Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8110

Structural Design 1 Lesson 5

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Lesson 5: Deflection in reinforced concrete beams
Cont ent
4.1 Introducti on
4.2 Defi ni ti ons
4.2.1 Tensi on
4.2.2 Compressi on
4.3 Ini ti al si zi ng
4.3.1 Worked exampl e
4.4 Rei nforcement detai l s
4.5 Anchorage at supports
4.6 Laps i n rei nforcement

4.1 I ntroduction to deflection (Cl . 3.4.6. BS8110)
As al ready menti oned we must remember to check serviceability as well as
ultimate limit states. The SLS for defl ecti on consi ders the performance of the
structure under Worki ng Loads such that the structure, or part of i t under
consi derati on, does not defl ect excessi vel y causi ng unsightly cracking and loss
of durability.
BS 8110 detail s how defl ecti ons and the accompanyi ng crack widths may be
cal cul ated. But for rectangul ar beams some simpl i fi ed procedures may be used to
sati sfy the requirements wi thout too much effort. Thi s approxi mate method for
rectangul ar beams i s based on permi ssibl e ratios of span/ effecti ve depth.







Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8110
Structural Design 1 Lesson 5

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4.2 Definitions:
For span read effecti ve span:
d
D
A


Here the effecti ve span i s the LESSER of:
The di stance between centres of beari ngs, A
OR The CLEAR span pl us the effecti ve depth, D+d
BS8110 Defl ecti on Cri teri a:
1. Total defl ecti on < span/ 250
OR 2. For spans up to 10 m, defl ecti on after parti ti ons and fi ni shes <
span/ 500 or 20 mm, whichever lesser.
These cri teri a are deemed to be sati sfi ed i n the fol l owi ng cases:

Tabl e 3.9 BS8110
Support Condi ti ons Span/ Effecti ve depth
(rectangul ar secti on)
For Ini ti al desi gn
Canti l ever 7 6
Si mpl y Supported 20 12
Conti nuous 26 15

The above BASI C rati os appl y to spans up to 10 m. For greater spans these
val ues shoul d be mul ti pl i ed by 10/ span. e.g. for 15m span 10/ 15 = 0.66666
Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8110
Structural Design 1 Lesson 5

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These BASIC rati os may be enhanced by provi si on AND over provi si on of both
tensi on and compressi on rei nforcement as shown by the foll owi ng tabl es.

4.2.1 Tension

Tabl e 3.10 BS8110
Servi ce M/ bd
2

stress fs 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
100 2 2 2 1.86 1.63 1.36 1.19 1.08 1.01
150 2 2 1.98 1.69 1.49 1.25 1.11 1.01 .94
250 156 2 2 1.96 1.66 1.47 1.24 1.10 1.00 .94
200 2 1.95 1.76 1.51 1.35 1.14 1.02 .94 .88
250 1.9 1.7 1.55 1.34 1.20 1.04 .94 .87 .82
460 288 1.68 1.5 1.38 1.21 1.09 0.95 .87 .82 .78
300 1.6 1.44 1.33 1.16 1.06 0.93 .85 .8 .76

The val ues i n the above tabl e are deri ved from:
Modification factor
where:
= the design ultimate moment
design service stress of tension reinforcement
=
and = the percentage of moment redistribution
= +

+
s
=

0 55
477
120 0 9
2 0
5
8
1
2
.
( )
( . )
.
,
,
f
M
bd
M
f
f A
A
s
s
y s req
s prov b
b

Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8110
Structural Design 1 Lesson 5

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4.2.3 Compression

Tabl e 3.11 BS8110
100A s,pr ov/ bd Factor
0.0 1
.15 1.05
.25 1.08
.35 1.1
.5 1.14
.75 1.2
1.0 1.25
1.5 1.33
2.0 1.4
2.5 1.45
>=3. 1.5

Note: defl ecti on i s usuall y more cri ti cal i n slab design ..

4.3 I nitial sizing
Al l designers devel op thei r own techni ques to hel p them start to tackl e the
probl em i n hand. The foll owi ng exampl e shows a si mpl e method of sizing a
beam using:

1. Span/ Effecti ve depth rati o to esti mate a sui tabl e depth for the
secti on.
2. Li mi ti ng the desi gn shear stress (v=V / bd) to say 1.2N/ mm
2
.
As the starti ng poi nt.

Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8110
Structural Design 1 Lesson 5

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4.3.1 Worked example
A si mpl y supported beam has an effecti ve span of 9 m and supports l oads as
shown. Determi ne sui tabl e di mensi ons for the effecti ve depth and wi dth of the
beam.

9 m
q = 20 kN/m
g = 15 kN/m
k
k


From the tabl e of Span/ d for i ni ti al si zi ng
Span
d
d
Span
mm
=
= = =
12
12
9000
12
750


Total Ul ti mate Load
( . . ) ( . . ) 14 16 14 15 16 20 9 477 g q span kN
k k
+ = + =

Desi gn Shear Force V
V kN = =
477
2
2385 .

Limiting v to 1.2 N/mm2. Gives b
v
V
bd b
b mm
= = =

~
12
2385 10
750
2385 10
12 750
275
3
3
.
.
.
.
(to nearest 25 mm)

Hence a beam of wi dth 275 mm and effecti ve depth 750 mm woul d be sui tabl e to
support the gi ven desi gn l oads.


Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8110
Structural Design 1 Lesson 5

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4.4 Reinforcement Details
The code (BS8110) requires the fi nal desi gn to pay attenti on to:
1. Mi n and Max rei nforcement as a percentage of the gross CSA. (Cl.
3.12.5.3. & 3.12.6.1) - Thi s wil l on the one hand, hel p the control of
cracki ng, i ncrease durabi li ty, whil e on the other assi st pl aci ng and
compacti on.
0 24% 4% 250
013% 4% 460
2
2
. /
. /
bh A f N mm
bh A f N mm
s y
s y
s s =
s s =
when
when

2. Mi n and Max spaci ng of tensi on rei nforcement (Cl . 3.12.11.1.) - To all ow
good compacti on and to ensure crack wi dths do not exceed 0.3 mm
respecti vel y.

h f N mm
h f N mm
agg b y
agg b y
+ s s =
+ s s =
5 300 250
5 160 460
2
2
mm or bar size s mm when
mm or bar size s mm when
/
/


3. Curtai l ment and (Cl. 3.12.9.) - To all ow for the vari ati on i n bendi ng
moment decrease towards the supports i n a simpl y supported beam.

THEORETI CALLY - 50% of the bars may be curtai l ed at poi nts A & B as shown
bel ow.
Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8110
Structural Design 1 Lesson 5

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l
wl
8
wl
16
wl
16
2
2
2
A
s
A
s
2
A
s
2
A B
x = 0.146 l
w


PRACTI CALLY
However i n order to devel op any stress i n these bars they must be anchored i nto
the concrete. Except at the end supports the bars are therefore normal ly extended
beyond thi s theoreti cal cut-off poi nt by:
The greater of d OR 12
Al so where a bar i s stopped i n the tensi on zone FULL anchorage length i s
sti pul ated:

Tabl e 3.29 - FULL Anchorage l engths as bar size mul ti pl es
Rei nforcement LA
Type 25 30 35 >=40
Pl ai n Tensi on 39 36 33 31
Compressi on 32 29 27 25
Deformed (1) Tensi on 51 46 43 40
Compressi on 41 37 34 32
Deformed (2) Tensi on 41 37 34 32
Compressi on 32 29 27 26


Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8110
Structural Design 1 Lesson 5

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Si mpl i fi ed Rul es for SS Beams and Canti levers (Cl . 3.12.10.2.)

l
0.08 l 0.08 l
Cut-off 50% of bars
l
OR 45
l
2
|
Cut-off 50% of bars



4.5 Anchorage at Supports
Each tensi on bar wi l l be deemed properl y anchored if they extend:
a) 12 | beyond C-L of support
b) 12 | + d/ 2 from face of support

C
L
12|
+ 12|
d
2

Reinforced Concrete Design to BS8110
Structural Design 1 Lesson 5

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Hooks and bends may be used where necessary to provi de adequate anchorage
l engths but they must not begi n before the centre of support when used to meet
condi ti on a) OR before d/ 2 from the face for condi ti on b).

For Mi ld Steel rmi n = 2|
For Hi gh Yi el d Steel rmi n = 3| OR 4| for >=25 mm.

|
r
4 |
|
r
4 |

For 90 bend LA = 4r < 12
For Hook LA = 8r < 24

4.6 Laps I n Reinforcement

To enabl e conti nui ty of rei nforcement at constructi on joi nts and to enabl e bar
l engths to be man-handl ed l apped bars are normal l y detail ed.
Mi n l ap l ength > 15| OR 300 mm
Tensi on Laps Use Anchorage Length L=LA .
where | i s the di ameter of the smal l er bar.

Compression Laps Use 1.25 ti mes the compressi on anchorage l ength.