Problem 9.

1
(a)
angular frequency

10/13/1999

= 10 rad/s
3

(b)

frequency

f =

= 159.2 Hz
2

(c)

period

T =

1
= 6.283 ms
f

(d)

Since sin(A) = cos(A 90 ),

vs = 12 sin(103t + 24 ) = 12 cos(103t + 24 90 )
vs in cosine form is vs = 12 cos(103t 66 ) V

(e)

vs(2.5 ms) = 12 sin(( 10 3 )( 2.5 10 -3 ) + 24 )

= 12 sin(2.5 + 24 ) = 12 sin(143.24 + 24 )
= 2.65 V

Problem 9.2
(a)
amplitude = 8 A
(b)

= 500 = 1570.8 rad/s

(c)

f =

(d)

Is = 8 -25 A
Is(2 ms) = 8 cos(( 500 )( 2 10 -3 ) 25 )
= 8 cos( 25 ) = 8 cos(155 )
= -7.25 A

= 250 Hz
2

Problem 9.3
(a)
4 sin( t 30 ) = 4 cos( t 30 90 ) = 4 cos( t 120 )
(b)

-2 sin(6t) = 2 cos(6t + 90 )

(c)

-10 sin( t + 20 ) = 10 cos( t + 20 + 90 ) = 10 cos( t + 110 )

Problem 9.4
(a)
v = 8 cos(7t + 15 ) = 8 sin(7t + 15 + 90 ) = 8 sin(7t + 105 )
(b)
Problem 9.5
30 )

i = -10 sin(3t 85 ) = 10 cos(3t 85 + 90 ) = 10 cos(3t + 5 )

v1 = 20 sin( t + 60 ) = 20 cos( t + 60 90 ) = 20 cos( t
v2 = 60 cos( t 10 )

This indicates that the phase angle between the two signals is 20 and that v1 lags v2.
Problem 9.6
(a)
v(t) = 10 cos(4t 60 )
i(t) = 4 sin(4t + 50 ) = 4 cos(4t + 50 90 ) = 4 cos(4t 40 )
Thus, i(t) leads v(t) by 20 .
(b)

v1(t) = 4 cos(377t + 10 )
v2(t) = -20 cos(377t) = 20 cos(377t + 180 )
Thus, v2(t) leads v1(t) by 170 .

(c)

x(t) = 13 cos(2t) + 5 sin(2t) = 13 cos(2t) + 5 cos(2t 90 )

X = 13 0 + 5 -90 = 13 j5 = 13.928 -21.04
x(t) = 13.928 cos(2t 21.04 )
y(t) = 15 cos(2t 11.8 )
phase difference = -11.8 + 21.04 = 9.24
Thus, y(t) leads x(t) by 9.24 .

Problem 9.7

If f() = cos + j sin ,

df
= -sin + j cos = j (cos + j sin ) = j f ()
d
df
= j d
f

Integrating both sides

ln f = j + ln A

f = Aej = cos + j sin

f(0) = A = 1

i.e. f( ) = ej = cos + j sin

Problem 9.8
(a)

15
45
15 45
+ j2 =
+ j2
3 j4
5- 53.13

= 3 98.13 + j2
= -0.4245 + j2.97 + j2
= -0.4243 + j4.97
(b)

(2 + j)(3 j4) = 6 j8 + j3 + 4 = 10 j5 = 11.18 -26.57

8- 20
10
(-5 j12 )(10 )
8- 20
+
=
+
(2 + j)(3 - j4) - 5 + j12
11.18 - 26.57
25 +144

= 0.7156 6.57 0.2958 j0.71

= 0.7109 + j0.08188 0.2958 j0.71
= 0.4151 j0.6281

(c)
Problem 9.9
(a)

10 + (8 50 )(13 -68.38 ) = 10+104 -17.38

= 109.25 j31.07
3 + j4

(3 + j4)( 5 + j8)
25 + 64
15 + j24 + j20 32
= 2+
89

2 + 5 j8 = 2 +

= 1.809 + j0.4944
(b)

4 -10 +

1 j2
2.236 - 63.43
= 4 -10 +
3
6
36

= 4 -10 + 0.7453 -69.43

= 3.939 j0.6946 + 0.2619 j0.6978
= 4.201 j1.392
(c)

7.879 + j1.3892 + 5.638 j2.052

810 + 6 - 20
= 1.5628 + j8.863 2.571 j3.064
9 80 4 50
13 .517 j0.6629
13 .533 - 2.81
= 1.0083 + j5.799 =
5.886 99 .86

= 2.299 -102.67
= -0.5043 j2.243
Problem 9.10
z 1 z 2 = (-3 + j4)(12 + j5)
(a)
= -36 j15 + j48 20
= -56 + j33
(b)
(c)

z1
- 3 + j4
(- 3 + j4)(12 + j5)
= -0.3314 + j0.1953
= 12 j5 =
144 + 25
z2
z 1 + z 2 = (-3 + j4) + (12 + j5) = 9 + j9
z 1 z 2 = (-3 + j4) (12 + j5) = -15 j
z1 + z 2
9 (1 + j)
- 9 (1 + j)(15 - j)
- 9 (16 + j14 )
=
=
=
2
2
- (15 + j)
z1 z 2
226
15 1

= -0.6372 j0.5575
Problem 9.11
(a)
X+Y =
=
=
=

8 40 + 10 -30
6.128 + j5.142 + 8.66 j5
14.79 + j0.142
14.79 0.55

(X + Y)X* = (14.79 0.55 )(8 -40 )

= 118.3 -39.45
(b)

X Y = 6.128 + j5.142 8.66 + j5 = -2.532 + j10.142 = 10.45 104

(X Y)* = 10.45 -104

(c)

(X + Y) / X =

14 .79 0.55
= 1.849 -39.45
840

Problem 9.12
(a)

10 +j6

2 j3

-5

- 1 +j

= -10 j6 + j10 6 + 10 j15

= -6 j11
(b)

20 30

- 4- 10

16
0

3
45

= 60 15 + 64 -10

= 57.96 + j15.529 + 63.03 j11.114

= 120.99 j4.415

(c)

1 j

j
1
1 j
j

1
j
j
1

j
1 +j
0
j

= 1 +1 + 0 1 0 + j2 (1 j) + j2 (1 + j)
= 1 1 (1 j +1 + j)
= 1 2 = -1

Problem 9.13
(a)
-10 cos(4t + 75 ) = 10 cos(4t + 75 180 )
= 10 cos(4t 105 )
The phasor form is 10 -105
(b)

5 sin(20t 10 ) = 5 cos(20t 10 90 )
= 5 cos(20t 100 )
The phasor form is 5 -100

(c)

4 cos(2t) + 3 sin(2t) = 4 cos(2t) + 3 cos(2t 90 )

The phasor form is 4 0 + 3 -90 = 4 j3 = 5 -36.87

Problem 9.14
(a)
Let A = 8 -30 + 6 0
= 12.928 j4
= 13.533 -17.19
a(t) = 13.533 cos(5t + 342.81 )
(b)

We know that -sin = cos( + 90 ).

Let B = 20 45 + 30 (20 + 90 )
= 14.142 + j14.142 10.261 + j28.19
= 3.881 + j42.33
= 42.51 84.76
b(t) = 42.51 cos(120 t + 84.76 )
(c)

Let C = 4 -90 + 3 (-10 90 )

= -j4 0.5209 j2.954
= 6.974 265.72
c(t) = 6.974 cos(8t + 265.72 )

Problem 9.15
v1 ( t ) = 60 cos(t + 15 )
(a)
(b)

V2 = 6 + j8 = 10 53.13
v 2 ( t ) = 10 cos(40t + 53.13 )

(c)

i 1 ( t ) = 2.8 cos(377t /3)

(d)

I 2 = -0.5 j1.2 = 1.3 247.4

i 2 ( t ) = 1.3 cos(103t + 247.4 )

Problem 9.16
(a)
3 10 5 -30 = 2.954 + j0.5209 4.33 + j2.5
= -1.376 + j3.021
= 3.32 114.49
Therefore, 3 cos(20t + 10 ) 5 cos(20t 30 ) = 3.32 cos(20t +
114.49 )
(b)

4 -90 + 3 -45 = -j40 + 21.21 j21.21

= 21.21 j61.21
= 64.78 -70.89
Therefore, 40 sin(50t) + 30 cos(50t 45 ) = 64.78 cos(50t 70.89 )

(c)

Using sin = cos( 90 ),

20 -90 + 10 60 5 -110 = -j20 + 5 + j8.66 + 1.7101 +
j4.699
= 6.7101 j6.641
= 9.44 -44.7
Therefore, 20 sin(400t) + 10 cos(400t + 60 ) 5 sin(400t 20 )
= 9.44 cos(400t 44.7 )

Problem 9.17
(a)
v(t) = 40 cos( t 60 )

(b)

V = -30 10 + 50 60
= -4.54 + j38.09
= 38.36 96.8
v(t) = 38.36 cos( t + 96.8 )

(c)

I = j6 -10 = 6 (90 10 ) = 6 80
i(t) = 6 cos( t + 80 )

(d)

I = j + 10 -45 = -j2 + 7.071 j7.071

= 11.5 -52.06
i(t) = 11.5 cos( t 52.06 )

Problem 9.18
(a)
V
=10 0, =1
j
V (1 j) =10
10
V=
= 5 + j5 = 7.071 45
1 j
V+

Therefore, v(t) = 7.071 cos(t + 45 )

(b)
4V
= 20 (10 90 ), = 4
j

4
V j4 +5 + = 20 - 80
j
4

20 - 80
V=
= 3.43 - 110 .96
5 + j3
jV + 5V +

Therefore, v(t) = 3.43 cos(4t 110.96 )

Problem 9.19
(a)

2j I + 3I = 4 - 45 , = 2
I (3 + j4) = 4 - 45
4 - 45
4 - 45
I=
=
= 0.8- 98.13
3 + j4
553 .13

Therefore, i(t) = 0.8 cos(2t 98.13 )

(b)
I
+ jI + 6I = 522 , = 5
j
(- j2 + j5 +6) I = 522

10

I=

522
522
=
= 0.745 - 4.56
6 + j3
6.708 26 .56

Therefore, i(t) = 0.745 cos(5t 4.56 )

Problem 9.20
I
= 10, = 2
j

1
I j2 + 2 + =1
j2

1
I=
= 0.4 - 36 .87
2 + j1.5
jI + 2I +

Therefore, i(t) = 0.4 cos(2t 36.87 )

Problem 9.21

10/16/1999

V
jV + 50 V +100
= 110 - 10 ,
j

= 377

j100
= 110 - 10
V j377 + 50

377
V (380 .6 82 .45 ) =110 - 10

V = 0.289 - 92 .45

Therefore, v(t) = 0.289 cos(377t 92.45 ).

Problem 9.22

i( t ) =

v s ( t ) 110 cos( 377 t )

=
= 13.75 cos(377t) A.
R
8

1
1
=
= - j 0 .5
6
jC
j (10 )( 2 10 -6 )
V = IZ = ( 4 25 )( 0.5- 90 ) = 2 - 65

Problem 9.23

Z=

Therefore v(t) = 2 sin(106t 65 ) V.

Z = jL = j (500 )( 4 10 -3 ) = j2
V 60 - 65
I=
=
= 30 - 155
Z
2 90

Problem 9.24

Therefore, i(t) = 30 cos(500t 155 ) A.

Problem 9.25
i(t) = 10 sin( t + 30 ) = 10 cos( t + 30 90 ) = 10 cos( t 60 )
Thus, I = 10 -60
v(t) = -65 cos( t + 120 ) = 65 cos( t + 120 180 ) = 65 cos( t
60 )
Thus, V = 65 -60

Z=

V 65 - 60
=
= 6.5
I
10 - 60

Since V and I are in phase, the element is a resistor with R = 6.5 .

Problem 9.26
Z=

V = 180 10 , I = 12 -30 ,

= 2

V
180 10
=
= 15 40 = 11 .49 + j 9.642
I
12 - 30

One element is a resistor with R = 11.49 .

The other element is an inductor with L = 9.642 or L = 4.821 H.
110 = v 2R + v 2L

Problem 9.27

v L = 110 2 v 2R

v L = 110 2 85 2 = 69.82 V
v o = 0 if L =

Problem 9.28
=

=
C

1
(5 10 3 )( 2 10 3 )

1
LC

= 100 rad/s

Vs = 50
jL = j ( 2)(1) = j2
1
1
=
= - j2
jC
j ( 2)( 0.25 )

Problem 9.29

j2
j2
Vs =
50 = (190 )( 50) = 5 90
2 j2 + j2
2
v o ( t ) = 5 cos(2t + 90 ) = -5 sin(2t) V

Vo =

Thus,

jL = j (5)(1) = j5
1
1
=
=- j
jC
j (5)( 0.2)
( 2)( j5)
j10
Let Z 1 = - j , Z 2 = 2 || j5 = 2 + j5 = 2 + j5

Problem 9.30

Then,

Ix =

Z2
I , where I s = 2 0
Z1 + Z 2 s

j10
j20
2 + j5
Ix =
( 2) =
= 2.12 32
j10
5 + j8
- j+
2 + j5

Therefore, i x ( t ) = 2.12 sin(5t + 32 ) A

Problem 9.31
1
F
6

(a)

I=

1
1
=
= - j2
jC j (3)(1 / 6)

- j2
(10 45 ) = 4.472 - 18 .43
4 j2

Hence, i(t) = 4.472 cos(3t 18.43 ) A

V = 4I = ( 4)( 4.472 - 18 .43 ) =17 .89 - 18 .43

Hence, v(t) = 17.89 cos(3t 18.43 ) V

1
F
12

(b)

1
1
=
= - j3
jC
j ( 4)(1 / 12 )

3H

jL = j ( 4)( 3) = j12

I=

V
50 0
=
=10 36 .87
Z
4 j3

Hence, i(t) = 10 cos(4t + 36.87 ) A

V=

j12
(50 0) = 41 .6 33 .69
8 + j12

Hence, v(t) = 41.6 cos(4t + 33.69 ) V

Z = 8 + j5 || (- j10 ) = 8 +

Problem 9.32
I=

( j5)( - j10 )
= 8 + j10
j5 j10

V
40 0
20
=
=
= 3.124 - 51 .34
Z
8 + j10
6.403 51 .34

- j10
I = 2 I = 6.248 - 51 .34
j5 j10
j5
=
I = - I = 3.124 128 .66
- j5

I1 =
I2

Therefore, i1 ( t ) = 6.248 cos(120 t 51.34 ) A

i 2 ( t ) = 3.124 cos(120 t + 128.66 ) A
Problem 9.33
(a)
For = 1 ,
1H

jL = j (1)(1) = j

1
1
=
= - j20
jC
j (1)( 0.05 )
- j40
Z = j + 2 || (- j20 ) = j +
= 1.98 + j0.802
2 j20

0.05 F

V
4 0
4 0
=
=
= 1.872 - 22 .05
Z 1.98 + j0.802
2.136 22 .05
Hence, i o ( t ) = 1.872 cos(t 22.05 ) A
Io =

For = 5 ,

(b)

1H

jL = j (5)(1) = j5

1
1
=
= - j4
jC
j (5)( 0.05 )
- j4
Z = j5 + 2 || (- j4) = j5 +
=1.6 + j4.2
1 j2

0.05 F

V
4 0
4 0
=
=
= 0.89 - 69 .14
Z 1.6 + j4
4.494 69 .14
Hence, i o ( t ) = 0.89 cos(5t 69.14 ) A
Io =

For = 10 ,

(c)

jL = j (10 )(1) = j10

1H

1
1
=
= - j2
jC
j (10 )( 0.05 )
- j4
Z = j10 + 2 || (- j2) = j10 +
= 1 + j9
2 j2

0.05 F

V
4 0
4 0
=
=
= 0.4417 - 83.66
Z
1 + j9
9.055 83 .66
Hence, i o ( t ) = 0.4417 cos(10t 83.66 ) A
Io =

= 1,

Problem 9.34
1H

jL = j (1)(1) = j

1F

1
1
=
= -j
jC
j (1)(1)

Z = 1 + (1 + j) || (- j) = 1 +

I=

Vs
10
=
,
Z
2j

- j +1
=2j
1

I c = (1 + j) I

V = (- j)(1 + j) I = (1 j) I =

(1 j)(10 )
= 6.325 - 18.43
2j

Thus, v(t) = 6.325 cos(t 18.43 ) V

Problem 9.35

= 200
1
1
=
= - j100
jC j (200 )(50 10 -6 )

50 F

0 .1 H

jL = j ( 200 )( 0.1) = j20

50 || -j100 =

(50)(-j100 ) - j100
=
= 40 j20
50 j100
1 - j2

j20
j20
(60 0) =
(60 0) =17 .14 90
j20 +30 + 40 j20
70
v o ( t ) = 17.14 sin(200t + 90 ) V

Vo =

Thus,
v o ( t ) = 17.14 cos(200t) V
or

= 2

Problem 9.36
1H

jL = j ( 2)(1) = j2

1F

1
1
=
= - j0.5
jC
j ( 2)(1)

j2 j0.5
j1.5
I=
4 0 = 3.328 33 .69
j2 j0.5 +1
1 + j1.5
i o ( t ) = 3.328 cos(2t + 33.69 ) A
Io =

Thus,

= 200

Problem 9.37
10 mH

jL = j (200 )(10 10 -3 ) = j2

1
1
=
= -j
jC j ( 200 )(5 10 -3 )
1
1
1
3+j
Y= +
+
= 0.25 j0.5 +
= 0.55 j0.4
4 j2 3 j
10
1
1
Z=
=
= 1.1892 + j0.865
Y
0.55 j0.4
6 0
6 0
I=
=
= 0.96 - 7.956
5 +Z
6.1892 + j0.865

5 mF

Thus, i(t) = 0.96 cos(200t 7.956 ) A

Problem 9.38

We obtain I o by applying the principle of current division twice.

I2

I
Z1

I2
Z2

-j2

(a)
Z1 = - j2 ,

(b)
Z 2 = j4 + (-j2) || 2 = j4 +

- j4
= 1 + j3
2 - j2

I2 =

Z1
- j2
- j10
I=
(50) =
Z1 + Z 2
- j2 + 1 + j3
1+ j

Io =

- j - j10 - 10
- j2

=
I2 =
= -5 A
2 - j2
1 - j 1 + j 1 +1

Problem 9.39

Io

i s = 5 cos( 10 t + 40 )

I s = 540

Let

1
1
=
= -j
jC
j (10 )( 0.1)

0.1 F

0.2 H

jL = j (10 )( 0.2) = j2

Z1 = 4 || j2 =

j8
= 0.8 + j1.6 ,
4 + j2

Z2 = 3 j

Z1
0.8 + j1.6
Is =
(540 )
Z1 + Z 2
3.8 + j0.6
(1.789 63 .43 )( 540 )
Io =
= 2.325 94 .46
3.847 8.97
Thus, i o ( t ) = 2.325 cos(10t + 94.46 ) A
Problem 9.40
Io =

Z T = 2 + j2 || (1 j) = 2 +

( j2)(1 j)
=4
1+ j

Ix

j2

j2
j2
I=
I,
j2 +1 j
1+ j
1+ j
1+ j
I=
I =
j2 x
j4
Ix =

Vs = I Z T =

-j

where I x = 0.50 =

1+ j
1+ j
( 4) =
= 1 j = 1.414 - 45
j4
j

v s ( t ) = 1.414 sin(200t 45 ) V

1
2

Problem 9.41

10/16/1999

1
1
=
= - j5
jC
j (2)( 0.1)

0.1 F

0. 5 H

jL = j ( 2)( 0.5) = j

The current I through the 2- resistor is

Is
1
Is =
,
1 j5 + j + 2
3 j4
I s = (10 )( 3 j4) = 50 - 53 .13

where I =10 0

I=

Therefore,

i s ( t ) = 50 cos(2t 53.13 ) A

Problem 9.42

5 || j5 =

j25
j5
=
= 2.5 + j2.5
5 + j5 1 + j

Z 1 = 10 , Z 2 = - j5 + 2.5 + j2.5 = 2.5 j2.5

I2
Z1

IS

I2 =

Z2

Z1
10
4
Is =
Is =
I
Z1 + Z 2
12 .5 j2.5
5 j s

Vo = I 2 (2.5 + j2.5)
4
10 (1 + j)
I s (2.5)(1 + j) =
830 =
Is
5 j
5 j
(830 )( 5 j)
Is =
= 2.884 -26.31 A
10 (1 + j)

Problem 9.43
Since the left portion of the circuit is twice as large as the right portion,
the equivalent circuit is shown below.

+
2Z

V2

V1 = I o (1 j) = 2 (1 j)

V2 = 2V1 = 4 (1 j)

Problem 9.50

Vs

V1
+

Z T = ( 20 j5) || (40 + j10 ) =

(20 j5)( 40 + j10 ) 170

=
(12 j)
60 + j5
145

Z T = 14.069 j1.172 = 14.118 -4.76

I=

V
60 90
=
= 4.25 94 .76
ZT
14 .118 - 4.76

I
I1

I2

20

j10
+

V
ab

40 + j10
8 + j2
I=
I
60 + j5
12 + j
20 j5
4j
I2 =
I=
I
60 + j5
12 + j
I1 =

Vab = -20 I 1 + j10 I 2

- (160 + j40 )
10 + j40
Vab =
I+
I
12 + j
12 + j
- 150
(-12 + j)(150)
Vab =
I=
I
12 + j
145
Vab = (12 .457 175 .24 )( 4.25 97 .76 )
Vab = 52.94 273

Problem 9.51
20 mH
jL = j (10 3 )( 20 10 -3 ) = j20
(a)
12 .5 F

1
1
=
= - j80
3
jC j (10 )(12 .5 10 -6 )

Z in = 60 + j20 || (60 j80 )

Z in = 60 +

( j20 )( 60 j80 )
60 j60

Z in = 63 .33 + j23 .33 = 67 .494 20 .22

Yin =

1
= 0.0148 -20.22
Z in

(b)

10 mH

jL = j (10 3 )(10 10 -3 ) = j10

20 F

1
1
=
= - j50
3
jC j (10 )( 20 10 -6 )

30 || 60 = 20

Z in = - j50 + 20 || ( 40 + j10 )
Z in = - j50 +

(20 )( 40 + j10 )
60 + j10

Z in = 13 .5 j48 .92 = 50 .75 - 74 .56

Yin =

Problem 9.52

1
= 0.0197 74.56
Z in

1
1
1
+
+
5 j2 3 + j - j4
= (0.1724 + j0.069 ) + (0.3 j0.1) + ( j0.25 )

Yeq =
Yeq

Yeq = 0.4724

Problem 9.53

S = 5.24 + j18.99 mS

+ j0.219 S

1
1
1
1
= +
= (1 + j2)
Yo
4 - j2 4
Yo =

4
(4)(1 j2)
=
= 0.8 j1.6
1 + j2
5

Yo + j = 0.8 j0.6

1
1
1
=
+
+
= (1) + ( j0.333 ) + (0.8 + j0.6)
Yo 1 - j3 0.8 j0.6
1
= 1.8 + j0.933 = 2.028 27 .41
Y
o

Yo = 0.4932 - 27 .41 = 0.4378 j0.2271

Yo + j5 = 0.4378 + j4.773
1
1
1
0.4378 j4.773
= +
= 0 .5 +
Yeq
2 0.4378 + j4.773
22 .97
1
= 0.5191 j0.2078
Yeq

Yeq =

Problem 9.54

0.5191 j0.2078
= 1.661 + j0.6647 S
0.3126

Make a delta-to-wye transformation as shown in the figure below.

a
Zan
Zbn

Zeq

Zcn
c

8
2
-j5

(- j10 )(10 + j15 )

(10 )(15 j10 )
=
= 7 j9
5 j10 +10 + j15
15 + j5
(5)(10 + j15 )
=
= 4.5 + j3.5
15 + j5
(5)( - j10 )
=
= -1 j3
15 + j5

Z an =
Z bn
Z cn

Z eq = Z an + ( Z bn + 2) || ( Z cn + 8 j5)
Z eq = 7 j9 + (6.5 + j3.5) || (7 j8)

(6.5 + j3.5)( 7 j8)

13 .5 j4.5
= 7 j9 + 5.511 j0.2

Z eq = 7 j9 +
Z eq

Z eq =12 .51 j9.2 = 15.53

Problem 9.55

-36.33

We apply a wye-to-delta transformation.

j4
Zab
b

a
Zac

Zbc

Zeq
-j2

1
c

Z ab =

2 j2 + j4 2 + j2
=
=1 j
j2
j2

Z ac =

2 + j2
=1+ j
2

Z bc =

2 + j2
= -2 + j2
-j

( j4)(1 j)
= 1.6 j0.8
1 + j3
(1)(1 + j)
1 || Z ac = 1 || (1 + j) =
= 0.6 + j0.2
2+j
j4 || Z ab +1 || Z ac = 2.2 j0.6
j4 || Z ab = j4 || (1 j) =

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Z eq
- j2 - 2 + j2 2.2 j0.6
= j0.5 0.25 j0.25 +0.4231 + j0.1154

= 0.173 + j0.3654 = 0.4043 64 .66

Z eq =

2.473 -64.66 = 1.058 j2.235

Problem 9.56 Transform the delta connections to wye connections as shown below.
a
j2

j2

-j18

-j9

j2

R1

R2
R3

b
- j9 || - j18 =- j6 ,

R1 =

( 20 )( 20 )
= 8 ,
20 + 20 + 10

R2 =

( 20 )(10 )
= 4 ,
50

R3 =

( 20 )(10 )
=4
50

Z ab = j2 + ( j2 + 8) || (j2 j6 + 4) + 4
Z ab = 4 + j2 + (8 + j2) || (4 j4)
(8 + j2)(4 j4)
Z ab = 4 + j2 +
12 - j2
Z ab = 4 + j2 + 3.567 j1.4054
Z ab = 7.567 + j0.5946

Problem 9.57
Transform the delta connection to a wye connection as in Fig. (a) and
then transform the wye connection to a delta connection as in Fig. (b).
-j4
2

Z1

Z2

Z3

j6

j12

(a)
-j4
Za
Zb

Zc

j6

j12

(b)
Z1 =

( j8)( - j6)
48
=
= - j4.8
j8 + j8 j6
j10

Z 2 = Z1 = -j4.8
Z3 =

( j8)( j8) - 64
=
= j6.4
j10
j10

( 2 + Z1 )( 4 + Z 2 ) + (4 + Z 2 )( Z 3 ) + ( 2 + Z1 )( Z 3 ) =

( 2 j4.8)( 4 j4.8) + ( 4 j4.8)( j6.4) +( 2 j4.8)( j6.4) = 46 .4 + j9.6

46 .4 + j9.6
=1.5 j7.25
j6.4
46 .4 + j9.6
Zb =
= 3.574 + j6.688
4 j4.8
46 .4 + j9.6
Zc =
=1.727 + j8.945
2 j4.8
Za =

(6 90 )( 7.583 61 .88 )
= 07407 + j3.3716
3.574 + j12 .688
(-j4)(1.5 j7.25)
- j4 || Z a =
= 0.186 j2.602
1.5 j11 .25
(12 90 )( 9.11 79 .07 )
j12 || Z c =
= 0.5634 + j5.1693
1.727 + j20 .945
j6 || Z b =

Z eq = ( j6 || Z b ) || (- j4 || Z a + j12 || Z c )
Z eq = (0.7407 + j3.3716 ) || (0.7494 + j2.5673 )
Z eq =

Problem 9.58

1.508 75.42 = 0.3796 + j1.46

One such RL circuit is shown below.
+

20

Vi =
1 0

20

j20

+
j20

Vo

Z
We now want to show that this circuit will produce a 90 phase shift.
Z = j20 || ( 20 + j20 ) =

V=

( j20 )( 20 + j20 )
- 20 + j20
=
= 4 (1 + j3)
20 + j40
1 + j2

Z
4 + j12
1 + j3
1
Vi =
(10) =
= (1 + j)
Z + 20
24 + j12
6 + j3 3

Vo =

j 1
j
j20
(1 + j) = = 0.3333 90
V =
3
20 + j20
1 + j 3

This shows that the output leads the input by 90 .

Problem 9.59
Since cos( t ) = sin( t + 90 ) , we need a phase shift circuit that will
cause the output to lead the input by 90 . This is achieved by the RL circuit shown
below, as explained in the previous problem.

10

10
+

Vi

j10

j10

Vo

This can also be obtained by an RC circuit.

Problem 9.60
(a)

- jX c
V
R jX c i
1
1
=
= 3.979
where X c =
C (2)( 2 10 6 )( 20 10 -9 )
Vo =

Vo
- j3.979
=
=
Vi
5 - j3.979

Vo
=
Vi

3.979
25 +15 .83

3.979
5 + 3.979 2
2

(-90 + tan -1 (3.979 5))

(-90 38 .51 )

Vo
= 0.6227 - 51.49
Vi

Therefore, the phase shift is 51.49 lagging

(b)

= -45 = -90 + tan -1 (X c R )

45 = tan -1 (X c R )
R = X c =

= 2f =

f =

1
RC

1
C

1
1
=
= 1.5915 MHz
2RC
(2)( 5)( 20 10 -9 )

Problem 9.61
(a)
Consider the circuit as shown.
+

20

40

V2

10/16/1999

V1

30
+

Vi
j10

j30

Z2

j60

Vo

Z1

( j30 )( 30 + j60 )
= 3 + j21
30 + j90
( j10 )( 43 + j21)
Z 2 = j10 || (40 + Z 1 ) =
= 1.535 + j8.896 = 9.028 80 .21
43 + j31
Z 1 = j30 || (30 + j60 ) =

Let Vi =10.
Z2
(9.028 80 .21 )(10)
Vi =
Z 2 + 20
21 .535 + j8.896
V2 = 0.3875 57 .77
V2 =

Z1
3 + j21
( 21 .213 81 .87 )( 0.3875 57 .77 )
V2 =
V2 =
Z1 + 40
43 + j21
47 .85 26 .03
V1 = 0.1718 113 .61

V1 =

j60
j2
2
V1 =
V1 = ( 2 + j) V1
30 + j60
1 + j2
5
Vo = (0.8944 26 .56 )( 0.1718 113 .6)

Vo =

Vo = 0.1536 140 .2

Therefore, the phase shift is 140.2

(b)

The phase shift is leading.

(c)

If Vi = 120 V , then
Vo = (120 )( 0.1536 140 .2) =18 .43 140 .2 V

and the magnitude is 18.43 V.

Problem 9.62

200 mH

jL = j ( 2)( 60 )( 200 10 -3 ) = j75 .4

Vo =

j75 .4
j75 .4
V =
(120 0)
R + 50 + j75 .4 i
R + 50 + j75 .4

When R =100 ,

(a)

Vo =

j75 .4
(75 .4 90 )(120 0)
(120 0) =
150 + j75 .4
167 .88 26 .69

Vo = 53.89 63.31

When R = 0 ,

(b)

Vo =

j75 .4
(75 .4 90 )(120 0)
(120 0) =
50 + j75 .4
90 .47 56 .45

Vo = 100 33.55

To produce a phase shift of 45 , the phase of Vo = 90 + 0 =

45 .
Hence, = phase of (R + 50 + j75.4) = 45 .
For to be 45 , R + 50 = 75.4
Therefore,
R = 25.4

(c)

Problem 9.63

Let Z1 = R 1 , Z 2 = R 2 + jC , Z 3 = R 3 , and Z x = R x + jC .
2
x

Zx =

Z3
Z
Z1 2

Rx +

R3
1
1
R 2 +

=
jC x
R1
jC 2

Rx =

R3
1200
R2 =
(600) = 1.8 k
R1
400

R
1 R3 1
400
(0.3 10-6 ) = 0.1 F
=
C x = 1 C 2 =
1200
Cx R1 C2
R3

Problem 9.64

Cx =

R1
100
(40 10 -6 ) = 2 F
Cs =
2000
R2

Problem 9.65

Lx =

R2
500
(250 10 -3 ) = 104.17 mH
Ls =
1200
R1

Problem 9.66

Let Z1 = R 1 || jC , Z 2 = R 2 , Z 3 = R 3 , and Z x = R x + jL x .
s

R1
jC s
R1
Z1 =
=
1
jR 1C s + 1
R1 +
jC s

Since Z x =

Z3
Z ,
Z1 2

R x + jL x = R 2 R 3

jR 1C s + 1 R 2 R 3
=
(1 + jR 1C s )
R1
R1

Equating the real and imaginary components,

R 2R 3
Rx =
R1
L x =

R 2R 3
(R 1C s ) implies that
R1
L x = R 2 R 3Cs

Given that R 1 = 40 k , R 2 = 1.6 k, R 3 = 4 k, and C s = 0.45 F

Rx =

R 2 R 3 (1.6)( 4)
=
k = 0.16 k = 160
R1
40

L x = R 2 R 3 C s = (1.6)( 4)( 0.45 ) = 2.88 H

Let Z1 = R 1 , Z 2 = R 2 + jC , Z 3 = R 3 , and Z 4 = R 4 || jC .
2
4
R4
- jR 4
Z4 =
=
jR 4 C 4 + 1 R 4 C 4 j

Problem 9.67

Z3
Z Z1 Z 4 = Z 2 Z 3 ,
Z1 2

- jR 4 R 1
j

= R 3 R 2
R 4 C 4 j
C 2

Since Z 4 =

jR 3
- jR 4 R 1 (R 4 C 4 + j)
= R 3R 2
2 2 2
R 4C4 + 1
C 2
Equating the real and imaginary components,
R 1R 4
= R 2R 3
2 R 24 C 24 + 1

(1)

R3
R 1 R 24 C 4
=
2
2 2
R 4 C 4 + 1 C 2
Dividing (1) by (2),
1
= R 2 C 2
R 4 C 4
1
2 =
R 2C2 R 4C4
1
= 2f =
R 2C2 R 4C4
f =

Problem 9.68

1
2 R 2 R 4 C 2 C 4
1
1
1
+
+
240
j95
- j84
Y = 4.1667 10 -3 j0.01053 + j0.0119
Y=

Z=

1
1000
1000
=
=
Y
4.1667 + j1.37
4.3861 18 .2

Z = 228 -18.2
Problem 9.69
1
-j
= 50 +
jC
( 2)( 2 10 3 )( 2 10 -6 )
Z1 = 50 j39 .79

Z1 = 50 +

Z 2 = 80 + jL = 80 + j (2)( 2 10 3 )(10 10 -3 )
Z 2 = 80 + j125 .66
Z 3 = 100

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Z Z1 Z 2 Z 3
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Z 100
50 j39 .79 80 + j125 .66

1
= 10 -3 (10 +12 .24 + j9.745 + 3.605 j5.663 )
Z
= ( 25 .85 + j4.082 ) 10 -3
= 26 .17 10 -3 8.97

Z = 38.21 -8.97

(2)

Problem 9.70
Z = - j20 + j30 +120 j20
(a)
Z = 120 j10
1

If the frequency were halved, C = 2f C would cause the capacitive

impedance to double, while L = 2f L would cause the inductive
impedance to halve. Thus,

(b)

Z = - j40 + j15 +120 j40

Z = 120 j65
Problem 9.71

Z in = jL || R +
jC

1
L

jL R +
+ jL R
jC

C
=
=
1

1
R + jL +

R + jL
jC

Z in

Z in =

1
+ jL R R jL

R + L

To have a resistive impedance, Im( Z in ) = 0 . Hence,

L
1
=0
L R 2 L
C
C
1
R 2 C =L
C
2 R 2 C 2 =2 LC 1

L=

2 R 2 C 2 +1
2 C

(1)

Ignoring the +1 in the numerator in (1),

L = R 2 C = ( 200 ) 2 (50 10 -9 ) = 2 mH

Problem 9.72
I=

Let Vs =145 0 ,

Vs
145 0
=
80 + R + jX 80 + R + jX

V1 = 80 I =

(80 )(145 )
80 + R + jX

X = jL = j ( 2)( 60 ) L = j377 L

50 =

(80 )(145 )
80 + R + jX

(1)

Vo = (R + jX ) I =
110 =

( R + jX )(145 0)
80 + R + jX

( R + jX )(145 )
80 +R + jX

(2)

From (1) and (2),

50
80
=
110
R + jX

11
R + jX = (80 )
5

R 2 + X 2 = 30976

(3)

From (1),
(80 )(145 )
= 232
50
6400 + 160 R + R 2 + X 2 = 53824
160 R + R 2 + X 2 = 47424
80 + R + jX =

Subtracting (3) from (4),

160 R = 16448

R =

102.8

From (3),
X 2 = 30976 10568 = 20408
X = 142 .86 = 377 L

L =

0.3789 H

Problem 9.73
1
+ R || jL
jC
-j
jLR
=
+
C R + jL

Z in =
Z in

- j 2 L2 R + jLR 2
+
C
R 2 + 2 L2

To have a resistive impedance, Im( Z in ) = 0 .

Hence,
-1
LR 2
+ 2
=0
C R + 2 L2
1
LR 2
= 2
C R + 2 L2
R 2 + 2 L2
C=
2 LR 2

(4)

where = 2f = 210 7
9 10 4 + (4 2 10 14 )( 400 10 12 )
C=
(4 2 10 14 )( 20 10 6 )(9 10 4 )
9 + 16 2
C=
nF
72 2
C = 235 pF

Problem 9.74

Z = Zs + 2 Z + ZL
Z = (1 + 0.8 + 23 .2) + j(0.5 + 0.6 +18 .9)
Z = 25 + j20

VS
115 0
=
Z
32 .02 38 .66
= 3.592 -38.66 A

IL =
IL