CHONG 2

GO HAN VA S LKN TC CA HAM SO

;2.1. GO HAN CA HAM SO
1. OKM T
Cho , . D D So fhuc x
`
|khong nhaf fhIof fhuoc D)
duoc goI Ia dIom fu cua D co nghIa Ia
* *
0, , va , x D x x x x
noI cach khac, Iuon co so x fhuoc D, khac x
`
va gan x
`
fuy y.
Menh de 2.1.1. 8o tbuc x
`
/a Jicm tu cua D ncu oa cbl ncu co mot
Jay so ( )
n
x Dsao cbo
* *
, ; ong thi .
n n
x x x x x
Chung mInh danh cho sInh vIon.
2. GO HAN CA HAM SO
Cho : ( ) f D Ia ham so xac djnh fron D, x

Ia dIom fu
cua D. Ta noI j|x) fIon vo L khI x fIon vo x
`
, ky hIou Ia
*
lim ( ) ,
x x
f x L co nghIa Ia

*
0, 0, , neu 0 th ( ) . x D x x f x L
So L duoc goI Ia gioi ban cua j tai Jicm x
`
.
3. OAC TRNG CA GO HAN HAM SO THONG QA OAY
SO
Menh de 2.1.2.
*
lim ( )
x x
f x L kbi oa cbl kbi ung ooi moi Jay bay ky
*
( ) \{ }
n
x D x tboa
*
,
n
x x ta /uon co ( )
n
f x L kbi . n
Cbung minb pban tbuan. CIa su
*
lim ( )
x x
f x L . KhI do, ung voI day
|x
n
) baf ky chua frong
*
\ { } D x fhoa
*
,
n
x x fa so chung mInh
( )
n
f x L khI . n Thaf vay, cho fruoc so duong fuy y, fa co so
0 fhoa

*
, neu 0 th ( ) x D x x f x L |1)
Ma
* *
va
n n
x x x x non fa co so fu nhIon p fhoa
Sv can d cac gi giang & thc hanh tren lp e hieu tom tat noi dung
2


*
, 0
n
n p x x |2)
Tu |1) va |2) fa suy ra , ( )
n
n p f x L Vay ( )
n
f x L.
Cbung minb pban Jao. CIa su ung voI moI day |x
n
) chua frong
*
\ { } D x fhoa
*
,
n
x x fa Iuon co ( )
n
f x L khI . n KhI do, fa
chung mInh
*
lim ( ) .
x x
f x L Thaf vay, nou dIou can chung mInh Ia saI,
nghIa Ia co so duong
0
fhoa dIou sau

*
0
0, , 0 va ( ) x D x x f x L ,
suy ra rang
* *
0
1
, , 0 va ( ) .
n n n
n x D x x f x L
n
Vay
fa co day so
*
( ) \ { }
n
x D x fhoa
*
n
x x , nhung day so ( )
n
f x
khong hoI fu vo L khI , n dIou nay fra I gIa fhIof cua phan dao.
Tu monh do fron, fa fruc fIop suy ra ho qua sau
He quu 2.1.3. Cbo x
`
/a Jicm tu cua D (micn xac Jjnb cua bam so j.
Ncu mot trong bai truong bop sau xay ra.
|I) Ton tai mot Jay
*
( ) \ { }
n
x D x boi tu oc x
`
ma Jay ( )
n
f x pban
ky, boac /a
|II) Ton tai bai Jay so ( ) va ( )
n n
x x cbua trong
*
\ { } D x cung boi tu oc
x
`
ma bai Jay ( )
n
f x oa ( )
n
f x /ai boi tu oc bai gioi ban kbac nbau,
tb bam so j kbong co gioi ban tai x
`
.
Trong monh do 2.1.2, vIoc su dung day so do khao saf gIoI
han ham so doI hoI faf ca cac day ( )
n
f x phaI co cung gIoI han L.
Monh do sau day khong can dIou do
Menh de 2.1.4. Cbo : ( ) f D /a bam so xac Jjnb trcn D, x

/a
Jicm tu cua D. Gia su ung ooi moi Jay bat ky
*
( ) \ { }
n
x D x tboa
*
,
n
x x ta /uon co Jay ( )
n
f x boi tu. Kbi Jo bam so j co gioi ban
tai x
`
.
Dan bai tom tat noi dung mon Giai Tch Ham Mot Bien
3

Cbung minb. Nou ( ) va ( )
n n
x y Ia haI day so frong
*
\ { } D x cung hoI
fu vo x
`
, fh fhoo gIa fhIof, haI day so moI ( ) va ( )
n n
f x f y so hoI
fu. Sau day, fa so chung mInh haI day moI nay co cung gIoI han L, fu
do su dung monh do 2.1.2 do suy ra dpcm.
Xof day so ( )
n
z djnh boI
2 2 1
va .
k k k k
z x z y Ro rang day
( )
n
z hoI fu vo x
`
, do do day ( )
n
f z so hoI fu vo mof gIoI han L |gIa
fhIof cua monh do). Maf khac haI day ( ) va ( )
k k
f x f y Ia haI day
con cua day ( )
n
f z non chung cung co gIoI han Ia L, fu do kof fhuc
chung mInh.
o gIoI han ham so co fho duoc khao saf fhong qua gIoI han
cua day so non cac fnh chaf cua gIoI han day so dou co fho ap dung
cho gIoI han ham so
4. TNH CHAT CA GO HAN HAM SO
Menh de 2.1.5 Tnh bao foan phop foan qua gIoI han|. Cbo so tbuc
, bai bam so , : f g D oa x
`
/a Jicm tu cua D. Ncu j oa g co gioi
ban tai x
`
tb cac bam
1
, . , , f g f g f
f
(Ji kcm gia tbict
*
lim ( ) 0
x x
f x cung co gioi ban oa

* * *
lim ( ) ( ) lim ( ) lim ( )
x x x x x x
f x g x f x g x ;

* * * * *
lim ( ). ( ) lim ( ) . lim ( ) ; lim ( ) . lim ( );
x x x x x x x x x x
f x g x f x g x f x f x

*
* *
* *
lim ( )
1 1 ( )
lim ; lim .
( ) lim ( ) ( ) lim ( )
x x
x x x x
x x x x
g x
g x
f x f x f x f x

Menh de 2.1.6.
|I) Tnh bao foan fhu fu qua gIoI han. Ncu bai bam so j oa g co gioi
ban tai Jicm tu x
`
cua tap xac Jjnb D oa co /an can V cua x
`
|/a mot
kboang |a, b) cbua x
`
) sao cbo
*
\ { }, ( ) ( ) x D V x f x g x tb
Sv can d cac gi giang & thc hanh tren lp e hieu tom tat noi dung
4

* *
lim ( ) lim ( ).
x x x x
f x g x
|II) Nguyon Iy gIoI han kop. Cbo ba bam so , , : f g h D oa mot
/an can V cua x
`
|Jicm tu cua D) tboa

*
\{ }, ( ) ( ) ( ). x V D x f x g x h x
Ncu j oa b co cung gioi ban L tai x
`
tb
*
lim ( ) .
x x
g x L
5. GO HAN BKN TRA VA BKN PHA
Ta vIof
*
1
lim ( )
x x
f x L , noI cach khac L
1
Ia gioi ban bcn trai
cua j faI x
`
, co nghIa Ia

* *
1
0, 0, , neu th ( ) . x D x x x f x L
Tuong fu,
*
2
lim ( )
x x
f x L , hay Ia L
2
Ia gioi ban bcn pbai cua j
faI x
`
, co nghIa Ia

* *
2
0, 0, , neu th ( ) . x D x x x f x L
I nhIon, j co gIoI han faI x
`
khI va chI khI j co gIoI han fraI
va gIoI han phaI faI x
`
, dong fhoI haI gIoI han do bang nhau. Truong
hop j co gIoI han fraI va phaI khac nhau faI x
`
, fuc Ia
1 2
, L L fh j
duoc goI Ia bam gian Joan /oai mot faI x
`
.
6. GO HAN VO CC VA GO HAN TA VO CC
Tap hop { ; } frong do , Ia haI phan
fu fhoa cac fnh chaf quI uoc sau day
` , va x x x
` ( ) ( ) va ( ) ( )
` ( ).( ) ; ( ).( ) va ( ).( )
` , .( ) va .( ) x x x
` , .( ) va .( ) x x x
Cbu y. Trong Iy fhuyof gIoI han, nguoI fa khong djnh nghIa phop
foan ( ) ( ) va 0.( ) ma fa fhuong goI Ia cac dang vo djnh.
Tuy nhIon frong Iy fhuyof fch phan, nguoI fa co quI uoc 0.( ) 0.
Dan bai tom tat noi dung mon Giai Tch Ham Mot Bien
5

VoI , x khoang ( , ) x x |voI 0) duoc goI Ia /an
can cua x.
Cac khoang ( , ) va ( , ) a a |voI a ) duoc goI Ia /an
can cua va fuong ung.
VoI x , fa ky hIou N
x
Ia fap hop cac Ian can cua x. Nou
x
V N , nghIa Ia V Ia Ian can cua x, fh \ { } V x duoc goI Ia /an can
tbung cua x. Tap hop cac Ian can fhung cua x duoc ky hIou Ia
*
x
N .
jnh nghIa cua
*
lim ( )
x x
f x L frong muc 2 co fho duoc vIof IaI
duoI hnh fhuc moI nhu sau

*
*
, , ( )
L
x
V U f U D V N N
jnh nghIa fron co fho ap dung cho fruong hop
*
, . L x
V du, lim ( )
x
f x co nghIa Ia
, , , neu th ( ) . a b x D x b f x a
Sau cung, sInh vIon fu kIom chung cac kof qua sau
Menh de 2.1.?. Cac mcnb Jc boac bc qua tu 2.1.1 Jcn 2.1.6 oan
Jung cbo cac kbai nicm gioi ban oo cuc boac gioi ban tai oo cuc,
micn /a cac pbcp toan qui uoc trcn bai pban tu va trong
cac mcnb Jc Jo /a xac Jjnb.
Menh de 2.1.8. Cbo r |r /a so tbuc boac /a ).
|I) Ncu lim ( )
x r
f x tb
1
lim 0.
( )
x r
f x

|II) Gia su lim ( ) 0
x r
f x . Ncu j > 0 trong mot /an can cua r tb
1
lim ;
( )
x r
f x
Ncu j < 0 trong mot /an can cua r tb
1
lim .
( )
x r
f x

Bai tap
Sv can d cac gi giang & thc hanh tren lp e hieu tom tat noi dung
6

1. a) Su dung djnh nghIa cua gIoI han ham so, hay chung mInh
*
*
lim( ) .
x x
ax b ax b
b) Cho ham so : f djnh boI

1
( 1) sin neu 1
( )
1
7 neu 1
x x
f x
x
x
.
Khao saf gIoI han cua j faI
*
1. x
2. Cho ham so : \{1} f djnh boI
1
( ) cos .
1
f x
x
Chung
mInh j khong co gIoI han faI
*
1. x
3. Cho ham so : f djnh boI

1 1
sin neu 1
( )
1 1
0 neu 1
x
f x
x x
x
.
Chung mInh j khong co gIoI han faI
*
1. x
4. Khao saf gIoI han bon fraI va bon phaI faI x
`
cua
a) ham so : \{0} f djnh boI ( )
x
f x
x
voI
*
0; x
b) ham so j djnh boI ( ) f x x , frong do x| Ia phan nguyon cua
so fhuc x, voI
*
2; x
c) ham so : f djnh boI
1 neu
( )
0 neu
x
f x
x
, voI x
`
fuy y.
5. Cho x
`
, L Ia haI so fhuc. Hay vIof djnh nghIa cua cac gIoI han
sau duoI hnh fhuc khong dung ky hIou Ian can
a)
*
lim ( )
x x
f x b)
*
lim ( )
x x
f x
c) lim ( )
x
f x L d) lim ( )
x
f x L
o) lim ( )
x
f x f) lim ( )
x
f x
g) lim ( )
x
f x h) lim ( )
x
f x .
6. Chung mInh khong fon faI gIoI han faI cua ham sIn.