Journal of Engineering Research and Studies

E-ISSN0976-7916

Research Article

COMPUTATIONAL TOOL FOR WIND PRESSURE AND FORCES ON A MULTISTORY COMMERCIAL COMPLEX
1

N G Shilu, 2Dr. H S Patel

PG student, L D College of Engineering, Ahmedabad 2 Associate Professor, L D College of Engineering, Ahmedabad

ABSTRACT Indian standard was first published in 1957 for the guidance of civil engineers, designers and architects associated with the planning and design of buildings. It included the provisions for the basic design loads (dead loads, live loads, wind loads and seismic loads) to be assumed in the design of the buildings. In its first revision in 1964, the wind pressure provisions were modified on the basis of studies of wind phenomenon and its effect on structures. The latest rivision of code pertaining to wind loads was published in 1987. To eleminate some limitation of prevailing code, GSDMA has proposed draft code for IS:875(part-III). Here in this paper a typical example of multistoreyed building is presented for application of GSDMA proposed draft code. The computational tool is developed for the purpose using MS Excel. The outcome obtained from tool are validated with solved problem from explanatory of GSDMA draft code. NOTATIONS The following notations shall be followed unless otherwise specified in relevant clauses. Notions have been defined in the text at their first appearance. A few of the notations have more than one definition, having been used for denoting different variables:
A = Surface area of a structure or part of a structure A = Effective frontal area
e z

Address for Correspondence

= Effective solidity ratio; Damping ratio = Average height of surface roughness = Solidity ratio =Shielding factor or eddy shedding frequency = Wind direction in plan from a given axis; upwind ground / hill

A = Frontal contributory area at height z b = Breadth of a structure or structural member normal to the wind stream in the horizontal plane C =Force coefficient
f

C = Pressure coefficient
p

C = External pressure coefficient

pe pi

C = Internal pressure coefficient d = Depth of a structure or structural member parallel to wind stream in the horizontal plane D = Diameter of cylinder or sphere; Depth of structure F = Force on a surface h = Height of structure above mean ground level h = Height of development of a speed profile at distance x
x

downwind from a change in terrain category h Height of parapet

p= s

H =Height factor for resonant response k = Mode shape power exponent k k k k -- Wind speed multiplication factors
1 2 3 4

K = Force coefficient multiplication factor for members of finite length K = Area averaging factor
a c

K = Combination factor K = Wind directionality factor

d

Procedural steps The general procedure for the calculation of wind load on any structure may be as given here. 1.0 Problem Statement: This is the description of the problem which includes basic design data and the requirement of the solution. Based on the data given in the problem we may find basic wind characteristics which may be taken under consideration while solving the problem. This includes dimensions of the structure, situation i.e. location of the structure, materials used, 2.0 Steps Depending upon the description of the problem, we may find Wind Zone, Terrain category etc. With the help of the wind zone we may find basic wind velocity from the table given in appendix A of the draft. This table is based on figure No 1 given in the draft. As per the tool developed we may select the city directly from drop down menu. Depending upon the selection the basic wind velocity is displayed in the cell. The design wind speed is, V =V k k k k,
z b 1 2 3 4

Where
V = design wind speed at any height z in
z

K = Mode shape correction factor

m

l = Length of a member or greater horizontal dimension of a building p = Wind pressure at height z

z

m/s , k = probability factor (risk coefficient) (see 5.3.1),

1 2 3 4

k = terrain roughness and height factor (See 5.3.2), k = topography factor (see 5.3.3), and k = importance factor for the cyclonic region

V = Regional basic wind speed

b h z

V = Design wind speed at height h V = Design wind speed at height z V =Hourly mean wind speed at height z
z

The factors k k k , are found with the help of the

1, 3, 4

W =Lesser horizontal dimension of a building in plan, or in the cross-section a structural member; W =Bay width in a multi-bay building; W Equivalent cross-wind static force
e=

tables generated in spreadsheet and are not depending on height, whereas k depends on terrain category as
2

X = Distance downwind from a change in terrain category; fetch length Z = Height above average ground level = Inclination of roof to the horizontal plane

well as height under consideration. This is calculated in each case separately in the sheet with the help of the formula developed using excel formula.

JERS/Vol. II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/84-87

Journal of Engineering Research and Studies While the wind pressure at any height above mean ground level shall be obtained by the following relationship between wind pressure and wind speed: p =0.6 Vz2
z

E-ISSN0976-7916

where ,
2

p = wind pressure in N/m at height z, and

z

V = design wind speed in m/s at height z.

z

The design wind pressure p can be obtained as,

d

p =K.K.K.p
d d a c

where
K = Wind directionality factor
d

Application Wind Pressure and Forces on a Multistory Commercial Complex by Force Coefficient Method: Calculate design equivalent static wind forces on a RCC Multistory commercial complex 12mx18mx51m tall situated in Mumbai. It is proposed to be constructed about 200m inside the sea front. Take average story height as 3.0m and frames spaced 6m c/c in both directions. The building is oriented with its smaller dimension facing the sea, i.e. in long-after body orientation.

K = Area averaging factor

a c

K = Combination factor (See 6.2.3.13) While K , K , K , are calculated with the help of the tables created
d a, c

in the excel sheets.

The following are the general notation for data entry and interpretation. 1.0 In the excel sheets the yellow cells with blue font are input cells. 2.0 The cells with green fonts (or some time with black fonts) in saffron cells are the cells which contains formula ,so no data entry is allowed in these cells. If data is entered in these cells it may lead to failure as the formula may be erased by entering into these cells. 3.0 The tables completely filled with blue colour are tables created based on Draft code. Hence they are database for the calculations. 4.0 Some cells have comments guiding data entry. 5.0 Though the calculations of the quantities may be calculated for each table separately, the same is utilized in calculations of different examples in slightly different way. Because in particular table the input value may be unique for the purpose of calculation, but it may be variable while performing the whole example calculations. For example if we want to calculate k2 in table 2 for a particular value h, where as the same can be calculated in say MS building by considering h variable. 6.0 An attempt is made to develop curve fitting equation in many tables. However the values based on interpolation is used in the calculations. Hence when any difference in values found by two methods the values base on interpolation is used as recommended by code. 7.0 For the interpolation I have used two techniques. One is based on inbuilt excel functions and the other is based on VBA code user defined functions. Both the techniques give same results ,hence any of them may be used as per convenience. However I preferred VBA code. And used mostly in calculations. 8.0 Here values as calculated in the Ref. No. 5 kept as they were ,so the reader may compare the results with those calculated by using MS excel. 9.0 Caution: Please dont enter any values manually in saffron cells. As the formula inside may deleted. JERS/Vol. II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/84-87

Figure 1: Shematic diagram of MS building Wind and structure Data: 1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2, Fig. 1) by selecting city Jaipur. 2. Terrain category: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) This building shares special location characteristics. On one face, i.e. sea face, it is exposed to terrain category 1 transiting into terrain category 3 from 200m distance. On the other hand, other faces are exposed to terrain category 4, being located in a commercially developed area with tall structures of height exceeding 35m. Therefore , we have to calculate a combined wind profile as per AppendixB (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.4), transition from terrain category 1 to terrain category 3, for one wind direction and consider terrain category 4 directions.Calculating combined wind profile for TC 1 to TC3 This may be determined using IS:875-pt.3, Sec. 5.3.2.4(b). There are two options but option (ii) will give more rational values and therefore, should be used.Fetch Length x3 = 200m, developed height inTC 3, h3 = 35m (IS:875-pt.3, Table 3)Therefore, up-to 35m height, k2 factor shall be as per TC 3 and above 35m it will be as per TC 1. 3. Life span 50 years by selection 4. Main Building Height = 51 m, Width =12 m, Length =18 m 5. Importance All other Structures (selection from respective table) 6. Type of Building as buildings (selection from respective table) 7. Column Spacing =3 m 8. Floor Height = 3 m

Journal of Engineering Research and Studies Calculation of Design Factors:

E-ISSN0976-7916

As per solved example As per calculation tool Risk Coefficient Factor k1= 1.00 :1 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) Terrain & Height Factor k2 Varies with height and terrain category, as given in Table 1 :1.1714 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2, Table-2) Topography Factor k3 = 1.00 :1 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) :1 Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 = 1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) Wind Directionality Factor Kd= 0.90 :0.09 Area Averaging Factor Ka = 1.00*, for glazing/cladding :1 = 0.8**, for 12m face :0.08 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.1.2, Table-4) = 0.8**, for 18m face :0.8 * Tributary area for glazing/cladding shall be less than 1 0m2, depends on the supporting system. (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.1.1) Design Wind Pressure: Design Wind Speed = VZ= Vbk1k2k3k4 = :47 xk2 = 47x 1.0x k2x 1.0x 1.0 = (47x k2) m/s (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3) pz= 0.6 (Vz)2& pd=pz *Kd*Ka (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.4 & Sec 6.1)

Table 1 : Calculations of Variation in Design Wind Speed with Height

Height from ground, m Up to 9m 12m 15m 18m 21m 24m 27m 30m 33m 36m 39m 42m 45m 48m 51m As per solved example k2* VZ(m/s) Height from ground
For other faces m

Using Computational tool VZ(m/s) TC1 TC4 k2*

For sea face For other faces For sea face For other faces

For sea face

For other faces

For sea face

0.91 0.934 0.97 0.994 1.015 1.03 1.045 1.06 1.07 1.165+ 1.1725 1.18 1.1875 1.195 1.2012

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.817 0.87 0.92 0.97 0.99 1.009 1.0285 1.048 1.0675 1.087 1.102

42.77 43.9 45.59 46.72 47.7 48.41 49.115 49.82 50.29 54.755 55.107 55.46 55.81 56.165 56.456

37.6 37.6 37.6 37.6 38.4 40.8 43.24 45.59 46.53 47.423 48.34 49.256 50.17 51.09 51.8

9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51

0.9100 0.9340 0.9700 0.9940 1.0150 1.0300 1.0450 1.0600 1.0690 1.1650 1.1725 1.1800 1.1875 1.1950 1.2012

0.8000 0.8000 0.8000 0.8000 0.8170 0.8680 0.9190 0.9700 0.9895 1.0090 1.0285 1.0480 1.0675 1.0870 1.1020

42.770 43.898 45.590 46.718 47.705 48.410 49.115 49.820 50.243 54.755 55.108 55.460 55.813 56.165 56.456

37.600 37.600 37.600 37.600 38.399 40.796 43.193 45.590 46.507 47.423 48.340 49.256 50.173 51.089 51.794

* : k2 values are linearly interpolated. Fetch Length =0.2km + : Effect of terrain category change from TC3 to TC1 above this height More Distant Category =TC1 6 : For terrain category 1 transiting to category 3 Near Category =TC3 Development Height = 35 Table 2: Calculations of Variation in Design Pressure with Height
Height from ground, m Up to 9m 12m 15m 18m 21m 24m 27m 30m 33m 36m 39m 42m 45m 48m 51m Sea face 1.097 1.156 1.247 1.31 1.365 1.406 1.447 1.489 1.517 1.799 1.822 1.845 1.87 1.893 1.912 pZ (kN/m2) Other face 0.848 0.848 0.848 0.848 0.885 1 1.122 1.247 1.3 1.349 1.402 1.456 1.51 1.566 1.61 pd, for building Sea face Other faces 0.79 0.61 0.832 0.61 0.9 0.61 0.943 0.61 0.983 0.637 1.012 0.72 1.042 0.808 1.072 0.898 1.092 0.936 1.295 0.971 1.312 1.01 1.328 1.048 1.346 1.087 1.363 1.127 1.377 1.159 pd, for cladding All faces* 0.987 1.04 1.122 1.178 1.228 1.265 1.302 1.34 1.365 1.619 1.64 1.66 1.683 1.704 1.721

JERS/Vol. II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/84-87

Journal of Engineering Research and Studies Notes: 1. For building faces Ka = 0.8 is used vary it from face to face. Below is the result calculated using computational tool.

E-ISSN0976-7916

WIND LOAD CALCULATIONS Wind Induced Lateral Force on Structure: This will be calculated at every story level and separately for each wind direction, three cases in this problem. F=CfxAexPd (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3) FORCE COEFFICIENT CALCULATIONS Long-afterbody orientation a/b = 18/12 = 1.5, h/b = 51/12 = 4.25 Cf= 1.222375 Cf 1.2 (IS.875 -pt.3, Fig. 6) a/b =1.5 h/b =4.25 Short-afterbody orientation a/b = 12/18 = 0.667, h/b = 51/18 = 2.833 Cf= 1.35 ( IS.875 -pt.3, Fig. 6) Cf=1.3421527 a/b =0.66666 h/b =2.83333 Effective area (Ae) calculations: 6.0 x3.0 = 18m2, for intermediate frames 3.0 x 3.0 = 9m2, for end frames For Cladding: depending on the spacing of supporting structure, but the effect of enhanced force at the corners and edges should be considered for fasteners by taking local coefficients from IS:875pt.3, Table 5. Tributary area for calculating wind forces on building frames = 51 x 6 = 306m2 in either direction, being the product of height of building & frame spacing in either direction. As brought out in the commentary also, the area averaging factor has been introduced in this proposed draft, in order to account for loss of correlation between peaks of wind generated force over an area. Since all peaks do not occur simultaneously, the net effect of wind force exerted on the exposed surface is less than the case when whole face is considered to be acted upon by design wind force at a time. Net wind force goes on reducing with increase in the net effective area for the element being analyzed.

CONCLUSION: As per above mentioned example the calculated values using the tool is matching with corresponding values of solved example. Hence the tool may be considered as validated. So it can be used for similar structure data and wind data. The developed tool is very user friendly and one can use the tool without help of relevant code. REFERENCES
1. Indian standard 875 (part 3) -1987 code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures part 3 wind loads( second revision) DR.PREM KRISHNA ,DR. KRISHEN KUMAR ,DR. N.M. BHANDARI is:875(part3):wind loads on buildings and structures -proposed draft & commentary DR.PREM KRISHNA ,DR. KRISHAN KUMAR,DR. N.M.BHANDARI is: 875 (part 3) 1987 a commentary on indian standard code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures part 3 wind loads (second revision) DR. N.M. BHANDARI DR. PREM KRISHNA DR.KRISHEN KUMAR, DR. ABHAY GUPTA an explanatory handbook on is 875 (part3):1987 wind loads on buildings and structure DR. N.M. BHANDARI , DR. PREM KRISHNA , DR.KRISHEN KUMAR, DR. ABHAY GUPTA an explanatory handbook on proposed is 875 (part3) wind loads on buildings and structures Explanatory handbook on indian standard code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures part 3 wind loads [is 875 (part 3): 1987] bureau of indian standards Prof. H.s. Patel ,prof. G.n. PATEL a compuational tool for wind loadsjournal of structures and bridges,1997

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7.

JERS/Vol. II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/84-87