RF Circuit Design:

Theory and Applications

Topic 2

 Wire1

 Wire2

al

l
Rdc
a 2
I
J z0
2
a


f500MHz

R
a
L a

Rdc 2
Rdc 2

=(f) -1/2

pI J 0 ( pr )
Jz

2 a J1 ( pa )

P 2 j
J(x)


2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1 kHz

Jz / Jz0

1.2
1
0.8

10 kHz

0.6
0.4

100 MHz
1 GHz

100 kHz

0.2
0

1 MHz
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

10 MHz

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

r / mm

a=1mm
Jz/Jz0r

Wire Inductor1

Inductance of Straight Wires: L

L a
1/ 2

)
cond
Rdc 2

len

4len
L 2len[2.3 log(
0.75)]
d
len, d: in cm
L: in nano(10-9) Henry

American
Wire Gauge (AWG):

AWGAWG
AWG # 50 20 log d , d 10 (50 AWG#) / 20
61
AWG
mil 1 mil=10-3 inch=0.0254mm
d in501
milli-inch (mil),

Wire Inductor2

/
/

/

/
SMD

Resistor1
R at high f:

equivalent circuit
Ls R Ls

Cp
Z

( R 2jL )
1 2 2 LC jRC

Z: impedance

fr

1
2 LC

fr: resonance frequency()

Resistor2
Example:

A metal film resistor with #14 lead, 0.5 inch long each side.
R=10k, C=0.3pF
4 ( 0 . 5 2 . 54 )
1. L 2 ( 0 . 5 2 . 54 )[ 2 . 3 log( 2 . 54 10 3 10 ( 50 14 )/ 20 0 . 75 )]
8 . 7 nano Henries
2. Impedance at various frequencies:
ZR

fr/2 fr

Freq.

Resistor3

Capacitor1
Various types of capacitors: see additional view graph
good capacitors at high freq.: ceramic(), mica()
large capacitance : tantalum(), electrolytic()
Tips in stabilizing power source:

optional

C1: 10 F electrolytic()
C2: 0.1 F mylar()
C3: 1 nF ceramic()
C1, C2, C3 as close to
device as possible

Vcc

C1 C2 C3

device

Capacitor2
C at high f:
ideally:
A
d

Q+

eA Q
C

d V

Q-

equivalent circuit: R
p
Rs
Ls

Ls: lead inductance

Rs: heat-dissipation loss R
Rp: isolation R ()
C: ideal capacitance

Capacitor3
Impedance of C at high f:

Z jL Rs R p ||1 / jC

Impedance

fr

frequency

inductive
capacitive

Note: 1. At low f: a capacitor looks like a R=Rs+Rp

2. At very high f: a capacitor look like an inductor L
3. A small C can be more capacitor-like than a large C
because of L

Capacitor4

fr/10)

(fr)

Air-coil Inductor1
L at high f:

Cd

equivalent circuit:
Rs

Cd

1
Z ( Rs jL) ||
jC d

Rs: series resistance of wire

Cd: distributed capacitance

Air-coil Inductor2
For single-layer inductor:
r

Impedance

l
inductive

0.394 r 2 N 2
L
r
9r 10 l

capacitive

fr

r 2 N 2

frequency

Air-coil Inductor3

(fr)
fr/10)

1
N=3.51.27 mm
1.27 mm63.5 m

r 2 N 2

l
L=61.4nH

lwire
Rdc 2
a
R0.034

Cu 64.516 106 S / m

lwire 2 r N

2
Cs
Cs

4

d l / N 3.6 10 mm

A 2a lwire 2a (2 r N )

eA

lwire

A
e 0e r
C
1
e0
pF / cm 8.854 1012 F / m
d
d
3.6
Cs=0.087 pF

3
105

| Z | /

10

Rs

103

Cs

102
101
108

109

1010
f / Hz

1011


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Agilent ADS


Signal propagating in a transmission line:

V ( ,t , z ) V ( ,t , z ) V ( ,t , z )

Zo: characteristics impedance

()
I ( , t , z ) I ( , t , z ) I ( , t , z )
a: attenuation constant
1 [V ( , t , z )V ( , t , z )] ()
b: phase constant
Z o ( )
()

V ( , t , z ) Vo exp( j t m g z )
g: propagation constant
()
g a j b
*

1
R

Equivalent Circuit of a transmission line:

R, L, G, C:
for unit length

Propagation constant g and characteristic impedanceZo:

dV
dI
( R j L) I
(1)
(G jC )V
(2)
dz
dz
d 2V
2
from (1), (2),

(
R

L
)(
G

C
)
V

g
V
2
dz

g ( R j L)(G jC )

2
:

g z
g z

V
(
z
)

V
e

V
e

g z
g z

I ( z) I e I e

dV ( z )
( R j L) I ( z )
dz

I ( z)

g
( R j L)

(V e g z V e g z )

Zo V / I V / I ( R jL) / g ( R jL) /(G jC)

3
Characteristic impedanceZo:

Zo V / I (R jL) /(G jC)

R LG<<C

LC R G
( ) a jb
g j LC
2 L C

a=

LC R G
1
( ) ( RY0 GZ 0 )
2 L C
2

Y0 Y0 1/ Z0 C / L

b LC

()

4
Propagation constant and characteristic impedance:
For lossless cases (R 0G 0a0 ):

g j b j LC
v p / b 1/ LC

b LC / v p 2

Zo L / C

LC


LC
Coaxial Cable
2a
e,
2b

2e
C
,
ln(b / a)

b
L
ln( )
2
a

1
Zo L / C
2

b
ln( )
e
a

,
w

d
Zo
e w

o 1.257 106 H / m

377
e
eo

THE END

1.101.211.23