Lecture26

Contents:
Exercise1
Exercise2
Exercise3
KeyWords:Fluidflow,MacroscopicBalance,FrictionalLosses,TurbulentFlow,Venturimeter,Orifice
Meter,PitotTube,Stack,Chimney,Draft,Naturaldraft

Exercise1
Calculatevelocityandflowrateofairleakingthroughanopeningofrectangularcrosssectionina
furnacewall(asshownbelowinthefigure)fromthefollowingdata:

Figure1:Airleakagethroughfurnaceopening

Crosssectionoftheopeningu .1u m u.1S m

mm watei
.S2 m
Assumeturbulentflowandf = u.uu64
Draftacrosstheopening1.S
Wallthickness u
Frictionlossesduetocontractionandexpansionare0.5and1respectively.
N:
rgybalanceatplane1and2
z = u tal
N = u
v
1
= v
Airisat1.u1SS 1u
5
Nm
2
pressureand298 Ktemperature
SOLUTIO
Applyingene
P
1
= P
2
(Atmosphericpressure)
Sinceopeningishorizon
Nofan
2
= u atbothplanes1and2 = u.
d
2
- d
1
p
h
Velocity
= -F (1)
u
2
= u u
Or
d
1
p
h

1
=
h
F(2)
= v

2
j2f
L
Dc
+
1
2
ef
1
+
2
1
ef
2
[ (3)

isvelocityofairinduct.Beisequivalentdiameter
Be =
20.10.15
v
0.25
= u.12
u
1
= 1.S 9.86u 1u
-3
m
2
s2
aii = 1.19 kg m
3

Substitutingthevaluesineq3
12.4S = u.8uS v

Aii flow iate = u S 9 m

3
s.
Nowwecanshowthattheflow turbulent.
Re =
Dc V

= S.9S ms .
.u
is
= u.S 1u
5
;the wisturbulent.
Abrickchimney3.5minsi 45mhighistohandlefluegases(averagemolecular
weight30)at603K.Theatmosphericpressureoutsidethechimneyis734mmHgandoutsideairisat
ybeassumedthatthegasesdonotcoolastheyriseinthechimney.Makethenecessary
calculationsandpreparethefollowinggraphs:
flo
Exercise2
dediameter(round)and
300K.Itma
a) Draftatthebottomofthechimneyvs.flowrateofwastegasesand

b) Horsepowerequivalentoftheflowenergyavailablefordraftatthebottomofthestackvs.flo
rateoffluegases,Ignorethelossesdue
w
tocontractionandexpansesofgases.

chimneyflowratesfrom0
totheflowrateatwhichtheavailabledraftatthebottomofthechimneyisnil
ereTisinK.
Solu
a)M
2 1
) -
p aIr
p
I
Forboththeplotsanaandb,thegraphshouldcovertheentirerangeof
Usef = u.u4SS (Re)
-0.2
andViscosityofgas = 19.S 1u
-7
T
0.8
g cm
-1
s
-1
wh
tion
echanicalenergybalanceforflowofgases
g (z - z (z
2
- z
1
p
I
) g +
DraIt
+ F = u.

I
= u.S86 kg m
-3
and aii = 1.178 kg m
-3

Substitutingvaluesandaftersimplification
Biaft = 261.SS -
I
F
F = 2f [
L
D
v

2
= 2 SS [
p
I
V D

u.u4
-0.2

L
D
v
2

Puttingv =

Q
D
2
and = S.2S 1u kg m
-1
s
-1
andothervaluesofvariablesweget.
Biaft = 261.SS 1.27 1u
-3
Q
1.8

WenoteatQ = u,uiaft = 261.SS.
= 89S
-1
uiaft = u
b)Flowenergyin(W) = 261.SSQ .27 1u
-3
Q
2.8

Thisequationshowsthatflowenergy illbemaximumat Q = SuS.9S m
3
s.andzeroatQ =
89S.119
s.
-5
AndatQ m
3
s
1
w
m
3

Exercise3
Abrickfluemustbedesignedtodischarge42S m
3
min and1atm)offluegasfromfurnaceto
ndthefoursharp9 ds(L/Dforone
sharpbensis20). eflueisrectangularincrosssectionwitha2:1ratioofheighttowidth.Theaverage
temperatureofthefluegasis350degreeC.
efollowing:
(300K
a stack.Theflueishorizontalwithatotallengthof100m 0degreeben
Th
Calculateth
a) Pressuredropinmmwatertobeex einternalcrosssectionofthefluewere
12ucm 6u cm,
b) Energyconsumedbyfrictionintheflue(watts)
c) Whatwouldbetheminimumcrosssectional
pectedifth
dimensionaloftheflueifthepressuredropis
limitedto2.5mmofwastegases.
efollowing values:
ularweight s29,e
I1
= u.4ande
I2
= 1.u
Uni 4SS (Re)
-0.2

Viscosit hereTisinK, 1 Nm
2
= u.1u2 mmofwater
egives
2
Useth
Molec of flue ga
versalgasconstant8S14k}kg mol K anu f = u.u
y19.Sx 1u
-7
T
0.8
g cm
-1
sec
-1
,w
SOLUTION:
a) Mechanicalenergybalanc
(P
1
-P
2
) =
V

2
[ef
1
+ 4f [
L
D
+e
I2
2

D
L
= [
L
e
D
e

pIpc
+ 4 [
L
e
D
e
B
c
=
0
= 8u cm.
100
.8
+ 8u = 2uS
v

= 2u.4 2
m
s
and f = u.uuS71
= u.S6S kg m
-3

Substitutingthevaluesweget
(P
1
-P
2
) = S21.4 N m
2
= SS.18 mm B
2
0
b) Eneigy consumeu by fiiction = W F.

Where F =
V

2
2
2
[ef
1
+4f [
L
D
+ef
2
.
Eneigy =
623
300

425
60
u.S6S
20.4220.42
2
4.4422
= 767uW.
c) Lettheheightoftherectangularcrosssectionish
Wiuth = h2.
2 h
Be =
3

Mechanicalenergybalance
P
1
-P
2
p
= 2
L
D
f v

2
+
3.32 10
S
h

Substituti
24.5
0.563
ngthevalues
=
864.36
h
4
_2 u.u4SS [
3.3210
S
h

-0.2

3205
2h
+ u.7_
h = 2.46 m
Cioss section of flue = 2.46 1.2Sm
ASSIGNMENT:
ityandflowrateofairleakingthroughanopeningofrectangularcrosssectionina
furnacewa shownbelowinthefigure)fromthefollowingdata:
Figure1:Airleak gethroughfurnaceopening
Cioss section of the opening = u 1u m x u.1S, Biaft acioss the opening = 1.S mm watei
Wall thickness = u.S2 m,Assumetur ulentflowandf = u.uu64
Frictionlossesduetocontractionandexpansionare0.5and1respectively.
S m
3
min(300Kand1atm)offluegasfromfurnaceto
stack.Theflueishorizontalwithatotallengthof100mandthefoursharp90degreebends(L/Dforone
sharpbensis20).Theflueisrectangularincrosssectionwitha2:1ratioofheighttowidth.Th average
temperatureofthefluega
Pressuredrop crosssectionofthefluewere
12ucm 6u cm,
e(watts)
f) Whatwouldbetheminimumcrosssectionaldimensionaloftheflueifthepressuredropis
offluegas29, e
I1
= u.4ande
I2
= 1.u,Universalgas
8314k]
Solving,weget,
wiuth = 1.2S m
1)Calculateveloc
ll(as
a
.
b
Airisat1.u1SS 1u
5
Nm
2
pressureand298 Ktemperature
2)Abrickfluemustbedesignedtodischarge42
e
sis350degreeC.
Calculatethefollowing:
u) inmmwatertobeexpectediftheinternal
e) Energyconsumedbyfrictionintheflu

limitedto2.S mmofwastegases.
Usethefollowingvalues:Molecularweight
constant
kg
mol K anu f = u.u4SS (Re)
-0.2
, viscosity 19.Sx 1u
-7
T
0.8
g cm
-1
sec
-1
,whereTis
inkelwin,1 Nm
2
= u.1u2 mmofwater.