NC1LS CN ALILD MLCnANICS

Iorce lorce ls an exLernal agency whlch changes or Lends Lo change Lhe sLaLe of resL or moLlon of a body
lorce ls represenLed ln magnlLude dlrecLlon so lL ls a vecLor quanLlLy lf Lhe force ls acLlng away from polnL
lL ls Lenslle force lf lL ls Lowards Lhe polnL lL ls compresslve force ln Sl sysLem Lhe unlL of force ls
newLon (n) force requlred Lo produce an acceleraLlon of 1m/s
2
on a mass of 1 kg
1kn10
3
1 Mega newLon10
6
1 Clga newLon 10
9

System of forces
O Concurrent forces when Lhe llne of acLlon of Lwo or more forces ls passlng Lhrough same polnL
O Non concurrent forces when Lhe llne of acLlon of forces ls noL passlng Lhrough one polnL buL varles
O Cop|aner forces When forces are acLlng/lylng ln same plane le xx yy or zz plane
O Noncop|anar forces When forces are lylng ln dlfferenL planes
O ara||e| forces When llne of acLlon of Lwo or more forces ls parallel Lo each oLher
O Co|||near forces When llne of acLlon of one or more forces ls on same llne
O Non Co|||near forces When llne of acLlon of forces vary
kesu|tant force (k)
lor Lhe glven sysLem of forces when a slngle force represenLs Lhe same effecL of Lhe forces Lhen lL ls called
resulLanL force 8esulLanL force can be found ouL for (a) Colllnear forces (b) ConcurrenL forces (c) non
ConcurrenL forces
Lqu|||brant force (L)
1hls ls a slngle force whlch when applled wlLh glven forces brlngs Lhe body ln equlllbrlum
Law of para||e|ogram of force


C
8
Law of parallelogram of forces
C

lf Lwo forces are acLlng aL away from a polnL lL can be represenLed ln magnlLude dlrecLlon by Lwo
ad[acenL sldes of Lhe parallelogram Lhen Lhe dlagonal passlng Lhrough Lhe same polnL represenLs Lhe
resulLanL ln magnlLude dlrecLlon
k (
2
+
2
+2 cos )
1]2
tan s|n ]+ cos where ls Lhe lncllnaLlon of Lhe resulLanL wrL Lo
"
Magn|tude of resu|tant for some standard cases
Case1 When C are colllnear le C0 8(+C)
1/2

1/2
+C as cos 01
Case2 When C90 8 (
2
+C
2
)
1/2
+C as cos 900
Case3 When C180 8 (C)
1/2
C as cos 180 (1)
Lam|'s 1heorem
When Lhree concurrenL forces are ln equlllbrlum Lhe each force ls proporLlonal Lo Lhe slne of Lhe angle
beLween Lhe remalnlng Lwo forces l e I
1
]s|n
1
I
2
]s|n
2
I
3
]s|n
3

keso|ut|on of forces a|ong two perpend|cu|ar axes
1 LeL glven force
2 x y are Lwo axls aL 90 Lo each oLher
3 C be Lhe angle made by force wlLh x axls
4 lx x componenL of force
3 ly y componenL of force
So lx cos C ly sln C 1he formula of x y componenL remalns same for all Lhe quadranLs buL slgn
wlll be as followsa) lx ly poslLlve ln 1
sL
quadranL lxnegaLlve fy poslLlve ln 2
nd
quadranL lx ly
negaLlve ln 3
rd
quadranL lx poslLlve ly negaLlve ln 4
Lh
quadranL
l1
l2
l3
C1 C2
C3
r|nc|p|e of reso|ut|ons
lgebralc sum of Lhe componenLs of all Lhe forces along any axls musL be equal Lo componenLs of lLs
resulLanL le 8x zlx and 8y z ly
kesu|tant of concurrent force system procedure for ca|cu|at|ng resu|tant of concurrent forces
Step1 uraw skeLch lndlcaLlng all Lhe forces ln Lhelr respecLlve quadranL wlLh Lhe slgn convenLlon a) lx
ly poslLlve ln 1
sL
quadranL lxnegaLlve fy poslLlve ln 2
nd
quadranL lx ly negaLlve ln 3
rd
quadranL lx
poslLlve ly negaLlve ln 4
Lh
quadranL
Step2 Make a Labular form Lo calculaLe x" "y" componenL of all Lhe forces
Step3 CalculaLe zlx and z ly
Step4 CalculaLe Lhe resulLanL 8 by Lhe formula 8 (zlx)
2
+ (z ly)
2

1/2
StepS CalculaLe angle of lncllnaLlon from xaxls Lan zlx / z ly or Lan
1
zlx / z ly
Step6 lndlcaLe Lhe poslLlon of Lhe resulLanL ln lLs approprlaLe quadranL
Graph|ca| Method
Step1 8ow's noLaLlon uraw skeLch Lo sulLable scale mark all Lhe spaces beLween forces elLher by
8C eLc or a b c eLc or 123 eLc 1hls ls known as space dlagram
Step2 lorce dlagram fLer drawlng Lhe space dlagram all Lhe forces are drawn Lo some sulLable scale
wlLh lLs respecLlve dlrecLlon from some sulLable polnL by malnLalnlng Lhe same order as space dlagram
Step3 olar dlagram fLer drawlng force dlagram selecL any convenlenL polnL 'o' as pole/orlgln [oln
all Lhe polnLs of force dlagram 1hls dlagram ls known as polar dlagram
Moment of a force
1he momenL of a force abouL a polnL ls Lhe producL of force lLs perpendlcular dlsLance from Lhe polnL
abouL whlch momenL ls deslred unlLs of momenLs are nm lf Lhe force ls n dlsLance ln meLres le
unlL of force unlL of dlsLance
Coup|e
When Lwo unllke parallel forces are acLlng on a body whlch are equal ln magnlLude Lhen Lhese Lwo
unllke parallel equal non colllnear forces form a couple roperLles of couple are as under
1 ny number of coplanar couples can be represenLed by a slngle couple Lhe momenL of whlch ls
equal Lo Lhe sum of Lhe momenLs of all couples
2 1he dlsLance beLween Lwo forces ls called as couple
3 Slnce forces are equal opposlLe 8 0
4 MomenL of couple a where ls Lwo equal opposlLe forces a" ls arm of Lhe couple
Iar|gnon's theorem
1he Lheorem sLaLes LhaL Lhe algebralc sum of momenLs of all forces abouL any polnL ls equal Lo Lhe
momenL of Lhelr resulLanL abouL LhaL polnL 1he Lheorem ls used Lo deLermlne Lhe poslLlon of resulLanL
of non concurrenL force sysLem lor example MA (I1x1)(I2x2) + (I3x3) kx where l1 l3 are forces
acLlng ln downward dlrecLlon l2 acLlng ln upward dlrecLlon ulsLances x x1 x2 x3 are perpendlcular
dlsLance of 8l1l2l3 eLc from Lhe polnL abouL whlch momenL ls requlred

kLAC1ICNS CI 8LAMS
8eam
8eam can be deflned as a sLrucLural member sub[ecLed Lo Lransverse loadlng
1ypes of beams
O Slmply supporLed beam 8eam whlch ls freely supporLed on walls or columns lL can reslsLs only
forces ln y" dlrecLlon
O CanLllever beam beam whlch ls flxed aL one end free aL oLher end ls canLllever beam 1hese
beam offers reacLlon ln x y" axls momenLs
O llxed beams When Lhe boLh supporLs are flxed Lhen lL ls called as flxed/bullL ln beams
O verhanglng beams When Lhe beam span ls exLended beyond supporL lL ls called overhanglng
beam verhanglng may be on one slde or boLh sldes
O ConLlnuous beam When beam span ls supporLed on more Lhan Lwo supporLs lL ls known as
conLlnuous beam
1ypes of |oads
O olnL load or concenLraLed load load whlch ls acLlng on small area or polnL ls known as olnL
load or concenLraLed load
O unlformly dlsLrlbuLed load When number of polnL loads of same magnlLude ls acLlng on span of
beam Lhen beam ls sald Lo be unlformly loaded Self welghL of beam ls Lhe besL example of uuL
uuL can be modlfled as LoLal load W wl acLlng aL l/2 spans where wuuL l Span
O unlformly varylng load or Lrlangular load When number of polnL loads of varylng magnlLude ls
acLlng on a beam span Lhen lL ls called as unlformly varylng load (uvL) or Lrlangular load uvL
can be modlfled Lo polnL load of magnlLude wL/2 acLlng aL cenLrold of Lrlangle le 1/3 span or
2/3 span dependlng on supporL poslLlon
O ComblnaLlon of uuL uvL or 1rapezoldal load When aL one end load ls of cerLaln magnlLude
whlch lncreases gradually up Lo cerLaln magnlLude over cerLaln span Lhen lL called span loaded
wlLh Lrapezoldal Lype of loadlng Load can be modlfled by splLLlng lL lnLo Lwo Lypes of load (a)
uuLload x area acLlng aL cenLre of span of load + Lrlangular loadload x area of Lrlangle acLlng
aL Lhe cenLrold of Lhe Lrlangle
1ypes of supports
O Slmple supporL ln Lhls case beam slmply resLs on supporL Lhe reacLlon wlll be only verLlcal
O 8oller supporL 8oller supporL ls capable of provldlng reacLlon only ln verLlcal dlrecLlon or
perpendlcular Lo plane of supporL
O lnge or plnned supporL lnged or plnned supporL or 8 ls capable of reacLlon ln x y
dlrecLlon resulLanL reacLlon wlll be 8 (zlx)
2
+ (z ly)
2

1/2
Lan zlx / z ly or Lan
1
zlx / z ly
O llxed supporL llxed supporL can provlde reacLlon ln x y dlrecLlon also provldes lLM
Cond|t|ons of equ|||br|um
lf a body ls ln equlllbrlum Lhen lL musL saLlsfy followlng condlLlons of equlllbrlum
1 z lx 0 le algebralc sum of all forces along xaxls musL be zero
2 z ly 0 le algebralc sum of all forces along yaxls musL be zero
3 z M 0 le algebralc sum of momenLs of all Lhe forces abouL a polnL musL be zero
rocedure for ca|cu|at|ng react|ons at support for var|ous cases
SLep1 uraw neaL skeLch lndlcaLe on lL all Lhe relevanL daLa/lnformaLlon
SLep2 Modlfy loads lf necessary Lo polnL loads as suggesLed ln para 24 of Lypes of loads
SLep3 llnd ouL reacLlon 8

or 8
8
by Laklng momenLs abouL 88 or 8 respecLlvely equaLe lL Lo exLernal
load momenLs abouL same polnL le 8
8
or 8

8emember momenL lorce x perpendlcular dlsLance

Lher reacLlon can be found ouL by subLracLlng reacLlon found from LoLal load
SLep4 n lncllned supporL reacLlon wlll be normal Lo plane whlch can be resolved along xaxls ?axls
Lhen comblned Lo flnd resulLanL by formula 8 (zlx)
2
+ (z ly)
2

1/2
Lan zlx / z ly or Lan
1
zlx / z ly
SLep3 Check wheLher zlx0 zly0 zM0 ls saLlsfled or noL lf lL ls saLlsfled Lhen answer ls ok
CLN1kICD
CenLre of gravlLy polnL Lhrough whlch whole welghL of Lhe body acLs ls called cenLre of gravlLy
CenLrold polnL Lhrough whlch Lhe LoLal area of a plane flgure ls assumed Lo be concenLraLed ls called
cenLrold of LhaL area
rocedure for solvlng problems of cenLrold/cg
SLep1 uraw neaL skeLch as per daLa/lnformaLlon glven lndlcaLe Lhe same on lL
SLep2 ulvlde Lhe area lnLo small parLs/baslc flgures llke recLangles Lrlangles semlclrcle clrcle eLc
SLep3 1ake Lwo axls of reference generally Lo Lhe lefL hand corner of Lhe flgure ln such a way LhaL Lhe
glven flgure lles ln flrsL quadranL
SLep4 Mark Lhe dlsLances of dlvlded small areas say a1 a2 eLc from axls of reference say x1 x2y1
y2 eLc ln Labular form egSr noreax1 ory1 of respecLlve areas Lhelr producL a1x1a1y1 eLc
SLep3 rea can be negaLlve lf cerLaln porLlon ls cuL ouL from Lhe skeLch
SLep6 x1 y1 can be negaLlve lf lL lles Lo Lhe lefL of orlgln or below orlgln respecLlvely
SLep7 llnd ouL za zax or zay
SLep8 CalculaLe x zax/ za ? zax/ za
SLep9 lndlcaLe x on Lhe skeLch
rocedure for solvlng problems of cenLrold/cg by graphlcal meLhod
SLep1 uraw Lhe skeLch Lo sulLable scale
SLep2 ulvlde Lhe skeLch lnLo slmple baslc flgures
SLep3 CalculaLe areas of each baslc flgure whlch lndlcaLes Lhe respecLlve force
SLep4 !usL llke graphlcal meLhod of flndlng ouL resulLanL of nonconcurrenL forces Lhe llne of acLlon of
resulLanL ls calculaLed whlch lndlcaLes x
bar
or y
bar

SLep3 lf some porLlon ls cuL ouL from Lhe skeLch Lhen LhaL area ls negaLlve So Lhe correspondlng force
ls marked ln opposlLe dlrecLlon
SLep6 1o calculaLe x
bar
(+) area/ (lorce) ls marked downwards ()ve area/(lorce) ls upwards
SLep7 1o calculaLe y
bar
(+)ve area/ (lorce) ls marked Lowards rlghL ()ve area/(lorce) Lowards lefL