Transf 2 D

O HOA MAY TNH
Dng Anh c, Le nh Duy Cac phep bien oi trong o hoa 2 chieu 1/16
C
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g

o
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a
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h
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c
c
h
h
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e
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u
a a n n n nh ha a p p
an chaf cua phop bIon doI hnh hoc Ia fhay doI cac
mo fa vo foa do cua doI fuong, fu do Iam doI fuong
fhay doI vo huong, kch fhuoc, hnh dang.
Co haI quan dIom vo phop bIon doI hnh hoc, do Ia:
Ion doI doI fuong : fhay doI foa do cua cac dIom mo fa
doI fuong fhoo mof quI fac nao do.
Ion doI ho foa do : fao ra mof ho foa do moI va faf ca
cac dIom mo fa doI fuong so duoc chuyon vo ho foa do
moI.
Cac phop bIon doI hnh hoc co so : fjnh fIon, quay,
bIon doI fI Io.
C Ca a c c p ph ho o p p b bI Io o n n d do o I I h h n nh h h ho o c c c co o s so o
Mof phop bIon doI dIom Ia mof anh xa T :
( ) ( ) ' , ' ,
:
2 2
y x Q y x P
R R T
a
Hay T Ia ham so
( ) y x T ,
fhoo haI bIon
( ) y x,
:
( )
( )
'
y x g y
y x f x
, '
, '
O HOA MAY TNH
Phop bIon doI affIno Ia phop bIon doI voI
( ) y x f ,
va
( ) y x g ,
Ia cac ham fuyon fnh. Phop bIon doI nay co
dang :
0 , , , , , , ,
'
'

'
+ +
+ +
bc ad R f e d c b a
f dy bx y
e cy ax x
Ta chI khao saf cac phop bIon doI affIno, non so
dung cum fu phop bIon doI fhay cho phop bIon doI
affIno
P Ph ho o p p f fj jn nh h f fI Io o n n
Phop fjnh fIon dung do djch chuyon doI fuong fu vj
fr nay sang vj fr khac.
Nou goI
x
tr
va y
tr
Ian Iuof Ia do doI fhoo fruc hoanh
va fruc fung fh foa do cua dIom moI
( ) ' , ' y x Q
sau khI
fjnh fIon dIom
( ) y x P ,
so Ia :
'
+
+
y
x
tr y y
tr x x
'
'
,
( )
y x
tr tr ,
duoc goI Ia vocfor fjnh fIon hay vocfor do doI.
P
x
y
Q
tr
x
tr
y
(a)
y
x
(2,3) (4,3)
(6,1) (8,1)
(b)
O HOA MAY TNH
P Ph ho o p p b bI Io o n n d do o I I f fI I I Io o
Phop bIon doI fI Io Iam fhay doI kch fhuoc doI
fuong. o co hay gIan foa do cua mof dIom
( ) y x P ,
fhoo fruc hoanh va fruc fung Ian Iuof Ia x
s
va y
s
, fa
nhan x
s
va y
s
Ian Iuof cho cac foa do cua P.
'
y s y
x s x
y
x
. '
. '
, x
s
va y
s
duoc goI Ia cac ho so fI Io.
KhI cac gIa frj x
s
, y
s
nho hon 1, phop bIon doI so
fhu nho doI fuong, nguoc IaI khI cac gIa frj nay Ion
hon 1, phop bIon doI so phong Ion doI fuong.
KhI x
s
, y
s
bang nhau, fa goI do Ia phop dong dang
|unIform scaIIng), phop dong dang Ia phop bIon doI
bao foan fnh can xung cua doI fuong.
Tam fI Io Ia dIom khong bj fhay doI qua phop bIon
doI fI Io.
Nhan xof rang khI phop bIon doI fI Io fhu nho doI
fuong, doI fuong so duoc doI vo gan goc foa do hon,
fuong fu khI phong Ion doI fuong, doI fuong so duoc
djch chuyon xa goc foa do hon.
y
x
(2,3) (4,3)
(10,1.5) (5,1.5)
O HOA MAY TNH
P Ph ho o p p q qu ua ay y
Phop quay Iam fhay doI huong cua doI fuong.
Mof phop quay doI hoI phaI co fam quay, goc quay.
Coc quay duong fhuong duoc quy uoc Ia chIou nguoc
chIou kIm dong ho. Ta co cong fhuc bIon doI cua
phop quay dIom
( ) y x P ,
quanh goc foa do mof goc
'
+

y x y
y x x
. cos . sIn '
. sIn . cos '

y
x
O HOA MAY TNH
H Ho o f fo o a a d do o f fh hu ua a n n n nh ha a f f
Toa do fhuan nhaf cua mof dIom fron maf phang
duoc bIou dIon bang bo ba so fI Io
( ) h y x
h h
, ,
khong
dong fhoI bang 0 va IIon ho voI cac foa do
( ) y x,
cua
dIom do boI cong fhuc :
h
y
y
h
x
x
h h
,
Nou mof dIom co foa do fhuan nhaf Ia
( ) z y x , ,
fh no
cung co foa do fhuan nhaf Ia
( ) z h y h x h . , . , .
frong do h
Ia so fhuc khac 0 baf k.
MoI dIom
( ) y x P ,
so duoc bIou dIon duoI dang foa do
fhuan nhaf Ia
( ) 1 , , y x
.
O HOA MAY TNH
I Io o u u d dI Io o n n m ma a f fr ra a n n c cu u a a c ca a c c p ph ho o p p b bI Io o n n d do o I I
Phop fjnh fIon
( ) ( )
,
_
1
0 1 0
0 0 1
. 1 1 ' '
y x
tr tr
y x y x
hay
( )
y x T
tr tr M P Q , .
voI
( )
,
_
1
0 1 0
0 0 1
,
y x
y x T
tr tr
tr tr M
Phop bIon doI fI Io
( ) ( )
,
_
1 0 0
0 0
0 0
. 1 1 ' '
y
x
s
s
y x y x
hay
( )
y x S
s s M P Q , .
voI
( )
,
_
1 0 0
0 0
0 0
,
y
x
y x S
s
s
s s M
Phop quay quanh goc foa do
( ) ( )
,
_

1 0 0
0 cos sIn
0 sIn cos
. 1 1 ' '

y x y x
hay
( )
R
M P Q .
voI
( )
,
_

1 0 0
0 cos sIn
0 sIn cos

R
M
O HOA MAY TNH
K Ko o f f h ho o p p c ca a c c p ph ho o p p b bI Io o n n d do o I I
Qua frnh ap dung cac phop bIon doI IIon fIop do fao
non mof phop bIon doI fong fho duoc goI Ia su kof
hop cac phop bIon doI |composIng fransformafIon)
K Ko o f f h ho o p p c ca a c c p ph ho o p p f fj jn nh h f fI Io o n n
Nou fa fhuc hIon phop fjnh fIon Ion
( ) y x P ,
duoc P ,
roI IaI fhuc hIon fIop mof phop fjnh fIon khac Ion P,
fa duoc dIom
( ) ' , ' y x Q
. Nhu vay, Q Ia anh cua phop
bIon doI kof hop haI phop fjnh fIon IIon fIop
( )
1 1 1
,
y x T
tr tr M
va
( )
2 2 2
,
y x T
tr tr M
co foa do :
( ) { } ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
, . , . , . , .
y x T y x T y x T y x T
tr tr M tr tr M P tr tr M tr tr M P Q
Ta co :
( ) ( )
,
_
,
_
1
0 1 0
0 0 1
.
1
0 1 0
0 0 1
, . ,
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
y x y x
y x T y x T
tr tr tr tr
tr tr M tr tr M
,
_
+ +
1
0 1 0
0 0 1
2 1 2 1 y y x x
tr tr tr tr
hay :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
, , . ,
y y x x T y x T y x T
tr tr tr tr M tr tr M tr tr M + +
Vay kof hop haI phop fjnh fIon Ia mof phop fjnh
fIon. Tu do fa co kof hop cua nhIou phop fjnh fIon
cung Ia mof phop fjnh fIon.
O HOA MAY TNH
K Ko o f f h ho o p p c ca a c c p ph ho o p p b bI Io o n n d do o I I f fI I I Io o
Tuong fu nhu phop fjnh fIon, fa co foa do dIom
( ) ' , ' y x Q
Ia dIom co duoc sau khI kof hop haI phop fI
Io
( )
1 1 1
,
y x S
s s M
va
( )
2 2 2
,
y x S
s s M
Ia :
( ) { } ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
, . , . , . , .
y x S y x S y x S y x S
s s M s s M P s s M s s M P Q
Ta co :
( ) ( )
,
_
,
_
1 0 0
0 0
0 0
.
1 0 0
0 0
0 0
, . ,
2
2
1
1
2 2 2 1 1 1 y
x
y
x
y x S y x S
s
s
s
s
s s M s s M
,
_
1 0 0
0 . 0
0 0 .
2 1
2 1
y y
x x
s s
s s
hay :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
. , . , . ,
y y x x S y x S y x S
s s s s M s s M s s M
Vay kof hop haI phop fI Io Ia mof phop fI Io. o
dang mo rong cho kof qua : kof hop cua nhIou phop
fI Io cung Ia mof phop fI Io.
O HOA MAY TNH
K Ko o f f h ho o p p c ca a c c p ph ho o p p q qu ua ay y
Tuong fu, fa co foa do dIom
( ) ' , ' y x Q
Ia dIom phaf
sInh sau khI kof hop haI phop quay quanh goc foa do
( )
1 1

R
M
va
( )
2 2

R
M
Ia :
( ) { } ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
. . . .
R R R R
M M P M M P Q
Ta co :
( ) ( )
,
_
,
_

1 0 0
0 cos sIn
0 sIn cos
.
1 0 0
0 cos sIn
0 sIn cos
.
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2 1 1

R R
M M
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
,
_
+ +
+ +
1 0 0
0 cos sIn
0 sIn cos
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1

hay :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 2 1 1
. +
R R R
M M M
Vay kof hop haI phop quay quanh goc foa do Ia mof
phop quay quanh goc foa do. Tu do do dang suy ra
kof hop cua nhIou phop quay quanh goc foa do cung
Ia mof phop quay quanh goc foa do.
O HOA MAY TNH
P Ph ho o p p q qu ua ay y c co o f fa a m m q qu ua ay y I Ia a d dI Io o m m b ba a f f k k
CIa su fam quay co foa do
( )
R R
y x I ,
, fa co fho xom
phop quay quanh fam I mof goc
duoc kof hop fu

cac phop bIon doI co so sau :
Tjnh fIon fhoo vocfor fjnh fIon
( )
R R
y x ,
do djch chuyon
fam quay vo goc foa do |dua vo fruong hop quay quanh
goc foa do).
Quay quanh goc foa do mof goc .
Tjnh fIon fhoo vocfor fjnh fIon
( )
R R
y x ,
do dua fam quay
vo IaI vj fr ban dau.
Ta co ma fran cua phop bIon doI :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
R R T R R R T R R R
y x M M y x M y x M , . . , , ,
,
_
,
_
,
_
1
0 1 0
0 0 1
.
1 0 0
0 cos sIn
0 sIn cos
.
1
0 1 0
0 0 1
R R R R
y x y x

( ) ( )

,
_
+ +

1 cos 1 . sIn . sIn cos 1
0 cos sIn
0 sIn cos
R R R R
y x y x

x
y
x
y
x
y
I(x
R
,y
R
)
x
y
I(x
R
,y
R
)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
O HOA MAY TNH
M Mo o f f s so o f f n nh h c ch ha a f f c cu u a a p ph ho o p p b bI Io o n n d do o I I a af ff fI In no o
ao foan duong fhang : anh cua duong fhang qua
phop bIon doI affIno Ia duong fhang.
o bIon doI mof doan fhang qua haI dIom A va , chI
can fhuc hIon phop bIon doI cho A va .
o bIon doI mof da gIac, chI can fhuc hIon phop bIon doI
doI voI cac dInh cua da gIac.
ao foan fnh song song : anh cua haI duong fhang
song song Ia song song.
Anh cua cac hnh vuong, hnh chu nhaf, hnh fhoI, hnh
bnh hanh sau phop bIon doI Ia hnh bnh hanh.
ao foan fnh fI Io vo khoang cach : Nou dIom C chIa
doan A fhoo fI so f fh anh cua C cung so chIa anh
cua doan A fhoo fI so f.
Trong hnh vuong, cac duong choo caf nhau faI frung
dIom cua moI duong non cac duong choo cua baf k hnh
bnh hanh nao cung caf nhau faI frung dIom cua moI
duong.
Trong fam gIac dou, gIao dIom cua ba duong frung fuyon
chIa moI duong fhoo fI so 1:2. o anh cua fam gIac dou
qua phop bIon doI affIno Ia mof fam gIac non gIao dIom
cua cac duong frung fuyon frong mof fam gIac cung so
chIa chung fhoo fI Io 1:2.
O HOA MAY TNH
P Ph ho o p p d do o I I x xu u n ng g
Phop doI xung fruc co fho xom Ia phop quay quanh
fruc doI xung mof goc 180
0
.
Truc doI xung Ia fruc hoanh :
,
_

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Rfx
M
Truc doI xung Ia fruc fung :
,
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Rfy
M
P Ph ho o p p b bI Io o n n d da a n ng g
Phop bIon dang Ia phop bIon doI Iam fhay doI, moo
mo hnh dang cua cac doI fuong.
Ion dang fhoo phuong fruc x so Iam fhay doI hoanh
do con fung do van gIu nguyon :
,
_
1 0 0
0 1
0 0 1
xy Shx
sh M
Ion dang fhoo phuong fruc y so Iam fhay doI fung
do con hoanh do van gIu nguyon :
,
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 1
yx
Shy
sh
M
x
y
(1,1) (3,1)
(3,3) (1,3)
(4,1) (6,1)
(12,3) (10,3)
O HOA MAY TNH
P Ph ho o p p b bI Io o n n d do o I I n ng gu uo o c c
Phop bIon doI nguoc dung do undo mof phop bIon doI
da fhuc hIon.
Q Ia anh cua P qua phop bIon doI T co ma fran bIon
doI M Ia :
PM Q
, non phop bIon doI nguoc T
-1
so
co ma fran bIon doI Ia M
-1
voI M
-1
Ia ma fran nghjch
dao cua ma fran M.
VoI gIa fhIof ban dau vo ma fran M Ia
0 bc ad
,
fa co cong fhuc fnh ma fran nghjch dao M
-1
cua
,
_
1
0
0
f e
d c
b a
M
Ia :
,
_
1
0
0
1
1
af be de cf
a c
b d
bc ad
M
Ma fran cua cac phop bIon doI nguoc cua cac phop
bIon doI co so fjnh fIon, fI Io, quay :
( ) ( )
y x T
y x
y x T
tr tr M
tr tr
tr tr M
,
_
,
1
0 1 0
0 0 1
,
1
( )
,
_
,
_
,
_
y x
S
y
x
x
y
y x
y x S
s s
M
s
s
s
s
s s
s s M
1
,
1
1 0 0
0
1
0
0 0
1
1 0 0
0 0
0 0
1
,
1
( ) ( )

,
_
R R
M M
1 0 0
0 cos sIn
0 sIn cos
1
O HOA MAY TNH
P Ph ha a n n r ra a p ph ho o p p b bI Io o n n d do o I I
Mof phop bIon dang fhoo phuong fruc x co fho duoc
phan ra fhanh fch cua mof phop bIon doI fI Io va
mof phop bIon dang don vj, va voI mof phop bIon doI
fI Io khac fhoo cong fhuc sau :
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0
1
1 0 0
0 1
0 0 1
xy
xy
xy
sh
sh
sh
Phop bIon dang don vj con co fho duoc phan ra fIop :
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
1 0 0
0 cos sIn
0 sIn cos
1 0 0
0
1
0
0 0
1 0 0
0 cos sIn
0 sIn cos
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 0 1

frong do
( )
'
,
_
0 1
0 1
72 . 31
1
fan
28 . 58 fan

Tu do, mof phop bIon doI baf k co fho duoc phan ra
fhanh cac phop bIon doI co so sau :
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
1
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0
0
1 0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0 0
0 1
0 0 1
1
0
0
2
f e
Q
a
Q
b
Q
b
Q
a
Q
bc ad
Q
Q
bd ac
f e
d c
b a
frong do
2 2 2
b a Q +
Suy ra : af k phop bIon doI nao cung duoc kof hop
fu cac phop fjnh fIon, fI Io va quay.
O HOA MAY TNH
P Ph ho o p p b bI Io o n n d do o I I g gI Iu u a a c ca a c c h ho o f fo o a a d do o
o fhuan fIon cho vIoc mo fa doI fuong, fhong
fhuong doI fuong so duoc mo fa frong cac ho foa do
cuc bo gan voI chung. Tuy nhIon do co fho hIon fhj
foan bo mof anh bao gom nhIou doI fuong fhanh
phan, cac mo fa nay phaI duoc chuyon vo mof ho foa
do chung duy nhaf.
VIoc chuyon doI nay fhuong duoc chIa Iam haI IoaI :
chuyon fu cac ho foa do khong phaI Ia ho foa do
oscarfos nhu ho foa do cuc, ho foa do cau, ho foa do
oIIIpfIc, sang ho foa do oscarfos, va chuyon doI
gIua haI ho foa do oscarfos. Trong phan nay chung
fa so khao saf phop bIon doI gIua haI ho foa do
oscarfos voI nhau.
O HOA MAY TNH
CIa su fa co ho foa do |I) co goc foa do O va cac
vocfor don vj Ian Iuof Ia
j i,
. Ho foa do |II) Ia anh
cua ho foa do |I) qua phop bIon doI T|M), co goc foa
do Ia O va cac vocfor don vj Ian Iuof Ia
v u,
.
Iuc nay mof dIom
( ) y x P ,
baf k frong ho foa do |I)
so duoc bIon doI fhanh dIom
( ) b a Q ,
frong ho foa do
|II). Van do daf ra o day Ia moI IIon ho gIua
b a,
voI
M y x , ,
nhu fho nao.
NguoI fa chung mInh duoc rang
1
PM Q
P
O i
j
O'
u
v

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Transf 2 D

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O HOA MAY TNH

duoc kof hop fu

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