The document defines linear transformations between vector spaces and discusses properties such as the kernel and image of a linear transformation. Specifically:
- A linear transformation f between vector spaces X and Y is defined as preserving vector addition and scalar multiplication.
- The kernel of f is the set of vectors in X that map to the zero vector in Y. The image of f is the set of vectors in Y that are the image of some vector in X under f.
- Properties of linear transformations are discussed, such as the kernel and image being subspaces, and the space of all linear transformations between two spaces forming a vector space.
The document defines linear transformations between vector spaces and discusses properties such as the kernel and image of a linear transformation. Specifically:
- A linear transformation f between vector spaces X and Y is defined as preserving vector addition and scalar multiplication.
- The kernel of f is the set of vectors in X that map to the zero vector in Y. The image of f is the set of vectors in Y that are the image of some vector in X under f.
- Properties of linear transformations are discussed, such as the kernel and image being subspaces, and the space of all linear transformations between two spaces forming a vector space.
The document defines linear transformations between vector spaces and discusses properties such as the kernel and image of a linear transformation. Specifically:
- A linear transformation f between vector spaces X and Y is defined as preserving vector addition and scalar multiplication.
- The kernel of f is the set of vectors in X that map to the zero vector in Y. The image of f is the set of vectors in Y that are the image of some vector in X under f.
- Properties of linear transformations are discussed, such as the kernel and image being subspaces, and the space of all linear transformations between two spaces forming a vector space.
Hoang Iuc Iuc Ngay 8 thang 12 nam 2011 Hoang Iuc Iuc () Anh xa tuycn tnh giua hai khong gian vccto. Nhan va anh cua mot anh xa tuycn tnh Ngay 8 thang 12 nam 2011 1 / 9 Noi dung bai giang ai giang duoc trinh bay trong 2 tict. 1 I|nh nghia anh xa tuycn tnh 2 Nhan va anh cua mot anh xa tuycn tnh J Cac tnh chat co ban cua anh xa tuycn tnh 4 Khong gian cac anh xa tuycn tnh L(X, Y) Hoang Iuc Iuc () Anh xa tuycn tnh giua hai khong gian vccto. Nhan va anh cua mot anh xa tuycn tnh Ngay 8 thang 12 nam 2011 2 / 9 I|nh nghia anh xa tuycn tnh I|nh nghia Cho X, Y la hai khong gian vccto trcn truong K. Anh xa f : X Y duoc goi la anh xa tuyen tnh ncu i) x 1 , x 2 X : f(x 1 + x 2 ) = f(x 1 ) + f(x 2 ) ii) x X, K : f(x) = f(x) V du 1: Anh xa f : R 2 R (x, y) x 2y la mot anh xa tuycn tnh. 1hat vay, ta kicm tra hai dicu kicn i) (x 1 , y 1 ), (x 2 , y 2 ) X = R 2 ta co f[(x 1 , y 1 ) + (x 2 , y 2 )] = f(x 1 + x 2 , y 1 + y 2 ) = x 1 + x 2 2(y 1 + y 2 ) = (x 1 2y 1 ) + (x 2 2y 2 ) = f(x 1 , y 1 ) + f(x 2 , y 2 ) (thoa) ii) (x, y) R 2 , K = R ta co f((x, y)) = f(x, y) = x 2y = (x 2y) = f(x, y) (thoa) Hoang Iuc Iuc () Anh xa tuycn tnh giua hai khong gian vccto. Nhan va anh cua mot anh xa tuycn tnh Ngay 8 thang 12 nam 2011 J / 9 V du 2: a) Anh xa g : K K n x (x, 0, . . . , 0) la mot anh xa tuycn tnh. 1a goi g la phep nhung tu K vao K n b) \oi i = 1, 2, . . . , n. Anh xa h i : K n K (x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n ) x i la mot anh xa tuycn tnh. 1a goi h i la phep chieu lcn thanh phan thu i cua K n Kicm tra v du 2 tuong tu nhu v du 1. Xcm nhu bai tap. Hoang Iuc Iuc () Anh xa tuycn tnh giua hai khong gian vccto. Nhan va anh cua mot anh xa tuycn tnh Ngay 8 thang 12 nam 2011 4 / 9 Nhan xet: a) Coi 0 X , 0 Y la cac vccto khong trong X va Y. \i f(x) + 0 Y = f(x) = f(x + 0 X ) = f(x) + f(0 X ) ncn f(0 X ) = 0 Y b) Coi x, f(x) la cac vccto doi cua x va f(x). \i 0 Y = f(0 X ) = f(x + (x)) = f(x) + f(x) ncn f(x) la vccto doi cua f(x). Io do f(x) = f(x) c) Cac dicu kicn i) va ii) cua d|nh nghia axtt co thc thay bang dicu kicn K, x 1 , x 2 X : f(x 1 + x 2 ) = f(x 1 ) + f(x 2 ) \i tu i) va ii) ta co: f(x 1 + x 2 ) = f(x 1 ) + f(x 2 ) = f(x 1 ) + f(x 2 ) Nguoc lai, cho = 1 K ta co f(x 1 + x 2 ) = f(1.x 1 + x 2 ) = 1.f(x 1 ) + f(x 2 ) = f(x 1 ) + f(x 2 ) (thoa i) va cho x 2 = 0 X ta co f(x) = f(x + 0 X ) = f(x) + f(0 X ) = f(x) (thoa ii) Hoang Iuc Iuc () Anh xa tuycn tnh giua hai khong gian vccto. Nhan va anh cua mot anh xa tuycn tnh Ngay 8 thang 12 nam 2011 b / 9 I|nh nghia nhan va anh cua mot anh xa tuycn tnh I|nh nghia Cho anh xa tuycn tnh f : X Y Nhan cua axtt f, k hicu Ker(f) := f 1 (0 Y ) = {x X|f(x) = 0 Y } X Anh cua axtt f, k hicu Im(f) := f(X) = {y Y| x X, y = f(x)} Y V du 3: 1im nhan va anh cua axtt f : R 2 R, f(x, y) = x 2y Ker(f) = {(x, y) X = R 2 |f(x, y) = 0 Y } = {(x, y) R 2 |x 2y = 0} = {(x, y) R 2 |x = 2y} = {(2y, y) R 2 |y R} Im(f) = f(R 2 ) = R. 1hat vay, hicn nhicn (x, y) R 2 , f(x, y) = x 2y R f(R 2 ) R. Nguoc lai, z R, ta chon (x, y) = (z, 0) R 2 , z = f(z, 0) f(R 2 ) R f(R 2 ) Hoang Iuc Iuc () Anh xa tuycn tnh giua hai khong gian vccto. Nhan va anh cua mot anh xa tuycn tnh Ngay 8 thang 12 nam 2011 b / 9 Cac tnh chat cua anh xa tuycn tnh Ncnh dc Gia s f : X Y la mot anh xa tuyen tnh. Khi o i) Neu E la khong gian con cua X th f(E) la khong gian con cua Y ii) Neu F la khong gian con cua Y th f 1 (F) la khong gian con cua X Do o Im(f) = f(X) la khong gian con cua Y va Ker(f) = f 1 (0 Y ) la khong gian con cua X Chng minh. (y tuong) i) Ic chung minh f(E) la khong gian con cua Y, ta chung minh y 1 , y 2 f(E) : y 1 + y 2 f(E) va K, y f(E) : y f(E) ii) Ic chung minh f 1 (F) la khong gian con cua X, ta chung minh x 1 , x 2 f 1 (F) : x 1 + x 2 f 1 (F) va K, x f 1 (F) : x f 1 (F) Hoang Iuc Iuc () Anh xa tuycn tnh giua hai khong gian vccto. Nhan va anh cua mot anh xa tuycn tnh Ngay 8 thang 12 nam 2011 7 / 9 Khong gian cac anh xa tuycn tnh L(X, Y) Iat L(X, Y) la tap hop tat ca cac anh xa tuycn tnh tu X vao Y: L(X, Y) = {f : X Y | l la anh xa tuycn tnh} 1rcn L(X, Y) ta d|nh nghia cac phcp toan sau: + phcp cong hai anh xa: (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x), x X + phcp nhan vo huong: (f)(x) = f(x), K, x X 1a co thc dc dang kicm chung mcnh dc sau Ncnh dc i) L(X, Y) la khong gian vect tren K vi phep cong va phep nhan vo hng neu tren. ii) Neu f L(X, Y) va g L(Y, Z) th g f L(X, Z) Hoang Iuc Iuc () Anh xa tuycn tnh giua hai khong gian vccto. Nhan va anh cua mot anh xa tuycn tnh Ngay 8 thang 12 nam 2011 8 / 9 I|nh nghia Anh xa tuycn tnh f L(X, Y) duoc goi la n cau (toan cau, ang cau) ncu f tuong ung la mot don anh (toan anh, song anh). Khi f la mot dang cau thi ta noi hai khong gian X va Y dang cau voi nhau, k hicu X Y V du 4: + Anh xa f(x, y) = x 2y va h i (x 1 , . . . , x n ) = x i o vd1 va vd2 la toan cau. + Anh xa g(x) = (x, 0, . . . , 0) o vd2 la don cau. + Anh xa f : R 2 R 2 , f(x, y) = (x, x 2y) la dang cau. Kicm tra v du 4 xcm nhu bai tap. Hoang Iuc Iuc () Anh xa tuycn tnh giua hai khong gian vccto. Nhan va anh cua mot anh xa tuycn tnh Ngay 8 thang 12 nam 2011 9 / 9