Construction Technology Activities done on construction site 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Site clearance Earthwork Setting out Substructure Superstructure

Cleaning of obstruction which may be

above or below the ground level such as old foundation and old drainage works. Reasoning of the works Top 300 mm or so will contain plant life and decaying vegetation.This means that topsoil is easily compressed and would be unsuitable for foundation. Site activities differ according to the site location and topography and type of the building.The operation of the preparing of the construction project started with the site preparation.This operation can be grouped under these headings: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Site clearing Enclosing the site Water supply for construction Electrical supply Protection of existing service lines Initial checks on drawings Setting out of buildings Excavation Step 2:Enclosing the site Reasoning of work The building site is enclosed firstly for safety of the public.If any person falls into an excavation made for the bulding without an enclosure the supervisor will be put to blame.Whereas if the person fall into an excavation in an enclosed area,that person is a trespasser. Secondly,by enclosing the site,it become more secure from any theft. E.g,if the material is stored again the boundary wall,the wall should be strong enough not to fall down. If the gate is provided they should be wide enough and properly located for the lorry to come in.They should open inwards from the road. Materials Hoarding that made up of zinks. Hoarding that made up of steel which can be reused and relocated. Water supply for construction Water is an important building material.If groundwater is available ,it should be tested suitably for various uses. If no groundwater and water connection can be obtained from the municipal authorities.

Step 1:Site Clearing The task of clearing the site need to be done first before other construction stages.Based on the Building Regulation C1, The ground to be covered by the bulding shall be reasonably free from vegetable matter. Site clearing means any one or all of the following works: Surface clearing of grass by grubbing out of bushes and trees and the removal of anthills and hillocks. The removal of trees can be carried out by manual or mechanical means. (Forestry mower machine) The removal of large trees should be left to the speacialised contractors. Demolition of the existing buildings.Demolition is a skilled occupation and should be tackled only by an experienced demolition contractor.

If the good groundwater is suitable ,sinking a proper tube well at a suitable place will ensure a good supply of water during the construction project.

of the peg to mark the exact position of the corner. 4th Step Marked and checked,the main lines of the bulding can be set out,each corner can be set out by using stout peg. 5th Step After the setting out of the main building lines have been completed and checked,profile board are set up. These are set up to clear the foundation trench positions to locate the trench,foundations and walls.

Step 3:Earthwork Very few site are level,and therefore before any work can be commenced the area must be covered with building must be levelled.In building terms this operation is called as reducing levels.The method that we used in this project is: The usual method because if properly carried out,the amount of Cut equal to fill. Fill-method do not recommended coz if the building is sited on the filled area,either deep fdn. Would be needed or risk of settlement later would have to be accepted Cut-has advantages of giving undisturbed soil over the whole of the site but has disadvantages of the cost of removing the spoil from site. Step 4:Setting Out This movement from the plan to the actual site is called setting out. It is probably the most critical step in the entire construction process. 1st Step Establish a baseline from which the whole

The aim of setting out trenches is to mark the direction and width of excavations to be carried out and also to mark the width of the wall to be built.

Materials Line String Hammer Pegs Compass Tape measure Profile board

of the building can be set out by using measuring steel tape. time. 2nd Step Fixed point on the line,usually one corner The position of this line must be clearly Building that is set out accurately will be Level,no part of the floor or foundation will be higher than another Square,wall parallel and same length

marked on-site so that it can be re-established at any

of the building. 3rd Step At this point, as at all other corners, a peg is first driven and then a nail is driven in the top

Step 1 The first section of the ground to be excavated is the topsoil or vegetable soil. This layer is excavated separately from the other excavation work. The materials is stockpiled in some convenient position on side in order to provide gardens on completion of the building works. This may achieved by using certain type of machineries and plants: Bulldozer Pushing the topsoil layer to the convenient stockpile position a short distance away for about 10.00 metres. Scraper Paring off the top layer,transporting it and depositing it at a stockpile position some distance away. Backactor Scraping off the top layer and depositing it at a stockpile position. The examples of the machine that can be use are: Backactor Or a group of men with picks and spades The third section to be excavate is the subsoil for the placement of pad foundation. The subsoils is the soils which is lies between the topsoils and the earth crust. The depth of the pad foundation is equal to the total of = Pad footing+Column stump+Lean concrete Step 3

The excavation has to made deeper than the minimum requred level to meet good soil condition .They need also to provide the working spaces

Step 2 The third section to be excavate is the subsoil for the placement of the second section of pad foundation which is hardcore. The function of the working spaces is to provide spaces for the temporary hoarding and allow workers to go down the excavated area. The function of temporary hoarding is a temporary support for the soil which is higher level than the excavated level.

It also function for safety reasons to prevent workers or machines from falling into the excavated area.

Step 4 It is necessary to excavate trenches to a lower level for the installation of the ground beam.In this tenches the foundation of the building is constructed. Trenches are straight and uniformly shaped.It is generally cheaper to use machine for the excavation. The examples of the machines are Trench hoes Wheel ditchers Backactors

However the trenches are small,so a geng of men with picks and spades can still provide economical method of excavation.