ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN

POWER PLANTS
Frans van Aart
Energy Efficiency in IPPC instaIIations
October 21, Vienna
CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Demand Side Management
3. Energy Efficiency in Power Generation
4. LCP and other directives
5. ConcIusions
1 Introduction
O high efficiency is good for economy and the environment
O high efficiency is in Iine with core business eIectricity
industry

AnnuaI average eIectricaI efficiency
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
1980 1990 2000 2001 2002
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1 INTRODUCTION
O high efficiency is good for economy and the environment
O high efficiency is in Iine with core business eIectricity
industry
reducing emissions (protection environment)
conservation fueIs (preservation of resources)
reducing dependence on fueI import outside EC
O too high efficiencies are expensive and thus uneconomic:
market advantage to Iess efficient (=cheaper) pIants
thus not beneficiary for the environment

Energy Efficiency of power pIant
O scope of definition (gross, net)
O combustion technoIogy (instaIIation, fueI)
O type of cooIing
O ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions
O temperature cooIing water / air

Efficiency Ioss vs.
cooIing temperature
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
0 2.5 5 7.5 10
Temperature rise cooIing water [K]
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Super criticaI
boiIer
Gas turbine
topping
Combined
cycIe
Energy Efficiency of power pIant
O scope of definition (gross, net)
O combustion technoIogy (instaIIation, fueI)
O type of cooIing
O ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions
O temperature cooIing water / air
O operating Ioad
O annuaI average vs. guaranteed performance
O no fixed figures that can be compared right away

2 DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
O reducing energy demand good principIe
O not the task of power industry, but of spatiaI pIanners,
architects etcetera
O not in scope BREF Energy Efficiency but in scope Directive
"Energy end-use efficiency and energy services"
O "framework conditions and not an over-detaiIed set of ruIes
that couId interfere with the deveIopment of the eIectricity
market"
3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER
GENERATION
O Efficiency figure depends on
type of generation
Efficiency in EIectricity Generation
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3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER
GENERATION
O Efficiency figure depends on
type of generation
condition of power pIant (operation, maintenance)
ambient conditions
design of power pIant
O uItra super criticaI steam boiIers
Improved boiIer materiaIs
improved steam parameters
3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER
GENERATION
O Efficiency figure depends on
type of generation
condition of power pIant (operation, maintenance)
ambient conditions
design of power pIant
O uItra super criticaI steam boiIers
O gas turbine based power pIant
higher firing temperature
supercriticaI steam parameters HRSG
BAT and BAT IeveIs (coaI / Iignite)
FueI Technique EIectricaI efficiency (net) (%)
New pIants Existing pIants
CoaI PC
(DBB and WBB)
43 47 The achievable improvement of
thermal efficiency depends
on the specific plant, but as
an indication, a level of
30 40 % or
an incremental improvement of
more than 3 % points
can be seen as associated with
the use of BAT
FBC >41
Lignite PC (DBB) 39 45
FBC >40
BAT and BAT IeveIs (biomass / peat)
FueI Technique EIectricaI efficiency (net)
(%)
Biomass Gratefiring Around 20
Spreaderstoker >23
FBC (CFBC) >28 30
Peat FBC
(BFBC and CFBC)
>28 30
BAT and BAT IeveIs (gaseous fueIs)
PIant type EIectricaI efficiency (%)
New pIants Existing pIants
Gas turbine
Gas turbine 36 40 25 40
Gas-fired boiIer
Gasfired boiler 40 42 35 40
CCGT
Combined cycle with or without
supplementary firing
(HRSG) for electricity
generation only
54 58 40 54
4 LCP AND OTHER DIRECTIVES
O Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration
powerfuI instrument to improve fueI utiIisation
FueI utiIisation instead of efficiency
O thermaI efficiency and eIectricaI efficiency are appIes and
oranges
O cogeneration efficiency fueI utiIisation
BAT and BAT IeveIs (Cogeneration)
PIant type FueI utiIisation(%)
New and existing pIants
Coal
75 85
Depending on the specific plant application and
the heat and electricity demand
Lignite
Biomass
Peat
Gasfired boiler
Combined cycle with or
without supplementary
firing
LCP and other directives
O Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration
powerfuI instrument to improve fueI utiIisation
fueI utiIisation dependent on Iong term heat
demand (district heating or process heat)
in case heat deIivery feasibIe:
cogeneration can be considered as BAT
LCP and other directives
O Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration
O Directive 2003/87/EC
Greenhouse gas emission aIIowance trading
Emission Trading Directive
O Market mechanism wiII resuIt in
Iower emissions
higher efficiency
O No definition of BAT or BAT IeveIs for energy efficiency
of LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency (ArticIe 26)
ArticIe 26 Emission Trading Directive
'.the permit shall not include an emission limit value for
direct emissions of that gas unless,..."
'.Member States may choose not to impose requirements
relating to energy efficiency in respect of combustion
units or other units emitting carbon dioxide on the site."
OPTIONS FOR EXTRA REGULATIONS
GoaI shouId be:
pubIic demonstration that optimaI efficiency is appIied
PracticaI options:
O Drafting Energy PIans to optimize economicaIIy feasibIe
options
O Benchmarking against "WorId CIass PIants"
6 CONCLUSIONS
O The efficiency of Power PIants has been improved and wiII be
improved continuousIy
O To be demonstrated by:
Energy pIans
Benchmarking
O No BAT or BAT IeveIs for LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency
(not in Iine with a IiberaIized market)
O Framework conditions and not an over-detaiIed set of ruIes
real assistance licensing authorities for permitting an installation