
hi_jZpby gZ kmfbjZg_ aZ h[jZlbfhkl _ g_h[oh^bfh ^Z k_ aZiZab
ktklhygb_lhgZbaoh^gby[bll_^Zk_baihea\Zlij_h[jZah\ZgbyhllbiZ
(a, b)Æ (a'=a, b' DE dt^_lhijbftlhagZqZ\ZdjZcgbl_ktklhygbygZ\oh^Z
$bgZbaoh^Z% Dbebg LhfLhnhebihdZa\ZdZdfh]Zl^Zk_hibrZl
h[jZlbfb baqbke_gby baihea\Zcdb ljZ^bpbhggby _abd gZ [me_\bl_
eh]bq_kdb nmgdpbb dZlh B BEB b ij gh ijbl_`Z\Zsb k\hckl\hlh
h[jZlbfhkl ?^gZ hl l_ab eh]bq_kdb nmgdpbb dhylh dZdlh k_ hdZa\Z
\ihke_^kl\b_ _ badexqbl_egh \Z`gZ aZ d\Zglh\bl_ baqbke_gby _
eh]bq_kdZlZ nmgdpby baitegy\ZsZ hi_jZpbylZ mijZ\ey\Zgh beb
dhgljhebjZgh  g_ h[jZlbfh ;25  [bltl E gZ baoh^Z baf_gy k\h_lh
ktklhygb_lh]Z\ZbkZfhlh]Z\Zdh]Zlhktklhygb_lhgZ[blZgZbalhqgbdZa
_  Ijb lh\Z ktklhygb_lh gZ [blZ gZ balhqgbdZ g_ k_ baf_gy Lhnheb _
ihdZaZektshq_fh`_^Zk_ihkljhb\k_dbh[jZlbfijhp_khjbaihea\Zcdb
kZfh_^gZeh]bq_kdZnmgdpbylh\Z_mgb\_jkZegbylljb[blh\dexq<lhab
eh]bq_kdb [ehd ktklhygb_lh gZ [blZ gZ baoh^Z k_ baf_gy lh]Z\Z b kZfh
lh]Z\Z dh]Zlh ^\ZlZ g_baf_ggb [blZ gZbalhqgbdZ DbE bfZlklhcghkl
Hl_^gZh[jZlbfZeh]bq_kdZfj_`ZhlktklhygbygZ[blh\_l_^hihgylb_lh
aZ d\Zglh\ ijhp_khj bfZ kZfh _^gZ djZqdZ B lhc _ gZijZ\_g ij_a
hk_f^_k_ll_ ]h^bgb hl J NZcgfZg dhclh hktagZ\Z q_ \f_klh deZkbq_kdb
ktklhygby gZ [blh\_l_ fh]Zl ^Z k_ baihea\Zl ktklhygby gZ d\Zglh\b
kbkl_fb \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ h[_dlb dhblh k_ ih^qbgy\Zl gZ h[jZlbfZlZ
OZfbelhgh\Z^bgZfbdZLh\Zfh`_^Zk_ijb_f_dZlhgZqZehgZbklhjbylZ
gZd\Zglh\bl_dhfixljb
<t\ N_cgfZg   lhc kb ihklZ\y aZ^ZqZlZ ^Z gZibr_
oZfbelhgbZgZgZhij_^_e_gZkbkl_fZdhylhfh`_^Zkem`bdZlhdhfixltj
Ltdfh ^hdhedhlh aZdhgbl_ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ kZ h[jZlbfb \t\
\j_f_lh ljy[\Z ^Z k_ jZa]e_`^Zl h[jZlbfb eh]bq_kdb nmgdpbb Ijb lh\Z
^hdhedhlh hi_jZpbbl_ kZ h[jZlbfb gyfZ baf_g_gb_ gZ _gljhibylZ gZ
\k_db eh]bq_kdb _e_f_gl dZdlh _ ijb h[bqZcgbl_ dhfixljb b kthl\_lgh
gyfZ ^Z k_ hl^_ey ijhihjpbhgZegZ gZ lh\Z lhiebgZ aZ _^gZ eh]bq_kdZ
hi_jZpby Kihj_^ NZcgfZg Zdh lZdt\ d\Zglh\ dhfixltj bah[sh hl^_ey
lhiebgZ lh lh\Z s_ _ aZ _^bg baoh^_g [bl b gZitegh g_aZ\bkbfh hl
keh`ghkllZgZkZfhlhbaqbke_gb_bko_fZlZaZihemqZ\Zg_gZlhabbaoh^_g
[blKtshlZdZaZibktlgZ_^bg[bl_\tjom_^bgZlhfbebd\Zglh\h[_dl
^hdZlh ijb h[bqZcgbl_ dhfixljb aZ aZibkZ gZ _^bg [bl kZ g_h[oh^bfb
ihjy^td ihjy^tpb Zlhfb Ijb lh\Z NZcgfZg g_ jZa]e_`^Z \k_ hs_
g_ijhmq_gbl_ ih hgh\Z \j_f_ k^\h_gb ktklhygby b h[hkgh\Z\Z
_n_dlb\ghkllZ gZ d\Zglh\by dhfixltj badexqbl_egh gZ hkgh\ZlZ gZ
h[jZlbfhkllZ<^jm]Zk\hyjZ[hlZ )H\QPDQ baltd\Zq_d\Zglh\byl
dhfixltjg__fZrbgZgZLxjbg]Zhlkt\k_fjZaebq_glbibktshlZdZ
ihah\Z\Zcdb k_ gZ _dki_jbf_glb ZgZeh]bqgb gZ hg_ab aZ ^hdZa\Zg_
gZjmrZ\Zg_lh gZ g_jZ\_gkl\ZlZ gZ ;_e - Z k_]Z agZ_f q_ \lhabkemqZc_
gZebp_ k^\hy\Zg_ - q_ bfZ g_ehdZegb ijhp_kb \ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ
dhblh ih ijbgpbi g_ fh]Zl ^Z k_ bfblbjZl qj_a ehdZe_g deZkbq_kdb
dhfixltjIh^ehdZe_gdeZkbq_kdbdhfixltjk_jZa[bjZq__e_f_glbl_gZ
lhab dhfixltj kZ ehdZegh k\tjaZgb ihf_`^m kb b ke_^h\Zl_egh
de_ltqgbylZ\lhfZl_ijbf_jgZlZdt\
D\Zglh\bl_ dhfixljb kZ nbabq_kdb mkljhckl\Z baitegy\Zsb
eh]bq_kdb hi_jZpbb gZ^ d\Zglh\b ktklhygby qj_a mgblZjgb
ij_h[jZah\Zgby dhblh g_ jZajmrZ\Zl d\Zglh\bl_ kmi_jihabpbb \ ijhp_kZ
gZ baqbke_gb_lh Kt\k_f ko_fZlbqgh jZ[hlZlZ gZ d\Zglh\by dhfixltj
fh`_ ^Z k_ ij_^klZ\b dZlh ihke_^h\Zl_eghkl hl ljb hi_jZpbb   aZibk
ih^]hlh\dZ  gZ gZqZeghlh ktklhygb_   baqbke_gb_ mgblZjgb
ij_h[jZah\Zgby gZ gZqZegbl_ ktklhygby    ba\_`^Zg_ gZ j_amelZlZ
baf_j\Zg_dh_lhijh_pbjZdjZcghlhktklhygb_ 
Hkts_kl\y\Zg_lh gZ d\Zglh\hlh baqbke_gb_ k_ hkgh\Z\Z gZ ^\_
hkgh\gb hi_jZpbb ?^gZlZ _ jhlZpbylZ gZ _^bgbq_g dm[bl Z ^jm]ZlZ _
^\mdm[blh\Z hi_jZpby Ih^oh^ysZ dhf[bgZpby hl l_ab ^\_ hkgh\gb
hi_jZpbbihijbgpbifh]Zl^Zbaitegyl\kydhd\Zglh\hbaqbke_gb_ )HQJ
Zhu, Gao, Shi 2000).
DZdlh k_ ^_fhgkljbjZ ih-]hj_ h[bdgh\_gbyl qbkeh\ dhfixltj
hi_jbjZ k [blh\_ [me_\b ijhf_geb\b ijb_fZsb klhcghklb  b  b gZ
\k_db _lZi hl baqbke_gb_lh dhfixltjtl bfZ hij_^_e_gb klhcghklb \t\
\k_db[blbaihea\ZgaZbaqbke_gb_lhIjblh\Zl_abklhcghklbfh]Zl^Zk_
baf_jyl GZ itj\by _lZi hl baqbke_gbylZ _ g_h[oh^bfh ^Z k_ aZibrZl
baoh^gbl_^Zggb\j_]bkltjgZ[hjhl[blh\_\k_dbhldhclhljy[\Z^ZbfZ
hij_^_e_gbklhcghklb beb 
D\Zglh\byl dhfixltj hi_jbjZ ktk ktklhygby GZc-ijhklZlZ
kbkl_fZ baitegy\ZsZ nmgdpby ZgZeh]bqgZ gZ [blh\_l_ \ deZkbq_kdbl_
dhfixljb _ kbkl_fZ k ^\_ \tafh`gb ktklhygby AZ hagZqZ\Zg_lh gZ
ktklhygbylZ gZ lZdZ\Z d\Zglh\Z kbkl_fZ  k ^\_ jZ\gbsZ dZdlh \_q_ k_
ihkhqb k_ baihea\Z ki_pbZe_g l_jfbg T–bit (quit) – d\Zglh\ [bl
bgnhjfZpby – ktklhygb_ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ kbkl_fZ k ^\_ \tafh`gb [Zah\b
ktklhygby 0〉 b 1〉 H[shlh ktklhygb_ gZ lZdZ\Z kbkl_fZ _ kmi_jihabpby
q〉=c0 0〉 + c1 1〉, dt^_lh k0 b k1 kZ dhfie_dkgb qbkeZ lZdb\Z q_ kmfZlZ hl
d\Z^jZlbl_gZfh^mebl_bf_jZ\gZgZ
Hs_ itj\ZlZ hi_jZpby gZ \kbqdb d\Zglh\b b deZkbq_kdb 
baqbke_gby - ih^]hlh\dZlZ gZ gZqZeghlh ktklhygb_ gZ j_]bkltjZ -
^_fhgkljbjZ \tafh`gbl_ ij_bfms_kl\Z gZ d\Zglh\bl_ hi_jZpbb k T-
[blh\_IjbgZ[bjZg_gZgZqZeghlhqbkeh\deZkbq_kdbj_]bkltjktklhys
k_hlZ[blZs_kZgbg_h[oh^bfbZhi_jZpbb-\t\\k_db[blgZj_]bkltjZ
^Z k_ mklZgh\yl klhcghklb  beb  Ijb lh\Z s_ [t^_ aZibkZgh _^gh
^\hbqgh qbkeh k ^te`bgZ Z Ijb baitegy\Zg_ gZ Z mgblZjgb hi_jZpbb k
\k_dbT[bl\d\Zglh\byj_]bkltj-mkljhckl\hktklhyshk_gZijbf_jhlZ
d\Zglh\blhqdb-s_ih^]hl\bfdho_j_glgZkmi_jihabpbyhl\kbqdbl_4 w
ktklhygby gZ h[sZlZ kbkl_fZ gZ d\Zglh\by j_]bkltj Ijb lh\Z s_
ih^]hl\bf\f_klh_^ghqbkeh\_^gZ]Zw \tafh`gbklhcghklbgZj_]bkltjZ
–dho_j_glgZkmi_jihabpbygZ\kbqdb\tafh`gbaZ^Z^_gbyj_]bkltjqbkeZ
?kl_kl\_gh lh\Z k\hckl\h fh`_ ^Z k_ baihea\Z aZ d\Zglh\b iZjZe_egb
baqbke_gby
  IjbeZ]Zcdb dtf ih^]hl\_gbl_ ktklhygby mgblZjgb
ij_h[jZah\Zgby baitegy\Zsb _^gb beb ^jm]b eh]bq_kdb hi_jZpbb fh`_
^Zk_j_ZebabjZkh[kl\_ghd\Zglh\ijhp_khj>>hcqihkhq\Zmgb\_jkZe_g
eh]bq_kdb [ehd k ihfhslZ gZ dhclh fh]Zl ^Z k_ baitegy\Zl \kydZd\b
d\Zglh\bbaqbke_gbyG_hl^Z\gZk_hdZaZq__^gh-b^\m[blh\b[ehdh\_kZ
^hklZltqgb aZ ihemqZ\Zg_ gZ p_eby gZ[hj hl ij_h[jZah\Zgby D\Zglh\bl_
eh]bq_kdb [ehdh\_ h[_^bg_gb aZ_^gh b ^_ckl\m\Zsb \ hij_^_e_gZ
ihke_^h\Zl_eghkl gZ ktklhygbylZ gZ T-[blh\_l_ h[jZam\Zl d\Zglh\Z
fj_`Z
  Hi_jZpbylZ gZ ba\_`^Zg_lh gZ j_amelZlZ hl baqbke_gb_lh aZ
deZkbq_kdbydhfixltjihgbshg_k_jZaebqZ\Zhl\kydZ^jm]Zhi_jZpbyih
\j_f_ gZ baqbke_gbylZ Baqbke_gbylZ fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl kij_gb \t\ \k_db
fhf_glbgZ\kydhfyklhf_`^bggbl_j_amelZlbijhq_l_gbbbaqbke_gbylZ
ijh^te`_gbIjbd\Zglh\bydhfixltjlh\Zg__lZdZDjZcgbylj_amelZlhl
d\Zglh\bl_ baqbke_gby _ ktklhygb_ gZ d\Zglh\by j_]bkltj ke_^
ba\tjr\Zg_ gZ mgblZjgbl_ ij_h[jZah\Zgby ij_^klZ\ey\Zsh dho_j_glgZ
kmi_jihabpby gZ \kbqdb \tafh`gb ktklhygby aZ ^Z^_gby j_]bkltj
Hq_\b^gh _ q_ g_ fh]Zl ^Z k_ ihemqZl \kbqdbl_ Zfieblm^b gZ
\_jhylghklbl_ &j \ jZaeZ]Zg_lh gZ lh\Z kmi_jihabpbhggh ktklhygb_
<kbqdh dh_lh fh`_ ^Z k_ ^h[b_ hl lhab _^bgbq_g d\Zglh\ h[_dl dh_lh _
^hkltigh kihj_^ d\Zglh\ZlZ l_hjby kZ d\Z^jZlbqgbl_ nhjfb ∑ijCiCjRij,
kthl\_lkl\m\Zsb gZ baf_j\Zg_lh gZ kj_^gZlZ klhcghkl gZ gydZd\Z
nbabq_kdZ\_ebqbgZgZdhylhhlk\hykljZgZkthl\_lkl\m\Zhi_jZlhjtl5
Ijblh\ZdjZcgbylj_amelZlhld\Zglh\bl_baqbke_gbys_nemdlmbjZf_`^m
jZaebqgbl_ baqbke_gby H[Zq_ ^hjb \ l_ab mkeh\by gZ d\Zglh\b
g_hij_^_e_ghklb d\Zglh\bl_ dhfixljb fh]Zl ^Z ^Z^Zl kts_kl\_gh
mkdhjy\Zg_ ijb baqbke_gbylZ gZ gydhb aZ^Zqb Dh]Zlh NZcgfZg aZ itj\b
itl h[jtsZ \gbfZgb_ gZ \tafh`ghkllZ aZ ihkljhy\Zg_ gZ ijhp_khj,
jZ[hl_sgZd\Zglh\hf_oZgbqgbijbgpbibg__[behykghijbj_rZ\Zg_lh
gZ dZd\b fZl_fZlbq_kdb ijh[e_fb lZdt\ dhfixltj fh`_ ^Z bfZ
ij_^bfkl\h\kjZ\g_gb_kh[bdgh\_gbl_ijhp_khjb
Itj\byl j_Ze_g ijbf_j _ hldjbl hl I Rhj ij_a  Lh\Z _
aZ^ZqZlZaZnZdlhjbabjZg_gZQ-agZqghpyehqbkehIh^nZdlhjbabjZg_k_
jZa[bjZ jZaeZ]Zg_ gZ ijhklb fgh`bl_eb Ba\_klgh _ q_ \j_f_lh ijb
baihea\Zg_ gZ ba\_klgbl_ ihgZklhys_f deZkbq_kdb Ze]hjblfb  jZkl_ k
^te`bgZlZ Q gZ nZdlhjbabjZghlh qbkeh ih nhjfmeZlZ H[S n1/3).
Ihklb`_gb_lhgZRhjk_ktklhb\lh\Zq_lhcgZfbjZZe]hjbltfhkgh\Zg
gZ hkh[_ghklbl_ gZ d\Zglh\hlh baqbke_gb_ ijb dhclh \j_f_lh jZkl_
ihebghfbgZegh Q2  k gZjZkl\Zg_lh gZ ^te`bgZlZ gZ nZdlhjbabjZghlh
qbkehG_hl^Z\gZ[_r_ij_^eh`_gZhs__^gZaZ^ZqZj_r_gb_lhgZdhylh
k_mkdhjy\ZagZqbl_eghijbbaihea\Zg_gZd\Zglh\bbaqbke_gbyltjk_g_lh
kj_^ _e_f_glbl_ gZ [ZaZ ^Zggb \k_db hl dhblh fh`_ ^Z hl]h\Zjy gZ
aZibl\Zg_lh k hl]h\hj ^Z beb g_ KlZ\Z ^mfZ aZ =jh\tj\by Ze]hjbltf
GZ deZkbq_kdb dhfixltj s_ kZ g_h[oh^bfb 1 aZibl\Zgby ^hdZlh gZ
d\Zglh\ - O(√1  <Z`ghkllZ gZ lhab j_amelZl k_ ktklhb \t\ nZdlZ q_ lhc
^hdZa\Zmkbe_gZlZbaqbkebl_egZfhsgZd\Zglh\bl_dhfixljbkjZ\g_gbk
deZkbq_kdbl_ aZ pye deZk ijh[e_fb aZ dhblh kZ ba\_klgb ]jZgbpbl_ gZ
_nbdZkghkl gZ deZkbq_kdbl_ dhfixljb %LKDP %LKDP %LURQ *UDVVO /LGDU
 Hs_aZ=jh\tjh\byZe]hjbltfG_dZaZijhklhlZ^himkg_fq_1 n,
dt^_lhQ_pyehqbkeh<t\_`^Zf_j_]bkltj X〉=x1,....xn〉^Zk_baihea\Z\
baqbke_gbylZ =jh\tjh\byl hjb]bgZe_g Ze]hjbltf aZ d\Zglh\h ltjk_g_ k_
ktklhbhlke_^gbl_kltidb  BgbpbZebabjZg_gZj_]bkltjZ0〉=0...0〉bk_
ijbeZ]Z Z^ZfZjh\Z ljZgknhjfZpby aZ ^Z k_ ihemqb mgbnhjfgh
Zfieblm^gh jZaij_^_e_gb_   Ih\lZjyf_ ke_^\ZsZlZ hi_jZpby L itlb
D  jhlbjZf_ fZjdbjZgbl_ ktklhygby ih nZaZ gZ π jZ^bZgZ E  jhlbjZf_
\kbqdb ktklhygby gZ π jZ^bZgZ hdheh kj_^gZlZ Zfieblm^Z gZ \kbqdb
ktklhygby lh\Z k_ ba\tjr\Z qj_a L  Z^ZfZjh\Z ljZgknhjfZpby gZ \k_db
dm[bl LL jhlbjZg_gZktklhygb_lh 0〉ihnZaZgZπjZ^bZgZb LLL hlgh\hk_
ba\tjr\Z Z^ZfZjh\Z ljZgknhjfZpby gZ \k_db dm[bl   ihemq_ghlh
ktklhygb_k_baf_j\Z =DOND%LKDP%LKDP%LURQ*UDVVO/LGDU6KDSLUD
  <b`^Z k_ q_ =jh\tj\byl Ze]hjbltf kihj_^ hqZd\ZgbylZ kt^tj`Z
lhqghktsbl__lZibdZd\blhljy[\Z^Zkt^tj`Z\k_dbd\Zglh\Ze]hjbltf
H[Zq_ ^jm]b ih^h[gb aZ^Zqb dhblh ljy[\Z ^Z k_ hlg_kZl dtf
deZkZgZltjk_g_gZj_r_gb_kj_^_dkihg_gpbZegh]heyf[jhcdZg^b^Zlb
hs_ qZdZl k\h_lh j_r_gb_ Dtf lZdb\Z aZ^Zqb k_ hlgZky aZ^ZqZlZ gZ
ltj]h\kdbyitlgbd^Zk_gZf_jbgZc-djZldbyitlf_`^mQlhqdbkba\_klgb
jZaklhygby f_`^m ^\hcdbl_ ij_fbgZ\Zs ij_a \kydZ lhqdZ kZfh _^bg itl
Ltjk_g_lh gZ Ze]hjblfb aZ j_rZ\Zg_ gZ lZdb\Z aZ^Zqb hkgh\Zgb gZ
\tafh`ghklbl_gZd\Zglh\bl_baqbke_gby__^bghlgZc-\Z`gbl_ijh[e_fb
\ l_hjbylZ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ bgnhjfZpby >jm] ktsh lZdZ \Z`_g ijh[e_f _
dhj_dpbylZ gZ ]j_rdbl_ ]_g_jbjZgb ijb baqbke_gby Ijb lh\Z ihjZ^b
fgh]h qm\kl\bl_egby oZjZdl_j gZ d\Zglh\bl_ ktklhygby dtf \tgrgb
kfms_gby gZ dhj_dpbbl_ gZ ]j_rdbl_ ke_^\Z ^Z k_ hl^_ey agZqbl_egh
ih\_q_ \gbfZgb_ hldhedhlh ijb deZkbq_kdb baqbke_gby Ijh[e_fbl_ gZ
kta^Z\Zg_lh gZ d\Zglh\ dhfixltj ihgZklhys_f - lh\Z kZ ij_^b \kbqdh
nbabq_kdbl_ ijh[e_fb Hkgh\gbyl kj_^ lyo _ [tjahlh jZaiZ^Zg_ gZ
kmi_jihabpbhggbl_ ktklhygby b ij_\jtsZg_lh bf klZlbklbq_kdZ kf_k
Lh\Z_ijhp_ktlgZ^_dho_j_gpby
IjZdlbq_kdb bfZ ^\Z nmg^Zf_glZegh jZaebqgb lbiZ
^_dho_j_gpby ih \j_f_ gZ baqbke_gb_lh ^bkbiZlb\gZ ^te`ZsZ k_ gZ
kihglZgghlh jZaiZ^Zg_ gZ f_lZklZ[begb ktklhygby b g_^bkbiZlb\gZ
^te`ZsZ k_ gZ kemqZcgb nemdlmZpbb gZ nZaZlZ k jZaebqgZ ijbjh^Z
(Mancini, Bonifacio 2001).
>_dho_j_gpbylZ gZeZ]Z dZlh hkgh\gh babkd\Zg_ gZ nbabq_kdbl_
_e_f_glb dhblh k_ ij_^iheZ]Z ^Z k_ baihea\Zl \ d\Zglh\bl_ dhfixljb
\j_f_lh aZ aZiZa\Zg_ gZ dho_j_glghkllZ gZ ktklhygbylZ ljy[\Z ^Z [t^_
ih\_q_ hl \j_f_lh aZ baqbke_gb_ Hllmd ke_^\Zl ^\Z gZqbgZ aZ ba[y]\Zg_
gZ jZaiZ^Zg_lh gZ dho_j_glghkllZ ^Z k_ gZf_jb d\Zglh\Z kbkl_fZ
fZdkbfZegh bahebjZgZ hl kj_^ZlZ beb badmkl\_gh ^Z k_ m\_ebqb \j_f_lh
aZdho_j_glghkl:dhih_^gbbebih^jm]bijbqbgbg_fh`_^Zk_ihklb]g_
`_eZgZlZ baheZpby gZ h[_dlZ b ]j_rdbl_ \gZkygb hl \aZbfh^_ckl\b_lh
ktk kj_^ZlZ jZajmrZ\Zl d\Zglh\ZlZ dho_j_glghkl fh]Zl ^Z k_ baihea\Zl
Zdlb\gb f_lh^b aZ dhj_dpby gZ d\Zglh\bl_ ]j_rdb kj_^ dhblh f_lh^tl
hkgh\Zg gZ m\_ebqZ\Zg_lh gZ [jhy gZ dZgZebl_ ih dhblh k_ ij_^Z\Z
bgnhjfZpby k ihke_^\ZsZ dhj_dpby gZ hkgh\ZlZ gZ _^bg beb gZ ^jm]
ijhlhdhe f_lh^tl aZ hj]ZgbaZpby gZ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ k h[djt`_gb_lh
f_lh^b hkgh\Zgb gZ baihea\Zg_ gZ h[jZlgZ \jtadZ Hk\_g ihkhq_gbl_
Zdlb\gbf_lh^bk_baihea\ZlbiZkb\gbdhblhk_hkgh\Z\ZlgZk\h[h^gbl_
hl ^_dho_j_gpby ih^ijhkljZgkl\Z gZ Obe[_jlh\hlh ijhkljZgkl\h b
ij_^klZ\ey\Zl jZaiheZ]Zg_ gZ baqbkebl_egZlZ kbkl_fZ \ h[eZkl \ dhylh
_n_dlb\gbyl j_amelZl gZ hl^_egbl_ ^_dho_jbjZsb \ebygby g_ _
gZkeZ]\Zg_lh Z hlkeZ[\Zg_lh bf Hl ^jm]bl_ nbabq_kdb ijh[e_fb
k\tjaZgbkj_ZebabjZg_lhgZb^_ylZaZd\Zglh\hbaqbke_gb_ke_^\Z^Zk_
hl^_ebltjk_g_lhgZdhgdj_lgbijhp_kbbaitegy\Zsbeh]bq_kdbhi_jZpbb
D\Zglh\bl_dh^h\_aZdhj_dpbygZ]j_rdZlZkZ\fgh]hhlghr_gby
ih^h[gb gZ deZkbq_kdbl_ &HUI &OHYH   < l_hjbylZ gZ deZkbq_kdhlh
dh^bjZg_ eh]bq_kdb ^mfb hl N [blZ  k_ dh^bjZl \ dh^h\b ^mfb hl Q!N
[blZ  Ihke_^gbl_ kZ ih^oh^ysh ba[jZgb kj_^ fgh`_kl\hlh hl n
\tafh`gb ^mfb hl Q [blZ lZdZ q_ gZjmr_gby ihjZ^b rmf hl ^Z j_q_f W
[blZ gZc-fgh]h  fh]Zl ^Z k_ \taklZgh\yl?^ghki_pbnbqghfgh`_kl\hhl
dh^h\b ^mfb lh]Z\Z h[jZam\Z dh^ >Q N W@ dh^bjZcdb N [blZ \ Q [blZ b
dhjb]bjZcdb \kbqdb fh^_eb hl W beb ih-fZedh  ]j_rdb kj_^ hg_ab Q [blZ
GZc-ijhklbyl ijbf_j gZ deZkbq_kdb dh^ k N  Q  W  _ dh^tl k
ih\lhj_gb_ dt^_lh _^bg eh]bq_kdb  beb   k_ dh^bjZ \  beb  
dh^bjZg_lh k_ baitegy\Z ih ijZ\behlh gZ [herbgkl\hlh dh_lh _
^hklZltqgh aZ ^Z k_ \taklZgh\b W  ]j_rdZ < l_hjbylZ gZ deZkbq_kdhlh
dh^bjZg_ jZa\Ze_gbl_ ^Zggb ke_^h\Zl_egh k_ \taklZgh\y\Zl qj_a
\t\_`^Zg_ gZ j_^mg^Zglghkl Q!N  l_ qj_a ^m[ebjZg_ gZ qZkl hl
bgnhjfZpbylZ dhylh ljy[\Z ^Z k_ ktojZgb < l_hjbylZ gZ d\Zglh\h
dh^bjZg_ p_gljZegbyl \tijhk _ ^Z k_ gZf_jb fgh`_kl\h hl k d\Zglh\b
dh^h\b ^mfb gZ Q d\Zglh\b [blZ  lZdb\Z q_ d\Zglh\ZlZ bgnhjfZpby ^Z
fh`_^Z[t^_ij_^iZa_gZkj_smgZjmr_gby^te`Zsbk_gZk\tja\Zg_ktk
kj_^ZlZ l_d\Zglh\ZlZkbkl_fZ^Zhp_ey\Zke_^^_dho_j_gpby GZijt\
ih]e_^ ba]e_`^Z q_ – ltc dZlh ^m[ebjZg_lh gZ ijhba\hegh d\Zglh\h
ktklhygb_ _ aZ[jZg_gh hl l_hj_fZlZ aZ d\Zglh\h g_dehgbjZg_ – _^gZ
d\Zglh\Zj_^mg^Zglghkl_g_\tafh`gZHdZaZehk__h[Zq_q_lZdZ^Zk_
dZ`_ l_hj_fZlZ aZ g_-dehgbjZg_ fh`_ ^Z k_ aZh[bdheb b ihgZklhys_f
h[eZkllZgZd\Zglh\bl_dh^h\_aZdhjb]bjZg_gZ]j_rdb_[tjahjZa\b\ZsZ
k_D\Zglh\ZlZbgnhjfZpbyfh`_^Zk_gZjmrb\fgh`_kl\hdm[blZghijb
ih^oh^ysh dh^bjZg_ b kthl\_lgh hijZ\yg_ ke_^ qZklbqgbl_ gZjmr_gby
bapyeh ^Z k_ \taklZgh\b [_a lh\Z ^Z [t^_ aZ[jZg_gh hl l_hj_fZlZ aZ
g_dehgbjZg_lh >Z h[kt^bf ih-ih^jh[gh \jtadZlZ f_`^m l_hj_fZlZ aZ
g_dehgbjZg_lhbdh^h\_l_aZd\Zglh\Zdhj_dpbygZ]j_rdZlZIj_^b\kbqdh
ljy[\Z ^Z k_ hl[_e_`b q_ Zdh fh`_f ^Z baljb_f e gZ [jhc dm[blZ ijb
lh\Z [b^_cdb kihkh[gb ^Z \taklZgh\bf dh^h\ZlZ ^mfZ lh\Z agZqb q_
hklZgZebl_ Q – _  dm[blZ kt^tj`Zl pyeZlZ bgnhjfZpby lZdZ q_ l_ab e
dm[blZ hq_\b^gh kt^tj`Zl qZklbqgh  ^m[ebjZg_ gZ eh]bq_kdZlZ ^mfZ
AZ[jZg_gh_^Zk_baljbyliheh\bgZlZ bebih\_q_ hlQ-l_dm[blZltcdZlh
^\_l_ iheh\bgb gZ dh^h\ZlZ ^mfZ [boZ [beb jZaiheh`_gb \tjom
eh]bq_kdZlZ^mfZhkb]mjy\Zcdbd\Zglh\hdehgbjZg_Ke_^h\Zl_eghljy[\Z
^Z _ \ kbeZ Q–H! Kts_\j_f_ggh fh`_ ^Z k_ ihdZ`_ q_ _^gh ih-f_dh
dehgbjZg__\tafh`gh
Dtf ihgZklhys_f \k_ hs_ l\tj^_ _dahlbqgbl_ ijbeh`_gby gZ
d\Zglh\ZlZ bgnhjfZpby kiZ^Z d\Zglh\ZlZ l_hjby gZ b]jbl_ DZdlh b ijb
kemqZy gZ d\Zglh\bl_ baqbke_gby jZarbjy\Zg_lh gZ deZkZ gZ ^himklbfb
nbabq_kdb hi_jZpbb iha\hey\Z ^Z k_ j_rZ\Zl aZ^Zqb g_j_rbfb ijb
deZkbq_kdb ih^oh^ < qZklghkl ijb baihea\Zg_ gZ d\Zglh\b b]jh\b
kljZl_]bb k_ ihklb]Z jZ\gh\_kb_ \ hij_^_eb deZkh\_ b]jb Kj_^ lyo _ b
ijhqmlZlZ ^be_fZ gZ aZl\hjgbdZ dhylh fh`_ ^Z k_ j_rb k ihfhslZ gZ
d\Zglh\ZkljZl_]byhkgh\ZgZbaihea\Zg_lhgZk^\h_gbktklhygby -RKQVRQ
2001).
L_hjbylZ gZ b]jbl_ _ h[eZkl gZ ijbeh`gZlZ fZl_fZlbdZ Ly
nhjfZebabjZ dhgnebdlZ f_`^m kti_jgbq_sb Z]_glb b gZfbjZ rbjhdh
ijbeh`_gb_ hl bdhghfbdZlZ ^h [bheh]bylZ D\Zglh\ZlZ bgnhjfZpby _
feZ^Z h[eZkl \t\ nbabdZlZ G_cgZlZ ktjp_\bgZ _ hktagZ\Zg_lh q_ \
djZcgZ kf_ldZ bgnhjfZpby g_ _ fZl_fZlbq_kdZ Z[kljZdpby Z nbabq_kdZ
\_ebqbgZ %HQMDPLQ+D\GHQ Ba\_klgh_q_jZaebqgbijh[e_fb\lZab
h[eZkl fh]Zl ^Z k_ fbkeyl dZlh b]jb D\Zglh\ZlZ djbilh]jZnby gZij _
b]jZ f_`^m bg^b\b^b dhblh bkdZl ^Z dhfmgbdbjZl b ^jm]b dhblh bkdZl ^Z
ih^kemr\Zl D\Zglh\hlhdehgbjZg_fh`_^Zk_fbkebdZlhb]jZgZnbabdZ
kj_sm ijbjh^ZlZ b ^hjb baf_j\Zl_egbyl ijhp_k fh`_ ^Z k_ fbkeb \
ktsbl_ l_jfbgb Baltd\Z k_ q_ Ze]hjblfbl_ aZ d\Zglh\b dhfixljb fh]Zl
^Z k_ fbkeyl mki_rgh dZlh b]jb f_`^m deZkbq_kdb b d\Zglh\b Z]_glb GZ
lhab nhg _ _kl_kl\_gh ^Z k_ ltjkb h[sZ l_hjby b gZ b]jbl_ b gZ
d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ NhjfZegh _^gZ b]jZ \dexq\Z [jhc b]jZqb gZ dhblh
k_iha\hey\Zhij_^_e_ghfgh`_kl\hhl^_ckl\byNmgdpbylZgZi_qZe[ZlZ
hij_^_ey dZd s_ [t^Zl \tagZ]jZ^_gb b]jZqbl_ ke_^ dZlh kZ baitegbeb
k\hbl_ ^_ckl\by KljZl_]bylZ gZ L-lby b]jZq Vi _ ijhp_^mjZ aZ j_rZ\Zg_
dh_ ^_ckl\b_ ^Z k_ bab]jZ_ IjhkljZgkl\hlh gZ kljZl_]bbl_ 6 >Vi@ _
fgh`_kl\hlhhlkljZl_]bbkdhblhlhcjZaiheZ]ZIjhnbetlgZkljZl_]bylZ
s=(s1, s2,... sN  _ kt\dmighkllZ hl kljZl_]bb gZ \k_db b]jZq L_jfbgZ
jZ\gh\_kb_ \ kfbkteZ gZ l_hjby gZ b]jbl_ k_ hlgZky ^h ijhnbe gZ
kljZl_]by k hij_^_e_gZ kl_i_g gZ klZ[beghkl gZij \ jZ\gh\_kb_lh gZ
GZr gyfZ b]jZq dhclh fh`_ ^Z ih^h[jb k\hylZ hqZd\ZgZ i_qZe[Z qj_a
_^ghkljZggZ ijhfygZ gZ kljZl_]bylZ BamqZ\Zg_lh gZ jZ\gh\_kbylZ _
nmg^Zf_glZegh \ l_hjbylZgZb]jbl_KlZlbqgbb]jbkZl_abijbdhblhg_
k_ jZa]e_`^Zl baf_g_gby gZ kljZl_]bylZ gZ b]jZqbl_ G_sh ih\_q_ \k_db
b]jZq bfZ itegh agZgb_ aZ kljmdlmjZlZ gZ b]jbl_ Fgh`_kl\hlh hl
iha\he_gbl_ ^_ckl\by kthl\_lkl\m\Z ijydh gZ ijhkljZgkl\hlh hl
^_l_jfbgbklbqgb kljZl_]bb L_hjbylZ gZ b]jZlZ [b^_cdb dehg gZ
ijbeh`gZlZ fZl_fZlbdZ ^_nbgbjZ b]jbl_ [_a hlgZkyg_ dtf nbabq_kdZlZ
\k_e_gZ H[Zq_ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ _ nbabq_kdZ l_hjby Ke_^h\Zl_egh
ljy[\Z ^Z k_ aZihqg_ qj_a kta^Z\Zg_ gZ nbabq_kdb fh^_e gZ
bgl_j_km\ZsZlZ gb b]jZ L\tj^_ _kl_kl\_g itl aZ lh\Z _ ^Z k_ jZa]e_^Z
ihlhdtl hl bgnhjfZpby Lhab deZkbq_kdb nbabq_kdb fh^_e ke_^\Z ^Z k_
ij_\tjg_ \ d\Zglh\h–f_oZgbq_g ?^gZ ijhp_^mjZ  aZ lh\Z [b [beZ D 
deZkbq_kdZlZ bgnhjfZpby ghkb [blh\_ b agZqb ljy[\Z ^Z k_ h[h[sb ^h
ij_gZkyg_gZdm[blh\_ E l_abdm[blh\_kZk^\h_gb F j_aemlZlgZlZb]jZ
_ h[h[s_gb_ gZ deZkbq_kdZlZ b]jZ  < ljZ^bpbhggZlZ l_hjby gZ b]jbl_
kts_kl\m\Z nmg^Zf_glZegh jZa]jZgbq_gb_ f_`^m qbklb kljZl_]bb \
dhblh b]jZqbl_ ba[bjZl k\hbl_ ^_ckl\by ^_l_jfbgbklbqgh b kf_k_gb
kljZl_]bbdhblhfh]Zl^Z\dexq\Zl\_jhylghklgbba[hjb<Z`ghke_^kl\b_
hl \taijb_fZg_lh gZ h[sby d\Zglh\ fh^_e _ q_ b]jZqbl_ fh]Zl ^Z
ijbeZ]Zl\kydZd\b\_jhylghklgbkljZl_]bb^_l_jfbgbklbqgh
Ijbeh`_gbylZ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ bgnhjfZpby l_itj\Z aZihq\Zl ^Z
k_ jZajZ[hl\Zl b h[_sZ\Zl \tij_db h]jhfgbl_ l_ogbq_kdb ij_iylkl\by
j_\hexpbhgbabjZg_gZdhfixljbl_bdhfmgbdZpbbl_Zfh`_[bgZj_^bpZ
h[eZklbaZdZd\blhijbeh`_gb_ihgZklhys_fbg_ihfbkeyf_

PblbjZgZb^hitegbl_egZebl_jZlmjZ
;Zj]Zlbg B ; =jbrZgbg < AZ^dh\ AZimlZggu_ d\Zglh\u_ khklhygby
Zlhfguokbkl_f-Mki_obnbabq_kdbogZmdLhf  1-646.
>bch^hg_@M\h^\kt\j_f_ggbyZgZebaK
>hgp_\ < Kbklheu gZ ]jmiZo =_ca_g[_j]Z k f_ljbdZfb DZjgh-
DZjZl_h^hjb-FZl_fZlbq_kdbck[jhgbdLhf  1k-54.
>j_fbg B H B\Zgh\ < G_qblZceh <_c\e_lu b bo bkihevah\Zgb_ -
Mki_obnbabq_kdbogZmdLhf 171 (2001), N 5, 465-501.
DZefudh\ KXRhdbgbAXe^Zr_\F_lh^ubgl_j\Zevgh]hZgZebaZ
Gh\hkb[bjkd
Dbebg K D\Zglh\Zy bgnhjfZpby – Mki_nb nbabq_kdbo gZmd Lhf 
(1999), N 5, 507-527.
Ebidbg : Kms_kl\m_l eb y\e_gb_ j_^mdpbb \hegh\hc nmgdpbb ijb
baf_j_gbb \ d\Zglh\hc f_oZgbd_"  - Mki_ob nbabq_kdbo gZmd Lhf 
 1k-441.
F_gkdbcFD\Zglh\Zyf_oZgbdZgh\u_wdki_jbf_glugh\u_ijbeh`_gby
b gh\u_ nhjfmebjh\db klZjuo \hijhkh\ - Mki_ob nbabq_kdbo gZmd Lhf
170 (2000), N 6, k-647.
F_gkdbc F D\Zglh\h_ baf_j_gb_ ^_dh]_j_gpby b khagZgb_ - Mki_ob
nbabq_kdbogZmdLhf  1k-462.
GZofZgkhg J Nbabq_kdZy bgl_jij_lZpby d\Zglh\hc f_oZgbdb   - Mki_ob
nbabq_kdbogZmdLhf  1k-444.
G_\_@FZl_fZlbq_kdb_hkgh\ul_hjbb\_jhylghkl_cFhkd\Z
IZgh\ : H ijh[e_f_ \u[hjZ Zevl_jgZlb\u \ d\Zglh\hc baf_j_gbb - -
Mki_obnbabq_kdbogZmdLhf  1k-451.
IbeZg : >_ckl\bl_eghklv b ]eZ\guc \hijhk h d\Zglh\hc bgnhjfZpbb -
Mki_obnbabq_kdbogZmdLhf  1k-447.
N_cgfZg J D\Zglh\hf_oZgbq_kdby W<F - Mki_ob nbabq_kdbo gZmd Lhf
140 (1986), N 4, 671–688.
P_ofbkljhBBfiebdZlb\gh-eh]bq_kdZyijbjh^Zd\Zglh\uodhjj_eypbb-
Mki_obnbabq_kdbogZmdLhf  1k-458.
Q`wgvRwg-rwgvDhfie_dkgu_fgh]hh[jZabyF
Aharonov, Y. and L. Vaidman. Nonlocal aspects of a quantum wave. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 5, 052108-1-11.
Albert, D. Quantum Mechanics and Experience. Cambridge, MA, 1996.
Antoniou, I., E. Karpov, G. Orinko, and E. Yarevski. Quantum Zeno anti-Zeno
effects in the Friedrichs model. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6,
062110-1-10.
Aspect, A., P. Grangier, and G. Roger. Experimental tests of realistic local
theories via Bell's theorem. - Physical Review Letters. Vol. 47 (1981) N 7, 460–
463.
Aspect, A., P. Grangier, and G. Roger. Experimental Realization of Einstein–
Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm Gedanken experiment: A New Violation of Bell's
Inequalities. - Physical Review Letters. Vol. 49, N 2 (1982), 91–94.
Ballentine, L. and S. McRae. Moment equations for probability distributions in
classical and quantum mechanics. - Physical Review A. Vol. 58 (1998), N 3,
1799(11).
Barnum, H., M. Nielsen, and B. Scumacher. Information transmission through
a noisy quantum channel. – Physiscal Review A. Vol. 57, N 6 (1998), 4153(23).
Bartlett, S. and D. Rice, B. Sanders, J. Dabool, H. de Guise. Unitari
transformations for testing Bell inequalites. – Physiscal Review A. Vol. 63, N 4
(2001), 042310(10).
Baute, A., I. Egusquiza, J. Muga and R. Mayato. Time-of-arrival distributions
from positron-momentum and energy-time joint measurements. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 5, 052111-1-11.
Beige, A. and G. Hegerfeldt. Projection postulate and atomic quantum Zeno
effect. – Physical Review A. Vol. 53 (1996), N 1, 53(13).
Bell, J. On the Problem of Hidden Variables in quantum Mechanics. – Review of
Modern Physics. Vol. 38 (1966), N 3, 447–452.
Benioff, P. Representation of natural numbers in quantum mechanics. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 3, 032305-1-11.
Benjamin, S. and P. Hayden. Multiplayer uantum games. – Physical Review A.
Vol. 64 (2001), N 3, 030301-1-4.
Bennett, J., G. Brassard, C. Crepcau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, W. Wootters.
Teleporting an Unknoun State via Dual Classical and Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen
Channels. - Physical Review Letters. Vol. 70 (1993), N 2, 1895–1899.
Bennett, C., D. DiVincenzo, C. Fuchs, T. Mor, E. Rains, P. Shor, J. Smolin,
and W. Wootters. Quantum nonlocality without entanglement. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 2, 1070(22).
Bennett, C., D. Divincenzo, J. Smolin, and W. Wootters. Mixed–state
entanglement and quantum error correction. – Physical Review A. Vol. 54
(1996), N 2, 3824(28).
Bertlmann, R. and B. Hiesmayr. Bell inequalities for entangled kaons and their
unitary time evolution. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062112(11).
Biham, E., O. Biham, D. Biron, M. Grassl, and D. Lidar. Grover's quantum
search algorithm for an arbitrary initial amplitude distribution. - Physical Review
A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 4, 2742(4).
Biham, E., O. Biham, D. Biron, M. Grassl, D. Lidar, and D. Shapira. Analysis
of generalized Grover quantum search algorithms using recursion equations. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2000), N 1, 012310(8).
Blatter, G. Schrödinger's cat is now fat. – Nature. Vol. 406 (2000), 25–26.
Bohm, A. Time-asymmetric quantum physics. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60
(1999), N 2, 861(16).
Bowen, G. Classical information capacity of superdense coding. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 2, 022302(4).
Brun, T. Continuous measurements, quantum trajectories and decoherent
histories. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 4, 042107-1-17.
β, D., J. Calsamiglia and N. Lvtkenhaus. Quantum cloning and distributed
Bruβ
measurements. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 4, 042308-1-9.
Buzek, V. and M. Hillery. Quantum copying: Beyond the no–cloning theorem. –
Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 3, 1844(9).
Bub, J. Secure key distribution via pre- and postselected quantum states. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 3, 032309-1-3.
Caban, P. and J. Rembielinski. Lorentz-covariant quantum mechanics and
preferred frame. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 6, 4187(10).
Cabello, A. "All versus nothing" Inseparability for two Observers. Physiscal
Review Letters. Vol. 87 (2001), N 1, 010403(4).
Cabello, A. Nonlocality without inequalites has not been proved for maximally
entangled states. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2001), N 2, 022119-1-6.
Cabello, A. Quantum correlations are not local elements of reality. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 1, 113(3).
Cerf, N. and C. Adami. Entropic Bell inequalities. - Physical Review A. Vol. 55
(1997), N 5, 3371(4).
Cerf, N. and C. Adami. Quantum extension of conditional probability. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 2, 893(5).
Cerf, N. and R. Cleve. Information–theoretic interpretation of quantum error-
correcting codes. - Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 3, 1721(12).
Cerf, N., C. Adami, and R. Gingrich. Reduction criterion for separability. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 2, 898(12).
Chefles, A., C. Gilson and S. Barnett. Entanglement, information and
multiparticle quantum operations. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 3,
032314-1-15.
Clauser, J., Horne, M. Experimental consequences of objectiv local theories. –
Physiscal Review D. Vol. 10 (1974), N 2, 526–534.
Clauser, J., M. Horne, A. Shimony, R. Holt. Proposed experiment to test local
hidden–variable theories. – Physical Review Letters. Vol. 23 (1969), N 15, 880–
884.
Cleve, R. and H. Buhram. Substituting quantum entanglement for
communication. - Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 2, 1201(4).
Clifton, R., H. Halvorson, A. Kent. Nonlocal correlations are generic in infinite-
dimensional bipartite systems. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 4,
042101-1-7.
Cochanski, P. and K. Wodkiewicz. Operational time of arrival in quantum
phase space. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 4, 2689(11).
Cohen, O. and B. Hiley. Reexamining the assumption that elements of reality
can be Lorentz invariant. – Physical Review A. Vol. 52 (1995), N 4, 76(6).
Curado, E., M. Rego-Montiero, and H. Nazareno. Heisenberg-type structures
of one-dimensional quantum Hamiltonians. - Physical Review A. Vol. 64 (2001),
N 1, 012105-1-5.
Delgado, V. Quantum probability distribution of arrival times and probability
current density. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 2, 1010(11).
Diosi, L., N. Gisin, and W. Strunz. Quantum approach to coupling classical and
quantum dynamics. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 2, 022108-1-4.
Doherty, A., K. Jakobs, and G. Jungman. Information, diturbance, and
Hamiltonian quantum feedback control. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6,
062306-1-13.
Dragan, A., K. Banaszek. Homodyne Bell's inequalites for entangled
mesoscopic superpositions. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062306-1-
13.
Dvr, W. and J. Cirac. Nonlocal operations: Purification, storage, compression,
tomography, and probabilistic implementation. - Physical Review A. Vol. 64
(2001), N 1, 012317-1-14.
Dusek, M., O. Haderka, M. Hendrich, and R. Myska. Quantum identification
system. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 1, 149(8).
Elitzur, A., S. Dolev. Nonlocal effects of partial measurements and quantum
erasure. - - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062109(14).
Emerson, J. and L. Ballentine. Characteristics of quantum-classical
correspondence for two intwracting spins. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N
5, 052103-1-16.
(QJOPDQ5DQG:<DKDORP. Reciprocity beween moduli and phases in time-
dependent wave functions. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 3, 1802(9).
van Enk, S., H. Kimble, J. Cirac, and P. Zoller. Quantum communication with
dark photons. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 4, 2659(6).
Facchi, P., A. Mariano, and S. Pascazio. Decoherence versus enthropy in
neutron interforemetry. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 5, 052108-1-9.
Feinman, R. Simulating Physiscs with Computers. – International Journal of
theoretical Physics. Vol. 21, (1982), N 6–7, 467–488.
Feng Mang, Zhu Xi–Wen, Gao Ke–Lin, Shi Lei. Quantum Computation by
Pairing Trapped Ultracold Ions. - Chinese Physiscal Letters. Vol. 18, N 6 (2001),
718–720.
Fischer, M.C., B.Gutierrez–Medina, and M.G.Raizen. Observation of the
Quantum Zeno and Anti–Zeno Effects in an Unstable System. - Physical Review
Letters. Vol. 87 (2001), N 4, 040402(4).
Foadi, R. and F. Selleri. Quantum mechanics versus local realism for neutral
kaon pairs. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 1, 012106-1-6.
Ford, G. and R. O'Connell. Exact result for the force autocorelation in the
rotating-wave approximation. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062102-
1-6.
Ford, G., J. Lewis and R. O'Connell. Quantum measurement and
decoherence. – Physical Review A. Vol. 64 (2001), 032101(4).
Franke-Arnold, S., E. Anderson, S. Barnett, and S. Stenholm. Generalized
measurements of atomic qubits. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 5,
052301-1-8.
Freedman, J., J. Clauser. Experimental tests of local hidden variable theories. –
Physical Review Letters. Vol. 28 (1972), 938-941.
Fuchs, C. and K. Jacobs. Information-tradeoff relations for finite-strength
quantum measurements. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062305-1-15.
Gea-Banaciole, J. Qubit-qubit interaction in quantum computers. II. Adder
algorithm with diagonal and off-diagonal interactions. - Physical Review A. Vol.
60 (1999), N 1, 185(9).
Garcia-Calderon, G., A. Rubio, J. Villavicencio. Low-energy relativistic effects
and nonlocality in time-dependent tunneling. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59
(1999), N 3, 1785(4).
Garuccio, A. Hardy's approach, Eberhard's inequality, and supplementary
assumptions. - Physical Review A. Vol. 52 (1995), N 4, 2535(3).
Genovese, M. Proposal of an experimental scheme for realizing a translucent
eavesdropping on a quantum cryptographic channel. - Physical Review A. Vol.
63 (2001), N 4, 044303(4).
Giraldi, F. and P. Grigolini. Quantum entanglement and entropy. – Physiscal
Review A. Vol. 64 (2001) N 3, 032310(10).
Gisin, N., V. Scarani, W. Tittel and H. Zbinden. Optical tests of quantum
nonlovality: from EPR-Bell tests towards experiments with moving observers. -
Annalen der Physik. Vol. 512 (ser 8, vol. 9) (2000), N 11-12, pp. 831-841.
Gottesman, D. and J. Preskill. Secure quantum key distribution using
squeezed states. – Physical Review A. Vol 63 (2001), N 3, 022309(18).
Greenberger, D., A. Horne, A. Shimony, A. Zeilinger. Bell's theorem without
inequalities. – American Journal of Physiscs. Vol. 58 (1990), N 12, 1131–1143.
Griffiths, R. Choice of consistent family, and quantum incompatibility. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 57 (1998), N 3, 1604(15).
Griffiths, R. Consistent histories and quantum reasoning. - Physical Review A.
Vol. 54 (1996), N 4, 2759(16).
Grishanin, B. and V. Zadkov. Coherent-information analysis of quantum
channels in simple quantum systems. - Physical Review A. Vol. 62 (2000), N 3,
032303-1-12.
Grunhaus, J., S. Popesku, and D. Rohrlich. Jamming nonlocal quantum
correlations. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 4, 2602(14).
Hall, M. Universal geometric approach to uncertainty, entropy, and information. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 4, 2602(14).
Hardy, L. Nonlocality for Two Particles without Inequalities for Almost All
Entangled States. – Physiscal Review Letters. Vol. 71 (1993), N 11, 1665(4).
Hardy, L. Quantum Mechanics, Local Realistic Theories, and Lorentz–Invariant
Realistic Rheories. – Physiscal Review Letters. Vol. 68 (1992), N 20, 2981–
2984.
Hardy, L. and W. van Dam. Quantum communication using a nonlocal Zeno
effect. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 4, 2635(6).
Hillery, M., B. Zurke & D. Stoler. Upper and lower bounds on maximal violation
of local realism in a Hardy-type test using continuous variables. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062111(4).
Horodecki, M., P. Horodecki, R. Horodecki. Mixed–state Entanglement and
Distilation: Is there a "Bound" Entanglement in Nature? – Physical Review
Letters. Vol. 80 (1998), N 24, 5239–5242.
Horodecki, P. "Interaction-free" interaction: Entangling evolution coming from
the possibility of detection. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 2, 022108-1-5.
Horordecki, R. Informationally coherent quantum systems. – Physiss Letters A.
Vol. 187 (1994) 145–150.
Horodecki, R., M. Horodecki and P. Horodecki. Balance of information in
bipartial quantum communication systems: Entanglement-energy analogy. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 2, 022310-1-8.
Horodecki, R., M. Horodecki. Information–theoretic aspects of inseparability of
mixed states. - Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 3, 1838(6).
Horodecki, R., P. Horodecki. Quantum redundancies and local realism. –
Physics Letters A. Vol. 194 (1994), 147–152.
Horodecki, R., P. Horodecki, M. Horodecki. Quantum a–entropy inequalities:
independent condition for local realism. – Physics Letters A. Vol. 210 (1996),
377–381.
Isham, C. J, N. Linden. Information entropy and the space of decoherence
functions in generalized quantum theory. - Physical Review A. Vol. 55 (1997), N
6, 4030(11)
Je-Young Choi, Seok-In Hong. Supersymmetric quantum mechanics with
nonlocal potentials. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 2, 796(4).
Jindong Zhou and Guang Hou, Yongde Zhang. Telepotation scheme of S-
level quantum pure states by two-level Einstein-Pododlski-Rosen states. -
Physical Review A, Vol. 64, 012301-1-4.
Johnson, N. Playing a quantum game with a corrupted source. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 2, 020302(4).
Jordan, T. Quantum correlation violate Einstein-Podolski-Rosen assumptions. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 4, 2726(3).
Kaszlikowski, D. and M. Zukowski. Bell theorem involving all possible local
measurements. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 2, 022114-1-6.
Kaulakys, B. and V. Gontis. Quantum anty–Zeno effect. - Physical Review A.
Vol. 56 (1997), N 2, 1131(7).
Kawabata, Shiro. Test of Bell's Inequality using the Spin Filter Effect in
Ferromagnetic Semicoductor Microstructures. - Journal of the Physical Society of
Japan. Vol. 70, N 5, 1210-1213.
Kempe, J., D. Bacon, D. Lidar, and K. Whaley. Theory of decoherence–free
fault–tolerant universal quantum computation. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63
(2001), N 4, 042307-1-29.
Kempe, J., C. Simon, and G. Weihs. Optimal photon cloning. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 62 (2000), N 3, 032302-1-8.
Ken-Ichi Aoki, Atsushi Horikoshi, and Etsuko Nakamura. Time of arrival
through interacting environments: Tunneling processes. - Physical Review A.
Vol. 62 (2000), N 2, 022101-1-9.
Kent, A. Noncontextual Hidden Variables and Physical Measurements.
Physiscal Review Letters. Vol. 83, N 19 (1999), 3755(3).
Kent, A. Remarks on Consitent Histories and Bohmian Mechanics. – In:
Bohmian Mechanics and Quantum Theory: an appraisal. Boston Studies in the
Phylososphy of Science. Vol. 184. Dordrecht, Boston, London, 1996.
Kim, M. and Jinhyoung Lee. Test of quantum nonlocality for cavity fields. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 4, 042102-1-5.
Kitano, M. Quantum Zeno effect and adiabatic change. - Physical Review A.
Vol. 56 (1997), N 4, 1138(4).
Klyshko, D. The Bell and GHZ theorems: a possible three–photon interference
experiment and the queszion of nonlocality. - Physics Letters A. Vol. 172 (1993),
399-403.
Kochen, S. & E. Specker. The problem of hidden variables in quantum
mechanics. - Physical Review A. Vol. 17 (1967), N 1, 59-87.
Kofman, A., G. Kurizki and T. Opatrny. Zeno and anti-Zeno for photon
polarization dephasing. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 4, 042108-1-11.
Kono, N. Decoherence and dephasing in a quantum measuerement process. –
Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 2, 1064(23).
Krenn, G., A. Zeilinger. Enatangled entanglement. – Physical Review A. Vol.
54 (1996), N 3, 1793(5).
Landauer, R. The physiscal nature of information. – Physics Letters A. Vol. 217
(1996), 188-193.
Lewenstein, M., B. Kraus, P. Horodecki, and J.Cirac. Characterization of
separable states and entanglement witnesses. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63
(2000), N 4, 022105-1-4.
Levenstein, M. and K. Rzazewski. Quantum anti-Zeno effect. - Physical Review
A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 2, 022105-1-5.
Linden, N and S. Popescu. Bound entanglement and teleportation. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 59 (2001), N 1, 137(4).
Lloyd, S. Quantum–mechanical Maxwell's demon. – Physical Review A. Vol. 63
(2001), N 5, 3374(9).
van Loock, P., S. Braunstein. Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger nonlocality in phase
space. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 2, 022310-1-6.
Luis, A. Complementary and certainty relations for two dimensional systems. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 64 (2001), N 1, 012103-1-6.
Luis, A. Quantum-state preparation and control via Zeno effect. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 5, 052112-1-6.
Mancini, S and R. Bonifacio. Nondissipative decoherence bounds on quantum
computation. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 3, 0323106.
Massar, S., D. Bacon, N. Cerf, and R. Cleve. Classsical simulation of quantum
entanglement without local hidden variables. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63
(2001), N 5, 052305-1-8.
McElwaine, J. Appoximate and exact consistency of histories. – Physical
Review A. Vol. 53 (1996), N 4, 2021(12).
McElwain, J. Maximum information and quantum prediction algorithms. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 3, 1756(11).
Milburn, G. and S. Braunstein. Quantum teleportation with squeezed vacuum
states. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 2, 937(6).
Misra, B. and E. Sudarshan. The Zeno's paradox in quantum theory. – Journal
of Mathematical Physics. Vol. 18 (1977), N 4, 756–763.
Mor, T. Sufficient conditions for a disentanglement. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60
(1999), N 6, 4341(3).
Munro, W. Optimal states for Bell-LQHTXDOXW\ YLRODWLRQV XVLQJ TXDGUDWXU_-phase
homodyne measurements. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 6, 4197(5).
Nelson, R., D. Cory, and S. Lloyd. Experimental demonstration of Greenberg-
Horne-Zeilinger correlations using nuclear magnetic resonance. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 2, 022106-1-5.
Olavo, L. Foundations of quantum mechanics: Connection with stochastic
processes. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 5, 052109-1-14.
2PQbV5. general theory of the decoherence effect in quantum mechanics. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 5, 3383(12).
Oppenheim, J., B. Reznik, and W. Unruh. Time-of-arrival states. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 3, 1804(5).
Orlowski, A. Informatiom entropy and squeezing of quantum fluctuations. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 4, 2545(4).
Parkins, A. and H. Kimble. Position-momentum Einstein-Podolski-Rosen state
of distantly separated trapped atoms. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 5,
052104-1-5.
Pauli, W. General Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Springer–Verlag, 1980.
Pauli, W. Writings on Philosophy and Physics. Berlin, 1995.
Peres, A. Collective tests for quantum nonlocality. – Physical Review A. Vol. 54
(1996), N 4, 2685(5).
Petrovski, T., G. Ordonez, and I. Prigogine. Quantum transitions and
nonlocality. - Physical Review A. Vol. 62 (2000), N 4, 042106-1-15.
Ping-Xing Chen and Lin-Mei Liang, Cheng-Zu Li, Ming-Qui Huang.
Necessary and sufficient condition of separability of any system. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 5, 052306(5).
Polzik, E. Einstein-Pododlski-Rosen corelated atomic enesembles. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 6, 4202(4).
Ponomarenko, S. and E. Wolf. Correlations in open quantum systems and
associated uncertainty relations. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6,
062106(5).
Popesku, S. Bell's Inequalities and Density Matrices: Revealing "Hidden"
Nonlocality. – Physiscal Review Letters. Vol. 74 (1995), N 14, 2619(4).
Popesku, S. Thermodynsmics and the measure of entanglement. – Physiscal
Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 5, 3319(3).
Power, E. and T. Thirunamachandran. Analysis of the causal behavior in
energy transfer between atoms. – Physical Review A. Vol. 56 (1997), N 5,
3395(14).
Rains, E. Bound on distillable entanglement. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60
(1999), N 1, 179(6)
Rains, E. Rigorous treatment of distillable entanglement. - Physical Review A.
Vol. 60 (1999), N 1, 173(6).
Rajagopal, A. Quantum entanglement and maximum-enthropy states from the
Jaynes principle. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 6, 4338(3).
Rajagopal, A. and R. Rendell. Decoherence, correlation, and entanglement in a
pair of coupled quantum dissioative oscilators. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63
(2001), N 2, 022116-1-11.
Reid, M. Violations of Bell inequalities for measurements with macroscopic
uncertainties: What it means to violate macroscopic realism. - Physical Review
A. Vol. 62 (2000), N 2, 022110-1-10.
Reynaud, S., P.A. Maia Neto, A. Lambrecht and M.-T. Jaekel. Gravitational
decoherence of planetary motions. - Europhysics Letters. Vol. 54 (2001), N 2,
135-140.
Reznik, B. and Y. Aharonov. Time–symmetric formulation of quantum
mechanics. - Physical Review A. Vol. 52 (1995), N 4, 2538(13).
Rudolf, O. Temporal quantum theory. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 2,
1045(11).
Ruseckas, J. and B. Kaulakys. Real measurements and the quantum Zeno
effect. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062103(9).
Schleich, W. Engineering decoherence. – Nature, Vol. 403 (2000), 256–257.
Schlienz, J. and C. Mahler. Description of entanglement. - Physical Review A.
Vol. 52 (1995), N 6, 4396(9).
Schmidt, P., P. Kwiat, and B.-G. Englert. Quantative wave-oarticle duality and
nonerasing quantum erasure. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 6, 4285(6).
Schumacher, B. Sending entanglement through noisy quantum channels. – -
Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1999), N 4, 2614(15).
Schumacher, B. and M. Nielsen. Quantum data processing and error
correction. – Physiscal Review A. Quantum data processing and error correction.
– Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 4, 2629(7).
Shengjun Wu and Yongde Zhang. Multipartite pure-state entanglement and the
generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63
(2001), N 1, 012308-1-7.
Shih, Y. Quantum entanglement and quantum teleportation. - Annalen der
Physik. Vol. 513 (ser 8, vol. 10) (2001), N 1-2, pp. 19-34. - Physical Review A.
Vol. 61 (2000), N 1, 012102-1-8.
Simon, C, C. Brukner, and A. Zeilinger. Hidden Variable theorems for Real
Experiments. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 86, N 20 (2001), 4427(4).
Spreeuw, R. Classical wave-optics analogy of quantum-infomation processing.
- Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062302(8).
Strekalov, D., Yoon-Ho Kim, Yanhua Shih. Experimental study of a subsistem
in an entangled two-photon state. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 4,
2685(4).
Sumiyoshi Abe and A.Rajagopal. Quantum entanglement inferred by the
principle of maximum nonaditive entropy. - Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N
5, 2685(4).
Sun, C. and H. Zhan, X. Liu. Decoherence and relevaht universality in quantum
algorithms via a dinamic theory for quantum measurement. - Physical Review A.
Vol. 58 (1988), N 3, 1810(12).
Tan, S. Confirming entanglement in continuous variable quantum teleportation. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 60 (1999), N 4, 2752(7).
7HXIHO 6 . %HUQGO DQG ' 'vUU 6 *ROGVWHLQ Locality and causality in
hidden-variables models of quantum theory. – Physical Review A. Vol. 56
(1997), N 2, 1217(11).
Tittel, W., J. Brendel, N. Gisin and H. Zbinden. Long-distance Bell-type tests
using energy-time entangled phozons. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 6,
4150(14).
Toller, M. Localization of events in space-time. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59
(1999), N 2, 960(11)
Untuh, W. Nonlocality, counterfactuals, and quantum mechanics. - Physical
Review A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 1, 126(5).
Vaidman, L. and N. Yoran. Methods for reliable teleportation. - Physical Review
A. Vol. 59 (1999), N 1, 116(10).
Venugopalan, A. Pointer states via decoherence in a quantum measurement. -
Vilas-Boas, C., N de Almeida, and M. Moussa. Teleportation of a zero- and
one photon running-wave state by projection synthesis. - Physical Review A. Vol.
60 (1999), N 4, 2759(5).
Werner, R. and M. Wolf. Bell's inequalities for states with positive partial
transpose. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 6, 062102-1-4.
Wootters, W., W. Zurek. - Nature. Vol. 299 (1982), 802-803.
Wu, J. Violation of Bell's inequalites and two-mode quantum-optical state
measurement. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 2, 022111-1-5.
Xiaoguang Wang. Entanglement in the quantum Heisenberg XY model. -
Physical Review A. Vol. 64 (2001), N 1, 012313-1-7.
Yamada, N. Probabilities for histories in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. –
Physical Review A. Vol. 54 (1996), N 1, 182(22).
Yang Chui-Ping, Guo Guang-Can. Multiparticle Generalization of Teleportation.
- Chinese Physics Letters. Vol. 17 (2000), N 3, 162-164.
Yi, X., G. Jin, and D. Zhou. Creating Bell states and decoherence efects in a
quantum-dot system. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N 6, 062307-1-4.
Yu Shi. Early Gedanken experiments of quantum mechanics revisited. - Annalen
der Physik. Vol. 512 (ser 8, vol. 9) (2000), N 8, pp. 637-648.
Zalka, C. Grover's quantum searching algorithm is optimal. - Physical Review A.
Vol. 60 (1999), N 4, 2746(6).
Zhong-yang Wang, Xun-li Feng, Shang-qing, and Zhi-zhan Hu. Atomic-state
teleportation by using a quantum switch. - Physical Review A. Vol. 63 (2001), N
6, 062308-1-7.
Zukowski, M and Dagomir Kaszlikowski. Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger
paradoxes with symmetric multiport beam splitters. - Physical Review A. Vol. 59
(1999), N 5, 3200(4).
Zukowski, M. Violations of local realism in multiphoton interference
experiments. - Physical Review A. Vol. 61 (2000), N 2, 022109-1-5.
Zurek, W. Schrödinger's sheep. – Nature. Vol. 404 (2000), 130–131.

You might also like