Gcse Chemistry Definitions

Melting Freezing Condensation Evaporation Melting Point Freezing Point Boiling Point Diffusion Filtration Distillation Fractional Distillation Atomic Number Atom Solid changing into a liquid Liquid changing into a solid Gas/vapour changing into a liquid Liquid changing into a gas/vapour Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid Temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid Temperature at which a liquid changes into a vapour at atmospheric pressure The random movement and mixing if different particles with each other Separating an insoluble solid from a liquid due to particle size Separating a liquid from a solution by evaporation and condensing due to a difference of boiling points Separating a mixture of liquids due to a difference of boiling points The number of protons in an atom A neutral particle where the number of electrons equals the number of protons. The smallest unit of an element, having all the characteristics of that element The sum of the protons and neutrons The centre of the atom which contains protons and neutrons Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number and different number of neutrons Made of only one type of atom Made of two or more different atoms chemically joined together Made of two or more different components which are not chemically joined together

Mass Number Nucleus Isotope Element Compound Mixture

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Group Period Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Halogens Noble Gases Transition Metals

The columns in the Periodic Table. The Group Number equals the number of electrons in the outer shell The rows of the Periodic Table. The Period Number equals the number of shells used by the electrons of the atom. Group 1 elements. The most reactive metals (more reactive as the group is descended) Group 2 elements Group 7 elements. The most reactive non metals (more reactive as the group is ascended) Group 0 elements. They have a full outer shell of electrons and are therefore not reactive and do not form compounds. The block of elements between Groups 2 and 3. They are the heavy metals and they form coloured compounds (except silver and zinc) Transfer of electrons so as to achieve a full outer shell of electrons. This results in the formation of ions. Sharing of an electron pair between atoms. This results in the formation of a molecule. A charged particle resulting from ionic bonding. The number of electrons are not equal to the number of protons. A particle formed from covalent bonding which is neutral. Change in product or reactant concentration Time The more frequent the collision of particles the greater the rate of reaction.

Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Ion Molecule Rate Of Reaction

Catalyst Enzyme

Substance which increases the rate of reaction without chemically being changed. It lowers the activation energy of the reaction. A biological catalyst eg. Amylase

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Relative Formula Mass Mole

The sum of the atomic masses of elements in a compound. The formula mass expressed in grams. Mole = mass Formula mass

Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction pH Base

A reaction which gives out heat. A reaction which takes in heat. A scale of 0 14 which identifies solution as acidic, neutral or alkaline. A substance with a pH higher than 7, and which has a high concentration of hydroxyl ions. Bases react with acids to form a salt and water (called neutralisation). Metal hydroxides, oxides and carbonates are all bases. They have a pH less than 7 and neutralise bases or alkalis to form salt and water. Acidity is caused by a high concentration of hydrogen ions. They have a pH greater than 7 and neutralise acids to form salt and water. Soluble base A reaction where acids react to form salts and water. H+ + OH- H2O A reaction where a substance burns in oxygen combining to form the oxide and giving out energy. A reaction where a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from a solution of its compound. A reaction where a compound is broken down into simpler substances using heat eg. Metal carbonates Metal Oxide + Carbon Dioxide A reaction where oxygen is added to a substance eg. Copper + Oxygen Copper Oxide Oxidation also means a loss of electrons. A reaction where oxygen is removed from a substance Eg. Iron oxide Iron + + Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide Reduction also means a gain in electrons.
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Acid

Alkali Neutralisation Combustion Displacement

Thermal Decomposition

Oxidation Reduction

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Electrolysis Electrolyte Anode Cathode Reversible Reaction Fertilisers

A reaction where an ionic compound is split up by electricity. The ionic compound which is split up by electrolysis. The positive terminal (electrode). The negative terminal (electrode) A reaction where reactants change to products which can then change back to reactants. Chemical compounds ( eg. Ammonium compounds) which are added to soil to increase the quantity and quality of crops. Process where lakes and rivers which are rich in nutrients due to leaching of fertilisers, encourages the growth of plant life which is decomposed by bacteria using oxygen in the water. A mixture of hydrocarbons formed from the remains of dead sea life which was covered with silt on the sea bed and compressed over millions of years A substance formed from the dead remains of plants or animals which will burn in air eg. Coal, natural gas A substance which contains carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Process where long chain hydrocarbons of little value are broken down by heat and a catalyst into smaller, more useful hydrocarbons A hydrocarbon which only has single covalent bonds between all atoms. A hydrocarbon which has at least one double bond between two neighbouring carbon atoms. A saturated hydrocarbon eg CH4 methane An unsaturated hydrocarbon eg CH2=CH2 ethene A reaction where many small alkene molecules join up to form a long chain molecule of repeating units.

Eutrophication

Crude Oil

Fossil Fuel Hydrocarbon Cracking

Saturated Unsaturated Alkane Alkene Polymerisation

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Solubility

The maximum mass of solute which will dissolve in 100g of solvent to form a saturated solution at that particular temperature Water which does not rather readily with soap. A homologous series is a group of molecules with the same general formula and the same functional group. They have similar physical and chemical properties (albeit with trends e.g. increasing boiling point with increasing carbon chain length) An organic compound in which all the carbon atoms are connected by single bonds. An organic compound in which contains at least one carbon- carbon double bond. Addition polymers are made when alkenes add together across a double bond. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. This means that each carbon atom has four bonds to other atoms Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a double bond between the carbon atoms. A formula is a combination of symbols that indicates the ratio of the atoms in a compound Is two or more different atoms held together by chemical bonds. It is the smallest part of a compound that displays its properties. Two or more of the same atoms chemically bonded together. Is a substance formed in a chemical reaction. Is a substance put together with another substance/substances to undergo a chemical reaction. A substance with a pH higher than 7, and which has a high concentration of hydroxyl ions. Bases react with acids to form a salt and water (called neutralisation). Metal hydroxides, oxides and carbonates are all bases. A compound formed by neutralisation of an acid by a base (eg a metal oxide) - the result of hydrogen atoms in the acid being replaced by metal atoms or positive ions. A solute is the material that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution. A solution is the mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent. A solvent is the liquid in which the solute dissolves to form a solution. Filtrate is fluid that has passed through a filter.

Hard Water A Homologous Series

Saturated Unsaturated Addition Polymer Alkanes Alkenes Formula Molecule Of A Compound Molecule Of An Element Product Reactant Bases

Salt

Solute Solution Solvent Filtrate

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