ENGINEERING YOUR

FUTURE

An Introduction to
Engineering:
A Comprehensive
Approach
1
CHAPTER 1

The History of Engineering

2
1.1 Introduction
 Definition of Engineering
 The profession in which knowledge of
the mathematical and natural
sciences, gained by study,
experience, and practice, is applied
with judgment to develop ways to
use, economically, the materials and
forces of nature for the benefit of
mankind.
3
1.2 Getting Started
 Prehistoric Culture
 Our Computer Age
 The Speed of History
 Quick Overview

4
1.3 The Beginnings of
Engineering
 The Earliest Days
 Egypt and Mesopotamia (add
picture)**

5
1.3 Pictures of Pyramids

6
1.4 The Overview
Approach
 Engineering the Temples of Greece
 The Roman Roads and Aqueducts
 The Great Wall of China
 **FROM HERE MIGHT WANT TO
ADD PICTURES FROM BOOK

7
1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages
 1200 B.C. – A.D. 1
 Quality of wrought iron is improved
 Swords are mass produced
 Siege towers are perfected
 Greeks develop manufacturing
 Archimedes introduces mathematics
in Greece
 Concrete is used for arched bridges,
roads and aqueducts in Rome.
8
1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: A.D. 1-1000
 Chinese further develop the study
of mathematics
 Gunpowder is perfected
 Cotton and silk manufactured

9
1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1000-1400
 Silk and glass industries continue
to grow
 Leonardo Fibinacci, a medieval
mathematician, writes the first
Western text on algebra

10
1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1400-1700
 First toilet is invented in England
 Galileo constructs a series of
telescopes, with which he observes the
rotation about the sun
 Otto von Guerick first demonstrates the
existence of a vacuum
 Issac Newton constructs first reflecting
telescopes
 Boyle’s Gas Law, stating pressure varies
inversely with volume, is first
introduced. 11
1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1700-1800
 Industrial Revolution begins in
Europe
 James Watt patents his first steam
engine
 Society of Engineers, a
professional engineering society, is
formed in London
 First building made completely of
cast iron built in England 12
1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1800-1825
 Machine automation is first
introduced in France
 First railroad locomotive is
designed and manufactured
 Chemical symbols are developed,
the same symbols used today (Au,
He)
 Single wire telegraph line is
developed 13
1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1825-1875
 Reinforced concrete is first used
 First synthetic plastic material is
created
 Bessemer develops his process to
create stronger steel in mass
quantities
 First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania
 Typewriter is perfected
14
1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1875-1900
 Telephone is patented in the US by
Alexander Graham Bell
 Thomas Edison invents the light
bulb and the phonograph
 Gasoline engine developed by
Gottlieb Daimler
 Automobile introduced by Karl
Benz
15
1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1900-1925
 Wright brothers complete first
sustained flight
 Ford develops first diesel engines
in tractors
 First commercial flight between
Paris and London begins
 Detroit becomes center of auto
production industry
16
1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1925-1950
 John Logie Baird invents a primitive
form of television
 The VW Beetle goes into
production
 First atomic bomb is used
 The transistor is invented

17
1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1950-1975
 Computers first introduced into the
market, and are common by 1960
 Sputnik I, the first artificial
satellite, put into space by USSR
 First communication satellite—
Telstar—is put into space
 The U.S. completes the first ever
moon landing

18
1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1975-1990
 The Concord is first used for
supersonic flight between Europe
and the U.S.
 Columbia space shuttle is reused
for space travel
 First artificial heart is successfully
implanted

19
1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1990-Present
 Robots travel on Mars
 The “Chunnel” between England
and France is finished
 GPS is used to predict and report
weather conditions, as well as
many other consumer applications

20
1.6 Case Study of Two
Historic
Engineers
 Leonardo Da Vinci
 Gutenberg and His Printing Press

21
1.7 The History of the
Disciplines
 Aerospace Eng.  Computer Eng.

 Agricultural Eng.  Electrical Eng.

 Chemical Eng.  Industrial Eng.

 Civil Eng.  Mechanical Eng.

22
1.7 History: Aerospace
Engineering
 “Aerospace engineering is
concerned with engineering
applications in the areas of
aeronautics (the science of air
flight) and astronautics (the
science of space flight).

23
1.7 History: Agricultural
Engineering
 Agricultural engineering focuses
on:
 Soil and water
 Structures and environment
 Electrical power and processing
 Food engineering
 Power and machinery

24
1.7 History: Chemical
Engineering
 Chemical engineering applies
chemistry to industrial processes,
such as the manufacture of drugs,
cements, paints, lubricants, and
the like.

25
1.7 History: Civil
Engineering
 Civil engineering focuses on
structural issues, such as:
 Bridges and Highways
 Skyscrapers
 Industrial Plants and Power Plants
 Shipping Facilities and Railroad Lines
 Pipelines, Gas Facilities, Canals

26
1.7 History: Computer and
Electrical Engineering
 The world’s business is centered
around computers, and their
uses are only increasing
 Electrical is the largest branch of
engineering
 Involved in:
 Communication Systems
 Computers and Automatic Controls
 Power Generation and
Transmission 27
1.7 History: Industrial
Engineering
 Industrial engineers design, install,
and improve systems that
integrate people, materials, and
machines to improve efficiency.

28
1.7 History: Mechanical
Engineering
 Deals with power, the generation
of power, and the application of
power to a variety of machines,
ranging from HVAC to space
vehicles.

29
CHAPTER 2

Engineering Majors

30
2.1 Introduction
 Several characteristics of students
that might have an interest in
engineering are:
 Proficient skills in math and physical science
 An urging from a high school counselor
 Knows someone who is an engineer
 Knows that engineering offers literally
dozens, if not hundreds of job opportunities
 Is aware that a degree in engineering is
quite lucrative

31
2.1 Engineers and
Scientists
 Scientists seek technical answers
to understand natural
phenomenon
 Engineers study technical
problems with a practical
application always in mind
 For example
 “Scientists study atomic structure to
understand the nature of matter;
engineers study atomic structure to 32
2.1 The Engineer and the
Engineering Technologist
 Main difference between the two
is:
 Engineers design and manufacture
machines and systems, while
engineering technologists have the
technical know-how to use and install
the machines properly
 An example:
 “The technologist identifies the
equipment necessary to assemble a
new CD player; the engineer designs 33
2.1 What Do Engineers
Do?
 Ways to get information about
careers:
 Visit job fairs
 Attend seminars on campus by
various employers
 Contact faculty with knowledge of
engineering fields
 Get an intern or co-op position
 Enroll in an engineering elective
34
course
2.1 What Engineers Do

35
2.2 Engineering Functions:
Research
 Research engineers are
knowledgeable in principles of
chemistry, biology, physics, and
mathematics
 Computer know-how is also
recommended
 A Masters Degree is almost always
required, and a Ph. D is often
strongly recommended 36
2.2 Engineering Functions:
Development
 Development engineers bridge the
gap between the laboratory and
the production facility
 They also identify problems in a
potential product
 An example is the development of
concept cars for companies like
Ford and GM
37
 2.2 Engineering Functions:
Testing
 Testing engineers are responsible
for testing the durability and
reliability of a product, making
sure that it performs how it is
supposed to, every time. T.E.s
simulate instances and
environments in which a product
would be used
 Crash testing of a vehicle to
observe effects of an air bag and 38
 2.2 Engineering Functions:
Design
 Design aspect is where largest
number of engineers are employed
 Design engineers often work on
components of a product,
providing all the necessary
specifics needed to successfully
manufacture the product
 Design engineers regularly use
computer design software as well
as computer aided drafting 39
2.2 Engineering Functions:
Design
 Design engineers must also verify
that the part meets reliability and
safety standards required for the
product
 A concern always on the mind of
design engineers is how to keep
the development of a part cost
effective, which is taken into
account during a design process 40
2.2 Engineering Functions:
Analysis
 Analysis engineers use
computational tools and
mathematic models to enrich the
work of design and research
engineers
 Analysis engineers typically have a
mastery of: heat transfer, fluid
flow, vibrations, dynamics,
acoustics, and many other system41
2.2 Engineering Functions:
Systems
 Responsible on a larger scale for
bringing together components of
parts from design engineers to
make a complete product
 Responsible for making sure all
components of a product work
together as was intended by
design engineers
42
2.2 Engineering Functions:
Manufacturing &
Construction
 Work individually or in teams
 Responsible for “molding” raw
materials into finished product
 Maintain and keep records on
equipment in plant
 Help with design process to keep
costs low

43
2.2 Engineering Functions:
Operations & Maintenance
 Responsible for maintaining
production line
 Must have technical know-how to
deal w/ problems
 Responsible for inspecting facility
and equipment, must be certified
in various inspection methods

44
2.2 Engineering Functions:
Technical Support
 Works between consumers and
producers
 Not necessarily have in depth
knowledge of technical aspects of
product
 Must have good interpersonal skills

45
2.2 Engineering Functions:
Customer Support
 Often have more of a technical
knowledge than Tech. Support,
because they must be able to work
with basic customers
 Evaluate whether or not a current
practice is cost effective via
feedback from customers

46
2.2 Engineering Functions:
Sales
 Sales engineers have technical
background, but are also able to
communicate effectively w/
customers
 Job market for sales engineers is
growing, due to the fact that
products are becoming more and
more technically complex
47
2.2 Engineering Functions:
Consulting
 Are either self-employed, or work
for a firm that does not directly
manufacture products
 Consulting engineers might be
involved in design, installation, and
upkeep of a product
 Sometimes required to be a
registered professional engineer in
the state where he/she works 48
2.3 Engineering Majors:
Aerospace Engineering
 Previously known as aeronautical
and astronautical engineering
 First space flight Oct. 4, 1957
(Sputnik I)
 KEY WORDS:
 Aerodynamics: The study of the flow of
air over a streamlined surface or body.
 Propulsion engineers: develop quieter,
more efficient, and cleaner burning engines.
49
2.3 Engineering Majors:
Aerospace Engineering
 KEY WORDS:
 Structural engineers: use of new
alloys, composites, and other new
materials to meet design
requirements of new spacecraft
 Control systems: systems used to
operate crafts
 Orbital mechanics: calculation of
where to place satellites using GPS
50
2.3 Engineering Majors:
Agricultural Engineering
 Concerned with finding ways to
produce food more efficiently
 KEY WORDS
 Harvesting Equip. - removes crops
from field, and begins processing of
food
 Structures: used to hold crops,
feed, and livestock; Agricultural
engineers develop and design the
structures that hold crops 51
2.3 Engineering Majors:
Agricultural Engineering
 Food process engineers:
concerned with making healthier
processed food products
 Soil/Water Resources: working
to develop efficient ways to use
limited resources

52
2.3 Engineering Majors:
Architectural Engineering
 Structural: primarily concerned
with the integrity of the building
structure. Evaluates loads placed
on buildings, and makes sure the
building is structurally sound
 Mechanical systems: control
climate of building, as well as
humidity and air quality
(HVAC) 53
2.3 Engineering Majors:
Biomedical
 First recognized in 1940’s
 Three basic categories: Bioengineering,
Medical, and Clinical
 Bioengineering is application of
engineering principles to biological
systems
 Medical engineers develop
instrumentation for medical uses
 Clinical engineers develop systems that
help serve the needs of hospitals and
clinics 54
 2.3 Engineering Majors:
Chemical
 Emphasizes the use of chemistry
and chemical processes in
engineering
 Chemical engineers develop
processes to extract and refine
crude oil and gas resources
 Chemical engineers also develop
circuit boards, and work in the
pharmaceutical industry, where
processes are designed to create 55
2.3 Engineering Majors
Civil Engineering
 First seen in pyramids of Egypt
 Structural engineers most common
type of civil engineer
 Transportation engineers
concerned w/ design and
construction of highways,
railroads, and mass transit
systems
 Surveyors start construction
process by locating property lines 56
2.3 Engineering Majors
Computer Engineering
 Focuses primarily on computer
hardware, not software
 Work w/ electrical engineers to
develop faster ways to transfer
information, and to run the
computer
 Responsible for the “architecture”
of the computer system
57
2.3 Engineering Majors
Electrical Engineering
 More engineers are electrical than
any other discipline
 With an ever growing technological
society, electrical engineers will
ALWAYS have a job
 Work in communications,
microelectronics, signal
processing, bioengineering, etc
58
2.3 Engineering Majors
Environmental
Engineering
 Often coupled with Civil
Engineering
 3 aspects of environmental
engineering:
 Disposal: disposing of
industrial/residential waste products
 Remediation: clean up of a
contaminated site
 Prevention: working with
corporations to reduce and/or prevent
59
emissions and work to find ways to
2.3 Engineering Majors
Industrial Engineering
 “Design, improvement, and
installation of integrated systems
of people, material, and energy”
 Emphasis placed on: Production,
Manufacturing, Human Factors Area,
and Operations Research
 Production focuses on plant layout,
scheduling, and quality control
 Human Factors focuses on the efficient
placement of human resources within a
plant/facility 60
2.3 Engineering Majors
Marine and Ocean
Engineering
 Concerned with the design,
development, and operation of ships
and boats
 Marine engineer designs and maintains
the systems that operate ships, I.e.
propulsion, communication, steering
and navigation
 Ocean engineer design and operates
marine equipment other than ships,
such as submersibles. O.E.s might also
work on submarine pipelines and/or
cables and drilling platforms 61
2.3 Engineering Majors
Materials Engineering
 Study the structure, as well as
other important properties of
materials, I.e. strength, hardness,
and durability
 Run tests to ensure the quality of
the performance of the material
 Material Engineers also study
metallurgy, and the development
of composites and alloys
62
2.3 Engineering Majors
Mechanical Engineering
 Concerned with machines and
mechanical devices
 Work in design, development,
production, control, and operation
of machines/devices
 Requires a strong math and
physics background. Often 4 or
more math classes required for
graduation 63
2.3 Engineering Majors
Mining Engineering
 Work to maintain constant levels of
raw minerals used every day in
industrial and commercial settings
 Must discover, remove, process,
and refine such minerals

64
 2.3 Engineering Minerals
Nuclear Engineering
 Most concerned with producing
and harnessing energy from
nuclear sources
 Propulsion and electricity are the
main uses of nuclear power
 Engineers also responsible for
disposal of the nuclear waste
byproduct, and how to keep people
safe from harmful nuclear products 65
2.3 Engineering Majors
Petroleum Engineering
 Discover, remove, refine, and
transport crude and refined oil
around the world
 PE’s design and operate the
machinery used to refine crude oil
into its many forms

66
Chapter 3

Profiles of Engineers

67
3.1 Introduction
 Diversity of the engineering work
force
 Wide range of engineering careers
that are possible

68
3.1 Profile of a Biomedical
Engineer
 Sue H. Abreu, Ft. Bragg, North Carolina
 Occupation:
 Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, United
States Army
 Medical Director, Quality Assurance,
Womack Army Medical Center
 Education:
 IDE (BSE, Biomedical Engineering), 1978
 MD, Uniformed Services University of the
Health Sciences, 1982

69
3.1 Profile of an Aerospace
Engineer
 Patrick Rivera Anthony
 Occupation:
 Project Manager, Boeing Space Beach
 Education:
 BS, Aerospace Engineering

70
3.1 Profile of a Civil
Engineer
 Sandra Begay-Campbell, Boulder,
Colorado
 Occupation:
 AISES Executive Director
 Education:
 BSCE, 1987; MS, Structural
Engineering, 1991

71
3.1 Profile of an Electrical
Engineer
 Ryan Maibach, Farmington,
Michigan
 Occupation:
 Project Engineer at Barton Malow
Company
 Education:
 BS-CEM (Construction Engineering
and Management), 1996
72
3.1 Profile of an
Agricultural Engineer
 Mary E. Maley, Battle Creek,
Michigan
 Occupation:
 Project Manager, Kellogg Company
 Education:
 BS, Agricultural Engineering (food
engineering)

73
Chapter 4

A Statistical Profile of the

Engineering Profession

74
4.1 Statistical Overview
 How many people study
engineering?
 What are the most common
majors?
 What kind of job market is there
for engineers?
 How much do engineers earn?
 How many women and minorities
study engineering? 75
4.2 College Enrollment
Trends of Engineering
Students
 1950s-1960s: 60,000-80,000
engineering students
 1970s marked the lowest number
of students, at 43,000
 Engineering peaked in 1980s, with
around 118,000 students

76
4.3 College Majors of
Recent Engineering
Students
 Of approximately 350,000 full-time
undergrad engineering students,
just less than 1/3 (124,000) were
majoring in computer and
electrical engineering
 Just over 32,000 were “undecided”

77
 4.4 Degrees in
Engineering
 Steady decline in Engineering
degrees awarded between 1986
and 1995. Since then, there have
been many fluctuations, but as of
data of 2000, there were 63,300
engineering degrees awarded
 For a long time, electrical awarded
the highest number of degrees, but
that was eventually replaced by
mechanical engineering 78
4.5 Job Placement Trends
 1999-2000 was the hottest year for
engineering majors to find jobs
 As the number of engineering
students declines, employers must
“fight” harder to get whatever
students they can get their hands
on to fill vacant positions. This has
led to a very promising job
placement ratio 79
4.6 Salaries of Engineers
 On the whole, engineers make more
money than any other graduate with
another degree
 Electrical, computer, and computer
science recently have led the way, with
average salaries from a Bachelor
degree starting at around $52,000
 A Ph.D. in computer science will earn a
starting average of around $84,000
80
4.7 Diversity in the
Profession
 For a long time, white males
dominated engineering
 Recently, women, foreign
nationals, and various minority
students have entered colleges
and universities with an
engineering diploma in mind

81
4.8 Distribution of
Engineers by Field of
Study
 Electrical engineering employs the
highest number of engineers,
nearly 25%, numbering close to
375,000
 Mechanical employs almost
250,000
 Civil is the next highest
“populated”, with 200,000 workers
82
4.11 Words of Advice from
Employers
 Looking for graduates who
possess:
 Excellent communication skills
 Teamwork
 Leadership
 Computer/Technical proficiency
 Hard working attitude

83
Chapter 5

Global and International

Engineering

84
5.1 Introduction
 After WWII, engineering became a
more “global” business.
 Taking a few foreign language
classes in college cannot hurt, but
only help your chances at getting a
job after college.

85
5.2 The Evolving Global
Market: Changing World
Maps & Alliances
 Breakup of former USSR
 New laws, regulations, policies
have affected the spread of
international engineering

86
5.2 NAFTA
 1994 North American Free Trade
Agreement (US, Mexico, Canada)
 Designed to reduce tariffs, and
increase international competition
 Manufacturing trade has increased
by 128% between Canada, US, and
Mexico since 1994

87
5.3 International
Opportunities
For Engineers
 Engineers are employed internationally
in:
 Automobile Industry
 Manufacturing
 Construction
 Pharmaceuticals
 Food Industry
 Petroleum and Chemical Industry
 Computer and Electronics Industry
 Telecommunications
88
5.4 Preparing for a Global
Career
 Students who look to work
internationally should:
 Be language and culturally proficient
 Should participate in study abroad
programs
 Look into work international work
experience
and Co-Op opportunities

89
Chapter 6

Future Challenges

90
6.1 Expanding World
Population
 1900-2000, world population
climbs from 1.6 billion to 6 billion
people
 Places new stress on conservation of
resources, and gives engineers new
challenges to compensate for high
population

91
6.2 Pollution
 Engineers concerned with
management and the control of
pollution, especially:
 Air pollution
 Water pollution and the depletion of
freshwater resources
 Management of solid waste

92
6.3 Energy
 It is predicted that energy usage in
the Developing Countries will more
than double in the next 30 years
 Engineers must find new ways to
generate power in an effort to
conserve natural resources (fossil
fuels)

93
6.5 Infrastructure
 With mass transportation an ever-
present problem, engineers will be
responsible in the future for
designing and maintaining a
system by which the transportation
of raw materials, as well as the
human capital that process them,
can easily and efficiently move
from place to place
94
CHAPTER 7

Succeeding in the
Classroom

95
7.2 Attitude
 Success in an engineering
curriculum depends largely on a
student’s attitude and work ethic
 If the student’s attitude is one of
failure, the student will most likely
fail
 Keep an open mind, and be willing
to “work” with the professor in
order to best understand the
material 96
7.3 Goals
 Set goals that will be difficult to
attain, but not impossible
 This will motivate the student to
work hard, not just hard enough to
do the minimum, but to reach their
higher standard/goal
 Set short, intermediate, and long
term goals
 GPA for a semester, grade on an
upcoming exam, GPA for a 97
7.4 Keys to effectiveness
 GO TO CLASS
 Allow 2 hrs. of study time outside of
class for every hour in class
 Re-read sections of book covered in
class
 Keep up with class and reading
 Take good notes
 Work lots of problems, not just the
minimum amount for homework
 Study in groups
98
7.5 Test Taking
 Obtain past exams
 Ask professor for practice exams
 Work problems in book
 Start with problems you know how
to do, then work on the harder
problems
 Skim test first, to see what will
basically be covered
99
 7.6 Making the Most of
Your Professor
 Don’t wait until the end of the
semester to go for help
 If you make yourself visible in class
and during office hours, the
professor may remember you
while grading
 Teaching is not professors only
responsibility, often the are
researchers and advisors as well,
so give them the benefit of the 100
7.7 Learning Styles
 Each person’s brain is unique to
him or her
 Proper nutrition, stress, drugs and
alcohol are some of the factors
that can affect a developing brain
 Each person is born with all the
brain cells, or neurons, they will
ever have (estimated at 180 billion
neurons)
101
7.7 Learning Styles
 None of us is ever too old or too
dumb to learn something new!
 People think and memorize in
several different ways

102
7.7 Learning Styles
 Memorizing:
 Refers to how people assimilate new
material to existing knowledge and
experience
 How we accommodate, or change our
previous way of organizing material

103
7.7 Learning Styles
 Thinking:
 Refers to how we see the world,
approach problems and use the
different parts of our brain.

104
7.7 Learning Styles
 We all have different learning
styles
 Memory Languages:
 Auditory
 Visual
 Kinesthetic

105
7.7 Learning Styles
 Auditory Learner:
 Buy a small tape recorder and record
lectures
 Sit where you can hear the professor
well
 Focus on what is said in class, take
notes from the tape recorder later
 Ask the professor questions
 Read out loud to yourself
 Keep visual distractions to a minimum
106
7.7 Learning Styles
 Visual Learner:
 Sit where you can see the professor

and board or screen clearly

 Write notes during lecture with lots of

pictures and meaningful doodles

 Rewrite notes later in a more

organized fashion and highlight main

ideas
 Write out questions to ask the

professor
 Highlight and take notes in your book107
7.7 Learning Styles
 Kinesthetic Learners:
 TAKE Labs!
 Make connections between what is
being said and what you’ve done in
the past
 Talk to professor about ways to gain
more hands-on experience, such as
volunteering in his/her lab
 Use models or experiments at home
108
7.7 Learning Styles
 Thinking Skills:
 Refers to how we see the world,
approach problems and use the
different parts of our brain
 Different people think differently
 Two hemispheres in our brain, and
four quadrants generally categorize
how we think

109
7.7 Learning Styles

110
7.8 Well Rounded Equals
Effective
 Make sure to balance social,
intellectual, and physical activities
in your schedule
 Well rounded students are
generally more effective than
students with a “one-track” mind

111
7.9 Your Effective Use of
Time
 Decide in advance what to study and
when
 Make schedules
 Use calendars effectively
 Organize tasks by priority level
 Stay focused on task
 **Remember, everyone will “fail” at
some point, it’s how you respond to a
failure that determines your future
success or failure
112
Chapter 8

Problem Solving

113
8.1 Introduction
 Problem solving requires many
“tools” and skills. Make sure that
you have them, or at least know
where to find them and how to use
them

114
8.2 Analytic and Creative
Problem Solving
 Two basic types of problem solving
involved in design process:
creative and analytic
 More students familiar with
analytic, where there is one right
answer
 Creative problem solving has no
right answers
115
8.2 Analytic and Creative
Problem Solving
 Steps that typically help w/
problem solving
 Make a model/figure
 Identify necessary, desired and given
info
 Work backwards from answers
 Restate problem in one’s own words
 Check the solution and validate it
116
8.3 Analytic Problem
Solving
 Six steps to analytic problem
solving:
 Define the problem and create a
problem statement
 Diagram and describe the problem
 Apply theory and any known
equations
 Simplify assumptions
 Solve necessary problems
117

8.4 Creative Problem
Solving
 Use divergence and convergence to
gather and analyze ideas. Divergence
is brainstorming. Convergence is
analyzing and evaluating the ideas,
seeking out the best possible solutions
 What is wrong?
 What do we know?
 What is the real problem?
 What is the best solution?
 How do we implement the solution?

118
Chapter 9

Visualization and Graphics

119
9.1-9.2 Visualization
 Visualization is often used as a
mode of communication between
engineers
 Sketches, tables, graphs, computer
generated drawings, blueprints are
various ways in which engineers
communicate via visual mediums

120
 9.3 Sketching
 Although most final drawings are
computer generated, initial and
freehand sketches are vital to the
design process
 Freehand does not mean messy.
Sketches should display an adequate
amount of detail, and any pertinent
notes/comments pertaining to the
drawing
 For instance, if a line is supposed to be
straight, make it as straight as possible. A
square will not pass for a circle. 121
 9.7 Graphical
Communication
 Oblique and isometric drawings are
3D and general
 Orthographic drawings are 2D,
more detailed, and often have
dimensions for the part
 Object, Hidden, Centerline, and
Construction are 4 common types
of lines used in engineering
graphics 122
Chapter 10

Computer Tools

123
10.1-10.6 Computer Tools
for Engineers
 There are many aspects to the design
process of a product
 Engineers must be competent in basic
computer tools such as the internet,
word processing, and basic
spreadsheets
 Engineers will most likely be required to
have some knowledge of mathematical
software, such as MatLab
 Engineers also make computer
presentations using most commonly, 124
 10.7-10.8 Operating
Systems and Programming
Language
 Engineers may be required to have
experience or be expected to be
able to work in UNIX, MS-DOS, or a
Microsoft Windows System
 Computers work on series of 1’s
and 0’s, called binary code
 FORTRAN, BASIC, C, and C++ are
all programming languages used
by engineers to communicate with
the computer 125
Chapter 11

Teamwork Skills

126
11.1 Teamwork
 Corporations develop teams for
many reasons
 Projects are becoming increasingly
complex
 Projects often span international
borders, and require workers all over
 Projects are requiring more speed,
which require more workers

127
11.2 What Makes a
Successful
Team?
 A common goal
 Leadership
 Each member makes unique
contributions
 Effective communication
 Creativity
 Good planning and use of
resources
128
 11.4 Team Leadership
Structures
 Traditional: One leader, who
directs subordinates. Leader
typically is the only one who
“speaks”.
 Participative: Leader is closer to
individual workers.
 Flat: There is no “leader”. All
members are equal. The
leadership “moves” with the
situation to the worker with the 129
11.5 Decisions within a
Team
 Consensus: All team members
agree on a decision
 Majority Rule
 Minority/Committee decision
 Expert input

130
11.7 Grading a Team
Effort
 Did the team accomplish its goal?
 Were results of a high quality? If not,
why?
 Did the team grow throughout the
process?
 Evaluate the team leader
 Evaluate the other members of the
team
 Evaluate your own contribution to the
project 131
Chapter 12

Project Management

132
12.1 Introduction
 “Failure to plan is planning to fail.”
 A good plan is one of the most
important attributes of successful
teams and projects.
 Projects should be organized
systematically.

133
12.1 Eight Questions that
can be Addressed with a
Plan
 What to do first?
 Next?
 How many people?
 What resources?
 How long?
 Time table?
 Deadlines?
 Objectives?
134
12.2 Creating a Project
Charter
 A project summary
 Defining what your project is and
when you will know when it is done
 Elements include
 Deliverables
 Duration
 Stakeholders
 Team members

135
12.3 Task Definitions
 Identify the completion tasks to
achieve the objectives and
outcomes
 Plan
 Design
 Build
 Deliver

136
12.3 Plans
 Plans should include:
 Who to hold accountable for progress
 Needed materials, resources, etc.
 How to determine if the project is on
schedule
 Manage people and resources
 Determine the end!

137
12.4 Milestones
 Monitoring of your plans progress
 Deadlines for deliverables
 Completion of subcomponents

138
12.5 Defining Times
 Include the full time needed for
tasks
 As a student, you don’t have a full
eight-hour work day every day
 Break tasks into week segments
 Weekday and/or weekend
 Class periods
 Break tasks into short time periods
 No more than a week or two
139
12.6 Organizing the Tasks
 Determine task relationships and
sequencing
 Relate the task groups from your
outline

140
12.7 PERT Charts

141
12.7 PERT Charts
 Each task is represented by a box
containing a brief description of
and duration for the task
 The boxes can be laid out just as
the project plan is laid out
 Useful as a “what if” tool during
planning stages

142
12.8 Critical Paths
 The longest string of dependant
project tasks
 Ex. – prerequisites such as the math
curriculum for engineering
 Some tasks can be accelerated by
using more people, others cannot
 Ex. – nine people cannot have the
same baby in one month
143
12.9 Gantt Charts
 Popular project management
charting method
 Horizontal bar chart
 Tasks vs. dates

144
12.9 Gantt Charts

145
12.10 Details, Details
 Remember Murphy’s Law -
“Anything that can go wrong, will.”
 Leave time to fix debug or fix
errors

146
12.10 Details, Details
 Don’t assume things will fit
together the first time
 Order parts well in advance to
leave time for shipping, errors, or
backorders
 Leave time for parts malfunction
 Push delivery times back to a week
before they’re actually due – this
will help to avoid panic if things go
badly 147
12.11 Personnel
Distribution
 Get the right people on the right
tasks
 Assign people after developing a
draft of the plan
 Balance the work between
everyone
 Weekly updates – does everyone
understand what they’re doing and
is everyone still on task? 148
12.12 Money and
Resources
 Develop a budget
 Estimate with high, middle, and lower
quality products – offer a range of solutions
 Extra costs
 Shipping
 Travel
 Extra parts such as nails, screws, resistors
 Material costs and labor
 Have someone be responsible for
managing the budgets and financial
aspects
149
12.13 Document As You
Go
 Document milestones as they
occur
 Leave time at the end for
reviewing, not writing

150
12.14 Team Roles
 Roles
 Project Leader or Monitor
 Procurement
 Financial Officer
 Liaison
 Project Management Software

151
12.14 – Project Leader or
Monitor
 Designate a leader, or rotate
leaders
 Monitor and track progress of
milestones
 Maintains timelines
 Increases likelihood of meeting
goals

152
12.14 – Procurement
 Learns purchasing system
 Tracks team orders

153
12.14 – Financial Officer
 Manages teams expenses
 Creates original budget
 Makes identifying budgetary
problems easier

154
12.14 – Liaison
 Responsible for keeping everyone
informed about the progress of the
plan and any changes
 This includes outside customers,
management, professors, etc.

155
Chapter 13

Engineering Design

156
13.1 Engineering Design
 Engineering design is the process of
devising a system, component, or
process to meet desired needs. It is a
decision making process in which the
basic sciences and mathematics and
engineering sciences are applied to
convert resources optimally to meet a
stated objective. Among the
fundamental elements of the design
process are the establishment of
objectives and criteria, synthesis,
analysis, construction, and testing….
157
13.2 The Design Process
1. Identify the problem
2. Define the working criteria/goals
3. Research and gather data
4. Brainstorm ideas
5. Analyze potential solutions
6. Develop and test models
7. Make decision
8. Communicate decision
9. Implement and commercialize decision
10. Perform post-implementation review

158
Chapter 14

Communication Skills

159
14.1 Why do we
Communicate?
 Transfers important information
 Provides basis for judging one’s
knowledge
 Conveys interest and competence
 Identifies gaps in your own knowledge

160
14.2-14.3 Oral and Written
Communication Skills
 Present communication on a level
that you believe will be easily
understood by whomever is to be
receiving your communication
 Don’t use big words if a smaller,
easier-to-understand word will suffice.

161
14.5 Power of Language
 Be as clear as possible
 Avoid clichés
 Avoid redundancy
 Avoid using jargon specific to a
certain group of people
 Don’t make sexual generalizations,
I.e. his, hers, he, she

162
14.6 Technical Writing
 Identify thesis early
 Follows a specific format
 Follows a problem solving
approach
 Uses specialized vocabulary
 Often incorporates visual aids
 Complete set of references
 Be objective, not biased either way
163
14.9 Formal Reports
 Should include:
 Title; short and  Analysis
concise  Procedure and
 Summary of what Results
will be discussed  Discussion of
 Table of Contents results
(not including  Conclusions
abstract)  References
 Introduction  Appendices

164
14.10 Other forms of
Communication
 E-mail
 Progress reports
 Problem statements
 Cover letters
 Resumes

165
Chapter 15

Ethics

166
15. The Nature of Ethics
 Ethics is generally concerned with
rules or guidelines for morals
and/or socially approved conduct
 Ethical standards generally apply
to conduct that can or does have a
substantial effect on people’s lives

167
Chapter 16

Units

168
16.1 History of Units
 A common denomination of units is
essential for the development of trade
and economics around the world
 National Bureau of Standards,
established by Congress, adopted the
English system of measurement (12
inches, etc)
 Majority of nations in the world today
operate on the metric system because
of its simplicity (multiples of 10)
169
16.1 History of Units - SI
Units
 Le Systeme International d’Unites,
French for the International
System of Units
 Improvements in the definitions of
the base units continue to be
made by the General Conference
of Weights and Measures as
science dictates
170
16.2 The SI System of
Units
 Modernized metric system adopted
by the General Conference, a
multi-national organization which
includes the United States
 Built on a foundation of seven base
units, plus two supplementary
ones
 All other SI units are derived from
these nine units
171
16.2 The SI System of
Units
 Multiples and sub-multiples are
expressed using a decimal system
 Generally, the first letter of a
symbol is capitalized if the name of
the symbol is derived from a
person’s name, otherwise it is
lowercase

172
16.2 The SI System of
Units
 Base Units in the SI system
 Meter = m
 Kilogram = kg
 Seconds = s
 Ampere = A
 Kelvin = K
 Mole = mol
 Candela = cd

173
16.3 Derived Units
 Expressed algebraically in terms of
base and supplementary units
 Several derived units have been
given special names and symbols,
such as the newton (N).

174
16.3 Derived Units
 Quantities whose units are
expressed in terms of base and
supplementary
Quantit units
SI Unit SI
y
Area Square Symbol
m2
meter
Speed, Meter per m/s
velocit second
y
Density Kilogram Kg/m3
per cubic
meter 175
16.3 Derived Units
 Quantities whose units have
special names
Quantity SI Name SI Other SI
Symbol Units
Frequenc hertz Hz cycle/s
y
Force newton N kg*m/s2
Electrical ohm Ω V/A
Resistanc
e 176
16.3 Derived Units
 Units used with the SI System
Name Symbo Value in SI Units
l
Minute min 1 min = 60 s

Hour h 1 h = 3600 s

Degree ° 1° = π/180 rad

177
16.4 Prefixes
 Defined for the SI system
 Used instead of writing extremely
large or very small numbers
 All items in a given context should
use the same prefix, for example
in a table
 Notation in powers of 10 is often
used in place of a prefix
178
16.4 Prefixes
Multiplicatio Prefi Symb Term (USA)
n Factor x ol
1000000 = m M One million
106 ega
1000 = 103 kilo k One thousand

.001 = 10-3 milli m One

thousandth
.000001 = micr µ One millionth
10-6 o
179
16.5 Numerals
 A space is always left between the
numeral and the unit name or symbol,
except when we write a degree symbol
 3 m = 3 meters; 8 ms = 8 milliseconds
 SI units a space is used to separate
groups of three in a long number
 3,000,000 = 3 000 000
 .000005 = .000 005
 This is optional when there are four
digits in a number (3456 = 3 456; .3867
= .386 7)
180
16.5 Numerals
 A zero is used for numbers
between -1 and 1 to prevent a
faint decimal point from being
missed
 Rounding
 Significant Digits

181
16.6 Conversions
To convert To: Multiply by:
from:
Degrees Radians 0.017 453

Inches Centimeters 2.54

Newtons Pounds 0.224 81

182
Chapter 17

Mathematics Review

183
17.1 Algebra
 Three basic laws
 Commutative: a + b = b + a
 Distributive: a ( b + c ) = a b + a c
 Associative: a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) +
c

184
17.1 Algebra
 Exponents
 Used for many manipulations
 Examples
 xa xb=xa+b
 xab=(xa)b
 Logarithms
 Related to exponents
 bx = y then x = logby

Table 17.1.5
185
17.1 Algebra
 Quadratic Formula
 Solves ax2 + bx + c = 0
 Formula 17.1.6
 Binomial Theorem
 Used to expand (a+x)n
 Formula 17.1.7
 Partial Fractions
 Used for simplifying rational fractions
 Formulas 17.1.8, 17.1.9, 17.1.10, 17.1.11
 Examples

186
17.2 Trigonometry
 Involves the ratios between sides of a right
triangle
 sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and
cosecant are the primary functions
 Trigonometry identities are often used
 17.2.3, 17.2.4, 17.2.5, 17.2.6, 17.2.7
 For all triangle we can also use the laws of
sines and cosines
 Some other equations that can be found in
your book are
 Pythagorean Theorem 17.2.10
 Hyperbolic Trig Functions 17.2.11
 Examples
187
17.3 Geometry
 Used to analyze a variety of shapes and
lines
 The equation for a straight line
 Ax + By + C = 0
 This equation can also be written in Pint-slope,
Slope-intercept, and Two-intercept forms
 Distance between a line and a point is
given in Formula 17.3.5
 The Ax
general
2
+ 2 Bxy +equation
Cy 2 + 2 Dx +of
2 Eythe
+ F second
=0
degree is
188
17.3 Geometry
 This equation is used to represent
conic sections
 Classified on page 473
 Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola

More information on pages 474-475
 Examples

189
17.4 Complex Numbers
 Complex numbers consist of a real (x) and
imaginary (y) part
 x+iy where i=− 1
 In electrical engineering j is used instead of i because
i is used for current
iθ
 x
Useful to express in polar form + iy = re
 Euler’s equation is also commonly used
eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ
 Other useful equations can be found on page
477
 Examples
190
 17.5 Linear Algebra
 Used to solve n linear equations for n unknowns
 Uses m x n matrices
 Many manipulations of this basic equation are shown
on page 479
 Determinants of matrices are often used in
calculations
 Illustrated on page 480
 Eigenvalues are used to solve first-order
differential equations
 Examples
n
[ c ] = ∑ [ a ][b ] aij = ∑ aij Aij ( A − λI ) x = 0
n

ij ik kj
k =1 j =1
191
17.6 Calculus
 We first write derivatives using
limits
 Some basic derivatives are shown on
pages 484-485
 Used to indicate points of inflection,
maxima, and minima
 L’Hospial’s rule when f(x)/g(x) is 0 or
infinity 17.6.6

192
17.6 Calculus
 Inversely we have integration
 Used for finding the area under a curve
 Equation 17.6.7
 Can be used to find the length of a curve
 Used to find volumes
 Definite when there are limits
 When indefinite a constant is added to the
solution
 Basic Integrals on page 486
 Examples
193
17.7 Probability and
Statistics
 The probability of one events’
occurrence effects the probability of
another event
 Probabilities
n! (n − 1)! n!
P ( n, r ) = P ( n, r ) = C ( n, r ) =
(n − r )! (n − r )! r!(n − r )!

 Many combinations can occur

 P(A or B) = P(A)+P(B)
 P(A and B)=P(A)P(B)
 P(not A) = 1-P(A)
 P(either A or B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A)P(B)
194
17.7 Probability and
Statistics
 Probability ranges from 0 to 1
 Additional equations on page 490
 Arithmetic Mean
 Median
 Mode
 Standard Deviation
 Variance
 Examples
195
Chapter 18

Engineering Fundamentals

196
18.1 Statics
 Concerned with equilibrium of
bodies subjected to force systems
 The two entities that are of the
most interest in statics are forces
and moments.

197
18.1 Statics
 Force:
 The manifestation of the action of one
body upon another.
 Arise from the direct action of two
bodies in contact with one another, or
from the “action at a distance” of one
body upon another.
 Represented by vectors

198
18.1 Statics
 Moment:
 Can be thought of as a tendency to
rotate the body upon which it acts
about a certain axis.
 Equilibrium:
 The system of forces acting on a body
is one whose resultant is absolutely
zero

199
18.1 Statics
 Free Body
Diagrams (FBD):
 Neat sketch of the
body showing all
forces and
moments acting
on the body,
together with all
important linear
and angular
dimensions.
200
18.2 Dynamics
 Separated into two sections:
 Kinematics
 Study of motion without reference to the
forces causing the motion
 Kinetics

Relates the forces on bodies to their
resulting motions

201
18.2 Dynamics
 Newton’s laws of motion:
 1st Law – The Law of Inertia
 2nd Law – F=ma
 3rd Law – Fab=-Fba
 Law of Gravitation

202
18.3 Thermodynamics
 Involves the storage,
transformation and transfer of
energy.
 Stored as internal energy, kinetic
energy, and potential energy
 Transformed between these various
forms
 Transferred as work or heat transfer

203
18.3 Thermodynamics
 There are many definitions, laws,
and other terms that are useful to
know when studying
thermodynamics.

204
18.3 Thermodynamics
 A few useful definitions:
 System
 A fixed quantity of matter
 Control Volume (open system)

A volume into which and/or from which a
substance flows
 Universe
 A system and its surrounding

205
18.3 Thermodynamics
 Some Laws of ideal gases:
 Boyle’s Law
 Volume varies inversely with pressure
 Charles’ Law
 Volume varies directly with temperature
 Avagadro’s Law

Equal volumes of different ideal gasses
with the same temperature and pressure
contain an equal number of molecules

206
18.4 Electrical Circuits
 Interconnection of electrical
components for the purpose of:
 Generating and distributing electrical
power
 Converting electrical power to some
other useful form
 Processing information contained in
an electrical form

207
18.4 Electrical Circuits
 Direct Current (DC)
 Alternating Current (AC)
 Steady State
 Transient circuit

208
18.4 Electrical Circuits
Quantity Symbol Unit
Charge Q coulomb
Current I ampere
Voltage V volt
Energy W joule
Power P watt

209
18.4 Electrical Circuits
 Circuit Components:
 Resistors
 Inductors
 Capacitors
 Sources of Electrical Energy
 Voltage
 Current

210
18.4 Electrical Circuits
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
 Ohm’s Law
 V=IR

211
18.4 Electrical Circuits
 Reference Voltage Polarity and
Current Direction
 Circuit Equations
 Using Branch Currents
 Using Mesh Currents
 Circuit Simplification
 DC Circuits

212
18.5 Economics
 Value and Interest
 The value of a dollar given to you
today is of greater value than that of
a dollar given to you one year from
today
 Cash Flow Diagrams
 Cash Flow Patterns
 Equivalence of Cash Flow Patterns
213
Chapter 19

The Campus Experience

214
19.1 Orienting Yourself to
Your Campus
 Introduction to Campus Life
 Tools to assist students to
adjusting to the college lifestyle

215
19.2 Exploring
 Begin by becoming familiar with
some different locations on
campus
 Offices
 Dorms
 Classroom Buildings
 Engineering Building
 Sample map of Michigan State
University Campus 216
19.3 Determining and
planning your Major
 Narrow down to a few different
majors
 Ask questions of insightful people
 Look for any opportunity to learn
more about each field

217
19.4 Get into the Habit of
Asking Questions
 Active questioners learn the most
 Questions help students
understand and complete tasks
 Communication skills are vital to
engineers
 Understanding information given
 Giving information that is
understandable
218
19.5 The ‘People Issue’
 Meeting People
 Make friends of other engineers

Helpful as study partners

Offer perspective on engineering
 Academic Advisor
 Advisors are an excellent resource

Discuss problems

Information about the school, classes, and
instructors
 Offer guidance for graduating and careers
219
19.5 The ‘People Issue’
 Instructors
 Ask other students about an
Instructor before signing up for the
class
 Sit in on a class to see their teaching
style
 Networking
 Keep in contact with friends and
acquaintances
 Useful for assistance and support in
and out of the classroom 220
19.6 Searching for
Campus Resources
 Every school has a document or website
that lists activities and opportunities
 Examples
 Things to Do, Places to Go

Planetarium, Gardens, Museum, Union
 What’s Happening
 Academic calendar, calendar of events
 Library locations and hours
 Services
 Legal aid, counseling, financial aid
 Extracurricular Activities

221
19.7 Other Important
Issues
 Managing Time
 Control time to achieve success
 Recommended Reading
 The Usefulness of Reading
 Engineering requires the extensive
use of technical and non-technical
materials
 Read each paragraph for its central point
 Create outlines for each reading
assignment 222
19.7 Other Important
Issues
 Fulfilling Duties
 Engineers have a responsibility to society
 Contributing to Society brings its own
reward
 Using the Web
 Use the internet to look up more information
on topics of interest outside the classroom
 Sending e-mail
 Most contacts use email for some part of
their interaction
223
19.7 Other Important
Issues
 Test-taking Skills
 Preparing outlines as subject matter
is presented will make studying easier
 Form study groups
 Ask questions
 Taking Notes
 Organize information
 Highlight essential information

224
19.7 Other Important
Issues
 Study Skills
 Should be calm, structured, and routine
 Remember to get up and move a few times
in an hour
 Reward yourself for studying
 Teaching Styles
 Variety of Instructors including graduate
students
 Fully engage professors and ask questions
 Learning Styles
 Discover your Learning Style and use it to
your advantage
225
19.7 Other Important
Issues
 Perspectives of others
 Learn to listen to others respectfully
 Be open to discussion of a variety of
topics
 Listening Skills
 Dialogue does not need to be
confrontational
 Allow others to express their opinions
 Listen carefully to what other people
say 226
19.7 Other Important
Issues
 Handling Stress
 Include time to relax in your schedule
 Take classes for the right reason
 Do not resent required classes
 Approach weak points with a positive
attitude
 Focus on learning instead of grades
 Be patient for results of increased studying
 Stress can not be avoided
 Talking out problems can help
227
19.8 Final Thoughts
 Use the concepts from this chapter
to make the college experience all
it can be.
 Don’t forget to ask questions!!!

228
Chapter 20

Financial Aid

229
20.1 Intro
 What costs are involved in going to
college?
 Tuition
 Other college or university fees
 Cost-of-living expenses
 Other “extras”

230
20.2 Parental Assistance
 Some parents are able and willing
to cover all of your college
expenses
 On average, nine million students
must find ways to fund their
college education every fall

231
20.3 Is Financial
Assistance for You?
 Applying for Financial Aid
 Three areas:
 Grants and scholarships
 Loans
 Work
 Need vs. Non-need
 Academic qualifications
 Why apply?
232
20.3 Is Financial
Assistance for You?
 Budgeting
 Advisors available to assist with
personal budgeting
 Help estimate costs and income and
develop a plan
 How to apply
 Free Application for Federal Student
Aid (FAFSA)

233
20.3 Is Financial
Assistance for You?
 FAFSA
 http://www.fafsa.gov
 First thing to complete to become
eligible for aid
 Can apply as early as January for the
following fall semester
 Look up the information required
before starting to fill out the form

234
20.4 Scholarships
 Educational funds that do not need
to be repaid
 Public, private, or university
sources
 Local high school, professional
groups, corporations, service
organizations, government, college,
etc.
 It is your responsibility to seek out235
20.5 Loans
 May be secured from lending
institutions and state and federal loan
programs
 Students who apply for financial aid will
be notified of their eligibility for both
student and parent federal loans
 Loans can be obtained from parents or
relative who feel that you should repay
the money that is required to put you
through school
236
20.6 Work-Study
 “Earning money the old-fashioned
way”
 On- or off-campus employment during
school
 Summer jobs
 Internships
 Co-ops
 Requires careful management of
time 237
20.6 Work-Study
 Work-Study:
 Employment subsidized by the federal
or state government
 Will be listed on your financial aid
award letter is you are eligible
 “Just Plain Work”
 Volunteering
 Full Semester Off-Campus
Employment
238
20.6 Work-Study
 Cooperative Education
 Academic program in which college
students are employed in positions
directly related to their major field of
study
 Alternating, Parallel, and Back-to-back
semesters

239
20.7 Scams to Beware
 Do your own homework to avoid
scholarship service rip-offs
 Check with the Federal Trade
Commission (FTC)
 http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htm

240
20.8 The Road Ahead
Awaits
 Examine the many different
sources available to you for
obtaining the funds needed for
your college expenses
 How much do you actually need?
 Correct forms and deadlines

241
Chapter 21

Engineering Work
Experience

242
21.1 A Job and Experience
 “How do you get experience without a job, and how do
you get a job without experience?”
 Graduate schools and employers look for experiences
outside the classroom
 Incorporating career experience is a worthwhile
consideration
 May extend college to 6 years
 Many Economic shifts have happened in a college
students lifetime
 1980-1983: Major Recession
 1983-1986: Revival of U.S. Economy
 1988-1994: Restructuring of Corporate America
 1994-2001: Vigorous Rebound of Economy
 2001-2003: Recession
 2004- : Signs of improvement in the labor market for
engineers
243
21.1 A Job and Experience
 In good and bad times employers
look for Engineers with job-related
experience
 Engineers require less training
 Faster results
 Many different Experiences are
available

244
21.2 Summer Jobs
 Even jobs such as baby-sitting and
mowing lawns is a place to start
 All jobs help develop basic employable
skills
 Provide stepping stone to better, more
career related jobs
 Skills include teamwork, communication,
and problem solving
 Help you discover what working
environments you like
245
21.3 Volunteer
 Especially useful to freshmen and
sophomores to gain experience
 Generally volunteer positions are
with non-profit organizations
 Not a paid experience
 Useful in developing skills
 Able to experiment with different
career related fields
246
21.4 Supervised
Independent Study
 Designed for the advanced
undergraduate
 Preparatory for grad school or a career in
Research
 Some are paid and others award credit
 Provides a unique experience
 Challenging in many different areas
 To learn more
 Talk to professors that share similar
interests 247
21.5 Internships
 Paid or unpaid experience for a set period of
time
 Usually during the summer
 No obligations for future employment
 Sometimes they support other engineers
 Other times they are given individual projects
 No official evaluation or credit given
 Short term projects
 Obtain a description of these projects prior to
employment to assure it is of interest
 Great for students with time, curriculum, and
location constraints
248
21.6 Co-operative
Education
 Cooperative Education is often the preferred
form of experimental Learning
 Co-ops are considered to be academic and are
administered by the college
 Assignments are directly related to field of
study
 Detailed job descriptions are used to create the best
possible matches
 School and work are closely integrated
 Alternating terms of school with work at the same
company
 Projects become more extensive throughout the
experience
 Term in school followed by a term at work followed by a
249
21.6 Co-operative
Education
 Parallel co-ops is an alternative

Students are partially enrolled in classes and
spend 20 to 25 hours at work

Difficulties arise in allowing ample time for both
areas
 Sometimes a longer alternating approach is
used

Students work two consecutive semesters then
attend class for a semester or two
 Allows for longer projects
 Some schools use all three methods
 Co-ops are rarely summer only

Break between work assignments is too long
 Requires a three or four semester
commitment 250
21.6 Co-operative
Education
 Advantages for Students
 Consideration for employment and grad school
 Improved technical skills
 Helps determine career path
 Excellent pay
 Advantages for Employers
 Recruiting Co-op students is more cost efficient
 Many students accept full time positions with their
employer
 More diverse and dedicated students
 Students free up other engineers and bring in fresh
approaches

251
21.6 Co-operative
Education
 Advantages for Schools
 Integrates theory and practice
 Keeps faculty informed of trends in industry
 Creates relationships between schools and
businesses
 Improves a schools reputation
 Other Benefits
 Communication Skills
 Networking
 Self-discipline
 Management Experience
 Interactions with a variety of people

252
21.7 Which is Best for
You?
 Some Questions to help determine
which is best for you
 Am I willing to sacrifice convenience for the
best experience?
 How flexible can I be?
 How committed do I want to be?
 Seek out advice from professors,
academic advisors, and campus
placement officers

253
Chapter 22

Connections: Liberal Arts

and Engineering

254
22.1 What are
Connections?
 Connections exist between
engineering and liberal arts
 Literature
 History
 Music
 Art
 Social studies
 Philosophy

255
22.1 What are
Connections?
 Look closely at what engineers really
are and what they really do
 “liberal” comes from liberty, so that
liberal arts means “works befitting a
free man”
 Need for a general education
 Developed because people have a need for
a strong, open mind in addition to a
specialty in order to be well-rounded
 Not trapped by cultural blind-spots
256
22.2 Why Study Liberal
Arts?
 Liberal arts help improve your
broadness
 Look in many directions at once
 Questions about areas that do not
have pre-set answers
 Expected to be a leader

257
22.2 Why Study Liberal
Arts?
 The Arts Improve:
 Your Perspective
 See the “big picture”
 Your Balance

Practice dealing with a variety of diverse
ideas
 Your People Skills
 Be aware of things that modern
tendencies avoid or neglect
258
22.2 Why Study Liberal
Arts?
 The Arts Improve:
 Your Sense of Duty and Responsibility
 Elevate, integrate, and unify the
standards of the profession
 Fulfill your duty in life, so society respects
you more

259
Appendix A:

The Basics of Power Point

260
A.1 Introduction
 The purpose of this section is to
introduce a user to PowerPoint
 Learn 20 key procedures
 Be able to do 80% of everything you
will ever need to do
 To learn more experiment with the
software

261
A.2 The Basics of
PowerPoint
 To begin open a blank presentation
 Activate the standard, formatting, drawing,
picture, and WordArt toolbars
 Select a slide type for the first slide
 Select a background
 Enter text into given text blocks
 Edit the text and box sizes and shapes
 Add additional text boxes selecting Insert-
TextBox
 Insert WordArt as necessary
262
A.2 The Basics of
PowerPoint
 Insert any pictures
 Click Insert-Picture-From File
 Format the picture using the Picture toolbar
 Insert Clip Art
 Click Insert-Picture-Clip Art
 Picture Toolbar is used for formatting
 Change visibility of an object by right clicking
on an object and then selecting Order from the
menu
 To Delete objects click on it and press
backspace or delete

263
A.2 The Basics of
PowerPoint
 To begin a new slide click the new slide button
 Repeat from the beginning to format
 View slides by thumbnails in the Slide Sorter
View
 Useful for arranging or hiding slides for presentations
 Can be used when copying or deleting whole slides
 Save your work when finished
 Change slide transitions and animations
 View the entire Show

264
Appendix B:

Introduction to MATLAB

265
B.1 Introduction
 MATRIX LABORATORY
 Powerful tool in performing engineering
computations
 Many engineering curricula have moved
to making MATLAB the primary
computing tool in its undergraduate
program
 Can be run on many different platforms,
including UNIX, PC, and Macintosh.
266
B.2 MATLAB Environment
 Command window
 Use to run your programs and see the
results
 Command History window
 Shows a history of the commands that have
been entered into the command window
 Launch Pad window
 Allows you to start applications and
demonstrations by clicking the icons in the
window
267
B.2 MATLAB Environment
 Demonstration Programs
 >>demo
 Help Files
 >>help <command name>
 >>lookfor topic
 >>helpwin
 MATLAB is case sensitive
 Apple ≠ apple ≠ APPLE ≠ aPPle

268
B.2 MATLAB Environment
 Helpful commands
 >>who
 Allows the user to see the variables
currently in memory
 >>clear

Erase the memory
 >>clear <variable>
 Clears just that variable

269
B.2 MATLAB Environment
 MATLAB has some predefined functions
that should not be used to name
variables
 A few variable names to avoid:
 ans
 Inf
 NaN
 i
 j
 realmin
270
B.3 Symbolic
Manipulations
 To declare variables as a symbol
 >> syms x y
 Algebraic expressions
 >>solve (x^2-4)
 Symbolic derivatives
 >>diff (y^3)
 Symbolic integrals
 >>int (sin(x))
271
B.4 Saving and Loading
Files
 To find out the identity of your
working directory, type pwd (print
working directory)
 Use cd to change the working
directory
 >>cd c:\matlab\mystuff
 The file can be saved using save
at the MATLAB prompt
272
B.4 Saving and Loading
Files
 Use the command load followed
by the file name to retrieve your
file.
 >>load my_workspace
 path lists the directories that
MATLA will search for files
 addpath <pathname> will add
the location to the path listing
273
B.5 Vectors
 A vector is simply a row or column
of numbers
 Vectors are enclosed in square
brackets
 >>row_vector = [1 2 6 9 12]
 >>col_vector = [2;4;6;8;10]
 To change a column vector into a
row vector and vice versa, use
transpose 274
B.5 Vectors
 For vectors to be added and
subtracted, they must be of the
same type and size
 To multiply or divide vectors,
special MATLAB symbols must be
used
 “.*” is used for multiplication
 “./” is used for division
275
B.6 Matrices
 A matrix is a group of numbers
arranged in columns and rows
 Each element in a matrix is
identified by the use of two
numbers or indices
 The first index is the row number
 The second index is the column
number
 MATLAB can extract an entire row
or column, or specific elements 276
B.7 Simultaneous
Equations
 Put the equations to be solved into
standard form
 To solve for matrix x from Ax=b
 X=A\b

277
B.9 Plotting
 To generate linear xy plots use
plot
 >>plot(x axis values, y axis values,
‘symbol or line type’)
 Use hold on to plot multiple data
sets
 The axes can be labeled using the
commands xlabel, ylabel, and
title
 To generate multiple plots on a 278
B.9 Plotting
 Semi-log and log plots
 semilogx
 semilogy
 loglog

279
B.9 Plotting

280
B.10 Programming
 Programs, called scripts, consist of
a series of MATLAB commands that
can be saved to run later
 Select new, M-file to open the
programming editor
 Enter MATLAB commands just like
you would type them into the
workspace
 Add comments by using the %
symbol 281
B.10 Programming
 Save the file with a .m extension
 Remember to avoid file names that
MATLAB already uses
 The file can then be executed by
typing the file name at the MATLAB
prompt

282
B.10 Programming
 Input commands
 To ask the user to input a number
 >>W=input(‘Enter a number to be used
by the program’)
 To ask the user to enter a string

>>my_word=input(‘Enter a word:’,’s’)
 The function disp can be used to
display data
283