NNG Thesis Proposal Xs

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Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age Nicholas Ng // Fall 2008 http://archithesis.wordpress.com Thesis Advisor: Vince Pan Thesis Director: Ian F. Taberner, AIA
Boston Architectural College Masters of Architecture
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I: Thesis Outline Thesis Abstract Thesis Statement - Thesis Concept Drawing - Thesis Concept Model Methods of Inquiry + Terms of Criticism Case Studies - Ancient Athenian Agora - The Tate Modern - Centre Georges Pompidou - PostSecret Site Analysis Performance Program Investigation on Building Technology Sketch Problem 1 3 4 5 10 11 12 14 16 19 22 30 31 32
Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age
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THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG
Part II: Integrative Programming Site Description Existing State: Cultural 1. Social Issues 2. Political Issues 3. Economic Issues 4. Historic Context 5. Demographic Information 6. Architectural Context Existing State: Physical / Observations 1. Site Analysis 2. Observation of the physical context 3. Observation of the behavioral context 4. Issues 5. Interviews Future State: Goals and Mission 1. Performance Requirements/ Diagrams 2. Cost Evaluation Part III: Appendix Bibliography Zoning Map 1Xa/1Xb Tentative Schedule Rsums - Thesis Candidate - Thesis Advisor - Design Critic 52 53 54 55 34 37
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THESIS ABSTRACT
In a recent published article by Clive Thompson of the New York Times on September 5, 2008 entitled Im So Totally, Digitally Close to You - Brave New World of Digital Intimacy, Thompson question the intimacy of our private life and its exposure to a very public domain the web, Web 2.0 [1] to be more precise. His story was on the development of social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, Loopt [2] and other social networking software using technology based on the Web 2.0 standard and how that has changed our interaction and connection with friends and communities and as a result aided in the creation of this ambiguous intimacy within our social network. As architecture necessitates around human presence, theres no doubt our social behavior more or less affect the design and process behind building design. Thompsons article provided a stimulating point of view and direction towards my question on social qualities and its affect on building design. The thesis questions the porosity and mutation of architecture in todays modern society. On another level, this thesis challenge a new system of spatial design, investigating the organization and relationship of architecture between its users by employing online social networking patterns as a framework to stimulate the role of architecture as an agent of cultural and civic meeting spaces. The project aims to not treat architecture as an object or icon, but rather as an urban catalyst, promoting public uses and facilities for communities in the city where thoughts and voices can be seen and heard in an environment that is unrestricted to personal opinions, unguarded and away from the politics of the city. The thesis will also explore architectural elements and seek out its possibilities and conflicts between system and its cultural environment. Note: [1] Tim OReilly (founder of OReilly Media) gives a rather detailed description and definition on what the concept of Web 2.0 is on his web-site. In general, Web 2.0 utilizes the internet as a platform for exchanging ideas, businesses, personal opinions, but more importantly creating a collection of communities in a global perspective. Paul Graham (a programmer) indicates democracy in a Web 2.0 world, where amateurs can express personal opinions either by blogging or posting news articles and ranking them on sites like Digg or Reddit. http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/ news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
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http://www.paulgraham.com/web20.html [2] Facebook, Twitter and Loopt are just some example of the online social networking applications, however, this research will primarily focus on Facebook and Twitter and will occasionally use these sites as references and case studies of user patterns and programmatic challenge for the project but may from time to time reference other Web 2.0 applications and websites, too. To provide a general background, Facebook (Image-01) is a free social networking utility where members can communicate with their friends, family and coworkers. The site is organized by a network of cities, workplaces, regions and schools. Facebook was initially limited to Harvard University students (founder Mark Zuckerberg was a student at Harvard when he developed the program), but has now expanded worldwide to include other global citizens. Unlike Facebook, Twitter (Image-02) uses the web and SMS technology in mobile phones for a user to let the world know what he/she is doing. Instead of friends, Twitter has followers. Also different from Facebook, Twitter can provide real time updates wherever there are cell phone reception and one can report anything on their tweet. As the research progress, a detailed analysis will be provided to generate the framework based on Facebook and Twitter and its application to architecture. http://www.facebook.com/facebook?ref=pf http://twitter.com/about#about
Image-01: A users Facebook profile page
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Image-02: Twitter main page
THESIS STATEMENT
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... SEEK POSSIBILITIES OF CULTURAL INTERACTION BETWEEN ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS AND ITS ENVIRONMENT
The next few pages comprises early concept exploration of the thesis, the different ideas and direction developed from a drawing to express my understanding of the thesis subject. Next follows schematic architectural models which expresses my understanding of the thesis I intend to pursue. Throughout the semester, ideas have evolved and developed into generating a hypothesis that is of interest to me. Since then, the goal of this research is to study the patterns formed by applications such as Facebook and Twitter to generate a new prototype on spatial connection between different programs and seek possibilities of cultural interaction between architectural systems and its environment.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
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The ten diagrams shown on this page are a series developed from the first diagram (step 1) to investigate our thesis concept. In the case of the ten drawings shown, I was exploring the idea on intersection. As an inspirational drawing, the series of dots were created on top of a 16 x 16 grid based on a one inch square. The gird was chosen because of its fundamental principle in the design culture.
Step 9 Step 10
The study progresses with a 45 degree rotation of the first diagram. The rotation is meant to disrupt the stability and rigidity of the grid. Step 3 overlays the first figure on top of the rotated diagram. Step 4 is the result of the intersecting pieces on Step 4. This process is then repeated. The third step within each phase is overlaid on top of the previous action to produce a composite of intersecting objects. After each rotation, the intersecting pieces were subtracted from its main entity, creating another composition which to the naked eye seem to be unrelated to the previous diagram. The end result was a surprise finding in such a way that the centrality of a node have been the core foundation of the first diagram which, did not seem to appear at first glance among the other members around it. As a final analysis, this exercise questions the role of a node.
THESIS STATEMENT
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WEB LINK: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nicholasngkw/sets/
THESIS STATEMENT
A further exploration and reaction towards the diagrams produced on the previous page, this model is a an examination of connecting points and finding trajectories within a framed object. The study is observed from an interior point of view and show the multiple nodes created from within the frame. From the exercise, my findings have shown me that the frame has its limits and does not allow growth beyond the structure. This resulted in studying the central node from within its core as shown in the next page.
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WEB LINK: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nicholasngkw/sets/
THESIS STATEMENT
This second model shares the same principle as the previous model, however, it is an observation from an exterior perspective. The model documents the trajectories and points developed from within its core, creating a burst of networks between its trajectories, as a result, allowing another level of connecting points. This model allows room for exploration beyond the core, generating a more dynamic system.
A
B
Image-03: Conventional Method of Interaction within Parties
Conventional Method of Interaction
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B
Image-04: New Method of Interaction New Method of Interaction within Parties
THESIS STATEMENT
The thesis I proposed challenges for a new view and direction in spatial design, with an attention towards the connections of its users, activities and location by using the framework of social networking technologies as a foundation. At present, spaces are created in a rather linear manner, interaction between point A and point B using conventional method is only a two-way communication. Same for connection between A C, B C and A X. Also, if situation arises, X can only communicate with C either through A or by way of X A B C (Image-03). However, using the same framework underlying current social networking software, A,B,C and X can communicate within each other through a nucleus, thereby generating new and increasing interactive sessions between the four parties (Image-04). Using this application, interaction between A,B,C and X will be tested with a mixture of public and private programs. The complex as a whole will become a catalyst for future developments in the built-environment, perhaps a new methodology in urban planning. This research will aim to provide a deeper understanding in todays culture, its social interaction and how its principle can be applied to designing a better environment for leisure, work and living.
GENERAL PUBLIC
PRIVATE USERS
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Image-05: Spatial and User Relation in Conventional Method of Interaction
THESIS STATEMENT
Image-06: Spatial and User Relation in New Method of Interaction
Both illustrations above portray the concept diagram of the conventional and new method of interaction mentioned in the previous page (Image-03 and 04). In the first scenario (Image-05), spaces are organized within an enclosed structure. Interaction between parties in this set up is limited to the paths within the confined area. The people in gray represent public figures, therefore the scenario in Image-05 shows that it does not have any spatial relationship and does not allow user interaction with the general public and the private party contained within the four walls. In the second scenario (Image-06), spatial and social relationship between private and public figures are explored and integrated with public life, allowing for a more connected society.
Retail/Commercial Courtyard Public spine than runs through the center of the building block from ground floor up to the roof
Residential / Dormitory Government Offices
The two images at right (Image-07 and 08) are NOT design of the building proposed. It is rather a study on interaction between different programs using the diagrams projected earlier on previous pages (Image 06 and 08). The studies show how different programs might relate to each other if housed in one building complex, in this case, a courtyard building type is used. Components are rather straightforward, a courtyard building, with an internal public spine (open to all -24/7) which acts as the connector between government offices, residential/ dormitory and the retail component on the rooftop. The public spine is not a considered as a typical corridor, it is rather like an indoor atrium where different activities can happen at the same time as well as its core purpose of a pathway to the different departments. In Option B (Image-08), the idea pertains to the initial diagram (Image-06) and that the interaction between public and private spaces within the framework of todays social networking (Twitter, Facebook, etc.) has more or less affect how we communicate with each other, and I strongly believe that this form of communication and interaction should influence our built environment [Further elaboration and argument on this thesis will be illustrated in the design process]. Both studies were based on an earlier sketch of remixing standard urban planning program of a mixed use building, however, as the course of Thesis Seminar progress, the thesis has began to shift its focus on a more substantial value in terms of creating a building type that might support my thesis statement on cultural interaction in an anonymous environment. On that account, the proposed program will be a cultural/civic centera tribute to the ancient agorathat seeks to explore social communication and interaction in a new age. The proposed center will have a performance hall, meeting rooms, an urban multipurpose/seasonal plaza, gallery space, a marketplace and or retail/commercial elements. Programming and site details will be discussed in the following sections.
Image-07: Program Concept Study - Option A
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Residential / Dormitory Government Offices Retail / Commercial Courtyard Public spine than runs through the center of the building block from ground floor up to the roof
Image-08: Program Concept Study - Option B
THESIS STATEMENT
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METHODS OF INQUIRY + TERMS OF CRITICISM

As a summary, online social networking have evolved around events. We use Facebook to not just communicate with our friends and families but also reconnect with their life through a rather voyeuristic approach as we read their daily thoughts without any verbal or physical interaction with their personas. In fact, we indulge ourselves to this kind of communication system similar to posting secrets about ourselves online (see Postsecret -page 16). Perhaps we have evolved online because of the anonymity and porosity of our communication system. What if an architecture possesses the same quality of anonymity, engaging the general public through a series of events in spaces that are unknown to them?
Below are just a few examples of approach I will take to develop the project further. Methods of Inquiry: How are we utilizing social networking software to communicate and interact with our close friends and families? What are the pros and cons of social networking sites like Facebook, MySpace, etc.? Analyze the importance of the Ancient Athens Agora in its glory days. Why was it successful as a civic space? Study and observe other civic spaces that were historically significant and compare modern civic buildings/ spaces between its users and its programmed spaces. Research urban spaces and its relationship to the citizens of the city. Research and proposed new ideas of social activities, events or creative program that might engage curiosity, fun and entertainment in an urban environment. Study the culture and social aspect of the public man today. Terms of Criticism: Can architecture be more than an object or an icon? If so, how? What kind of urban programs are considered to be useful to its residents? What do they seek for when living in a city? Can architecture become a node or intersection for people other than creating a transportation hub? If so, how? What kind of a space possess an attraction to all group age where they can interact with each other? If social networking sites provides an easy option for people to express their opinions, why build a space for it? What does the architecture need to have or provide to disengage and distinguish itself from the virtual world?
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CASE STUDIES
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ANCIENT ATHENIAN AGORA
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Image-09 : Plan of the Agora, Athens, ca. 150 BCE The diagonal route crossing the central space is the Panathenaic Way, the processional path that led from the city gate(south) to the Acropolis and toward the north.
CASE STUDIES
The Athenian Agora was considered to be the civic and commercial heart of the city, developed around the Panathenaic Way to the Acropolis (path highlighted in red - Image-10). In the analysis of Image-10, placement of the four Stoas defined the entry points to the Agora, acting as barriers and gates. From the placement of the Middle Stoa and Stoa of Attalos, the path seems to be narrower than the opening in the northern section where the Royal Stoa is located, suggesting a change of attitude and environment of possibly privacy or security as one head towards the Acropolis.
The planning of the Agora had a lot to do with views and perspective as well as the procession towards civic spaces and public buildings in ancient Athens making the Agora a good case study to explore movement and idea of experiential architecture. Could this be the base foundation for the success of the Agora in ancient times? How has things changed since then? This brings the attention to what makes a space, a place.
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ANCIENT ATHENIAN AGORA
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Nodes Point of entry

Image-10: Diagrammatic Analysis of the Agora
CASE STUDIES
Image-11: Present view of the Panathenaic Way, looking towards the Acropolis. Stoa of Attalos is to the left.
CASE STUDIES
Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG
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THE TATE MODERN
Image-12: Turbine Hall - Tate Modern
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Floor Plan
Parti
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Hierarchy
Designed by Herzog and deMeuron, the Tate Modern is quite a unique building. Gutted from an old power station, the architect designed the museum around the original structure, making sure the renovation and addition to the building still maintains its original spirit to the neighborhood. Inside the Tate Modern is the remarkable five story tall gallery space (Image-12) which once housed the turbine machines used to generate electricity. Visitors are greeted by the monumental space which leads down to the basement of the museum in a gentle slope, creating an experience which heightens the users senses. Apart from the sensation of entering the space, the Tate Modern is used as a case study to investigate the quality of the space as a civic center based on a recent comment by philosopher and author of The Architecture of Happiness - Alain de Botton. In a recent debate held in London (http://www.monocle. com/webprogrammes/Monocle-Killik-Debates/TheFuture-of-the-City/), deBotton describe the Tate Modern which unlike any other museum was considered to be a popular meeting place, a civic space in the making, away from its original intent. I never thought of a museum as a civic space where thoughts can be shared and exchanged, but the Tate Modern is a good subject to study and explore ideas beyond the basic program of a museum. What makes it a place? From the diagrams at left, the major component of the Tate Modern is the Turbine Hall. Similar to the approach taken at the Ancient Athens Agora, visitors are greeted by the entrance into the Turbine Hall, which from that point spreads out into the different section of the museum.
Repetitive to Unique
Additive And Subtractive
CASE STUDIES
Circulation
CASE STUDIES
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CENTRE GEORGES POMPIDOU
Image-13: Exterior facade of the Centre Georges Pompidou
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Forum des Halles
Centre Georges Pompidou
Muse du Lourve
Htel de Ville (Paris City Hall)
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Cathdrale Notre Dame de Paris
500 ft
1000 ft
1500 ft
2000 ft
Image-14: Connections of The Centre Georges Pompidou to its urban fabric
Situated in the historic district of Le Marais in the heart of Paris, the Centre Georges Pompidou was designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers and was constructed between the year of 1971 - 1977. The Centre Georges Pompidou houses a public library, a modern art museum and a center for music and acoustic research. As a case study, the location and program of the Centre Georges Pompidou provide similar qualities of urban context and program to the proposed thesis project. Within short distance (from the Centre Georges Pompidou (Culture) is the Htel de Ville (Paris City Hall), the Notre Dame Cathedral (Culture/Religion), Forum des Halles (Transportation Hub) and the Muse du Lourve (Culture). Building a modern building in a historical district is not an easy task, especially one like the Centre Georges Pompidou with its inverted mechanical systems projected on the elevation of the building, but its location and flexibility of the building creates a distinct connection between the old and new, providing a unique addition to an old neighborhood. Because of this unique transition, the Centre Georges Pompidou is used to study for its qualities as a civic center, an urban connector and a meeting point.
CASE STUDIES
Image-15: Aerial view of The Centre Georges Pompidou
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Floor Plan
Image-16: Interior Lobby
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Building Parti
Image-17: Building Parti (Mech./Hall/Circulation)
Circulation
Image-18: Exterior Elevator/Vertical CIrculation
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
MAIN HALL
CORRIDOR / CONNECTIONS VERTICAL CIRCULATION
CASE STUDIES
Additive and Subtractive
Image-19: Exterior Elevation
The analysis above provide an interesting finding of the main exhibit hall as a connector between the vertical circulation and the mechanical system at back. This seems to further illustrate the building concept as a public space and a connector to the urban environment.
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PostSecret
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Above are some examples of postcards sent to Frank Warren for the PostSecret community art project.
WEB LINK: http://www.postsecret.com

PostSecret is an ongoing community art project collected by Frank Warren. Started in December 2003, the project has invited people from all background around the world to submit their deepest memories anonymously, which had never been shared and revealed to anyone on a creatively decorated postcard send to him. The result is a collection of provocative and inspiring secrets which some have haunted the life of its creator. PostSecret was chosen as a case study not only of its inspiring messages, but it is the act of reading those messages that have interested me in using it as a case study. Similar to social sites such as Facebook where we get to read information about what our friends are doing daily, this voyeuristic approach to uncover a persons life suggests how porous our society has become. It questions our privacy, security and the lack of boundaries between them. Perhaps boundaries should be crossed to reconnect ourselves to the community. The next page is an excerpt taken from the book Lifetime of Secrets by Frank Warren.
CASE STUDIES
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THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age
When I give PostSecret presentations at college campuses, my hope is that people I have never met will be inspired to change their lives through the secrets and stories being shared. Not long ago, at one of my talks, it was my life that was changed, and the secret that inspired me came from a stranger in the front row. I began my presentation by handing out blank postcards to everyone in the auditorium. I invited each person to anonymously write down a secret on a card and then pass it on. For the next hour, the postcards circulated and were read silently multiple times. At the end of my talk, I asked if anyone would like to stand and read the secret they were holding at that moment. A man in the front row stood up and haltingly read: I wish I could apologize to my younger brother for the way I treated him growing up.
CASE STUDIES
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He sat down and exchanged a long look with the young man next to him. After more volunteers read aloud some of the other secrets that had
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been passed around, I collected all the cards. The man in the front row handed me the postcard he had read from, and the two men walked out together. His postcard was blank. I have witnessed many times how the courage of sharing a secret can be contagious. When I realized that the man had been pretending to read someone elses secret and that the person he had left with was likely his brother, I was inspired. Growing up, I was not an ideal older brother. As an adult, I have wished for an opportunity to apologize for some of my actions but did not want to open old wounds. I have not shared this secret with my brother . . . until now. - Frank Warren
CASE STUDIES
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SITE ANALYSIS
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1 2
NORTH END
WEST END
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NO SCALE
1
Image-20: This image indicates an approach to the site from the north
2
Image-21: View of the site and surrounding buildings
SITE ANALYSIS
The chosen site for my thesis subject is located within the Bulfinch Triangle area in Boston, Massachusetts. It is also an area where the new Boston Greenway begins and where the Central Artery used to stand. Thus, the site has some historical value to it. As a general observation, the site challenges the issue to reconnect North End and the greater Boston. With the proposed site chosen as a potential candidate for the thesis subject, further analysis and studies are made in the following pages to illustrate the sites condition and possibilities for a civic center. The first section is an analysis of the site using Kevin Lynchs - Image of the City thesis to locate the paths, nodes, district, edge and landmark and study the connections of the site to its existing surroundings.
The parcel numbers on Image-22 is collected from the zoning map as indicate by the Boston Redevelopment Authority. Please reference Map 1Xa/1Xb under the Appendix section for more information.
NO SCALE
P-1 P-3 P-2
Image-22: Enlarged view of the proposed site
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Paths: The proposed site is surrounded by major vehicular paths along the north, east, south and western section, creating a trapezoid island bordered by the pathways. Narrow paths are found within the trapezoid island, suggesting a more intimate setting and pedestrian friendly area within the block. Though the paths are set in a regular network, because of the shape of the block, its size and regulations of one way streets and intersection between major and secondary pathway within the block can generate a rather confusing navigation for vehicle access. Pedestrian access however may find it easy to navigate because of its regular network of roads.
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Edges: Though edges are not often considered as paths, however, in the case of the proposed site, the paths surrounding the site creates a clear boundary between the small trapezoid block to the greater city. Apart from that, buildings such as the TD BankNorth Garden Arena to the north and the Department of Health Building and Suffolk County Juvenile Court to the south creates a definite edge and entry point to the proposed site.
TD BankNorth Garden
SITE ANALYSIS
Dept. of Health
Suffolk County Juvenile Court
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North End District
West End District Government Center Markets Beacon Hill Financial District
Districts: The proposed site is situated in a part of Boston that has gone through a lot of development in its history. Surrounded by the North End, West End and Government Center, the proposed site can be easily identified because of its location. Looking closer, though the site may be sitting on an island, one may think it was part of the North End because of its building scale and typology if it wasnt cut off by the Central Artery, which has since been demolished. However, the small block does not have a clear boundary between the North End and the West End and its identity could not be establish because its ambiguity in distinguishing itself from the rest of the city.
North End District
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West End District
Nodes: The proposed site is located within a short distance of an important transportation node - North Station. Other than that, there are also nearby transportation node that generates foot traffic such as Haymarket T station. There are also important vehicular node, particularly to the north of the site where Interstate 93 change its course underground. To the northeast corner of the site is a node and entry point to Charlestown, a district across the river. Although there are few important nodes within the site, none are memorable enough to form an image for the site.
SITE ANALYSIS
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Landmarks: From a larger perspective, the area around the proposed site contains significant landmarks, such as the City Hall Plaza and the Old North Church in the North End. In a closer view, the TD BankNorth Garden and the Leonard P. Zakim bridge provides significant references point to the site.
Leonard P. Zakim Bridge
TD BankNorth Garden
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Concept Sketches: The studies to the left question issues and problems the site faces in terms of its paths, edges, district, nodes and landmarks. How can the proposed structure resolved and enhance the image of the city? If the thesis proposed to create a cultural/civic center within the site, how does it address the cultural and social context of the site and the greater city of Boston?
SITE ANALYSIS
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Shadow Patterns / Sun Study
JANUARY - 10 AM
The massing indicates the maximum allowable height in that area.
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JUNE - 10 AM
SITE ANALYSIS
OCTOBER - 10 AM
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Shadow Patterns / Sun Study
JANUARY - 2 PM
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JUNE - 2 PM
SITE ANALYSIS
OCTOBER - 2 PM
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Climate / Environment Data

40 NL
Average High - January

90 80
WINTER
NOON 11 AM 1 PM
36.50 F
Average Low - January
21 ne 1 Ju ay 2 10 AM M
A
9 AM
Jul
70
y2 1
Ma
8 AM
r2
Sep t2
Oct 2
N ov
3 PM
50
Altitude Angles
2 pr
Au g2 1
2 PM
60
22.10 F
Average High - July
SUMMER
b2 Fe
4 PM
40
7 AM
1 n2 Ja 21 c De
21
30
5 PM
82.20 F
Average Low - July
20
6 PM
6 AM
10
5 AM 7 PM
Bearing Angles 90
120
105
75
60
45
30
15
15
30
45
60
75
105
120
65.50 F
East
South
90
West
Annual Precipitation 42.53 in.
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CYLINDRICAL SUN PATH DIAGRAM FOR 40 NORTH

Cylindrical Sun Path diagram for 40 North
(SOURCE: MAZRIA, EDWARD, THE PASSIVE SOLAR ENERGY BOOK)
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AIR POLLUTION INDEX
SITE ANALYSIS
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PERFORMANCE PROGRAM
Below is a narrative piece of the spatial experience as I imagined a stranger would experience. [I hear conversation pieces around me yet I dont feel the presence of human contact. I see people walking, running and some casually standing still looking out the window, but I do not hear voices between them.] I stumbled upon a path which led me to the scene described above, however, I did not notice any sign of entering a new territory. The space seems new with its choice of warm materials, and the transparent quality and opaqueness it portrays appears to be rather familiar yet surreal. The structure doesnt seem to belong there, although it felt like it has been standing there for centuries. Moving through the space, it brought back memories of the four season I used to missed when I was a child; growing up in a neighborhood where a bunch of us would gather everyday after school for a game of catch on the streets, and in the winter months, we would attack each other with snowball fights. At home I would be sitting near the window, watching the leaves fall and waiting for the first snowflake of the season. I felt right at home in that space. A few steps up, coupled with a cup of coffee in one hand and a croissant in another, I found a quiet nook. I sat down and looked down to the plaza below. At that moment, I knew Christmas was just around the corner as the truck below begins to unload the different variety of pine trees waiting for the right home. I gazed at the man loading the truck till a beeping sound from my phone startled me. My friend had sent me a text message and asked me to look to the left. And there he was, standing there waving and pointing to his watch. I was late for the show we had planned to attend. I rushed to the nearest staircase, greeted my friend and headed into the hall downstairs. The writing above was inspired by a recent trip to the Oslo Opera House in Norway (pictured right).
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
At present, the thesis building structure will be a steel structure. The choice of material and its design are equally important as it relates to how architectural system can project ideas on porosity. From the existing conditions of the site, the idea of a screen for shading will be considered in addition to the idea behind porosity . Decision are not definite yet at this stage, but development of a screening system similar to The Atrium (Image-23) at Federation Square, Melbourne Australia by Lab Architecture is a possibility. In terms of environmental conditions, sustainable design ideas will be implemented on the structure but will not be the driving force of the building design. The proposed building will not be higher than 5 stories or 80 feet, however, structural foundation conditions will need to be investigated because of the expressway below. There will be little disturbance to the topography of the site and ideas of changing grade (if applicable) will be considered inside the structure rather than the landscape.
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Image-23: The Atrium at Federal Square, Melbourne
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THE TWELVE HOUR SKETCH PROBLEM
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The intent of this exercise was to design and illustrate a proposed entrance to our thesis project. In the case of my thesis for a cultural/civic center, the idea behind an entryway does not exist but rather the focus is based on the experience and procession through the site. The initial idea mimics the moment a vehicle enters the tunnel along Interstate 93, an experience which heightens the driver attention. This is explored through a series of topographic grade changes along a pathway.
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PART II : INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING
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SITE DESCRIPTION
66
'-1
0"
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AREA: 29,369 S.F.
PARCEL 1
44 1'2"
PARCEL 1A
21
7'-
0"
PARCEL 3
LEGEND PARCEL LINE SETBACKS PROPOSED SITE

10' 25' 50' 100'
The diagram above shows the site at block scale. The proposed site is located within Parcel 1 with an area of 29,369 s.f.
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Topographic map obtained from: http://www.mass.gov/mgis/ftpquad.htm
SITE DESCRIPTION
Circled in yellow above, the topographic map shows very little or no grade change at the proposed site. Being in an urban area, the site also shows no natural features as observed from the panoramic photo below.
36
Government Center/ Adjacent LandTriangle/Haym Bulfinch UseCenter/ Government Diagram

Downtown
Legend Downtown 1 Family Residential Legend 2 Family Residential 1 Family Residential 3 FamilyResidential Residential 2 Family Apartments/Condos 3 Family Residential Apartments/Condos Mixed Use (Res./Comm.) Mixed Use (Res./Comm.) Commercial Commercial Institutional Institutional Industrial Industrial Open Space Open Space Surface Parking SurfaceParking Main Streets District Main Streets District MBTA Stations MBTA Stations MBTA Surface Subway Lines MBTA Underground SubwayLines Surface Subway Lines MBTA MBTA Underground Subway Lines Commuter Rail Below Ground Commuter Rail Commuter Rail Water Ground Commuter Rail BelowTransit Facilities Water Transit Routes Water Transit Facilities Bus Routes Water Transit Routes Bus Routes
rf - .S ld T o ha e U e r r W us ntW y ho e j o urt C ve o d e L o S. C T r a U. r l d o W
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Na sh ua
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Na sh ua
Fleet Center
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DeFilippo Playground
Fleet Center
Sh
Hu
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Amy Ct
Amy Ct
Marth a Rd
Co
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Marth a Rd
O'Neill Federal Building
St ay ew us Ca
North Station
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Thacher St
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Eliot Church Eliot School North Bennet School North Bennet Street School Paul Revere School Paul Revere Street Mall Mall
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Suffolk County Jail
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Spaulding Rehabilitation Center
Spaulding Rehabilitation Center
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State Health Shop and Welfare Building Charles River
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Joy St
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North End Branch Library
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Bulfinch Triangle/Haymarke
wn sto arle Ch
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g Brid e
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tte
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Lincoln
Wharf
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rd fo ed St
M rd fo ed
N Washington St
N Washington St
St
Pr
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Nazarro Community Center

N Margin St
Til
St
Lowell Square
Cooper St
North End Health Center
e Nazarro St Stephan's St Stephan'sston Community St Church Church Center Clark Clark St St North End Community Community Health Center
es
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Union Wharf Union Wharf
s ma ne y
N Margin St
Endicott St
t lS na Ca Way
Endicott St
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nd ie Fr
ie Fr nd St
Po rtla nd St
Fle
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St
Sargents Eastern Wharf

Eastern Av
Sargents Wharf
Av
St
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t rS te as nc La
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Pilot House
North
St
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Atlantic Av
St North City of Boston Printing Office

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Lewis Wharf
d on St
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Columbus Housing
Lewis Wharf
Stanford St
Cambridge St
Stanford St
Bowdoin
Haymarket
Bla ck st on e St
City Hall
Union Park/ Holocaust Memorial Curley Memorial Plaza
Columbus Mercantile Housing Wharf

Chistopher Columbus Park
Com
mercia
l Wha
arf Long Wh Airport
Park
Bowdoin
Hancock St
Joy St
Federal Building
Saltonstall and McCormack State Office Buildings
Union Park/ Holocaust Hall City MemorialPlaza Curley Memorial Plaza
Clinton St
Mercantile Wharf
Com
r Long Wharf Wha ercial m
S Russell St
Ridgeway La
Irving St
Temple St
St
African Meeting Saltonstall House
Somerset
Plaza
[ CIVIC MUTATIONS ]
rt S
African Meeting House
Saltonstall and McCormack State Office Buildings

Pinckney St
Pemberton Square
Derne St
State House Park
Pl Ashburton
City Hall Plaza
Washington St
Pemberton State House Square Old Suffolk County Courthouse

St
Devonshire St
Cou
Washington St
Pro
State House
Devonshire St
Ha wle yS t
inc
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sw orth St
on
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IrishSt Famine Memorial
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k Mark Maloney, Director ar M et
www.cityofboston.com/bra
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Boston, MA 02201-1007
lem
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ing purposes.
Boston Redevelopment Authority
Bostons Mer Planning & rimac St Economic
Thomas M. Menino, Mayor
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Ha
rthcoming Boston 400 report: Boston purposes. engineering nnecting the City and Its People. This or public comment and is not for Marth a Rd ation. Please direct all comments and ons to Boston 400 / BRA at One City are, Boston, MA 02201-1007 or March, 2000 00.bra@ci.boston.ma.us. This map meet national map accuracy N ds and can not be used for
Amy Ct
This is a DRAFT copy of a rmap to be included te St in the forthcoming Boston 400 report: Boston 400: Connecting the City and Its People. This draft is for public comment and is not for republication. Please direct all comments and Spaulding suggestions to Boston 400 / BRA at One City Rehabilitation Center Hall Square, Boston, MA 02201-1007 or boston400.bra@ci.boston.ma.us. This map Suffolk does not meet national map accuracy County DRAFT copy of a map to be included and can not be used for standards Jail Na
Tr
te ta rs te In
Win
Post Office Square
Fr
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tS
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Atlantic Ave
Park Street
Le ve re tt Co
Suffolk University B rom Law School fie
Federal Building and Post Office
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Milk St
Wh
Win
ter
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ac
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Cu sto m
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Common
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St
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Atlantic Ave
St
Boston Athenaeum Boston
t Park King's Chapel Street Church Burying Ground Suffolk University Old City Hall Law School King's Chapel
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sw ort hS
rt S
ce
House
St
Spring La McCormack
Wh
Pinckney St
State House Park
Suffolk University
Be
Granary Tremont Burying Ground B Old State Temple o
Irish Famine Memorial
Central
St
Je
arf
St
ac
State
Sch
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Custom House Tower
Cu sto m
Pl Ashburton
Walnu
on
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St
Exch
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GovernmentGround King's Chapel Burying Old Center King's ChapelCity Hall Cou Boston
ress St Cong
vin
Suffolk University
Old Suffolk County Hall City Courthouse
Government Center Cou

rt St
Fanueil Hall Clinton St
Quincy Market
Long Wharf
Cen
Long Wharf Marriott
harf Long W t Airpor
S Russell St
Walnu t St
Ridgeway La
Cou
Ho us eS t
Lovejoy Wharf Prince St. Park

on ds Hu St
Copp's Hill Terrace Copp's Hill Cemetery

Hu ll S t
Ch art er St
Com
me
U.S. Coast Guard Station
rcia
l St
Ba tte ry
Co
ns
titu
Steriti Rink
tio
ha
rf
Snowhill St
sh ua St
Fleet Center
M ed
DeFilippo Playground
Sh
ea
fe
St
Co
Lo ma sn
tt
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St
St ay ew us Ca
North Station
t lS na Ca
Old North Church Eliot School North Bennet Street School Paul Revere Mall
Til es to n St
He
nc
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an
St
rt St
n Cou
rS
ve
no
SITE DESCRIPTION
Co
Stop & Shop
State Health and Welfare Building
00
Charles River Old West Plaza West End Church Branch Library Fire Station
Joy St
Cambridge St
Cardinal Cushing Park
Br
tle at
ay
H aw kin s
w Ne
St
ury db Su
Vent Building/ Parking Garage
District A-1 Police Station John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Haymarket
Bla
mm
t nS rdo Cha New
St
lto
Fu
St
North End Nursing Home
erc
Columbus Housing
l Wha r
Bowdoin
Somerse t St
Union Park/ Holocaust Memorial Curley Memorial Plaza
Mercantile Wharf
Clinton St
ial
St
Boston Redevelopment Authority
Bowdoin St
Washington St
State House
Cou rt S
Devonshire St
Be
ce
Granary Tremont Burying Ground B Temple o Park Street Church

sw ort hS t
Pro
Irish Famine Memorial
Spring La McCormack
St
Ha wle yS t
Atlantic Ave
on
Boston Common
tS
Park Street
Win ter St
Suffolk University B rom Law School fie
Federal Building and Post Office
vin
Milk St
Wh
arf
St
ac
Sch
Cu sto m
S on
Boston Athenaeum
Exch
ange
ate
rS
Ho us eS t
em
Tr
Irving St
St ngress New Co
Temple St
Hancock St
Chatham
St
ow ts R chan Mer
Fanueil Hall
Quincy Market
State State House Old

ow ts R han Merc
State
St
Long Custom House Tower
St Central
Wharf Marriott
Long Wharf Aquarium New England

tral W harf
Aquarium
Bro
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St ngress New Co
Chatham
St
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Pl
Long Wharf Aquarium New England

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We
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tral W
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Aquarium
India
Wha
rf
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mfi
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St
Excha
Pl nge
Arch St
Federal Building and Post Office t Milk St rS ate W
India W harf
Rowes Wharf
t St
rk St
y St
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nto
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tte rym
nW ay
Ind
arc
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St Wlin nk ell
ia S
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Rowes Wharf
0
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250
rf 500
hS t
Federal St
feet
Pa rk St
Irving St
Je nto
Ba
O liv er St
tte rym arc
nW ay
ld
St
nS
High
St
International Place
Rowes Wharf
Rowes Wharf
0
arf Rowes Wh Airport
Pedestrian Walking Radius
Pe ar lS t
hS t
Arch St
wn sto arle Ch
rf ha e r W us n t e y ho e jo urt C ve o d e L o S. C T r a U. rld o W
Federal St
250
500 feet
Langone Park
Brid ge
93
Lowell Square
nn
ec
Puopolo Playground
to
ha
rf
Battery St
Lincoln
Wharf
fo rd St
Nazarro St Stephan's 5 MIN. WALKING RADIUS Community 10 MIN. WALKING RADIUS Church
Thacher St
Endicott St
N Washington St
Pr
inc
Center
St
North End Community Health Center

Fle et S t
Clark
Union Wharf
N Margin St
St
ey W ay
Stanford St
Fr ie nd St
Cooper St
Sargents Wharf
Eastern Av
Po d an rtl St
t rS te as nc La
rs
St
North End Branch Library
One City Hall Square
Paul Revere House

h Ric on m
oo
St
Pilot House
St
North
Atlantic Av
City of Boston Printing Office
d St
Ausonia Homes
Lewis Wharf
Com
mercia
ck sto ne St
arf Long Wh Airport
Saltonstall Plaza Saltonstall and Buildings
Long Wharf
Bostons Planning & Economic

House Development Office
S Russell St
Ridgeway La
Temple St
Hancock St
Thomas M. Menino, Mayor McCormack Clarence J. Jones, State Office Chairman Mark Maloney, Director
Derne St
One City Hall SquareCity Hall Boston, MA 02201-1007

Square Plaza
City Hall
African Meeting
www.cityofboston.com/bra Pemberton
Old Suffolk County Courthouse
Fanueil Hall
ow ts R chan Mer
Quincy Market
Long Wharf Marriott
Pinckney St
State House Park
Pl Ashburton
Government Center Cou

rt St
St ngress New Co
Chatham
St
Suffolk University
State State House Old
State
St
Aquarium
Custom House Tower
St Central
Cen
t
Long Wharf
harf
tral W
New England Aquarium
Bro
Kilb
ad S
ress St Cong
y St
King's Chapel Burying Ground Old City Hall King's Chapel

ool St
Pl
Ind
ia S
We
ll S
ia East Ind
Row
India
Wha
rf
Waln ut St
Pa rk St
Je nto
Ba
O liv er St
ry tte ma
nW ay
ar Pe
S rch
ld
St
Post Office Square
Fra
nk
lin
St
High
St
International Place
Rowes Wharf
Rowes Wharf 0
Rowes Wha Airport

250
rf 500
t lS
Arch St
Federal St
feet
37
EXISTING STATE : CULTURAL

The summary below provides a report on the current state of the existing site. It is divided into two sections, A) The Cultural Context and B) The Physical and Behavioral Context. Section A: The Cultural Context are divided into the following categories. Social Issues Political Issues Economic Issues Historic Context Demographic Information Architectural Context A1. Social Issues: Under the statistic data collected, the area is predominantly occupied by white collar workers, single, with a median age of 34 and have an average household income of $100,000. It is suffice to say that there is a lack of diversity within the social context of the site, not just within employment statuses but the residents situated in that area. Apart from that, the Crime Index charted on page 33 seems to suggests safety issues with the neighborhood., which influences the choice in residences around the area. A2. Political Issues (Does Not Exists) A3. Economic Issues: Data collected from the area suggests an above average income input to the community. A4: Historic Context *: The chosen site was part of the North End neighborhood. Once named the Bulfinch Triangle because of the urban plan drawn by Charles Bulfinch, the chosen site was the location for the Central Artery, which had separated the North End District to the rest of Boston. The image below shows the sites condition in 1995 (Area highlighted in yellow dash line).
[ CIVIC MUTATIONS ]
* Further history about the site has been found but is not included in the proposal as full information and data has not been extensively collected and researched in depth yet.
38
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA FOR ZIP CODE 02114

A5. Demographic Information:
TOTAL POPULATION
MALE POPULATION FEMALE POPULATION Percent Change Since 1990 Percent Change Since 2000 Density (Persons per sq. mile) Median Age
9983
5159 4824 1.0% -10.0% 17999.00 34.20
FEMALE 48%
MALE 52%
[ CIVIC MUTATIONS ]
EMPLOYMENT
WHITE COLLAR BLUE COLLAR

HOUSEHOLDS
TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS
32133 5245
5953
1434 4519
FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS
NON-FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS
EXISTING STATE
HOUSEHOLDS WITH CHILDREN
455 5497
HOUSEHOLDS W/O CHILDREN
The information provided are applicable to the chosen site - zip code 02114. Data on community demographics 1000 3000 4000 5000 6000 provided by OnBoard LLC Copyright0(c) 2007 OnBoard LLC. 2000
39
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA FOR ZIP CODE 02114

EDUCATION
( NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE ACHIEVED THE FOLLOWING LEVELS OF EDUCATION )
MARITAL STATUS
( NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE THE FOLLOWING MARITAL STATUS )
No High School Some High School Some College Associate Degree Bachelors Degree Graduate Degree
237 153 782 282 2742 3345
NEVER MARRIED 5036

MARRIED 2328
SEPERATED 947
WIDOWED 357
DIVORCED 642
INCOME / FINANCIAL
Average Household Income Median Household Income Median Income Under 25 Median Income 25-34 Median Income 35-44 Median Income 45-54 Median Income 55-64 Median Income 65-74 Median Income Over 75 Percent increase/decrease in income since 1990 Percent increase/decrease in income since 2000 Average Household Net Worth Median Household Net Worth Median Home Sale Price Median Total Debts Sales Tax Rate Sales Tax Type Average Total Household Expenditure $106,665 $69,688 $52,155 $72,264 $90,377 $84,788 $77,857 $35,197 $30,167 90.0 % 22.0 % $729,038 $202,234 $242,921 5.0000 % PL $74,153
BELOW AVERAGE ABOVE AVERAGE
CRIME
The following values are represented as an index, where the value 100 represents the national average.
BELOW AVERAGE ABOVE AVERAGE
[ CIVIC MUTATIONS ]
Total Crime Risk Personal Crime Risk Murder Risk Rape Risk Robbery Risk Assault Risk Property Crime Risk Burglary Risk Larcency Risk Automotive Theft Risk 0.0
221 305 179 138 622 194 205 116 239 308
87.5 175.0 262.5 350.0 437.5 525.0 612.5 700.0
200 0 50 TRANSPORTATION PERSONAL CARE TOBACCO UTILITIES READING OTHER GAS 100 150
$427,500
EXISTING STATE
The following values are represented as an index, where the value 100 represents the national average.
165
171
LIFESTYLE
ABOVE AVERAGE 156 145 143
148
154
144
146
143
139
137
143
148
TOTAL HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE
BELOW AVERAGE
The information provided are applicable to the chosen site - zip code 02114. Data on community demographics provided by OnBoard LLC Copyright (c) 2007 OnBoard LLC.
HOUSEHOLD OPERATIONS
HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE
ENTERTAINMENT
CONTRIBUTIONS
HEALTH CARE
INSURANCE
EDUCATION
CLOTHING
SHELTER
FOOD
123
135
137
162
40
A6. Architectural Context: Below are urban streetscape images found along Causeway Street (on the northern part of the site).
[ CIVIC MUTATIONS ]
From the images above, the architectural sources suggests a rather rustic and eclectic point of view. No doubt brick is the choice of material which dominates the scene in the proposed area. Though the area is predominantly commercial, there is an array of building height around the neighborhood as well as a few monumental pieces that stood out from the background, such as the pieces shown below.
EXISTING STATE
As a summary to my findings, there are certainly constraints within the site, such as its historical value to the neighborhood of the North End and the sites proximity to a few important architectural landmarks around the area. However, with constraints come challenges and opportunities. Those includes but not limited to improving the quality of lifestyle in the area, providing a diverse culture which the district lacks and possibilities to introduce new architectural elements to the neighborhood. From the context photographed above, the neglected urban condition calls out opportunity to create an architecture with a rich urban program to revitalize the state its in. The urban program would include an enclosed multipurpose hall that opens up to a plaza during the warmer season for an outdoor cinema, a marketplace for the residents located within the neighborhood and community rooms where residents can promote their culture and heritage through their annual festival offerings.
41
EXISTING STATE : PHYSICAL/BEHAVIORAL

Section B: This section is divided into the following categories. Site analysis Observation of the physical context Observation of the behavioral context Issues Interviews B1: Site Analysis The site is located within the Bulfinch Triangle neighborhood. Below is a panoramic view of the surrounding buildings taken in the center of the site, looking towards TD BankNorth Garden (Boston Garden) and the Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge to the north. A more thorough analysis and description is located under the Site Analysis section in Part 1 of the proposal. Please refer to page 20 for more detailed information.
[ CIVIC MUTATIONS ]
B2. Observation of the physical context Observations of the physical context is divided in the following categories, 1.Physical Traces, 2.Adaptations for Use and 3. Public Messages. i. Physical Traces : Erosion On a closer look to the site, the area appears to show some signs of wear on the grass which seems to indicate foot traffic to the parking lot adjacent to the site.
Signs of erosion
ii. Physical Traces : Missing Traces Since the Central Artery was taken down, the site has been left untouched and its current condition is limiting any physical behavior for an urban open space. With a lack of landscaping, or outdoor furniture, the green open space seems to serve no purpose.
42
i. Adaptations for Use: Separations Barricades are seen placed along the edge of the site to define and separate the parking lot adjacent to the site.
ii. Adaptations for Use: Props A nearby restaurant has placed a new deck on an empty lot for use as an outdoor seating area.
[ CIVIC MUTATIONS ]
i. Public Message: Official A painted mural of the Boston Celtics on the side of a nearby building suggests a popularity and support for the Boston basketball team. This seems to reflect the use of nearby a sports arena and the behavior of its users.
i. Public Message: Unofficial/Illegitimate Unlike the previous mural, this message painted on the side of a building does not reflect any behavior of its clients or users. Located behind the building, next to a parking lot, the mural is perhaps meant to reflect a past or merely an artwork to boost the dreary neighborhood.
EXISTING STATE
In a larger picture, the findings seems to suggests a rather vibrant neighborhood with a huge crowd of sports fans and commuters, yet there is a lack of urban spaces to promote interaction among the different users that occupies the spaces around the neighborhood, especially during and after major events at the nearby arena. The major effect on programming will be on how to create a successful program that will link the different communities within the area.
43
2 3
NO SCALE
1
[ CIVIC MUTATIONS ]
B3. Observation of the behavioral context On a casual site visit and observation of the surrounding, the picture above (labeled 3) was taken on a weekend, late afternoon. As it turns out there was also a Bruins game scheduled at the TD BankNorth Garden Arena (Boston Garden). Notice the woman standing to the left of the photograph, shes actually watching a girl doing cartwheel (inset). The scene above should be encouraged but theres a lack of facilities where qualities for fun activities does not exist in the area, instead children have to result into leftover spaces to enjoy their activites. In the demographic chart on page 32, theres also a very percentage of household with children in the neighborhood, which may be the result of lack of children playground facilities, or even urban open spaces within the neighborhood. These issues should be addressed. B4. Issues Issues pertain to the sites are listed below in order of the highest priority at the top. 1. Interaction - Social 2. Image - Identity 3. Economy 4. Circulation - Pedestrians 5. Environmental 6. Flexibility
EXISTING STATE
44
B5. Interviews/Observation Below is a conversation/interview with Josh Sherman (age 26), a resident of 3 years at the North End District, Boston. Josh works as a Financial Analyst.
NN:
JS:
NN:
JS:
NN: JS: NN:
JS:
NN: JS: NN:
JS:
EXISTING STATE
NN: JS:
NN: JS:
As a resident within the North End District, whats your opinion on the neighborhood? What attracted you to move in to the area? Are there any issues you feel that need to be address? The North End is a great neighborhood live in and theres a great sense of community within the neighbors, especially during the festivals. I think the issues that need to be address relates to the environment and safety of the residents at the North End. There are certainly some streets where a person would feel unsafe to walk in during the night. Other than safety issues, are there anything you feel that the neighborhood lacks or perhaps need to address the safety and well-being of the residents? Since they tore down the Greeway, the North End have become more attractive and easier for people to visit and live in. However, this also result in overcrowding, especially along Hanover Street. Also, the one thing missing is a supermarket. Whats your opinion if the city were to build a community center within the neighborhood? I dont think the neighborhood needs a community center. You had mentioned earlier about the festivals that are held yearly around the North End, as a resident living in the neighborhood, how do you feel about the event in general? I love the annual festivals they have around the neighborhood. My apartment is next to Salem Street where the annual St. Anthony festival is held. However, it does get really noisy and the smoke from the vendors gets into the apartment if you leave the window open. I guess its a small price to pay for a great location, and it only happens a few days within a year. Supposedly they move the event to a more central location other than occupying the streets? I dont know where they would move to, it could be a nice idea but it may also loose some of the communal qualities the festival creates. As a current North End resident, do you visit the local sights,like the Paul Revere House, the Old North Church or the Copps Hill Burying Ground? I have to admit that Ive only visited those places once, and that was when I was in Boston as a tourist many years ago. I think they are a bit out of my way. What about the local food culture? Definitely. The main attraction for me moving in to the North End was my love for Italian cuisine. I frequently visit the local restaurants as well as the mom and pops deli shop and of course the Modern pastry shop. Mikes does not provide the same quality. I think we all can agree with that. I appreciate your time and thank you for your insight to the North End. Thank you.
[ CIVIC MUTATIONS ]
45
Participants: Amanda Burden is chair of the New York City Planning Commission and director of the Department of City Planing. David Emil is president of the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, appointed by New York Governor Eliot Spitzer in May 2007. Robert Freedman is the director of urban design for the city of Toronto. Cheong Koon Hean is the chief executive officer of the Urban Redevelopment Authority, the national planning and conservation authority of Singapore. Kairos Shen is the director of planning at the Boston Redevelopment Authority, Bostons economic development and planning agency. Brent Toderian was appointed in 2006 as the city of Vancouvers director of planning.
Apart from getting an insight from a resident/user near the thesis site, the discussion below was chosen to gain an understanding of the thoughts and process behind planning for a recreation and cultural center in a downtown area. The discussion below is taken from the Cities Conference on Urban Design which took place in Manhattan in May 2007. It is an excerpt on Active Recreation and Culture. David Emil: One thing Im curious about is issue of active recreation. How do you plan for that in your cities? Brent Toderian: We have an amenity plan for each central area neighborhood, and we leverage the building of amenities from developers. A couple of decades ago, we rezoned much of the downtown and created a discretionary system whereby you could create more density in return for off-setting public benefits well beyond those normally achieved through development charges in most cities. Because we are a poor city, we achieve most of our recreational needs by leveraging them from developers. This is key to the Living FIrst strategy. Think of all the cities that focus on building residential development without the corresponding amenity packages that make that high density living livable; ultimately it shakes the foundation of community youre trying to build. The amenities become city-owned land, and we take on the maintenance responsibilities, which of course can be an issue. Kairos Shen: Boston is a relatively small 14 square miles, the same size as San Francisco. A lot of debate occurred about how active our downtown open space should be. Because we dont have a system whereby the government takes responsibility for the constructions thats needed for active open space, it becomes the responsibility of an agency like ours to leverage it through the development process. Im not sure whether private owners of public space can be good custodians. Just as the Big Dig demon started that the highway department cant design and manage open space, its difficult yo ask private developers to deal with active recreation. I just visited the Robert Moses exhibits here in New York and was completely blown away by the parks and the swimming pool that he built. It harkens back to a time where government had a role in ensuring that those kind of amenities are part of any project whether is be a private development project or whether its a city development project. Were working in a different time. David Emil: Are we? If Moses were involve in this 27 acres, would there be a forced public recreation space in there? Kairos Shen: Moses was famous for finding parcels, such as great recreational spaces underneath bridges. We were complete failures in finding those spaces in Boston. During the years that we had the highway, I think there was a mental block. That shadow of the highway was preventing uses, whereas in New York and some Asian cities you can find a lot of recreational spaces under highways. Now that weve
EXISTING STATE
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sunken the highway and revealed it to the sky, suddenly its more precious. As a result, inventive, not fully controllable kind of activities are hard for many downtown residents to imagine. David Emil: What are you going to do about the fact that one of the cultural uses you planned for the Big Dig space the Horticultural Society doesnt have the funds to build? Kairos Shen: I think the issue here is the cultural market. Were learning that simply providing land and a friendly planning environment does not suddenly make sustainable something that cannot function financially. Theres a requirement in our plan that all the first floor space be cultural, or what we call facilities of public accommodation. This allows us leverage through development, but Boston still has a competitive environment for cultural dollars. I know that the Horticultural Society could not succeed not because of a lack of will, but because of a lack of personnel and funds. We dont yet have a system to create and expand these cultural institutions that are so dear to us without public subsidy. My experience visiting Canada suggests there is a commitment at the governmental level that we no longer see in this country. Cheong Koon Hean: In growing our new downtown, we have tried to capitalize on the assets of SIngapore. Im not sure about the testosterone that Peter talked about, but we do have two things: we are tropical, which means that lots of things grow easily, and we are an island. Right in the middle of Singapore is an almost 4000 hectare rain forest. My colleague in the National Park tell me that there are more species of flora and fauna in that rain forest than all of North America. We have many other parks scattered around to create a network that allows you to jog or cycle from park to park. Instead of just having one park, you can actually go from the coast to the rain forest, take a tree top walk, go back to the coast and swim in the sea, and then cycle around Singapore. We provide full public access to the water around the island, so even in the downtown you can actually access every part of the waterfront. Robert Freedman: One thing thats unusual about Toronto is that its a really good cycling city. All of the streets coming into the downtown or around the downtown during rush hour are jam packed with bicycles. Theyre not just for recreation, but for commuting. And as for out waterfront, I think that were just on the brink of of getting it right. Quite recently we held an international competition for our central waterfront. It was won by West 8 of The Netherlands, who are helping us figure out how to make it easier for pedestrians and recreational cyclists to make their way across our waterfront. Once youre through the central waterfront area, there are quite wonderful trails that take you along portions of the waterfront. Amanda Burden: What role does the government and the market play in facilitating a real diversity of culture in Vancouver? Brent Toderian: Weve suffered from lacking of funding, and despite
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what you might think, we dont have the kinds of foundations and such that you have in the United States that provide tremendous economic support for cultural facilities, so once again weve done a lot of leveraging from developers. For example, we have the Vancouver International Film Centre in bonus space that was provided for voluntarily as part of negotiations for additional density. Weve also rehabilitated our old heritage theaters through density transfer bonuses. Now theyre being operated by the city, but they probably could never have funded it on their own. Were in the process of creating our first Creative City arts and culture plan. Were embracing the creative-cities model its not just stodgy, in the box, arts and culture spaces, but also placing culture into the public realm of the city. Robert Freedman: Over the last two or three years, Toronto has experienced a cultural renaissance, Major cultural institutions are coming out of the ground after many years of almost complete lack of funding. The Royal Ontario Museum, the Art Gallery of Ontario, our art school, our conservatory of music all by world architects like Libeskind and Gerry thats something we havent seen in Toronto for a while, and is helping to make things interesting and exciting. We have a thriving restaurant and bar scene and are shaking off the stodgy British background of the city. I remember as a kid growing up in Toronto, restaurants couldnt even have windows facing out onto the street they had to be glass blocks in order for the establishment to serve liquor. Those days are long gone, and Torontos now a party town, particularly in downtown. The above text is taken from The 2007 Cities Conference on Urban Design published by The Forum for Urban Design, Inc. May 2007. Page 20 -22
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Conclusion: The thesis site sits between two neighborhood West End and North End and it is also the gateway to the Greenway, thus the issue and challenge has a lot to do with the surrounding community it serves. Both Joshs perspective and the discussion from the forum provided interesting insight and issues to deal with for the proposed thesis. From Joshs response, the main concern was about creating amenities for the residents around the nearby neighborhood with facilities like a market or food hall. In the forum discussion, the major topic was public funding and creating an image for the city through an arts and culture plan. If the idea is to design a cultural/arts center, can we incorporate communal service to the building design? Can civic and cultural live together side by side?
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FUTURE STATE
Mission Statement: Apart from testing the probability of the thesis building, the mission for this project is to develop a civic and cultural center which will act as a catalyst to revitalize the urban condition of the existing site. This mission is meant to restore and reconnect the Bulfinch Triangle district to the greater city of Boston with its multicultural communities. Goals: 1. Interaction: The center should provide a wide variety of possibilities to promote social interaction within the communities and exchange information, ideas and skills on a frequent basis. 2. Image: The center should promote a vivid image of the communities where it will be sited. 3. Circulation: The center should provide a exciting and clear circulation for its visitors. 4. Flexibility: The center should encourage spatial elements that will allow multiple events and possibilities. Performance Requirements: Goal 1. Interaction The structure should enhance interaction between users and visitors on the exterior and interior of the building by providing program elements that relates between an outdoor/indoor experience. The center should provide and encourage a wide variety of social activities for the communities and visitors. The center should not be left empty when not in used for events and should not have qualities that would create a desolate building. Goal 2. Image The center should be recognizable yet not overpowering the surrounding landmarks. The center should improve issues and provide a sense of unification between the different communities in the neighborhood. The center should provide a strong sense of place and welcoming to it visitors. Goal 3. Circulation The center should provide easy and understandable navigation for its users and visitors. The center should encourage maximum flow between its users and visitors. The center should have a efficient circulation systems that would handle large crowds safely and easily. Goal 4. Flexibility The center should encourage multiple uses. The center should promote an environment which allows for all season uses. The center should promote an ease to accommodate different uses at the same time.
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Performance Requirements Diagrams: 1. INTERACTION

A porous environment is created to promote interaction between the outside and inside, The core of the structure is to act as a catalyst of different programmatic spaces that encourages shared boundaries.
2. IMAGE
To structure will be iconic in form, yet not overpowering but encourages views of the nearby landmarks, enhancing the image of the neighborhood.
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To further enhance the segregated neighborhoods around the site, the structure seeks to promote unification of the area.
3. CIRCULATION
Wide pathways will be generated to maximize flow among users
Easy way-finding and navigation will be encourage to provide better accessibility.
4. FLEXIBILITY
To encourage different seasonal uses, an arcade can be opened up to the outdoors on warmer seasons and closed during the winter months.
FUTURE STATE
Day
Night
A flexible system will be introduced in the structure to promote different uses at different times of days and events.
Summer
Winter
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Cost Evaluation * A. Building Cost 30,000 GSF @ $100.00/GSF 8% of A 15% of A A+B+C 8% of A 10% of D 10% of D 1% of D D+E through J $3,000,000.00 $240,000.00 $450,000.00 $3,690,000.00 $1,000,000.00 $240,000.00 $369,000.00 $369,000.00 $36,900.00 $5,704,900.00
B. Fixed Equipment C. Site Development D. Total Construction E. Site Acquisition/Demolition F. Moveable Equipment G. Professional Fess H. Contingencies J. Administrative Costs K. Total Budget Required
*Numbers on this page is an estimation and does not reflect the current market value.
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List of components: Site - Plot Size: 29,369 s.f. Multipurpose Hall / Auditorium - 5000 s.f. Community Museum - 10,000 s.f.A Art Gallery - 2000 s.f. Marketplace / Food Hall - 5000 s.f. Meeting Rooms (10) - 4000 s.f. Retail/Commercial - 4000 s.f. Building Code: The site is located in Boston, Massachusetts, thus the structure will apply in accordance to the Massachusetts State Building Code (780 CMR). At present, the use group for the propose structure is classified under: A1, A2, A3, B, and M. The proposed building will not be more than 80 feet high (max of zoning code) with an allocated lot size of 29,369 s.f. The proposed structure is currently set as TYPE 1A. Percentage of perimeter access is set at 100%. The proposed building and site will also apply to the rules and regulations for accessibility under the Architectural Access Board CM521. The design of the site and building will carry out any applicable rules under specific sections of the building types as set forth in the AAB CM521 unique to the State of Massachusetts. Currently, there are no definite constraints of code to the proposed site. However, the mixed use quality of the building will have an effect to the user groups, thus effecting the type of construction, its hazardous values and construction costs.
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PART III: APPENDIX
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Baer, Walter, et al. Networked Publics. Edited by Kazys Varnelis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2008. Networked Publics is a collection of essays from authors across a range of disciplines and perspectives on the current state of our social being and culture from the aspect of emerging new media. It covers topics from the definition of place in this network age, giving examples and case studies to topics on blogging and the mobility of media and the political scenes. This book is relevant to both my design-based research and scholarly research as it pertains to my investigation of our current social network and its framework on how the built-environment can benefit and learn from the main source that drives it. Ferr, Albert, et al. Verb Connection. Edited by Albert Ferr, et al. Translated by Elaine Fradley. Barcelona: Actar, 2004. Verb Connection is a collection of case studies that investigates the virtual connection and its relation with the physical form of architecture in the creation of physical connections with the people, program and uses. Projects include the Seattle Public Library by OMA, SIMCITY, Atelier Bow Wows DAS House and other relevant projects and ideas. Hillier, Bill, and Julienne Hanson. The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1984. In The Social Logic of Space, Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson begins with identifying the problems of spatial relationship and providing logic behind the organization of space. Though the whole book may not be relevant to the topic of my project, there are some parts regarding the problems and issues on space, how we as human organize our spatial relation and the fundamental elements behind it that I find helpful in recognizing the ideas. Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, New York: Vintage Books, 1992. Jane Jacobs book on The Death and Life of Great American Cities was the inspiration behind my thesis topic. It provides details, examples, social problems and answers to creating an ideal environment for a city. Kluitenberg, Eric, Saskia Sassen, Howard Rheingold, Koen Brams, Dirk Pltau, and Logo Parc. Hybrid Space: How Wireless Media Are Mobilizing Public Space. Edited by Jorinde Seijdel. Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2006. Like Networked Publics, Hybrid Space is a collection of essays providing point of views across the globe about the issues and influence of mobile technologies to the mutation of public and private domains, creating a new form of communal space of hybrid nature. Its relevance to my thesis project provides ideas, new possibilities and implications on how to take the project further. Lynch, Kevin. The Image of The City. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1960. Kevin Lynchs The Image of the City provides a case study familiar to me, Boston. It is also the source where the inspiration for my concept came from. Using Lynchs five main elements in a city, I began to relate the connections between them to the framework of the current social network. Sennet, Richard. The Fall of Public Man. New York, New York: Vintage Books, 1978. I have not finish the writings in The Fall of Public Man, but from the few chapters Ive read, I thought there was some historical relevance on how our public domain has changed since the 18th century, resulting in a more private domain. Though the privacy is still one of the biggest concerns in todays society, with the introduction of modern technology like the Internet or mobile phones, privacy still exists, but may have shifted towards a more public domain as personal information begins to be more easily accessible.
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APPENDIX
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See Attached.
53
MAP 1Xa/1Xb Central Artery Special District
54
TENTATIVE SCHEDULE
Thesis Seminar: Fall 2008 Thesis I Start Date: Spring 2009 Supplementary Review: Early February Preliminary Review: Mid-February Schematic Design: Late-April Design Development: Mid-June Final Review: Mid-November
APPENDIX
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RSUMS
See Attached. Thesis Candidate - M.Arch: Nicholas Ng Thesis Advisor: Vince Pan, AIA Client: TBD Design Critics: Michael Grogan, Assoc. AIA Kevin Losso Nathan Butt
APPENDIX
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RSUM
OBJECTIVE: WORK EXPERIENCE:
NICHOLAS NG
111 Park Drive Apt 20, Boston MA 02215 202-361-7950 / nicholasngkw@gmail.com Obtain a position in the architecture profession where I can maximize and utilize my skills and education as an architecture student. Marketing Assistant, Koetter, Kim & Associates, Inc. December 2007 May 2008 Co-directed firms new website redesign. Prepared brochure, compiled RFQs and RFPs for private and state jobs. Designed firms promotional catalog and publications for events and exhibits. Managed and planned firms social events. Intern Architect, Koetter, Kim & Associates, Inc. December 2005 December 2007 Part of the Urban Design team for New Aktau City in Kazakhstan, assisting with the master plan drawings, regulatory framework drawings and urban design guidelines reports. Managed interns with project assignments and model-making skills. Administrative Assistant/Project Support, Signer Harris Architects April 2004 November 2005 Assisted in projects with handling of construction administration documents, schematic design process, model-making and interior finishes. Provided decisionmaking and design experiences on firms marketing profile. Managed and upkeep firms current information technology. Maintained firms product library, archives and material/finishes library. Assisted in firms administrative operations. Intern, what!design, Boston June 2002 August 2002 Designed the AIGA Boston annual report. Acquired the knowledge of design business. Freelance Designer, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia May 2001 June 2001 Client-centred custom artwork for publication. Junior Designer, Art Profile Advertising, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia September 2000 December 2000 Designed print jobs, e.g. brochures, and flyers. Intern, Prudential Insurance, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia April 2000 June 2000 Assistant to department manager. General office duties. Arranged client meetings.
EDUCATION:
Boston Architectural College Fall 2003 Spring 2010 (Degree Expected) Thesis Semester Master of Architecture Corcoran College of Art and Design, Washington, D.C. September 2001 May 2003 BFA, Graphic Design (Honors) Senior Thesis Exhibit Sense, Corcoran Gallery of Art, May 2003 Centre for Advanced Design (cenfad) in affiliation with Parson School of Design, NY, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia January 1998 May 2001 Diploma in Communication Design
AWARDS:
2003 BoNE Show Award AIGA Boston 2001/2002 Annual Report 2003 PSA Creative Award Corcoran College of Art and Design 2003 HOW Magazine Annual Report Merit Award AIGA Boston 2001/2002 Annual Report
SKILLS:
Proficient in AutoCAD, Vectorworks, Sketchup, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe InDesign, QuarkXpress, and MS Office. General knowledge in VRay, Rhino3D, Form Z, Flash, HTML. Comfortable and experienced in using all software listed in Mac or Windows environment. Fluent in English, Mandarin, Cantonese and Malay Language (Bahasa Malaysia). Basic conversation skills in French.
Vince Pan AIA 4 Clinton Street, #3 Cambridge, MA 02139 609.306.5503 vpan12@gmail.com
education
Princeton University
Princeton, NJ 2000-2002 Masters of Architecture
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 1996-2000 Bachelors of Design in Architecture Summa Cum Laude Honors Program
awards
Howard Crosby Butler Traveling Fellowship 2002 SOM Traveling Fellowship 2000 University of Florida Dean's List 1996-2000 University of Florida Department of Architecture Distinguished Graduate Award 2000 National Merit Scholar 1996 Florida Academic Scholar 1996
digital skills
Autocad, 3D Studio MAX, SketchUp, Maxon Cinema 4D, Vectorworks, Maya, Rhinoceros, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe InDesign, Adobe Premiere, Adobe Flash, Adobe Dreamweaver, Microsoft Office
affiliations
Registered Architect in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts American Institute of Architects Boston Society of Architects
languages
English Chinese Italian
professional experience
Signer Harris Architects Boston, MA Senior Design Architect + Project Manager William Harris AIA, LEED AP - 617.426.6200 04.2004-Present Broad Institute : Interior Schematic Design for a new 230,000 SF Biomedical Research Institute Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research : 25,000 SF Administrative Offices MIT Stratton Student Center Reading Room : 5,000 SF Reading Room Renovation Milder Residence : 5,000 SF Utility-Independent Residence Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary : Entrance Canopy : 3,000 SF Fabric Structures Bay Colony Corporate Center : 24,000 SF Lobby Renovations Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary : Building Expansion : 40,000 SF Expansion of Existing Hospital The Moderns New York, NY Project Designer + Manager Mark Pedersen - 917.691.8555 03.2003-04.2004 Rewarding Lives - Los Angeles : 6,500 SF Tensile Structure and Exhibit Rewarding Lives - San Francisco : 10,000 SF Exhibit American Express Travel Services Tradeshow Exhibit : 800 SF Tradeshow Exhibit American Express Archives Exhibit : 3,000 SF Exhibit Competition Entry McGarry Bowen : 5,000 SF Television Advertising Office Renovation Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill Washington, DC Intern Architect Kim Vanholsbeke - 212.367.2600 06.2001-09.2001 United States Patent and Trade Office : Design Development for a 20 acre mixed use complex FAB Architecture Austin, TX Intern Architect Patrick Ousey - 512.469.0775 05.1999-09.1999 Freedom Home Baptist Church and Community Center : Pro-bono Programming and Schematic Design Bell Residence : Programming and Schematic Design for a new residence and ship-building studio North by Northwest Restaurant and Brewery : Construction Administration for a 7,500 SF Restaurant
teaching experience
Boston Architectural College Boston, MA Rich Griswold - 617.585.0219 Professor - Masters A Studio : Spring + Fall 2006 Professor \ Lead Faculty - Masters B Studio : Fall 2007 University of Florida Gainesville, FL Teaching Assistant, First Year Studio : Spring 2000 [Prof. Paul Kariouk - 352.392.0205] Teaching Assistant, Second Year Studio : Spring 1999 [Prof. Donna Cohen - 352.392.0205]
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Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age Nicholas Ng // Fall 2008 http://archithesis.wordpress.com Thesis Advisor: Vince Pan Thesis Director: Ian F. Taberner, AIA
Boston Architectural College Masters of Architecture

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Boston Architectural College Masters of Architecture

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

Image-02: Twitter main page

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

WEB LINK: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nicholasngkw/sets/

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

WEB LINK: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nicholasngkw/sets/

Conventional Method of Interaction

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

Image-05: Spatial and User Relation in Conventional Method of Interaction

Image-06: Spatial and User Relation in New Method of Interaction

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

Residential / Dormitory Government Offices

Image-07: Program Concept Study - Option A

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

Image-08: Program Concept Study - Option B

METHODS OF INQUIRY + TERMS OF CRITICISM

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

ANCIENT ATHENIAN AGORA

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

ANCIENT ATHENIAN AGORA

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

Nodes Point of entry

THE TATE MODERN

Image-12: Turbine Hall - Tate Modern

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

Additive And Subtractive

CENTRE GEORGES POMPIDOU

Image-13: Exterior facade of the Centre Georges Pompidou

Forum des Halles

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

Centre Georges Pompidou

Htel de Ville (Paris City Hall)

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

Cathdrale Notre Dame de Paris

Image-14: Connections of The Centre Georges Pompidou to its urban fabric

Image-15: Aerial view of The Centre Georges Pompidou

THESIS PROPOSAL // M.ARCH // BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE NICHOLAS NG

Image-16: Interior Lobby

Proposal for a new agora prototype in a post-digital age

Image-17: Building Parti (Mech./Hall/Circulation)

Image-18: Exterior Elevator/Vertical CIrculation

CORRIDOR / CONNECTIONS VERTICAL CIRCULATION

Additive and Subtractive