2. ntjugt<!

!fl<! ne<xim!uip<uqz<! hz<OuX!fqjzjlgtqz<! fil<! ntjugt<! !osb<gqe<Oxil</!

wMk<Kg<gim<mig? fil<! K{q! jkh<hkx<gig! fQtk<jkBl<? out<jtbch<hkx<gig! Sux<xqe<!
hvh<htuqjeBl<? OuzqbqMukx<gig!fqzk<kqe<! Sx<xtuqjeBl<? fqvh<Hukx<gig!hik<kqvk<kqe<!
ogit<ttuqjeBl<! ntg<gqe<Oxil</! ntjugjt! nch<hjmbigg<! ogi{<M! fl<!
Okjug<Ogx<h! OlZl<! g{g<gQMgt<! osb<gqe<Oxil</! kt! lx<Xl<! ge! dVur<gtqe<!
fQtr<gt<?! Ogi{r<gt<? hvh<htUgt< Sx<xtUgt<! lx<Xl<! ge! ntUgt<! hx<xqb! g{qkh<!
hqiquqje! ntuqbz<! we<xjpg<gqe<Oxil</! Lf<jkb! uGh<Hgtqz<! fil<?! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<?
fix<gvr<gt<! lx<Xl<! um<mr<gt<! Ohie<x! sqz! kt! ucu! dVur<gjth<! hx<xq!
gx<xxqf<Kt<Otil<! )wz<zi! ucu! dVur<gTl<! ktk<kqz<! ujvbh<hm<mjubigg<!
ogit<Ouil<*/! -f<k! nk<kqbibk<kqz<? -v{<M! nz<zK! nkx<G! Olx<hm<m! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<?
fix<gvr<gt<! nz<zK! um<mr<gt<! -ux<jx! ye<xe<Olz<! ye<xig! fqXk<kq! gqjmg<gh<ohXl<!
sqz! kt! %m<M! dVur<gjth<! hx<xq! gx<Ohil</! fil<! gVKl<! njek<K! dVur<gTl<!
ktk<kqz<!njlf<kju!we<hkiz<?!kt!dVuk<jk!dVul<!we<X!njph<Ohil<.

2.1! hvh<H!lx<Xl<!Sx<xtU!
fil<?!kt!ucuqbz<!dVur<gtqe<! Sx<xtUgt<! lx<Xl<! hvh<Hgtqe<! uib<h<hiMgjt!
lQt<hiIjubqMOuil</!
!
2.1.1 osu<ugl;:

hvh<H!= l × b!sKv!nzGgt< hml<!2.1

Sx<xtU = 2 (l + b) nzGgt<
d= l 2 + b 2 !nzGgt<

2.1.2! -j{gvl;:

hvh<H = b × h sKv!nzGgt< hml< 2.2

Sx<xtU = 2(a + b) nzGgt<

2.1.3 ogiMg<gh<hm<m!nch<hg<gl<!lx<Xl<!dbvk<jkBjmb!Lg<Ogi{l<;

1
!hvh<H = b × h sKv!nzGgt<. hml<!2.3
2

32
2.1.4! osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<;
1 hml< 2.4
hvh<H = b × h sKv!nzGgt<
2
Sx<xtU = b + h + d!nzGgt<
d= b 2 + h 2 !nzGgt<

2.1.5 slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<;
3
dbvl< = h = a!nzGgt<
2
3 2 hml<!2.5
hvh<H = a !sKv!nzGgt<
4
Sx<xtU = 3a!nzGgt<

2.1.6! -Vslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<:

hvh<H!= h a 2 − h 2 !sKv!nzGgt< hml< 2.6

( )
Sx<xtU = 2 a + a 2 − h 2 !nzGgt<

2.1.7! nslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l;:

hvh<H = s ( s − a)(s − b)(s − c) s/n

a+b+c
-r<G s = nzGgt<! ! hml< 2.7
2
Sx<xtU = a + b + c nzGgt<

2.1.8 siqugl<;

1 hml< 2.8
hvh<H = (a + b) × h sKv!nzGgt<
2

2.1.9! fix<gvl<;
1
!hvh<H!= d × (h1 + h2).
2 hml<!2.9
sKv!nzGgt<

2.1.10!sib<sKvl<;
1
hvh<H!= d1 × d2!s/nzGgt< hml< 2.10
2
Sx<xtU = 2 d1 + d 2
2 2
= 4a nzGgt<

33
2.1.11!um<ml<:
um<mk<kqe<!hvh<H = πr2!sKv!nzGgt<
um<mk<kqe<!Sx<xtU = 2πr!nzGgt<
1
njvum<mk<kqe<!hvh<H= πr2!sKv!nzGgt<
2
njvum<m!uqz<zqe<!fQtl< = πr!nzGgt<
1
giz<um<mk<kqe<!hvh<H = πr2!sKv!nzGgt< hml<!2.11!
4
1
giz<um<m!uqz<zqe<!fQtl<!= πr!nzGgt<
2

Gxqh<H: A lx<Xl<! B Ht<tqgjt! -j{g<Gl<! Ofi<g<Ogim<Mk<! K{<cje AB ! nz<zK! AB

weg<!Gxqg<gqe<Oxil</!OlZl< AB!we<Ox AB e<!fQtk<jkBl<!Gxqg<gqe<Oxil</!

wMk<Kg<gim<M 1: yV! osu<ug! ucu! SuI?! nch<hg<g! fQtl<! 26lQ! weUl<! dbvl<! 21lQ!
weUl<! ogi{<Mt<tK/! ns<Sux<xqx<G! u{<{l<! H,s! sKv! lQm<mVg<G! '/27!!
oszuiGoleqz<? olik<k!Sux<xqx<Gl<!u{<{l<!H,s!NGl<!oszjug<!g{<Mhqc/!
kQIU: b = 15 ? h = 10!NGl</!!
∴ osu<ugh<!hvh<H!= b × h = 15 × 10 = 150 s/lQ.
1 s/lQ!u{<{l<!H,s!oszU = !'/ 16
∴ 150 s/lQ!u{<{l<!H,s!oszU = 16 × 150 = '. 2400.

hml<!2.12
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M! 2: yV! osu<ugk<! kgm<ce<! ntUgt<! 5lQ! ×! 4lQ/! nk<kgm<cje! 5! os/lQ!
hg<g! fQtl<! ogi{<m! sKvk<! kgMgtig! oum<m! Ou{<Ml</! sKvk<! kgMgtqe<!
w{<{qg<jgjbg<!g{<Mhqc/!
kQIU: osu<ugk<!kgm<ce<!hvh<H = 400 × 300 = 12?0000!os/lQ2.

yV!sKvk<!kgm<ce<!hvh<H = 4 × 4 = 16 os/lQ2.
12,0000
∴ sKvk<!kgMgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg = = 7500.
16
hml< 2.13

wMk<Kg<gim<M! 3;! 40! os/lQ2! hvh<Hjmb! -j{gvk<kqe<! dbvl<! 15! os/lQ! weqz<?! nke<!
nch<hg<gl<!g{<Mhqc/!
kQIU:!hvh<H = b × h. ∴ 40 = b × 15.
40 8
∴ b= = .
15 3
8
∴ nch<hg<gl<!= os/lQ.
3
hml< 2.14

34
wMk<Kg<gim<M! 4: 11 os/lQ? 60 os/lQ! lx<Xl<! 72! os/lQ! hg<g! fQtr<gt<! ogi{<m! yV!
Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!hvh<jhBl<? Sx<xtjuBl<!g{<Mhqc/!
kQIU:!hvh<H = s ( s − a)(s − b)(s − c) .
-r<G 2s = a + b + c = 11 + 60 + 61 = 132.
∴ s = 66? s − a = 66 − 11 = 55?
s − b = 66 − 60 = 6? s − c = 66 − 61 = 5.
∴ hvh<H = 66 × 55 × 6 × 5 = 330!s/os/lQ.
Sx<xtU = a + b + c = 11 + 60 + 61 =132!os/lQ. hml<!2.15

wMk<Kg<gim<M 5:! hml<! 2.16! z<! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t! fix<gvl<! ABCD e<! hvh<hqjeg<!
g{<Mhqc/!
1 1
kQIU:!hvh<H = d ( h1 + h2 ) = × 50 × (10 + 20)
2 2
= 25 × 30
= 750 lQ 2/

hml< 2.16

wMk<Kg<gim<M 6:!hml<!3/28!z<!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t!siqugl<!ABCD!e<!hvh<H!g{<Mhqc/!!
1
kQIU: hvh<H!= (a + b) × h
2
1
= (12 + 5) × 4
2
= 34 sKv!nzGgt</!
!
! hml<!2.17
wMk<Kg<gim<M 7: fqzk<jk! slh<hMk<k! sKv! lQm<mVg<G! '/12! oszuiGl</! siqug! ucu!
fqzk<kqe<! -j{! hg<gr<gtqe<! fQtr<gt<! 18lQ! lx<Xl<! 12lQ/! lx<x! -V! hg<gr<gt<!
yu<ouie<Xl<! 6lQ! fQtLjmbK! weqz<?! olik<k! fqzk<jk! slh<hMk<k! NGl<! oszjug<!
g{<Mhqc/
kQIU: ABCD! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! siqugl</! -r<G! AB = 18! lQ? CD = 12 lQ? AD = BC = 5 lQ/!!!!
DA! g<G -j{big! CE! J! ujvg! )hml<! 2.18! Jh<! hii<gg < Ul<*/! ∆EBC! YI! -Vslhg<g!
Lg<Ogi{l</!nke<!dbvl<!h = 5 2 − 32
= 16 = 4!lQ/
siqugl<!ABCD!bqe<!hvh<H!
1 1
= (a + b) × h = (18 + 12) × 4
2 2
= 2 × 30= 60 s/lQ/ hml<!2.18
1!s/lQ!slh<hMk<k!NGl<!oszU =!'/12.
∴olik<k!fqzk<jk!slh<hMk<k!NGl<!oszU = 60 × 12 = '. 720.

35
wMk<Kg<gim<M!8: yV!sib<sKvk<kqe<!Sx<xtU!31!os/lQ/!nke<!yV!&jzuqm<mk<kqe<!fQtl<!
9!os/lQ/!nke<!lx<oxiV!&jzuqm<mk<kqe<!fQtk<jkBl<!hvh<jhBl<!g{<Mhqc/!
kQIU: d1? d2 we<he!&jzuqm<mr<gt<!weg<!ogit<g/!
Sx<xtU = 2 d1 + d 2 /Neiz<! Sx<xtU! 31! os/lQ!
2 2

weg<!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/
∴ 2 d1 + d 2 = 20 os/lQ! nz<zK! d 1 + d 2 = 100.
2 2 2 2

-r<G!yV! &jzuqm<mk<kqe<! fQtl<! 8!os/lQ/! ∴!d1 = 8

we<g/! hml<!2.19
∴ 64 + d22 = 100 nz<zK!d22 = 36. ∴ d2 = 6!os/lQ/
1 1
∴ sib<sKvk<kqe<!hvh<H = d1 × d2 = × 8 × 6 = 24 os/lQ2.
2 2
wMk<Kg<gim<M 9: 264 os/lQ! fQtLt<t! gl<hq! -V! sl! higr<gtigh<! hqiqg<gh<hMgqxK/! yV!
higk<jk! um<mligUl<! lx<oxie<jx! slhg<g! Lg<Ogi{ligUl<! ujtk<K!
22
osb<bh<hMgqxK/!nju!dt<tmg<Gl<!hvh<Hgtqe<!uqgqkk<kqjeg<!g{<Mhqc (π ≈ !we<X!
7
hbe<hMk<K).!
264
kQIU: um<mk<kqe<!Sx<xtU = =132!os/lQ/!
2
Neiz<!um<mk<kqe<!Sx<xtU = 2πr.
22
∴2× × r = 132!nz<zK r = 21!os/lQ/
7
22 hml< 2.20
∴!um<mk<kqe<!hvh<H = πr2 = × 21 × 21 = 1386 os/lQ2.
7
slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!Sx<xtU = 3a
Neiz<!Sx<xtU = 132 os/lQ/!!
∴ 3a = 132!nz<zK!a = 44!os/lQ/
3 3
∴ slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!hvh<H = × a2 = × 44 2
4 4
= 484 3 os/lQ2
∴ um<ml<! lx<Xl<! slhg<g! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! hvh<Hgtqe<! hml< 2.21
uqgqkl<!= 1386 : 484 3 = 21 3 : 22
!
hbqx<sq 2.1

1. gQp<g<g{<m!Lg<Ogi{r<gtqe<!hvh<Hgjtg<!gi{<g/
(i) !!nch<hg<gl<!= 18!os/lQ?!dbvl<! = 3 os/lQ/
(ii) Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!&e<X!hg<gr<gtqe<!fQtr<gt<!31!os/lQ? 48!os/lQ?!63!os/lQ/!
(iii) slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!hg<g!fQtl<!9!os/lQ/!

36
2. ABCD we<x!fix<gvk<kqe<! &jzuqm<ml< AC e<! fQtl; 44 os/lQ! lx<Xl<! B? D! zqVf<K
ACg<G! ujvbh<hMl<! Gk<Kbvr<gt<! LjxOb! 31! os/lQ! lx<Xl<! 12! os/lQ! weqz?< !
nf<fix<gvk<kqe<!hvh<H!g{<Mhqc.
3. yV! fix<gvk<kqe<! yV! &jzuqm<mk<kqe<! fQtl<! 26! os/lQ! lx<Xl<!!
nl<&jzuqm<mk<kqx<G! ujvbh<hMl<! osr<Gk<Kg<OgiMgtqe<! fQtr<gt<! 4! os/lQ!
lx<Xl<!6!os/lQ!weqz<?!nf<fix<gvk<kqe<!hvh<H!g{<Mhqc/!
4.! 260lQ! Sx<xtUt<t! yV! sib<sKvk<kqe<! yV! &jzuqm<ml<! 66lQ/! lx<oxiV!
&jzuqm<mk<kqe<!fQtl<!gi{<g/!OlZl<!ns<sib<sKvk<kqe<!hvh<H!gi{<g/!
5. yV!-j{gvk<kqe<!hvh<H!723!os/lQ3!lx<Xl<!nke<!dbvl<!29!os/lQ!weqz<?!nke<!
nch<hg<gk<jkg<!g{<Mhqc/
6. 8! os/lQ! lx<Xl<! 8 os/lQ! -j{! hg<gr<gtigg<! ogi{<m! siqugk<kqe<! hvh<H! 41!
os/lQ2. -j{!hg<gr<gTg<gqjmh<hm<m!K~vl<!g{<Mhqc/!
7. yV! siqugk<kqe<! -j{! hg<gr<gTg<G! -jmh<hm<m! K~vl<! 5! os/lQ! lx<Xl<! yV!
-j{h<hg<g! fQtl<! 8! os/lQ/! ns<siqugk<kqe<! hvh<H! 45! os/lQ2 weqz<? lx<oxiV!
-j{!hg<gk<kqe<!fQtl<!gi{<g/
8. 22 os/lQ × 14 os/lQ! ntUt<t! yV! osu<ug! fqzk<kqe<! hvh<hqx<<Gs<! sllie!
hvh<Hjmb!yV!um<m!fqzk<kqe<!Sx<xtU!gi{<g/

2.2 %m<M dVur<gt<!

yV! fix<gvl< ABCD Jg<! gVKg! (hml<! 2.22 Jh<! hii<g<gUl<*/ BD jb!
-j{g<gUl</! kx<ohiPK! fix<gvlieK ∆ABD lx<Xl<! ∆BCD we! -v{<M!
Lg<Ogi{r<gtigh<!hqiqg<gh<hMgqe<xK/!-v{<M!Lg<Ogi{r<gTg<Gl<! BD hg<gl<!!
ohiKuieK/!hqe<Oeig<gqh< hii<g<Gl<!OhiK? Lg<Ogi{r<gt< ABD lx<Xl< BCD!J BD Jh<!
ohiKh<hg<gligg<! ogi{<M ye<xe<! Olz<! ye<xig! jug<g! fix<gvl<! ABCD
ohxh<hMgqe<xK/!weOu?!fix<gvl< ABCD NeK!-V Lg<Ogi{r<gtqe<!Osi<g<jgbiGl<!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! hml< 2.22 hml< 2.23
!
nz<zK ABCD yV!%m<M!dVuliGl</!-u<uiOx?!siqugl<! yV!%m<M!dVuliGl<<! nK!
yV! osu<ugk<kqe<! -V! hg<gr<gtqz<! -V! osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! Osi<k<K!
dVuig<gh<hm<mK!)hml<!2.23 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<*/!fil<!nxqf<K!ogi{<mK we<eoueqz<?!-V!
dVur<gjt! ye<xe<! hg<gk<kqz<! ye<jx! juk<K! yV! %m<M! dVul<! dVuig<g!
Ou{<Moleqz<! Lkz<! dVuk<kqe<! WkiuokiV! hg<gl<! -v{<miuK! dVuk<kqe<!

37
WkiuokiV!hg<gk<kqx<Gh<! ohiVf<Kukig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!sqz!%m<M!dVur<gt<? hml<
2.24!Lkz<!hml<!2.35 ujv ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<te/!

hml< 2.24 hml< 2.25 hml< 2.26

hml<! 2.29

hml< 2.27

hml< 2.28

hml< 2.31
hml< 2.30

hml< 2.33
hml< 2.32

38
 hml< 2.34

hml< 2.35

ye<xqe<! Olz<! ye<xig! -Vg<Gl<! hg<gr<gjt! Ht<tqg<! OgiMgtiz<! gim<cbqVg<gqe<Oxil</!!

hml<! 2.24 zqVf<K! hml<! 2.35 ujvBt<t! %m<M! dVur<gjt! wtqkig nxqbzil</!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig? hml<! 2.25 NeK!yV!Lg<Ogi{l<? Yi<! njvum<ml<! Ngqbux<xqe<! %m<M!
dVuliGl</!nK!yV!hl<hvk<kqe<!fqjzg<Gk<K!GXg<G!oum<Mk<!Okix<xligk<!okiqgqxK/!
hml<!2.27 NeK!yV!osu<ugl<!lx<Xl<!Yi<!njvum<ml<!Ngqbux<xqe<!%m<M!dVuliGl</!
-u<UVul<? Yi<! njvum<mk<kqje! Olz<! Wx<Gl<! osu<ug! se<ez<! Ohiz<!
Okix<xltqg<gqe<xK/! hml<! 2.29 NeK! yV! osu<ugl<! lx<Xl<! -V! sllie!
giz<um<mr<gjtg<! ogi{<m! %m<M! dVuliGl<.! hml<! 2.33 NeK! yV! osu<ugl<? yV!
Lg<Ogi{l<? yV! siqugl<! Ngqbux<jxg<! ogi{<m! %m<M! dVuliGl<; -K! YI!
WUgj{bqjeh<! Ohiz<! okiqgqxK/! %m<M! dVur<gtiue? Lg<Ogi{r<gt<? fix<gvr<gt<?
um<mr<gt<! Ngqbux<xqe<! %m<mig! -Vh<hkiz<? nux<xqe<! Sx<xtUgt<? hvh<Hgt<!
Ngqbux<jx Lf<jkb!uGh<hqz<!gx<x!$k<kqvr<gjtg<!ogi{<M!g{g<gqmzil</!

%m<Mk<! kt!dVur<gtie!siqugr<gt<! lx<<Xl<! hz<Ogi{r<gjth<! hx<xq!-h<OhiK!

fil<!hii<g<gzil</!!

2.2.1 siqugl<

siqugl<! we<hK! fie<G! hg<gr<gjtBjmb! yV! kt! dVul</! -kqz<! -V!

hg<gr<gt<!-j{bieju!)hml<!2.36 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<*/ ABCD we<x!siqugk<kqz< AB Bl<!!
DC Bl<! -j{bieju/ AB = a ? CD = b!we<g/
-j{OgiMgTg<G! -jmh<hm<m! K~vl< h we<g/!
fil< siqugl<! ABCD J! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! ABC!
lx<Xl<! ACD gtqe<! %m<M! dVuligg<!
ogit<tzil</! Lg<Ogi{l< ABC! z<! nch<hg<gl<!
AB ?!Gk<Kbvl< h. NgOu?
glk; 2.36
1
∆ABC bqe<!hvh<H = ×a×h !
2
1
∆ACD bqe<!hvh<H!= ×b×h
2
1 1 1
∴siqugk<kqe<!hvh<H!= ×a×h+ ×b×h= (a + b)h sKv!nzGgt</
2 2 2

39
2.2.2 hz<Ogi{l<
hz<Ogi{l<! we<hK n Ofi<g<Ogim<Mk<! K{<Mgtiz<! ucujlg<gh<hm<m! kt! dVul<!
NGl</!hz!Lg<Ogi{r<gtqe<!%m<M!dVuOl!hz<Ogi{l<!we<hjk!fil<!nxqgqOxil</!
hz<Ogi{k<kqe<! hg<gr<gt<! slligUl<? Ogi{r<gt<!
slligUl<! -Vh<hqe<? nh<hz<Ogi{l<! Yi<! yPr<G!
hz<Ogi{l<! weh<hMl</! NX! hg<gr<gjtg<!
ogi{<m! yPr<G! hz<Ogi{l<! Yi<! yPr<G!
nXOgi{l<! weh<hMl</! Yi<! yPr<G!
nXOgi{k<kqz<! njek<K! hg<gr<gTl<!
slligUl<? dm<Ogi{r<gt<! yu<ouie<Xl<!
120°g<Gs<! slligUl<! -Vg<Gl< (hml<! 2.37! Jh<!
hii<g<gUl<). -f<k! Gxqh<hqm<m! yPr<G! hz<Ogi{l<!
ncg<gc! hbe<hMk<kh<hMukiz<?! nke<! Sx<xtU!
glk; 2.37
lx<Xl<!hvh<htU!hx<xqg<!gi{<Ohil</ ABCDEF<!!
we<hK!Yi<! yPr<G!nXOgi{l<! we<g/!hg<gr<gt< AB? BC? CD? DE? EF lx<Xl< FA sllie!
ntUjmbju/!yu<ouiV!hg<gk<kqe<!fQtLl<!a nzGgt<!we<g/!yPr<G!nXOgi{k<kqe<!
Sx<xtuieK a + a + a + a + a + a = 6a nzGgt</! fil<! -h<OhiK! yPr<G!
nXOgi{k<kqe<!hvh<H!gi[l<!$k<kqvk<kqje!!uVuqh<Ohil</!!&jzuqm<mr<gt< AD ? BE ?
CF sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqbqje? O we<g/!Lg<Ogi{r<gt< OAB? OBC? OCD? ODE? OEF? OFA
3 2
slhg<g! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! NGl</! weOu? yu<ouiV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! hvh<H a NGl</!
4
3 2 3 3 2
weOu? yPr<G!nXOgi{k<kqe<!hvh<H!= 6 × a = a sKv nzGgt</
4 2
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M!10:!hml< 2.38e<!hvh<hqjeg<!g{<Mhqc/!
!
kQIU;!hml<!ABCDE NeK!hg<gl< BD bqjeh<!
ohiK!fqjzbigg<!ogi{<m ABDE lx<Xl<
BCD e<!%m<miGl</ ABDE we<x!siqugk<kqz<!
-j{!hg<gr<gtie! AE ? BD gtqe<!
fQtr<gt<!LjxOb 10 os/lQ?!16 os/lQ!NGl</!
hml< 2.38
-j{!hg<gr<gTg<G!-jmh<hm<m!K~vl<!9 os/lQ/!!!
NgOu? siqugl; ABDE!e<!hvh<H !
1 1
( a + b ) × h = (10 + 16 ) × 9 = 117 os/l P 2 .
2 2

BCD yV!Lg<Ogi{l</!-ke<!nch<hGkq BD bqe<!fQtl<!16!os/lQ ? Gk<Kbvl< 8 os.lQ.

NgOu!-ke<!hvh<H
1 1
b × h = × 16 × 8 = 64nrkP 2 .
2 2

40
∴!%m<M!dVul< ABCDE!e<!hvh<H!= ABDE !e<!hvh<H + BCD e<!hvh<H!
= 117 + 64 = 181 os/lQ2.

wMk<Kg<gim<M 11: yV! fqzl<! nth<huI! yV! fqzk<kqe<! ntUgjth<! hqe<uVliX!

Gxqk<Kt<tii/!fqzk<kqe<!hvh<hqjeg<!g{<Mhqc/!

hml<!!2.39

kQIU: A! bqzqVf<K! D ujv! dt<t! fqzlth<huiqe<! Gxqgt< P? Q? R? S! we<g/! hqe<H

AP = 5 lQ? AQ = 7 lQ? AR = 12 lQ? AS = 15 lQ? AD = 17 lQ? BP = 10 lQ? FQ = 8 lQ? CR = 8 lQ?
ES = 9 lQ. ogiMg<gh<hm<m! fqzlieK! siqugr<gt<! PRCB? FESQ lx<Xl<! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<
AQF? APB? DSE? CRD -ux<xqe<!%m<miGl< )hml< 2.40 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<).
siqugl< PRCB! e<! hvh<H! : BP ? CR -j{
hg<gr<gt</!Gk<Kbvl< PR. fil<!nxquK?
BP = 10 lQ? CR = 8 lQ?!lx<Xl<
PR = AR − AP = 12 − 5 = 7lQ.
NgOu? PRCB e<!hvh<H!= 1 (BP + CR) × PR
2
= 1 (10 + 8) × 7 = 63 lQ2 hml< 2.40
2
siqugl<! QFES e<! hvh<H; ES ? FQ -j{! hg<gr<gt</! Gk<Kbvl<! QS. ! fil<! nxquK!
ES = 9 lQ? FQ = 8 lQ ? QS = AS − AQ = 15 − 7 = 8lQ/!NgOu?
QFES e<!hvh<H!=! 1 (ES + FQ) × QS = 1 (9 + 8) × 8 = 17 × 4 = 68 lQ2
2 2
Lg<Ogi{l<!AQFe<!hvh<H! = 1 × AQ × FQ = 1 × 7 × 8 = 28 lQ2
2 2
Lg<Ogi{l< DSE e<!hvh<H!= 1 × DS × ES = 1 ×(AD − AS) × 9
2 2
= 1 (17 − 15) × 9 = 1 × 2 × 9 = 9 lQ2.
2 2
Lg<Ogi{l<! CRD e<!hvh<H! = 1 × RD × CR =1 × (AD − AR) × 8
2 2
= 4 × (17 − 12)= 4 × 5 = 20 lQ2.
Lg<Ogi{l<!APB e<!hvh<H! = 1 × AP × BP = 1 × 5 × 10 = 25lQ2
2 2
∴!fqzk<kqe<!hvh<H!= 63 + 68 + 28 + 9 + 20 + 25 = 213!lQ2.

41
wMk<Kg<gim<M 12: hml<!2.41 z<!gi{<hqg<gh<hm<m!ucuk<kqe<!hvh<H!g{<Mhqcg<gUl<!(π ≈ 22
7
weh<!hbe<hMk<kUl<).

hml< 2. 41

kQIU;! osu<ugl< ABDE? njvum<ml< AFE lx<Xl<! slhg<g! Lg<Ogi{l< BCD Ngqbux<xqe<!
-j{h<Oh!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!lje!we!fil<!nxqgqOxil</
osu<ugl< ABDE e<!hvh<H = 20 × 14 = 280 os/lQ2.
njvum<ml< AFE e<!hvh<H = 1 π × r2 = 1 × 22 × 7 × 7 = 77 os/lQ2
2 2 7
slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<!BCD!e<!hvh<H = 3 a = 3 × 14 × 14 = 49 3 os/lQ2.
2
4 4
∴ ljebqe<!hvh<H = 280 + 77 + 49 3 = 357 + 49 × 1.732
= 357 + 84.868 = 441.868 os.lQ2

wMk<Kg<gim<M 13: hml<! 2.42 z<! gi{<hqg<gh<hm<m! ucuk<kqe<! hvh<H! g{<Mhqcg<gUl< (π≈ 22
7
weh<!hbe<hMk<kUl<*/

glk; 2.42

kQIU; osu<ugl< ABCD? njvum<ml<! CDE lx<Xl<! giz<! um<mh<! hGkqgt<! AFD? BCG! e<!
-j{h<Oh ogiMg<gh<hm<m!lje!we!fil<!nxqgqOxil</!
osu<ugl<!ABCD!e<!hvh<H = 12 × 4 = 48!os/lQ2.
njvum<ml< CDE!e<!hvh<H!= 1 π × 6 × 6 = 22 × 3 × 6 = 396 = 56 4 os/lQ2.
2 7 7 7
4
giz<!um<mh<!hGkq AFD e<!hvh<H!= 1 π × 4 × 4 = 22 × 4 = 88 = 12 os.lQ2.
4 7 7 7
4
giz<!um<mh<!hGkq BCG e<!hvh<H = 12 os.lQ2.
7
4 4 4 5
∴ ljebqe<!hvh<H = 48 + 56 + 12 + 12 = 129 os.lQ2.
7 7 7 7

42
wMk<Kg<gim<M 14:!hml<!2.43 Nz<!$ph<hm<Mt<t!hvh<H!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!

hml< 2.43

kQIU;! -h<hml<?! osu<ugl< CDFG? njvum<ml< DEF lx<Xl<! siqugl<! ABCG Ngqbux<xqe<!
Osi<g<jgbiGl</!
osu<ugl< CDFG e<!hvh<H!= 28 × 13 = 364 os.lQ2.
siqugl< ABCG!e<!hvh<H = 1 (36 + 28) × 14 = 64 × 7 = 448 os.lQ2.
2
njvum<ml< DEF e<!hvh<H = 1 × 22 × 14 × 14 = 22 × 14 = 308 os.lQ2
2 7
∴ ogiMg<gh<hm<m!njlh<hqe<!hvh<H = 364 + 448 + 308 = 1120 os.lQ2.

sqz! slbr<gtqz<! fil<! ohiqb! kt! dVur<gtqzqVf<K! oum<c! fQg<gqb! lQkq!

dVur<gjtg<! gVk! Ou{<cBt<tK/! nux<xqe<! hvh<Hgjtg<! gi{! Olx<g{<muiX!
hvh<Hgjt!%m<Mukx<G!hkqzig!kvh<hm<m!dVuk<kqe<! hvh<hqzqVf<K?!oum<c!wMg<gh<hm<m!
dVur<gtqe<!hvh<Hgjtg<!gpqk<K!lQkq!dt<t!dVur<gtqe<!hvh<jhg<!gi{zil</!

um<m!ucu!ujtbk<kqe<!hvh<H!
yV! um<m! ujtbl<! we<hK! ohiK! jlbk<jkBjmb! -V! um<mr<gTg<G!
-jmh<hm<m!hGkqbiGl<!)hml<!2.44 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<*/!um<m!ujtbk<kqe<!hvh<hieK!outq!
um<mh<hvh<hqzqVf<K!dt<!um<mk<kqe<!hvh<jhg<!gpqk<kkx<Gs<!slliGl</!nkiuK?!
ujtb!hvh<H! = π R2 − π r2 = π (R2 − r2).

hml<!2.44

∴ njvum<m!ujtbk<kqe<!hvh<H!= 1 π (R2 − r2) sKv!nzGgt</

2

43
wMk<Kg<gim<M!15: hml<!2.45 z<!fqpzqmh<hm<m!hGkqbqe<!hvh<H!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!-f<k!hGkq!
giz<!um<mr<gtiz<!$ph<hm<Mt<tK!(π ≈ 22 weg<!ogit<tUl<).
7

hml< 2.45
kQIU;! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! fqpzqmh<hm<mh<! hGkq?! 28 os/lQ! hg<gLt<t! sKvk<kqz<! fie<G!
&jzgtqZl<!14 os.lQ NvLt<t!giz<!um<mh<!hGkqgjt!fQg<gqbkx<Gs<!slliGl</
sKvk<kqe<!hvh<H!= 28 × 28 = 784 os.lQ2.
yV!giz<!um<mk<kqe<!hvh<H = 1 π × 14 × 14 = 1 × 22 × 14 × 14 = 154 os.lQ2.
4 4 7
∴!Okjubie!hvh<H = 784 − 4(154) = 784 − 616 = 168!sKv!os/lQ/

wMk<Kg<gim<M 16: 7lQ ngzLt<t! YMhijk! hml< 2.46 z<! gim<cbuiX!

njlg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/! -ke<! dt<um<ms<! Sx<xtU! 720lQ lx<Xl<! yu<ouiV! OfIg<OgiMh<!
hGkqbqe<! fQtl< 140lQ. ujtUh<! hGkqgt<! njvum<m! ucuk<kqz<! dt<te/! YMhijkbqe<!
hvh<jhg<!g{<Mhqc (π ≈ 22 !weh<!hbe<hMk<kUl<).
7

!
!
!
!
! glk; 2.46
!
kQIU;! dt<! njvum<mk<kqe<! Nvl<! r we<g/! weOu! dt<! Sx<xtU 2 × 140 + 2 × (π × r)
nz<zK 280 + 2πr.!Neiz<!-ke<!lkqh<H 720lQ!we!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<tK.
∴ 280 + 2πr = 720 nz<zK!2πr = 440 nz<zK!r = 440 = 440 × 7 = 70 lQ.
2π 2 × 22
weOu!dt<!njvum<mk<kqe<!Nvl< r = 70lQ.
∴outq!njvum<mk<kqe<!Nvl< R = 70 + 7 = 77lQ.
-h<ohiPK! YM! hijkbqe<! hvh<hieK! njvum<m! ujtbr<gtqe<! hvh<H! lx<Xl<! osu<ug!
ucu!hijkbqe<! hvh<Hgtqe<! %MkZg<Gs<! slliGl</!Neiz<?!yV!!njvum<m!hijkbqe<!
hvh<H= 1 π (R2 − r2) = 1 × 22 × (772 − 702) = 11 × 147 × 7 = 1617 sKv lQ/
2 2 7 7

44
yV!osu<ug!ucu!hijkbqe<!hvh<H = 140 × 7 = 980 sKv lQ.
∴!hijkbqe<!hvh<H!= 2 × 1617 + 2 × 980 = 3234 + 1960 = 5194 sKv lQ.

wMk<Kg<gim<M 17: 4.2lQ/! hg<g! ntUt<t! yV! sKv! ucu! gm<cmk<kqe<! yV! outqh<Hx!
&jzbqz<! yV! hS! gm<mh<hm<Mt<tK/! gbqx<xqe<! fQtl< 4.9 lQ weqz<?! hS! Olbg<%cb!
hGkqbqe<!hvh<H!g{<Mhqc!(π ≈ 22 !weh<!hbe<hMk<kUl<).
7
kQIU;!sKvk<kqe<! A!we<x!Ljebqz<! hS!gm<mh<hm<M!dt<tK (hml< 2.47 Jh<! hii<g<gUl<*/!
gbqx<xqe<! fQtl< 4.9lQ lx<Xl<! Sux<xqe<! fQtl< 4.2lQ/! hSuieK! Sux<jxg<! gmg<g!
-bzikkiz<?!!nke<! gbqX!sKvk<kqe<! B lx<Xl< E!Ljegjtk<! ki{<c D!lx<Xl< G
ujv fQt<gqxK/! weOu?! hSuieK 4.9lQ NvLt<t! Lg<giz<! um<mh<hGkq! lx<Xl<!!!!!!
4.9 − 4.2 = 0.7lQ!NvLt<t!-V!giz<um<mh<!hGkqgt<!Ngqbux<jx!Olb!LcBl</!!
∴ hS!Olbg<%cb!hvh<H!
!!!
= 3 × π × 4.9 × 4.9 + 2 × 1 × π × 0.7 × 0.7
4 4
= 3 × 22 × 4.9 × 4.9 + 1 × 22 × 0.7 × 0.7
4 7 2 7
= 33 × 0.7 × 4.9 + 11 × 0.1 × 0.7
2
= 56. 595 + 0.77

= 57.365lQ2.
hml< 2.47
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M! 18:! hml<! 2.48! z<! fqpzqmh<hm<m! hGkqbqe<! hvh<hqjeg<! g{<Mhqc! (π≈ 22
7
weg<!ogit<tUl<*/

hml< 2.48

kQIU;!fqpzqmh<hm<m!hGkqbqe<!hvh<H!= (14 os.lQ NvLt<t!njvum<mk<kqe<!hvh<H)

− (7 os.lQ. NvLt<t!njvum<mk<kqe<!hvh<H*!
= 1 × π × (14)2 − 1 × π × (7)2
2 2
= 1 × 22 × 14 × 14 − 1 × 22 × 7 × 7 = 11 × 2 × 14 − 11 × 7 = 308 − 77 = 231 os.lQ2.
2 7 2 7
!
!

45
 hbqx<sq 2.2

1. fqzlth<huiqe<! Ofim<Mh<! Hk<kgk<kqZt<t! hqe<uVl<! Gxqh<HgtqzqVf<K! dkuqh<hml<!

ujvf<K!nux<xqe<!hvh<Hgjtg<!g{<Mhqc;!
(i) (ii) (iii)

hml<! 2.50
hml<!2.49 hml<!2.51!

2. yV! uqjtbim<M! jlkiel<! hml<! 2.52 z<!

gim<cbuiX! -V! OfIOgim<Mk<! K{<Mgt<!
lx<Xl<! -V! njvum<m! uqz<gtiz<!
dVuig<gh<hmOu{<Ml</! yu<ouiV! njv!
um<mk<kqe<! Nvl<! 21lQ. yu<ouiV! glk; 2.52
Ofi<g<Ogim<Mk<!K{<ce<!fQtl< 85lQ.
uqjtbim<Mk<!kqmzqe<!hvh<jh!g{<Mhqc (π ≈ 22 weg<!ogit<tUl</).
7
3. yV!siqugk<kqe<!-V!-j{!hg<gr<gtqe<!fQtr<gt<!22 os.lQ lx<Xl<!12 os.lQ. nke<!
lx<x!-V!hg<gr<gt<!yu<ouie<Xl<!10 os.lQ fQtl<!weqz<?!nke<!hvh<H!gi{<g/!!

4. YI!yPr<G!nXr<Ogi{k<kqe<!hvh<H!150 3 os.lQ2 weqz<?!nke<!hg<gk<jkg<!!!!

!!!!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!!

5. hml<!2.53 z<!fqpzqm<mh<!hGkqbqe<!hvh<hqjeg<!g{<Mhqc/!

!
hml<!2.53

46
 6. gQp<g<gi[l<!hmr<gtqe<!fqpzqm<mh<!hGkqgtqe<!hvh<Hgjtg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!

(i) (ii)

hml<!2.54

hml<!2.55
(iii) (iv)

hml<!2.56
hml<!2.57

7. yV!um<mk<kqe<!uqm<ml< 54 os.lQ.> nke<!yV!uqm<ml< AB OfIOgim<Mk<K{<M AB e<!

lQK C we<x! Ht<tq?! BC = 10 os.lQ we<xuiX! dt<tK/! AC ! J! uqm<mligg<!
ogi{<M! yV! um<ml<! ujvbh<hMgqxK/! nu<um<mr<gTg<gqjmh<hm<m! hvh<jhg<!
g{<Mhqcg<gUl</ π ≈ 22 weg<!ogit<tUl</!
7

8. hml<!2.58 z<!fqpzqm<m!hGkqbqe<!hvh<H!lx<Xl<!Sx<xtjug<!g{<Mhqc/!

hml<!2.58

9. 14 lQ hg<gLt<t! sKv! ucu! ubzqe<! fie<G! &jzgtqZl<! fie<G! hSg<gt<!

gm<mh<hm<Mt<te/! yu<ouiV! hSUl<! lx<x! -V! hSg<gjt! sf<kqg<gqe<x! ntuqx<Gg<!
gm<mh<hm<Mt<tK/! -h<hSg<gt<?! nux<xqe<! wz<jzg<Gm<hm<m! fqzh<hGkqbqe<! Hz<jz!
Olb<gqe<xe/!hSg<gt<! Olbik!fqzh<hGkqbqe<! hvh<hqjeg<! g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!π ≈ 22
7
weg<!ogit<tUl</!!

10. ABCD? 36lQ × 24lQ ntUt<t!yV!osu<ug!ucu!fqzliGl</!fie<G!&jzgtqZl<!

fie<G! Gkqjvgt< yu<ouie<Xl<! 10lQ. fQtg<! gbqx<xqeiz<! gm<mh<hm<Mt<te/!
yu<ouiV! GkqjvBl<! nkx<G! wm<cb! ujvbqz<! Olb<gqxK/! Gkqjvgt<! Olbik!
fqzh<hGkqbqe<!hvh<hqjeg<!g{<Mhqc. π ≈ 22 weg<!ogit<tUl</!
7

47
 uqjmgt;

hbqx<sq 2.1

1. (i) 27 os.lQ2 (ii) 480 os.lQ2 (iii) 27.71 os.lQ2

2. 704 os.lQ2 3. 60os.lQ2 4. 112 lQ? 3696 lQ2
5. 34 os.lQ 6. 4 os.lQ 7. 10 os.lQ
8. 62.22os.lQ

hbqx<sq!2.2

1. (i) 27?200 s/lQ (ii) 15?100 s/lQ (iii) 7?525 s/lQ

2. 4?956!s/lQ 3. 147.22 os.lQ2 4. 10 os.lQ
5. 140 lQ2
6. (i) 36.39!s/os.lQ (ii) 25 lQ2 (iii) 37.71 os.lQ2 (iv) 240.28 os.lQ2
7. 770 os.lQ2 8. 354.37 os.lQ2? 94 os.lQ 9. 42 lQ2 10. 549.71lQ2

48