10/22/2011

Chng 0 S phc

0.1 Dng i s ca s phc

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0.1 Dng i s ca s phc

Khng tn ti mt s thc no m bnh phng ca n l mt

s m. Hay, khng tn ti s thc x sao cho x2 = -1.

0.2 Dng lng gic ca s phc

th k th 17, ngi ta nh ngha mt s o.
0.3 Dng m ca s phc
0.4 Nng s phc ln ly tha
0.5 Khai cn s phc
0.6 nh l c bn ca i s

Bnh phng ca mt s o l mt s m. K t i c chn

k hiu mt s m bnh phng ca n bng 1.
nh ngha s i
S i, c gi l n v o, l mt s sao cho
i2 = -1

0.1 Dng i s ca s phc

0.1 Dng i s ca s phc

-----------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------

nh ngha s phc
Cho a v b l hai s thc v i l n v o, khi
z = a + bi c gi l s phc. S thc a c gi l phn
thc v s thc b c gi l phn o ca s phc z.

Tt c cc s c dng 0 + bi, vi b l mt s thc khc

khng c gi l s thun o. V d: i, -2i, 3i l nhng s
thun o.

Phn thc ca s phc z = a + bi c k hiu l Re(z).

Phn o ca s phc z = a + bi c k hiu l Im(z).
Tp s thc l tp hp con ca tp s phc, bi v nu cho
b = 0, th a + bi = a + 0i = a l mt s phc.

S phc ghi dng z = a + bi c gi l dng i s

ca s phc z.

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0.1 Dng i s ca s phc

0.1 Dng i s ca s phc

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nh ngha s bng nhau

Hai s phc c gi l bng nhau nu chng c phn thc v
phn o tng ng bng nhau.
Ni cch khc, hai s phc z1 = a1 + ib1 v z2 = a2 +ib2 bng
nhau khi v ch khi a1 = a2 v b1 = b2.

V d
Cho z1 = 2 + 3i; z2 = m + 3i.
Tm tt c cc s thc m z1 = z2.

z2

3i

3i

V d
Tm phn thc v phn o ca s phc
z = (3 + 5i) + (2 - 3i).
Gii
z = (3 + 5i) + (2 - 3i) = (3+2) + (5i 3i) = 5 + 2i.

Gii
z1

nh ngha php cng v php tr ca hai s phc.

Cho a + bi v c + di l hai s phc, khi
Php cng: (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d) i
Php tr: (a + bi) - (c + di) = (a - c) + (b - d) i

0.1 Dng i s ca s phc

-----------------------------------------------------------------

nh ngha php nhn hai s phc.

Cho z1 = a + bi v z2 = c + di l hai s phc, khi
z1.z2 = (a + bi) (c + di) = (ac bd) + ( ad + bc)i
V d
Tm dng i s ca s phc
z = (2 + 5i).(3+ 2i)

Re( z )

5; Im( z )

2.

0.1 Dng i s ca s phc

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Cng, tr, nhn hai s phc:

Khi cng (tr ) hai s phc, ta cng (tr ) phn thc
v phn o tng ng.
Nhn hai s phc, ta thc hin ging nh nhn hai
biu thc i s vi ch i2 = 1.

Gii
z = (2 + 5i)(3 + 2i) = 2.3 + 2.2i + 3.5i + 5i.2i
= 6 + 4i + 15i + 10 i2 = 6 + 19i + 10(-1)= -4 + 19i
Vy dng i s ca s phc l: z = -4 + 19i.

10/22/2011

0.1 Dng i s ca s phc

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0.1 Dng i s ca s phc

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Tnh cht ca s phc lin hp

nh ngha s phc lin hp

S phc z a bi
phc z = a + bi.

c gi l s phc lin hp ca s

V d.
Tm s phc lin hp ca s phc z = (2 + 3i) (4 - 2i).
Gii.
z = (2 + 3i) (4 - 2i) = 2.4 2.2i + 3i.4 3i.2i
= 8 4i + 12i 6i2 = 8 4i + 12i 6(-1) = 14 + 8i.
Vy s phc lin hp l z 14 8i.

Cho z v w l hai s phc; z v

tng ng. Khi :
1. z z l mt s thc.

4. z

5. z w
6. z
7. z n

z w

( z ) vi mi s t nhin n
n

0.1 Dng i s ca s phc

-----------------------------------------------------------------

V d.
Thc hin php ton

z1

a1

ib1

z2

a2

ib 2

3 2i
5 i

Gii.

z1

( a1

ib1 )( a 2

ib 2 )

z2

(a2

ib 2 )( a 2

ib 2 )

z1

a1 a 2

b1b2

b1 a 2

z2

a2

l hai s phc lin hp

2. z z l mt s thc.
3. z z khi v ch khi z l mt s thc.

0.1 Dng i s ca s phc

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Php chia hai s phc.

b2

a2

2i

a 2 b1

(3

(5

15

3i

13

13 i

25

b2

Mun chia s phc z1 cho z2, ta nhn t v mu cho s phc lin

hp ca mu. (Gi s z 2 0 )

2 i )( 5

26

i)

i )( 5

10 i

i)

2i

Nhn t v mu cho s
phc lin hp ca mu l
5 + i.

1
1

Vit dng i s

10/22/2011

0.1 Dng i s ca s phc

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0.2 Dng lng gic ca s phc

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y
trc o

Lu : So snh vi s phc.
Trong trng s phc khng c khi nim so snh. Ni mt
cch khc, khng th so snh hai s phc z1 = a1 + ib1 v
z2 = a2 + ib2 nh trong trng s thc. Biu thc z1 < z2 hoc
z2 z1 khng c ngha trong trng s phc C ngoi tr chng
ta nh ngha khi nim so snh mt cch khc.

M (a, b)

bi

m od( z )

x
a

co s

trc thc

sin

0.2 Dng lng gic ca s phc

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0.2 Dng lng gic ca s phc

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------nh ngha Mdun ca s phc
Mdun ca s phc z = a + bi l mt s thc dng c nh
ngha nh sau:
m od( z ) | z |

Ch :
Nu coi s phc z = a + bi l mt im c ta (a, b), th
|z|

(a

0)

(b

0)

l khong cch t im (a, b) n gc ta .

V d
Tm mun ca s phc z = 3 - 4i.

Cho z = a + bi v w = c + di.

Gii
a = 3; b = -4. Vy mod(z) = |z| = a 2

|z
b

( 4)

5.

w|

(a

c)

(b

d)

l khong cch gia hai im (a, b) v (c,d).

10/22/2011

0.3 Dng m ca s phc

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V d

c gi l argument ca s phc z v c k hiu l

Gc

Tm tt c cc s phc z tha
|z

0.2 Dng lng gic ca s phc

---------------------------------------------------------------------------nh ngha argument ca s phc
arg( z )

3i | 5

Lu .
Gc
c gii hn trong khong

Gii

0
|z

|z

3i | 5

(2

hoc

Cng thc tm argument ca s phc.

3i ) | 5

cos

ng trn tm (2,-3) bn knh bng 5.

sin

0.2 Dng lng gic ca s phc

hoc

tg

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0.2 Dng lng gic ca s phc

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bi ; a

V d
Tm argument ca s phc z

i.

Gii
a

1.

3; b
cos =

Ta tm gc

a
r

sin

b (

b
r

Vy arg(z) =

3
3

3 1

1
2

i
b

)
b

tha:
z

Suy ra

(cos

i sin

r (cos

i sin )

Dng lng gic ca s phc

10/22/2011

0.2 Dng lng gic ca s phc

0.2 Dng lng gic ca s phc

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V d

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

z1

Tm dng lng gic ca s phc z

r1 (cos

i sin

1 ); z 2

r2 (cos

z1

r1

z2
1

1; b

3.

Mun: r | z |

r2
2

2k

2.

Php nhn dng lng gic

Argument:
c os =

2)

S bng nhau gia hai s phc dng lng gic

i 3.

Gii
a

i sin

3 1

sin

z1 z 2

r1 r2 (cos(

2)

i sin(

2 ))

Suy ra

Dng lng gic:

i 3

2(cos

i sin

0.2 Dng lng gic ca s phc

0.2 Dng lng gic ca s phc

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V d

Tm dng lng gic, mun v argument ca s phc

z

(1

i )(1

Nhn hai s phc dng lng gic: mun nhn vi nhau

v argument cng li.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

z1

r1 (cos

i sin

z2

i 3 ).

Gii

1 ); z 2

r2

r2 (cos

i sin

2)

0.

Php chia hai s phc dng lng gic

z
z

(1

i )(1

i 3)

2 ( c os

is in
4

) 2( c os
4

2 2[ c os(

)
4

Dng lng gic:

2 2 ( c os

2)

i sin(

2 ))

Chia hai s phc dng lng gic: mun chia cho nhau v
argument tr ra.

is in
12

(cos(

)]
4

r1
r2

is in(

is in
3

z1
z2

).
12

10/22/2011

0.3 Dng m ca s phc

0.2 Dng lng gic ca s phc

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V d

Tm dng lng gic, mun v argument ca s phc

2

i 12
3

nh l Euler (1707-1783)

cos

i sin

Gii
z

4 (co s

2i 3
3

2 (co s

i sin

3
5

i sin

2[cos(

i sin(

Dng lng gic:

3
2( c os

3
5

)]

r (cos

re

is in

0.3 Dng m ca s phc

V d

).

Dng m:

2e

0.3 Dng m ca s phc

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Biu din cc s phc sau ln mt phng phc

3
2(cos

Dng m ca s phc z

V d

Tm dng m ca s phc sau

Dng lng gic ca s phc z

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Dng lng gic:

i sin

Dng i s ca s phc z

bi

5
6

i
i sin

5
6

e (co s

2 i

i sin )

5
6

Mun khng thay i, suy ra tp hp cc im l ng trn.

10/22/2011

0.4 Nng s phc ln ly tha

0.3 Dng m ca s phc

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V d

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nh ngha php nng s phc ln ly tha bc n

Biu din cc s phc sau ln mt phng phc

z

a 3i

; a

R
z

e (co s 3

i sin 3)

Argument khng thay i, suy ra tp hp cc im l na

ng thng nm trong gc phn t th 2.

bi

z z

(a

(a

bi )

iB

(a

bi )( a

bi )

bi )

0 n
Cn a

(a

3 a bi

b )

3 a ( bi )

(2 ab ) i

( bi )

1 n 1
Cna
( bi )

...

2 n 2
2
Cn a
( bi )

...

C n ( bi )

0.3 Nng s phc ln ly tha

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0.3 Nng s phc ln ly tha

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ly tha bc n ca s phc i:

V d. Cho z = 2 + i. Tnh z5.

z
0

(2

C5 2

32

5 . 16 .i

38

C5 2 i

41 i

i)

3 2

C5 2 i

10 . 8 .( 1)

2 3

C5 2 i

10 . 4 .( i )

C 5 2i
5 .2 .1

5 5

C5 i

1 i

i
1

( 1) i
2

( 1) ( 1)

1 ( 1)

1 ( i)

1 1

Ly tha bc n ca i
Gi s n l s t nhin, khi in = ir, vi r l phn d ca n
chia cho 4.

10/22/2011

0.3 Nng s phc ln ly tha

0.3 Dng m ca s phc

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V d
V d

Cho
Tnh

1987
z

1987

4 496

1987

4 496 3

a) z

r (cos

bi

z z

r (co s 2
3

3i

3i

r (co s n

a)

i sin n )

Gii.

Cng thc De Moivre

Cho r > 0, cho n l s t nhin. Khi
[ r (cos

i sin

)]

V d. S dng cng thc de Moivres, tnh:

(1 + i)25

i sin 3 )

2i

( 3

r (cos n

b)
i)

( 12
n 1

0.3 Nng s phc ln ly tha

c)
n

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

i sin 2 )

r (co s 3

3i

b ) T nh t ng t rat ph c tap . T a s du n g cac h khac

i sin )

i)

0.3 Nng s phc ln ly tha

(1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

z = 1 + i.
a) Tm z3;
b) Tm z100.

( 1

i 3)

200

17

2i)

20

a) Bc 1. Vit 1 + i dng lng gic

z

2 (cos

i sin
4

)
4

Bc 2. S dng cng thc de Moivres:

i sin n )

25

[ 2 (cos

i sin
4

Bc 3.

n gin

)]

25

( 2)

25

(cos

25

i sin

25

4
z

25

12

2 (cos

i sin
4

4
)
4

10/22/2011

0.4 Khai cn s phc

0.4 Khai cn s phc

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V d. Tm cn bc n ca cc s phc sau. Biu din cc nghim

ln trn mt phng phc.

nh ngha cn bc n ca s phc
Cn bc n ca s phc z l s phc w, sao cho
trong n l s t nhin.

wn

= z,

a)
d) 6

z
n

r (cos

bi

i sin

r (cos
n

zk

i sin )
2k

r (cos

1
3

b) 4 3 i

c)

e) 5 1 2i

f)

16i

2i

i
i

Gii cu a)

2k

i sin

vi k = 0, 1, 2, , n 1.

b) Vit s phc dng lng gic:

8(cos 0

i sin 0)

S dng cng thc:

3

Cn bc n ca s phc z c ng n nghim phn bit.

8(cos 0

i sin 0)

zk

2(cos

2k

i sin

2k

0,1, 2.

0.5 nh l c bn ca i s

0.4 Khai cn s phc

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Gii cu b)

b) Vit s phc dng lng gic:

2 (cos

i sin
6

S dng cng thc:

2k
4

2(cos

i sin
6

zk

2 (cos 6

)
6

Nh bc hc ngi c Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)

chng minh rng mi a thc c t nht mt nghim.

2k
i sin 6

)
4

0,1, 2, 3.

z1

S nghim ca mt a thc
a thc P(z) bc n c ng n nghim k c nghim bi.

z0

z2
z3

10

10/22/2011

0.5 nh l c bn ca i s

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nh l c bn ca i s cho bit c s nghim ca

phng trnh m khng ch cch tm cc nghim nh th
no.

Nu a thc vi h s thc, chng ta c mt h qu rt quan

trng sau y
H qu
Nu a + bi l mt nghim phc ca a thc P(z) vi h s
thc, th a bi cng l mt nghim phc.

0.5 nh l c bn ca i s

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V d
(s dng h qu ca nh l c bn)
1) Tm a thc bc 3 vi h s thc nhn z1 = 3i v z2 = 2+i
lm nghim.
2) Tm a thc bc 4 vi h s thc nhn z1 = 3i v z2 = 2+i
lm nghim.
1) Khng tn ti a thc tha yu cu bi ton.
2) a thc cn tm l:
P (z )

(z

P (z )

(z

P (z )

(z

0.5 nh l c bn ca i s

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V d
(s dng h qu ca nh l c bn)
Tm tt c cc nghim ca P ( z ) z 4
bit 2 + i l mt nghim.

z 1 )( z

3 i )( z
2

9)( z

z 2 )( z

3 i )( z
2

4z

(2

z2)

i ))( z

(2

i ))

5)

0.5 nh l c bn ca i s

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V d
4z

14 z

36 z

45

Gii. Bi v a thc vi h s thc v 2 + i l mt nghim,

theo h qu ta c 2 i l mt nghim.
P(z) c th phn tch thnh (z (2 + i))(z - (2 i)) =
= z2 4z + 5

Gii phng trnh sau trong C.

z

P(z) c th ghi dng

P(z) = (z2 4z + 5)(z2 + 9)
+ 9 c hai nghim 3i v 3i. Vy ta tm c c 4
nghim ca P(z) l 2 + i, 2 i, 3i, -3i.
z2

z 1 )( z

zk

co s 2

k2
9

i sin 2

co s

i sin

k2
9

0,1,..., 8.

11

10/22/2011

0.5 nh l c bn ca i s

Kt lun

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V d. Gii cc phng trnh sau trong C.

a)

b) z 2

c) z 4
d) z 2

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Dng i s ca s phc
z

2z

bi

2. Dng Lng gic ca s phc

z

r (cos

i sin

3. Nng ln ly tha
Gii. Gii phng trnh az 2
Bc 1. Tnh

Bc 2. Tm

Bc 3.

z1

2a

; z2

bz

[ r (cos

i sin

)]

r (cos n

i sin n )

4 ac

4. Cn bc n ca s phc

4 ac
b

1, 2
2

2a

r (cos

i sin
k

zk

r (cos

2k
n

i sin

2k

1, 2 ,3,..., n 1 .

12