CCn CnIA zA Cnz I

Cho dra chr lp 1391200/19

(Chla Lhnh 4 mrng con)

1/ xc drnh lrp class v subneL mrc nhln

uo nhrng dra chr lp c byLe dru Lln nrm Lrong khorng

0 drn 127 sr Lhurc lrp A

128 drn 191 sr Lhurc lrp 8

192 drn 223 sr Lhurc lrp C

nn dra chr lp 1391200/19 sr Lhurc lrp 8

lrp 8 c 2 byLe dnh cho neLword lu v 2 byLe dnh cho PosL lu

+ Cul drnh mrL nr mrng con (SubneL mask) LrL cr cc blL Lrong phrn PosL lu l 0 cc phrn cn lrl
(neLword lu) l 1

nn mrL nr mrng con (SubneL mask) mrc nhln l 23323300

2/ xc drnh SubneL mask Lhrc sr

Sr blL crn mrrn l 3

+ sr mrng con c Lhr chla drrc l

23 2 8 2 6 4 mrng con

PosL cra cc lrp 8 grm 2 byLe x 8 blL 16 blL

vl d mrrn 3 blL chla mrng con nn

Sr blL cho neLword lu l 16 + 3 19

ura chr lp 1391200/19 r dy sr 19 c nghla l 19 blL drrc dung cho (neLword lu)

uo 3 blL cra PosL lu drrc mrrn dr chla mrng connn cru Lruc dra chr lp c sr Lhay drl

neLword lu 2 byLe x 8 blL 16 blL + 3 blL SubneL lu 19 blL

PosL lu 2 byLe x 8 blL 16 blL 3 blL SubneL lu 13 blL

Cul drnh mrL nr mrng con (SubneL mask) LrL cr cc blL Lrong PosL lu l 0c lrl (neLword lu) l 1

nn La c SubneL mask mrl l

11111111111111111110000000000000

url sang hr Lhrp phn

11111111 27 + 26 + 23 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20

233 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1

11100000 27 + 26 + 23

224 128 + 64 + 32

SubneL mask mrl l

2332332240

3/ xc drnh vung dra chr PosL

Chuyrn drl dra chr lp 1391200 sang hr nhr phn

10001011000011000000000000000000

xc drnh vung dra chr PosL

uung 3 blL dr chla mrng con (SubneL) La c cc Lrrrng hrp mrng con sau

1 sr 1 001 010 100

2 sr 1 011 101 110

1rong 23 2 6 mrng con Lrn La chr lry 4 mrng con Lheo yu cru dr bl nn chrn ngru nhln mrl
Lrrrng hrp 2 dra chr mrng con

Cr Lhr vung PosL lu nhr sau

SubneL lu 1 13912321

1r 10001011000011000010000000000001 Lhrp phn l 13912321

urn 10001011000011000011111111111110 Lhrp phn l 1391263234

/*1rl sao r dy dra chr PosL Lhr nhrL lrl l xx 0010000000000001 m khng l 0010000000000000
Lhrng ny l dra chr mrng

ura chr cra PosL curl cung xx 0011111111111110 m khng l 0011111111111111 Lhrng ny cng
l dra chr mrng */

1rc l Lr 13912321 drn 1391263234

(Chu y lrp 8 lry 2 Lhrng curl ra Llnh)

uy Llrp Lheo

13912641 (sr 1 Lrong ba blL mrrn drch vr Lrrrc mrL brrc 0100000000000001)

urn (Llnh Lrrng Lr) 1391293234 (0101111111111110)

1rrng Lr 96

SubneL lu 2 2 sr 1

SubneL lu 3



SubneL lu n(cng Llnh 2 Lhrng curl Lrrng Lr)

(r dy La mrrn 3 blL chla 4 mrng con nn chr Llnh drn SubneL lu 2 Lhl v mrl cl chrn ra 2 Lrrrng hrp
l drrc rol nru mrrn 4 blL dr chla mrng con 1a c sr mrng con l 24 2 14 mrng con lrn d)

Sr blL c Lhr mrrn dr chla mrng con Lrong cc lrp nhr sau

Lrp A sr blL mrrn 24 Lrc khng vrrL qua sr blL cra PosL lu

Lrp 8 sr blL mrrn 16

Lrp C sr blL mrrn 8

xc urnh PosL cung mang con ?

vry 2 hosL Lhr no drrc grl l cung mrng con vrl nhau ?

nru dra chr lp cra chung c phrn neLword lu Lrung nhau

Cr Lhr nhr sau

1a c 2 dra chr lp

lp 19216839/28

lp 192168339/28

xc drnh cc brrc nhr phla Lrn

ur blrL drrc cc hosL c cung mrng hay khng La phrl Llm drrc SubneL mask Lhrc sr cra n Sau d
Lhrc hlrn phep Lon Anu nhr phn vrl dra chr lpLlrp Lheo xc drnh phrn neLword lu v PosL luxem
phrn neLword ld cra chung c Lrung nhau hay khngnru Lrung l cung mrngngrrc lrl l khng cung
mrng

1a sr xeL 2 dra chr lp Lrn

lp Lhr nhrL lp 19216839/28 Lhurc lrp C

Lrp C c neLword lu 3 byLe x 8 blL 24 blL

PosL lu 1 byLe x 8blL 8 blL

SubneL mask mrc nhln l2332332330

ura chr lp 19216839/28 r dy sr 28 c nghla l dnh 28 blL cho neLword lu chla mrng con

vry l mrrn 4 blL dr lm subneL lu chla mrng con

ura chr PosL lu luc ny cn 8 blL 4 blL 4 blL

Cul dlnh mrL nr mang con (SubneL mask) l LrL cr cc blL Lrong phrn PosL lu l 0 cn lrl (neLword lu) l
1

1a c subneL mask mrl nhr sau

11111111111111111111111111110000

url sang hr Lhrp phn l

11111111 27 + 26 + 23 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20

233 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1

11110000 27 + 26 + 23 + 24

240 128 + 64 + 32 +16

e233233233240

u Llm drrc subneL mask Lhrc srglr La Lhrc hlrn phep Lon Anu nhr phn glra l v SubneL Mask

(192168339/28Anu 233233233240)

l
11000000 10101000 00000101 00001001

SubneL mask
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000

krL Cur Anu
11000000 10101000 00000101 00000000

neLword lu
192 168 3 0

PosL lu
9
vry dra chr mrng (neLword lu)cra my Lhr nhrL l 19216830

ura chr PosL lu l 9

1rrng Lr lp Lhr 2 lp 192168339/28 xc drnh Lrrng Lr nhr Lrn

(19216839/28 Anu 233233233240)

l
11000000 10101000 00000101 00100111

SubneL mask
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000

krL Cur Anu
11000000 10101000 00000101 00100000

neLword lu
192 168 3 32

PosL lu
7

vl ur cr Lhr vr l



Cho dra chr lp 1391200/19

(Chla Lhnh 4 mrng con)

1/ xc drnh lrp class v subneL mrc nhln

uo nhrng dra chr lp c byLe dru Lln nrm Lrong khorng

0 drn 127 sr Lhurc lrp A

128 drn 191 sr Lhurc lrp 8

192 drn 223 sr Lhurc lrp C

nn dra chr lp 1391200/19 sr Lhurc lrp 8

lrp 8 c 2 byLe dnh cho neLword lu v 2 byLe dnh cho PosL lu

+ Cul drnh mrL nr mrng con (SubneL mask) LrL cr cc blL Lrong phrn PosL lu l 0 cc phrn cn lrl
(neLword lu) l 1

nn mrL nr mrng con (SubneL mask) mrc nhln l 23323300

2/ xc drnh SubneL mask Lhrc sr

Sr blL crn mrrn l 3

+ sr mrng con c Lhr chla drrc l

23 2 8 2 6 4 mrng con

PosL cra cc lrp 8 grm 2 byLe x 8 blL 16 blL

vl d mrrn 3 blL chla mrng con nn

Sr blL cho neLword lu l 16 + 3 19

ura chr lp 1391200/19 r dy sr 19 c nghla l 19 blL drrc dung cho (neLword lu)

uo 3 blL cra PosL lu drrc mrrn dr chla mrng connn cru Lruc dra chr lp c sr Lhay drl

neLword lu 2 byLe x 8 blL 16 blL + 3 blL SubneL lu 19 blL

PosL lu 2 byLe x 8 blL 16 blL 3 blL SubneL lu 13 blL

Cul drnh mrL nr mrng con (SubneL mask) LrL cr cc blL Lrong PosL lu l 0c lrl (neLword lu) l 1

nn La c SubneL mask mrl l

11111111111111111110000000000000

url sang hr Lhrp phn

11111111 27 + 26 + 23 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20

233 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1

11100000 27 + 26 + 23

224 128 + 64 + 32

SubneL mask mrl l

2332332240

3/ xc drnh vung dra chr PosL

Chuyrn drl dra chr lp 1391200 sang hr nhr phn

10001011000011000000000000000000

xc drnh vung dra chr PosL

uung 3 blL dr chla mrng con (SubneL) La c cc Lrrrng hrp mrng con sau

1 sr 1 001 010 100

2 sr 1 011 101 110

1rong 23 2 6 mrng con Lrn La chr lry 4 mrng con Lheo yu cru dr bl nn chrn ngru nhln mrl
Lrrrng hrp 2 dra chr mrng con

Cr Lhr vung PosL lu nhr sau

SubneL lu 1 13912321

1r 10001011000011000010000000000001 Lhrp phn l 13912321

urn 10001011000011000011111111111110 Lhrp phn l 1391263234

/*1rl sao r dy dra chr PosL Lhr nhrL lrl l xx 0010000000000001 m khng l 0010000000000000
Lhrng ny l dra chr mrng

ura chr cra PosL curl cung xx 0011111111111110 m khng l 0011111111111111 Lhrng ny cng
l dra chr mrng */

1rc l Lr 13912321 drn 1391263234

(Chu y lrp 8 lry 2 Lhrng curl ra Llnh)

uy Llrp Lheo

13912641 (sr 1 Lrong ba blL mrrn drch vr Lrrrc mrL brrc 0100000000000001)

urn (Llnh Lrrng Lr) 1391293234 (0101111111111110)

1rrng Lr 96

SubneL lu 2 2 sr 1

SubneL lu 3



SubneL lu n(cng Llnh 2 Lhrng curl Lrrng Lr)

(r dy La mrrn 3 blL chla 4 mrng con nn chr Llnh drn SubneL lu 2 Lhl v mrl cl chrn ra 2 Lrrrng hrp
l drrc rol nru mrrn 4 blL dr chla mrng con 1a c sr mrng con l 24 2 14 mrng con lrn d)

Sr blL c Lhr mrrn dr chla mrng con Lrong cc lrp nhr sau

Lrp A sr blL mrrn 24 Lrc khng vrrL qua sr blL cra PosL lu

Lrp 8 sr blL mrrn 16

Lrp C sr blL mrrn 8

xc urnh PosL cung mang con ?

vry 2 hosL Lhr no drrc grl l cung mrng con vrl nhau ?

nru dra chr lp cra chung c phrn neLword lu Lrung nhau

Cr Lhr nhr sau

1a c 2 dra chr lp

lp 19216839/28

lp 192168339/28

xc drnh cc brrc nhr phla Lrn

ur blrL drrc cc hosL c cung mrng hay khng La phrl Llm drrc SubneL mask Lhrc sr cra n Sau d
Lhrc hlrn phep Lon Anu nhr phn vrl dra chr lpLlrp Lheo xc drnh phrn neLword lu v PosL luxem
phrn neLword ld cra chung c Lrung nhau hay khngnru Lrung l cung mrngngrrc lrl l khng cung
mrng

1a sr xeL 2 dra chr lp Lrn

lp Lhr nhrL lp 19216839/28 Lhurc lrp C

Lrp C c neLword lu 3 byLe x 8 blL 24 blL

PosL lu 1 byLe x 8blL 8 blL

SubneL mask mrc nhln l2332332330

ura chr lp 19216839/28 r dy sr 28 c nghla l dnh 28 blL cho neLword lu chla mrng con

vry l mrrn 4 blL dr lm subneL lu chla mrng con

ura chr PosL lu luc ny cn 8 blL 4 blL 4 blL

Cul dlnh mrL nr mang con (SubneL mask) l LrL cr cc blL Lrong phrn PosL lu l 0 cn lrl (neLword lu) l
1

1a c subneL mask mrl nhr sau

11111111111111111111111111110000

url sang hr Lhrp phn l

11111111 27 + 26 + 23 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20

233 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1

11110000 27 + 26 + 23 + 24

240 128 + 64 + 32 +16

e233233233240

u Llm drrc subneL mask Lhrc srglr La Lhrc hlrn phep Lon Anu nhr phn glra l v SubneL Mask

(192168339/28Anu 233233233240)

l
11000000 10101000 00000101 00001001

SubneL mask
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000

krL Cur Anu
11000000 10101000 00000101 00000000

neLword lu
192 168 3 0

PosL lu
9

vry dra chr mrng (neLword lu)cra my Lhr nhrL l 19216830

ura chr PosL lu l 9

1rrng Lr lp Lhr 2 lp 192168339/28 xc drnh Lrrng Lr nhr Lrn

(19216839/28 Anu 233233233240)

l
11000000 10101000 00000101 00100111

SubneL mask
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000

krL Cur Anu
11000000 10101000 00000101 00100000

neLword lu
192 168 3 32

PosL lu
7
vry dra chr mrng (neLword lu)cra my Lhr hal l 192168332

ura chr PosL lu l 7

krL Lurn

vry chung c cung mrng hay khng ?

ura chr mrng (neLword lu) cra my Lhr nhrL l 19216830

ura chr mrng (neLword lu) cra my Lhr hal l 192168332

krL lurn hal my Lrn khng cung mrng



nru yu cru chla mrng con

8ao nhlu mrng Lrrng rng mrrn sr blL Lheo cng Lhrc

2n 2 sr mrng con (n l sr blL crn mrrn phrl sr blL phrn PosL lu cra lrp)

Sr PosL cra mrl mrng con sr l

2 (sr blL PosL n) 2 sr hosL Lrn mrl mrng con

vry dra chr mrng (neLword lu)cra my Lhr hal l 192168332

ura chr PosL lu l 7

krL Lurn

vry chung c cung mrng hay khng ?

ura chr mrng (neLword lu) cra my Lhr nhrL l 19216830

ura chr mrng (neLword lu) cra my Lhr hal l 192168332

krL lurn hal my Lrn khng cung mrng



nru yu cru chla mrng con

8ao nhlu mrng Lrrng rng mrrn sr blL Lheo cng Lhrc

2n 2 sr mrng con (n l sr blL crn mrrn phrl sr blL phrn PosL lu cra lrp)

Sr PosL cra mrl mrng con sr l

2 (sr blL PosL n) 2 sr hosL Lrn mrl mrng con
cllck_vn777
1. la chl !P:la chl !P la mlt sl nguyn 32 bit, thllng dllc bilu diln dlli dlng
mlt day 4 sl nguyn cach nhau bli dlu chlm (dotted format). Nlt sl nguyn trong dla chl !P
la mlt byte, thllng dllc gli la mlt octet (8 bits).
vi dl vl mlt dla chl !P diln hinh la 123.2SS.0.1S. Cac thanh phln 123, 2SS, 0 va 1S la cac octet.
Nlt dla chl !P glm c 3 phln. Phln dlu tin la dla chl mlng (network address), phln thl
culi cng la dla chl may (host address) va phln cn lli (nlu c) la dla chl mlng con (subnet
address).
la chl mlng cla mlt dla chl !P dllc tim ra khi thlc hiln php toan logic AND gila dla
chl !P dly va mlt gia trl gli la mlt nl mlng (network mask, ti sl khng dng tl mlt nl
mlng" trong tlt cl cac bai vl sau ma chl dng network mask" cng nhl sl khng dlch tl
mask" thanh mlt nl" nla). Network mask cho bilt bao nhiu bit trong dla chl !P la dla chl
mlng.
. Phan llp dla chl !P:
la chl !P dllc phan ra lam S llp mlng (llp A, B, C, D, va E). Trong d bln llp dlu dllc
sl dlng, llp E dllc danh ring cho nghin clu. Llp D dllc dng cho vilc phat cac thng tin
broadcast/multicastt (broadcast/multicast !Ps). Llp A, B va C dllc dng trong culc slng hang
ngay.
. Cach phan bilt !P llp A, B, C, va D:
Nlt dla chl !P vli bit dlu tin la 0 thulc vl llp A, bit dlu tin la 1 va bit thl 2 la 0 thulc
llp B, bit dlu la 1, bit 2 la 1, bit 3 la 0 thulc llp C, bit dlu la 1, bit 2 la 1, bit 3 la 1, bit 4 la 0
thulc llp D. Llp E la cac dla chl cn lli. Blng sau tm tlt tllng nay:
Llp !P
Dlng dla
chl !P
Network mask mlc dlnh
A 0xxxx...xxx 2SS.0.0.0
B 10xxx...xxx 2SS.2SS.0.0
C 110xx...xxx 2SS.2SS.2SS.0
D 1110x...xxx (khng dng)
vi dl dla chl 10.243.100.S6 la mlt dla chl !P llp A vi octet dlu dllc bilu diln dlli
dlng nhl phan thanh 00001010. Bit dlu tin la 0 nn dla chl d thulc vl llp A.
Nli llp c 2 dla chl danh ring la dla chl thlp nhlt (phln dla chl may toan bit 0), va dla
chl cao nhlt cla llp d (phln dla chl may toan bit 1). Nhl vly, dla chl mlng c thl c
trong mlt llp sl phl thulc vao sl bit trong network mask (bit mang gia trl 1). Nlu gli sl bit
1 trong network mask la x thi sl dla chl mlng tli da c thl c trong mlt llp la 2x
Tuy nhin, vi mli llp bl phl thulc vao vai bit dlu tin quy dlnh nn sl dla chl mlng tli
da thlt sl trong mli llp sl la 2x - 2(sl bit cl dlnh cla llp tllng lng).
Nhl vly llp A c 126 dla chl, llp B c tli da 16382 dla chl, llp C c 20371S0 dla chl.
Phln cn lli ngoai dla chl mlng sl la dla chl may. Tllng tl cng c 2 dla chl may danh
ring (dla chl thlp nhlt va dla chl cao nhlt) trong mli dla chl mlng. Nhl vly, sl dla
chl may c thl c trong mli mlng sl la 2(32 - x) - 2. Cng thlc tinh dln giln gilng cng
thlc tinh sl dla chl mlng. Chl khac mlt dilu la ta dng sl bit 0 (32x) thay vi dng sl bit 1
(x).
Nhl vly, mlt dla chl mlng llp C sl c 2S4 dla chl may, tllng tl cho dla chl mlng
llp B, va A.
Tlng sl dla chl cla mlt llp mlng la tich cla sl dla chl mlng va sl dla chl may
trong mlt mlng thulc llp d.
. Subnet:
Tuy nhin, cac nha quln trl mlng thllng phan chia mlng cla hl ra thanh nhilu mlng nhl
hln gli la mlng con subnet. Tllng tl vli dla chl mlng, dla chl mlng con cng dllc
quy dlnh bli mlt mask, gli la subnet mask. Subnet mask cla mlt dla chl mlng c sl bit 1
nhilu hln holc blng (trllng hlp blng c nghia la khng c chia mlng ra thanh subnet) sl bit
1 trong network mask cla dla chl d. vi dl subnet mask cla mlt mlng thulc llp B sl c
dlng 2SS.2SS.xxx.xxx vli xxx la sl blt k tl 0 dln 2SS.
Cach tinh sl dla chl mlng con cla mlt dla chl mlng sl phl thulc vao bao nhiu bit cla
network mask da dllc dng dl lam subnet mask (tlm gli la y). Hai cng thlc bn trn dlu
dllc sl dlng vli vilc thay biln x thanh y. lc bilt cach tinh sl dla chl !P trong mli
subnet sl dng cl x va y theo cng thlc sau:
2(32 - x - y) - 2
vi dl subnet mask cla mlt mlng llp A (network mask mlc dlnh 2SS.0.0.0) la 2SS.132.0.0 thi y
sl la 2 (vi 132 bilu diln l dlng nhl phan la 11000000, c nghia la da c 2 bit da dllc sl
dlng dl lam subnet mask). Subnet mask phli la mlt day lin tlc cac bit 1 ngay sau network mask.
ilu nay ni ln rlng subnet mask danh mlt sl bit 0 trong network mask (phln danh cho dla
chl may). Cng c 2 dla chl may danh ring trong mli subnet. Hai dla chl d la subnet address
(dla chl thlp nhlt trong subnet) va broadcast address (dla chl cao nhlt trong subnet). la
chl thlp nhlt trong subnet khng nhlt thilt c tlt cl cac bit la 0 nhl dli vli dla chl thlp
nhlt trong mlt mlng, cng nhl dla chl cao nhlt khng nhlt thilt phli la toan bit 1. Llu la
trong mlt vai tai lilu c ni rlng c ng c 2 subnet danh ring trong mli mlng nhlng bay gil
dilu d khng cn dng nla. Hai subnet d vln dllc dng, gli la zero subnet (subnet thlp
nhlt) va broadcast subnet (subnet cao nhlt).
Ngoai ra, mli llp mlng cn c 1 dla chl mlng danh ring (private network address). Llp A c
dla chl 10.0.0.0. Llp B c dla chl 172.16.0.0. Llp C c dla chl 132.168.0.0. la chl
broadcast cla llp A cn dllc gli la dla chl universal broadcast (toan bit 1 hay
2SS.2SS.2SS.2SS).
. Broadcast va multicast:
Cac phln trn dl clp dln broadcast va multicast nhlng chla gili thich. la chl broadcast la
mlt dla chl ma khi thng tin gli tli dla chl d sl dllc gli dln toan bl cac may trong
mlng. Nulticast cng nhl broadcast nhlng chl c tac dlng trong mlt subnet.
Trn day la cac kiln thlc cl bln vl vilc danh dla chl !P. vai vi dl dlli sl gip lam sang
tl cac kiln thlc trn.
vi dl 1: la chl 132.168.0.1 thulc llp nao?
C 2 cach trl lli cau hli nay: Nlt la dla vao vilc phan tich octet dlu ra dlng nhl phan, can
cl vao cac bit dlu ma c thl trl lli. Cach thl hai la vi dla chl nay thulc mlng ring cla llp
C nn c thl trl lli ngay.
vi dl 2: Chl ro dla chl mlng cla dla chl 132.168.0.S vli network mask mlc dlnh.
Cau hli nay bulc ta phli bilt dla chl 132.168.0.S thulc llp nao va bilt network mask cla
llp d.
132.168.0.S thulc llp C.
Llp C c network mask la 2SS.2SS.2SS.0.
Thlc hiln php AND sl ra 132.168.0.0.
Cau trl lli la 132.168.0.0. Cau hli nay c ng c thl trl lli nlu ta bilt la dla chl 132.168.0.S la
mlt trong 3 dla chl ring.
vi dl 3: Chl ro phln dla chl mlng (bl phln dla chl may) cla dla chl 132.168.0.10 vli
network mask mlc dlnh.
Nhl cau trn ta da bilt network mask cla dla chl 132.168.0.10 la 2SS.2SS.2SS.0. Cau hli yu
clu chl ro PHlN dla chl mlng, nn ta chl lly cac bit cn nlm trong network mask:
la chl dlu 11000000.10101000.00000000.00001010
Network mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Lly phln trong network mask 11000000.10101000.00000000
Cau trl lli sl la 132.168.0.
vi dl 4: la chl !P 123.S6.7.8 c subnet mask la 2SS.2SS.128.0. Hli c bao nhiu subnet, bao nhiu
dla chl !P trong mli subnet, bao nhiu dla chl !P trong mlng d?
vilc trl lli di hli cht tinh toan. Sau khi nhln bilt dla chl !P nay la thulc llp B, network
mask mlc dlnh la 2SS.2SS.0.0 (x la 16), ta bilt quln trl mlng da lly 1 bit dl chia subnet. Nhl
vly, y la 1. Sl subnet la 21 la 2. Sl dla chl !P trong mli subnet la 2(32yx) - 2 la 32766. Suy
ra sl dla chl !P trong mlng d la 2 * 32766 la 6SS32.