Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

Access to the Shared Medium

Different topologies Different multiplexing schemes
Frequency Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing Combination of both

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

A Telephone Network

SC

Junction box SC

SC fibre

copper TP

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

A Data Network
copper cable TP SC Junction box SC fibre multidrop cable

SC

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

SC fibre

In urban areas perhaps best solution is fibre Trunks and multiplexing:

1 2 3 n

1 link, n channel

1 2 3 n

n - input
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

n - output

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Multiple conversation on the same link

Frequency Division Multiplexing:

Frequency spectrum divided among logical channels each user has exclusive access to a logical channel
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

Multiplexing
Time division multiplexing:
User take turns in a round robin fashion each user periodically gets the entire bandwidth for a little burst of time

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

Frequency Division Multiplexing

tim e

c2 c3 c1 f2 f3 ncy f1 e qu fre

c4 c5

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

FDM (Transmitter)

m1(t) carrier f1 mc(t) m2(t) carrier f2 mn(t) carrier fn

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Transmitter fc s(t) = FDM

Computer Networks

Channel 1

Prof. Hema A Murthy

300HZ

3100 HZ

Channel 2

300HZ

3100 HZ

60

64

68

Channel 3

300HZ

3100 HZ

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

FDM (Receiver)

BPF f1 s(t) rcvr BPF f2 BPF fn

Demod

m1(t) m2(t) mn(t)

Demod Demod

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

Time Division Multiplexing

c6

c5

c4 c 3

c2

tim e

c1

y nc e qu fre

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

TDM (Transmitter)
Buffer Scan operation empty buffer before new data arrives

m1(t)

m2(t) Buffer mn(t) Buffer

mc(t) modem

s(t)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

Time Division Multiplexing

Generally digital data:
interleave data from different channels interleave portion of each signal

Example: Each channel capacity 9.6kbps

To Multiplex 6 channels
Channel capacity 57.6kbps + overhead bits for control

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

Issues in TDM
Transmission must be synchronous Data organised in frame frame a cycle of time slots a slot dedicated to each data source slot length transmission buffer length

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

Issues in TDM
synchronous TDM slots preassignd to sources
time slots for each slot transmitted whether data is present or absent

Handle data source with different rates

assign more slots/ channels and fast sources

Data is digital
Analog to digital conversion
PCM, DPCM, ADPCM, DM

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

Telephone Channel (T1 (DS1))

Conversion of analog signal to digital
PCM 8 KHZ * 8 bit/ s

125 s / frame = 64 Kbps 24 voice channels multiplexed together

c1 c2 c24

1
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

2 193 bit frame

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

T1 Frame Format
101010 pattern in odd frames signalling for every frames channel associated signalling:
each channel has private signalling mechanism 8 bits in every 6th frame used for signalling frames in each channel is eight bits wide Frames in 6th frame 7 bits wide

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

E1 Frame Format
E1 - 2.048 Mbps
32 channels 32 - 8 bit data samples packetised into the basic 125 sec frame

30 channels for information 2 channels for signaling

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

Standards
Leased lines: DS1 1.544 Mbps (24 channels) (T1) DS3 44.736 Mbps (30 DS1 links) STS-1 - Synchronous Transport Signal STS-1 base link speed STS-N - also called OC-N (electrical signal) OC - optical carrier (optical signal) STS-48 - 2.488320 Gbps STS-3 - 155.250 Mbps STS-12 - 622.080 Mbps STS-24 - 1.244160 Gbps Telephone Network: primarily for voice and is circuit switched.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

Standards
Last Mile Links: POTS 28.8 56 Kbps ISDN 64 128 Kbps (Integrated Services Digital Network) xDSL 16 Kbps 55.2 Mbps CATV 20 70 Mbps ADSL (asymmetric DSL) ADSL: - Different speeds from home to CO & CO to home. - Downstream (CO to subs) - 8.448 Mbps (9000 ft) 1.544 Mbps (depends on distance from CO to home) 16 Kbps - 640 Kbps (1800 ft) (9000 ft) VDSL very high data rate (12.96 Mbps 55.2 Mbps) (1000 4000 ft)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

Asynchronous TDM
A B C D Asynchronous TDM: Intelligent TDM allocate time slots on demand - uses lower rate than required to multiplex n channels.
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

TDM and FDM

Divide Frequency channel into a number frequency bands using FDM In each channel
Multiplex a number of channels using TDM

Advent of Fibre
Wavelength division multiplexing In each wavelength multiplex number of channels using TDM

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks

Prof. Hema A Murthy

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

fibre 1 fibre 3

fibre 4 fibre 2 shared fibre WDM Switch

n fibre switch

n output fibre

Indian Institute of Technology Madras